SOC.CULTURE.CHINA (SCC)
		       Frequently Fought Topics (FFT)
		      Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
				Version 0.05
				 Lines: 1404
			  Mon Jul 13 21:14:22 1992

  This is an un-official introduction to soc.culture.china (SCC), FAQ and FFT
  with answers or no-answers or pointers in an attempt to cut down the noise
  level in SCC, it will be posted monthly. Plans are also made to post to
  news.answers and to an archive site, please stay tuned.  Your comments,
  answers and corrections are welcome; please send them to deng@bnlux1.bnl.gov.
     
  I took the liberty to list some frequent topics appeared on SCC, it's by no
  means exhaustive. It's a desire that new topics or new aspects of old
  topics will be brought forward. I divided these topics in two parts, FFT
  (frequently fought topics) and O'EDT (other extensively discussed topics).
     
  In FFT, these topics are most likely to be recycled every 3 months;-)
  without conclusions or whatever. If you want to pick a fight or your
  fingers are itchy, then you should boil a cup of tea (green tea preferred),
  pull up a comfortable chair and sit down in front of your terminal, select
  a topic from FFT and hit it away ;-), scream at your terminal if you have
  to.
     
  In O'EDT, these topics appeared in SCC more than once, and undoubtedly will
  appear in SCC in the future again. It would be nice if someone would like
  to summarize, if you do, please send your summaries to me, I'll include
  them in this article.

SCC: Table of Contents ( "!" for new items, "+" for updated version)
 
A) Some sources where you can find useful information.
 
 	1. CND (China News Digest).
	2. FAQ of SCHK (soc.culture.hongkong).
	3. FAQ of CCNET-L (Chinese computing and software).
	4. Your phones.
	5. Newsgroup news.answers.

B) Alumni, Lao-Xiang etc.

	1. How to reach alumni of Zhejiang Univ. (ZheDa) electronically
	2. Listserv for UTSC (KeDa) alumni

C) Travel to China

	1. What is CAAC
	2. Fare Infomation on US-China
	3. To China by train

D) Misc. 

	1. Frequently Fought Topics (FFT)
	2. Other Extensively Discussed Topics (O'EDT)
	3. Buzzwords of SCC
	4. How to post to SCC via email
	5. How to convert tapes between PAL/NTSC formats.
	6. ROC flag vs. PRC flag
        7. How to let your "lost" friends find your email address.
	8. Zhong-guo and Zhong-guo-ren (collection of ??)
!	9. "Great" songs from that "era" on SUN


E) Email to mainland China and Taiwan.

	1. The Status of Email to mainland China.
	2. Email to Taiwan
        3. SERVICE ANNOUNCE from Taiwan - tw.* newsgroups redistribution

To view a particular topic numbered xx, use "/^S.*[A...Z].xx" with most
pagers.  In GNU Emacs type "M-C-s ^S.*[A...Z].xx", (or C-r to search
backwards), followed by ESC to end the search. E.g. "Esc-C-s ^S.*B.1 Esc"

To skip to new (!) or updated (+) topics, use "/^S.*[!+]" with most pagers
and "M-C-s ^S.*[!+]" in GNU Emacs. E.g. "Esc-C-s ^S.*! Esc"
  
To get an overview of just the topics in GNU Emacs, type "M-2 C-x $".  Use
"C-x $" to display the text again ("M-0 C-l C-x $" ensures that the current
cursor location remains on the screen).
(The above 3 paragraphs are "borrowed" and improved from MH faq ;-).


SCC: CND---A.1
Contributor: cnd-info@djohn-sun.kent.edu

   CND provides a great deal of information, send a message to
   "cnd-info@djohn-sun.kent.edu" to find information on:

   China    About mainland China (exchange information)
   CND	    Some CND files (introduction and some technical issues)
   Govt     Chinese Government documents & directory of 
		 Chinese embassy/consulars in the U.S.
   Histodoc Some historical documents about human rights and 
 		 democracy movement in China 
   IFCSS    CND-US IFCSS directories and official documents
   Orgintro CND-US introductions of various organizations
   QANDA^   Articles in CND-US Q&A column, written by Bo XIONG
   Tax	    About filing tax returns in the US
   HXWZ     HuaXiaWenZhai---weekly magazine in Chinese.

  (QANDA^ is mostly about visa F1/J1/H1/GC and passports.)

SCC: FAQ of SCHK (soc.culture.hongkong)---A.2 

   Table of contents of FAQ of SCHK. It is posted to SCHK semi-monthly,
   please go to SCHK or news.answers for a full text.

   A)	Info about emails to HK tertiary education inst.
   B)	Mailing list of HK/Chinese students in the United States.
   C)	Chinese software (word processing & games).
   D)	A random Guide to rn and usenet.
   E)	Info about HK GIF files.
   F)	Various HK government, trade, & tourist association addresses.
   G)	Shopping/mail-order abroad.
   H)	Shopping in HK.
   I)	Local HK groups/get-together.
   J)	Important & misc notices.


SCC: FAQ of CCNET-L (chinese computing net)---A.3

   Table of contents of FAQ of CCNET-L, which is posted monthly in CCNET-L
   and SCC.

	(0) What is CCNET?  How can I subscribe it?
	(1) What do I need to read/write a Chinese file with
		pc/mac/unix/vax/...? 
	(2) Where can I find more Chinese softwares?  Either
		commercial or public domain?
	(3) What hardware components are required to run Microsoft Chinese
		Windows? Which hardware platform?  What version of which
		operating system?

SCC: Your phones---A.4

   To find your high school classmates, friends... in foobar city, get hold
   the white pages and look under "Area Codes" to find the area code of
   foobar city.  Then punch or dial: area.code+555+1212 to ask	for your
   friends phone numbers or their employers phone numbers.

SCC: Newsgroup news.answers---A.5
 
   Many newsgroups FAQ and answers are posted to news.answers, such as	how
   to write rn.Kill.files, how to find your friends' email addresses....


SCC: How to reach alumni of Zhejiang Univ. (ZheDa) electronically---B.1
From: zuer-request@pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu (ZU white pages)

   The site pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu provides ZUer mailing list and ZUer
   White Pages services to ZUers all over the world. You can enjoy the
   convenience of electronic communication by sending mail messages to one of
   the following addresses:

        zuer-request@pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu       (internet)
        zuer-request%pacific.mps@ohstpy.bitnet          (bitnet)
        uunet!pacific.mps.ohio-state.edu!zuer-request     (uucp)

SCC: Listserv for USTC (KeDa)---B.2 
From: Jun Wu 

   This is to announce the opening of listserv USTC85-L at RICEVM1. The
   purpose of this list is for the communication and discussion among
   students from The University of Science and Technology of China. All
   students from USTC are welcome to subscribe.

   To subscribe, send mail to listserv@ricevm1.bitnet or
   listserv@ricevm1.rice.edu. The first line of mail text should be

	subscribe ustc85-l your name

   Problems report to snow@rice.edu

   +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

   Only to those who are not familier with listserv 

   This is a brief explaination of listserv's function for those who are not
   familier with listserv.  Listserv is a mailing list server type of program
   running at a node(mainly bitnet node) to maitain sereral mailing lists,
   each one for a specific discussion group. The listserv can add or delete
   entries according to the commands sent by listowner or subscribers. The
   command can be sent via interactive message or mail.  The very basic
   command you need to know in order to use this listserv facility is very
   simple.
        
   ---> 1) how to subscribe:
        To subscribe, you only need to send a message to
        listserv@ricevm1.bitnet   or   listserv@ricevm1.rice.edu

        This mail should only contain one line in mail context (ignore
        the subject line), this line looks like:

        subscribe ustc85-l Your full name

        You will receive the notification from listserv when you are added
        to the list.

   ---> 2) how to post articles:
        To post article to all recipients in this list, you only need to
        send your mail to

        ustc85-l@ricevm1.bitnet     or    ustc85-l@ricevm1.rice.edu

   ---> 3) how to get help:

        To get help, send mail to listserv@ricevm1.bitnet, the first
        line of mail text should be:

        help

        You will then receive a help file from listserv about all the
        commands available from listserv.


SCC: What is CAAC---C.1
   From: s7391920@titan.ucc.umass.edu (Yiguang Qiu)
   CAAC stands for Civil Aviation Administration of China.

   From: wu@walt.tmc.edu (Donghua Wu)
	Chinese Airlines Always Canceled :-)
	Chinese Airlines Always(Almost) Crashes :-)
	Choose Another Airlines Company :-) 

SCC: Fare Infomation on US-China---C.2
From: MEAJW@ncsuvm.cc.ncsu.edu
(Abridged version)

   The following is the responses I have got concerning the air fare to
   China.  I called most of the agencies.  My impression is that the fare is
   higher than that of last year.  The cheapest fare you can get is via AC,
   China Eastern and Kerean Air. Good luck.
 
   I'd    also add some phone numbers.  All of them speak Chinese.
 
   USA Gateway travel, Dallas     1-800-886-8180
   KC travel,GA                   1-800-800-2460
   Golden Tour,GA                 1-800-325-3828
   First National                 1-800-669-7398
   Uncle Travel and Tours         1-800-882-8983
   -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   I am doing some investigations too. I got a punch of phone numbers which
   might be helpful for you:
 
   High Far Travel Service (Los Angeles)                   (800)421-8826
   Inter-Express Tours & Travel Inc. (Los Angeles)         (800)445-3136
   Jetta Travel International (Los Angeles)                (800)221-9154
   Master Travel & Service Inc. (Los Angeles)              (800)221-6789
   Polo Tours (Los Angeles)                                (800)822-7656
   Ritz Tours (Los Angeles)                                (800)421-8305
   Tai Holidays (Los Angeles)                              (800)421-8908
   Gateway Express (Seattle)                               (800)551-0200
   Oceania Tours (Chicago)                                 (800)621-4685
   Gateway Travel & Tours (Dallas)                         (800)441-1183
                          (Dallas)                         (800)238-2111
                          (New York)                       (800)882-0068
    
   Travel agency in China Town, New York, Mayor Travel      212-732-5395
   also check the local chinese newspapers (you can get them from any of the
   oriental grocery stores). they should have phone numbers of local chinese
   travel agencies.
 
   I haven't started calling yet.  But I know you could get very cheap round
   trip ticket if you lucky . Also, don't travel during June--August, that's
   the most expensive time.
 
   ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Here is some numbers to call,
   LianHang travel agency  1-800-426-3149
   FaSheng travel agency   1-800-221-0680
   HaiHua  travel agency, SF       1-800-421-8826
   TianYang travel agency, LA      1-800-227-4040
   DongFang travel agency, Chicago 1-800-786-1688
   HaiTian travel agency   1-800-621-4685
   LiuFu travel agency
   GetaWay travel agency
   * right #               1-800-878-2828 FAX:214-490-6367
   *                       1-800-928-9896
   ===============================================

SCC: To China by train---C.3
From: MEAJW@ncsuvm.cc.ncsu.edu
   (see above)
   We have some students tried to take train back to China. Here is some
   information for these who concern the trip to China via. Moscow by train,
   hope it is not too old.
 
   Visa:   If you have a GONG WU ( for public affairs ) passport, no visa
        needed to USSR. Otherwise you have to apply visa from Soviet
        (what it is called now) embassy.
 
   Ticket: For a pure foreigner, the ticket from Moscow to Beijing is about
        300$. If you have student friend in Moscow, it could be cheaper.
        Minimum price is about 100$ since you have to pay foreign currency
        for the section outside USSR. The round-trip ticket is no longer
        recognised by Beijing railway station because Soviet is not able
        to pay back the foreign currency to China. You might have to by
        another ticket back to Moscow
 
   Hotel:  Very expensive. You must find some friend to take care of you in
        Moscow. The train to China is twice a week. You might have to
        stay in Moscow for about one week to get the ticket.
 
   Security: It seems that no problem for foreigners if you don't pretended
        to be a rich man, but food is not guaranteed even for the local
        people.


SCC: Frequently Fought Topics (FFT)---D.1

	 . Relationship between Mainland China and Taiwan.
	 . Xi1Zang4 (Tibet).
	 . MFN status to China.
	 . Democracy, democrazy, demoncracy, demoncrazy.
	 . D-fighters, anti-d-fighters.
	 . CCP & KMT.
	 . Who paid for CSS' education.
	 . Christianity.
	 . Why ROC uses bo-fo-mo-fo, whereas PRC uses pinyin.

SCC: Other Extensively Discussed Topics (O'EDT)---D.2

	 . China's future.
	 . Design of a new national flag.
	 . China's energy and environment.
	 . Nuclear power plants.
	 . San-Xia. Pros and cons.
	 . Simplified characters vs. traditional characters.
	 . Technical details of pinyin and bo-po-mo-fo and their history.

SCC: Buzzwords---D.3

   These buzzwords are essential to new netters to fully understand SCC ;-).
   If you have better, funnier annotation, please send it in.

	AP: Assorted Press. Advanced Parole.
	CCP: Chinese communist party.
	CG: Chinese government. Central government. Common ground.
	CMFN: (extra)-Conditionally renewal of MFN.
	CPC: Communist party of China.
	CR: Culture revolution ('66-'76). 
	CS: China spring. Comp. sci. Common sense. Chicken shoot.
	CSS: Chinese Students and Scholars + variants.  
	D-fighter: Demo[n]cra[cz]y-fighter. Donkey-fighter. 
	DL: Dalai Lama. Displaced lama. Disabled list.
	DR: Donkey rider. Da4Ren2 (The Honorable)
	DXP: Deng Xiaoping. Buchanan says(?): the old chain smoking dwarf.
	DiGan: low ranking officials...(see GaoGan)
	FFT: Frequently fought topics, not fast Fourier transform.
	FGNC: Fa1Guo2Nan4Cai2 (to profit from one's own country's diasters)
	FGNCZ: Fa1Guo2Nan4Cai2Zhe3 (One who FGNCs)
	GC: Green card. General consensus.
	GaoGan: High ranking officials, elected or self-claimed or labelled.
	IFCSS: Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars.
	KMT: Nationalist Party (Guo-Min-Dang). Kiss me, Taiwan.
	MFN: Most favored nation. Male-Female-Nil.
	PR: Permanent resident. Permanent rest. Public relation.
	PRC: People's Republic of China. Police's Republic of China.
	ROC: Republic of China.
	SCCer: An SCC junkie. 
	SO: Significant other. Sex object.
	TAM: Tian-An-Men square.
	TI: Texas Instrument. Taiwan Independence. Tibet Independence.
	UMFN: Status quo renewal of MFN.
	Xiao-Di: little brother, Scott's signature in a letter to DXP.
	ZhongGan: Middle ranking officials... (see GaoGan)

SCC: How to post to SCC via mail---D.4

   Send your posts to: soc-culture-china@ucbvax.berkeley.edu. This host has
   been a safe heaven for faking funny|malicious|sick|... posts ;-).
	
SCC: How to convert tapes between PAL/NTSC---D.5
From: zuofeng@hylas.wustl.edu (Zuofeng LI)

   Tape conversion between different systems, such as from China's PAL to the
   US/Japan/Taiwan's NTSC, is more involved than can be done by	using these
   multi-system VCR's or TV's. This is simply because these VCR's and TV's do
   NOT convert the video signals, but rather have built-in detection circuits
   and decoders for the various systems. So say your video tape is PAL. You
   pop it into a multi-system VCR, the machine automatically selects the PAL
   decoder, and send out a PAL video signal to your TV.  With an NTSC tape,
   you get an NTSC video signal to your TV.  NO conversion between system is
   done by the your run-of-the-mill < $1,500 multi-system VCR's.  To get near
   perfect conversion, professional machines costing > $20,000 need to be
   used.  Recently there have been some less expensive "pro-sumer" models on
   the market that can do tape conversion. These models reportedly produce
   acceptable results, though I personally do not have any hands-on
   experiences. Heck I don't even have a PAL VCR/TV. :-)  One of these models
   in the Panasonic AV-W1. This VCR lists for ~$2,500, but can be gotten
   mail-order for under $2,000. This is a VHS 4-head Hi-Fi Stereo machine,
   but will play back S-VHS tapes ("pseudo-S-VHS" playback, meaning play back
   S-VHS tapes with 240 lines of resolution).  It DOES NOT have a tuner, so
   you can not use it to record off-the-air by itself.  Another such model is
   the Instant Replay Digital Frame Converter. Instant Replay is a U.S.
   company based in Florida and has long been specializing in multi-system
   VCR's. This machine is rather similar to the Panasonic AV-W1 with a price
   to match.  A lower priced model does exist. It's made by Aiwa, but not
   available in the U.S. Reportedly price for such a machine is around $400
   in the far east. The conversion quality is also said to be lower than the
   above two higher priced machines.  If after going through the above and
   you have basically decided to forget about doing the conversion yourself,
   you have one way left: pay for the conversion. If you live in a larger
   city, check your yellow pages to see if there's any local shop that'll do
   the conversion for a good price. Otherwise you'd have to go the
   mail-order-conversion route.  Magazines such as the Video Magazine, Video
   Review, etc, regularly carry ads for such conversion houses in their
   classified ad section. Check them out in your local library. You friends
   living in cities with a China Town or India Town or What-ever-town may be
   able to help you too. Prices for tape conversion have been on the order of
   ~$20 per tape, including a free blank tape. Shipping and Handling may be
   extra. 

   Appendix: some details of the Panasonic AV-W1 courtesy of spark@tharr.UUCP
   (Steve Parkinson) via rec.video newsgroup. 
	
   AV-W1 - Hi-Fi multistandard VCR
   -------------------------------
	
   Play back VHS tapes of any TV broadcasting system Record in the TV
   broadcasting system of your choice Play back on any system TV.  Runs on
   anything from 110-127/220-240 Volts, 50/60 Hz - a truly portable machine.
	
   The standards used can be PAL, SECAM, MESECAM, NTSC, M-PAL
   Video horizontal resolution: more than 240 lines
   SN ratio video: more than 43 dB
   Audio: 20 Hz - 20 kHz 0.005% WRMS wow/flutter
   DOES NOT have a built in tuner or RF-converter.
	
   How the conversions are done:   
   	1) Conversion of scanning lines.
   A line memory is used. say you want to convert from PAL -> NTSC (625
   -> 525). A number of lines read in, say 6. These are melded together,
   and it works out 5 lines from these six. It then outputs the 5 lines.
   
   2) Conversion of field freq.
   A field memory is used. For NTSC -> PAL, every sixth field is skipped.
   PAL -> NTSC, the new 6th frame is the same as the 5th frame.
   
   3) Conversion of Chrominance signals.   
   The colour signal is demodulated into RGB from the original source,
   then remodulated into whatever system you choose. 
   Stil, slow, frame advance, cue in any mode.
   Plays back any S-VHS tape but:
   'Playback of the high resolution SVHS tapes is not possible.
   Recording in SVHS is not possible.
   Picture defects may occur during playback of special effect with
   tapes recorded in SVHS.'

From: wa2ise@cbnewsb.cb.att.com (robert.f.casey)
   However, there are two factors in TV signals.  There is the color signal,
   and there is the frame rate.  Most converter VCRs can change the color
   signal (NTSC=3.58MHz doulbe sideband and phase modulation) (PAL=about
   4.43MHz phase alternate line, and double sideband) (SECAM= some sort of
   Frequency modulation scheme, at 4.43 MHz) Converting from one of these to
   another is fairly easy (decode to component signals, then remodulate into
   new system).

   The other thing that makes life harder for NTSC folks is the frame rate,
   30 frames a second, or 60 fields a seconds (2 fields interlace to make a
   frame).  PAL and SECAM use 25 frames a second, or 50 fields.  Converting
   this takes a lot of video digital memory.  VCRs can't afford the cost of
   this, so a VCR playing a NTSC tape tp "PAL" will just do the color signal
   conversion, and leave the frame rate at NTSC rates. *If* the PAL TV your
   family in China has can sync to NTSC rates, then they can see your NTSC
   color tape with the converting VCR.

From: cs5381au@utdallas.edu (student)
   And, the number of scanning lines are different between PAL and NTSC too.
   PAL system has 625 lines while NTSC system has 525 lines. With an NTSC
   playback PAL VCR, when you play an NTSC tape, part of you PAL TV is filled
   with blank, somewhat similar to letterboxed video. A system converter can
   convert the number of scanning lines via a digital video memory.

SCC: ROC flag vs. PRC flag---D.6
Source: Webster's Concise Encyclopedia of Flags & Coats of arms.
	Editor: William G. Crampton.  ISBN 0-517-4999517

   On page 81:
   China
   People's republic
   The flag features the traditional Chinese colours and was inspired by the
   Soviet flag. It has a red field and in the upper hoist there is a large
   yellow five-pointed star with four smaller yellow stars. These are
   arranged so that one of their points is directed towards the centre of the
   large star. According to the official interpretation, the large star
   represents the common programme and the unity of the people led by the
   Communist Party, while the smaller stars stand for the workers, the
   peasants, the petty bourgeoisie and the patriotic capitalists, all of whom
   participate in the commom programme of building socialism. Red is the
   colour of revolution but in the past it symbolized the Chinese people. The
   flag was introduced in 1949.

   On page 90:
   Taiwan
   Republic
   Taiwan is the territory controlled since 1949 by the Republic of China
   ("Nationalist China"), and uses the flag adopted in 1928 as the national
   flag of China. The flag was first used as a military ensign in 1914, and
   is based on the flag of the ruling Kuomingtang party. It is known as the
   "White Sun in Blue Sky on Red Field". The sun has twelve rays which stand
   for the twelve two-hour periods of the day, and the sun itself represents
   the yang or male element in the well-known yin and yang principle. The
   colours are said to stand for the Three Principles of the People, laid
   down by the father of the Chinese Revolution of 1911, Dr Sun Yat-sen:
   popular well-being, popular government and popular sovereignty. However,
   as in the People's Republic of China, the red field undoubtedly stands for
   the Chinese themselves, in the case guided by the White Sun in Blue Sky
   flag of the Kuomingtang.  

From: jchu@nmsu.edu (Jeff Chu)
   When Dr. Sun was planning his first revolution attempt, his comrade Lu4
   Hau4-Dong1 designed the "Blue Sky-White Sun" flag for their organization
   -- Xing1 Zhong1 Hui4.  But someone, out of the traditional absolute
   loyalty to the emperor, informed Ching government and the revolution was
   cracked down before it could be launched.  Lu was arrested and executed.

   After two failed revolution attempts, Xing Zhong Hui was exaughsted. But
   many other revolutionary organizations were inspired by it.  They formed
   Tong2 Meng2 Hui4 and after many more tries, finally overthrew the Ching
   Dynasty.  Tong Meng Hui kept Dr. Sun as their nominal leader and the "Blue
   Sky-White Sun" flag as their nominal symbol.  But each branch withing the
   Tong Meng Hui had its own commanding system and symbol.

   We should not over-emphasize the symbolic value of the "B.S.-W.S." flag
   during the revolution.  After all, disloyalty to the emperor was such a
   horroble idea to most people, the revolutionaries did not need to use any
   symbol to attract attention (to themselves and to their cause).  [I do not
   mean they did not want attention.  They already got great attention
   without any symbol.]

   After the revolution, Tong Meng Hui was reorganized (some dropped out any
   a great many joined in) into KMT.  Some years later, Dr. Sun gave up KMT
   and organized a Zhong1 Hua2 Ge2 Ming4 Dang3; yet later, he gave up this
   one and organized Zhong1 Guo2 Guo2 Ming2 Dang3 (the formal name of today's
   KMT).  After the death of Dr. Sun, Chiang Kai-Shek took over the
   leadership of KMT by force and shaped it to the current form.  Even though
   there have been five different organizations led by Dr. Sun, KMT always
   claims they are the same.  So, KMT's history is over 100 years starting
   from Xing1 Zhong1 Hui4.  One thing indeed is consistent is that all five
   organizaions use the "B.S.-W.S." flag.

   However, the original ROC national flag was the "Five Colour" flag chosen
   in 1911.  It was replaced by the "Blue Sky-White Sun-Red Groung" flag in
   1928, after CKS conquered most parts of China.

   The Great Britain used to put her own flag at the upper (pole side)
   quarter of all flags of her colonies.  Likewise, the KMT flag at the upper
   quarter of ROC flag symbolize the domination of KMT.  [In the old days,
   CKS would have put the Han4 Character Jiang3 at the upper quarter of his
   flag.]

   It is wrong to say the ROC flag was the one used in anti-Ching revolution.
   The "Red Ground" part was definitely not there.  I do not know when
   someone added the red part to create the ROC flag.  I suspect it has some
   thing to do with Russian advisers of Dr. Sun.


SCC: How to let your "lost" friends find your email address---D.7

   Should you post at least once to USENET with your real name, you friends
   will be able to find your email address. See A.5

SCC: Zhong-guo and Zhong-guo-ren (collection of ??)---D.8
Collected by: laba-sn@congo.Berkeley.EDU (Tze-yau Huang)

   The sequence is randomly arranged.

   --[horne-scott@cs.yale.edu (Scott Horne)]-----------------------------
   Many people claim incorrectly that the Chinese call China "the middle
   country" because the ancient Chinese thought of China as the centre of the
   universe.  That is incorrect.  Before China was unified, the eastern part
   of China consisted of many separate kingdoms.  (The derivation of the term
   "The Central Kingdom" [== `Zhong1guo'] is left to the astute reader.) As
   the areas of the kingdoms changed, the definition of `Zhong1guo' changed,
   and now it applies to all of China (including Taiwan and, if you're a
   KMTer, Mongolia :-) ).
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   --[lix@bucrsb]-------------------------------------------------------- 
   I think the concept of "central state" is much earlier than that. Dr. Ji
   Chang once used it to refer the area around Henan, in about 1000BC, for
   example, Wen Wang Yue Zi (Dr. Ji said: guys!) Zi Ru Ying Shang. (I tell
   you HeNan Kua Zi) Ru Pao Xiu Yu Zhong Guo, (You guys make too much noice
   on SCC)
   ......

   I believe this quotation is from ShiJing: Dang. In these early ducuments,
   even earlier than 1000BC, the concepts of ZhongGuo/ZhongTu and
   SiGuo/SiFang/ SiBang/WanBang/WanGuo are very clearly contrasted. But the
   frequency of usage of ZhongGuo is much much lower than SiGuo etc. The
   reason, I believe, is there was no comparable cultures around, the concept
   of ZhongGuo was then an implication, seldom need to mention directly,
   until we finally found we had slept too long.
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   --[jamesou@ZYGOTE.HSC.USC.EDU (James Ou)]--------------Date: 15 May 91
   About six months ago there was a brief discussion on SCC about the name
   "Zhong1 Guo2".  A netter pointed out that the name "Zhong1 Guo2" can be
   found in "Zhan4 Guo2 Ce4" (Annals of the warring states).  In that book,
   Zhong Guo was used to refer to the central states as opposing to the
   boundary states such as Qin2, Yan1 and Chu3.  In fact, since Zhou1, the
   common leader (Gong4 Zhu3) of all the states was located at the center, I
   suspect that "Zhong1 Guo2" was referring to "Zhou1".

   Zhong1 Guo2 was eventually used to represent China.  Its usage in Chinese
   history, however, was rare until the fall of the Qing dynasty. After Qing
   dynasy, Zhong Guo was used more often than ever.  In fact, it has been
   used pretty much as the abbreviation of ROC and PRC. Another term used to
   represent China was "Zhong1 Hua2".  Hua2 here means "beautiful".

   Incidentally, the name of ROC (Zhong1 Hua2 Min2 Guo2) came from the
   following words of Dr.  Sun Yat-sen:

   "Qu1 Zhu2 Da2 Lu3, Hui1 Fu4 *Zhong1 Hua2*, Chuang4 Jian4 *Min2 Guo2*,
   Ping2 Jun1 Di4 Quan2"

   (Expelling Manchurians and foreign invaders, restoring China, establishing
   a republic, and initiating land reform.)

   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  --[chang@utkux1.utk.edu (chang)]--------------------------------------
  As an example of the usage of Zhong Guo, please read:
        Jiu4 Tang2 Shu1, Juan4 196
            Lie4 Zhuan4 146, Tu3 Bo2 (Tibet), (shang4).

   At the end of the first paragraph, it said "Wei4 Tong1 Yu2 Zhong Guo", (no
   contact with Zhong Guo).
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   --[chang@utkux1.utk.edu (chang)]--------------------------------------
   There is a good explanation about the meaning and evolution of the word
   Zhong Guo in Ci2 Hai3 by Shanghai Dictionary Publisher, 1979.

   The original usage of Zhong Guo was much earlier than I expected.  Ci2 Hai3
   listed the usages of Zhong Guo in the ancient historical documents and
   literatures: Shi1 Jing1, Li3 Ji4, Shi3 Ji, and Jin4 Shu1.

   The original meaning of Zhong Guo is the center of a country and thus was
   used to mean the capital of a country.  Since the ancester of Han Chinese,
   Hua2Xia4 people, had their capitals almost all in the middle range of the
   yellow river, and that Hua2Xia4 people was surrounded by the minority
   groups at that time, the area was called Zhong Guo (around the current
   Henai province).  Later the area meant by Zhong Guo was expanded to all
   that ruled by Hua2Xia4 or Han people.  Ci2 Hai3 doesn't mention if Yuan
   and Qing were called Zhong Guo but I believe so.

   It seems that the following observations can be made:

   1. Zhong Guo has been used as a geographical term for the area dominated
   by Hua2Xia4 or Han Chinese (not necessarily ruled) for at least about 3000
   years.
   2. Zhong or "central" here is a local concept, it has nothing to do
   with being at the center of the world.
   3. After the founding of the ROC, Zhong Guo was used as its abbrev.
   and later PRC uses the same abbrev.  And thus using Zhong Guo Ren
   as the name of the citizen od ROC and/or PRC is widely accepted.
   4. However, this does not exclude using Zhong Guo Ren by its
   ethnical meaning, the peoples living in the geographical Zhong Guo
   and their descendants.
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   --[chu@nmsu.edu (Jeff Chu)]------------------------------------------- In
   which previous period did "Zhuong Guo Ren" have its present meaning?  When
   was the term "Zhuong Guo Ren" first used to reprepresent people in today's
   China?  In Ching (Qing) Dynasty, the term was "Ching (Qing) Kuo Ren" (in
   its discriminating tone, Japanese used "Ching Kuo Nu2" to call Chinese at
   that time).

   The earliest use of "Zhuong Kuo" (not Zhuong Kuo Ren) I can find is in
   literatures of Tang Dynasty.  Hen2 Yu4, in his article Yuen2 Dau4, said
   Kuong3Zi3 considered those nations/tribes who used Yi2 (lower culture
   level people) customs as Yi2 people; "Qi2 Jieng4 Yu2 Zhuong1 Kuo2, Ze2
   Zhuong1 Kuo2 Zhi1" (those who advanced to the Zhuong Kuo level were
   considered as belong to Zhuong Kuo).  So, according to the traditional
   Chinese thoughts, Han people is not necessarily Chinese. It all depends on
   your culture level.  CCP and KMT are not part of Zhuong Kuo.
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   --[yjhhis@dante.lbl.gov (Joe Huang)]---------------------------------- How
   new this term Zhongguo is can be deduced by the various terms used by
   earlier Chinese immigrants.  For example, the Cantonese in American call
   themselves "Tong Yun" (Tang ren = People of Tang), and Chinatowns "Wa Fou"
   (Hua2fu3 (?), the second character is so little used in Mandarin that I
   forgot how it's pronounced...).  The Chinese in Vietnam are called the
   "Hoa" (Hua), while I found to my puzzlement on a trip to Malaysia that the
   settled Chinese there were called the "Baba", the explanation of which I
   have long since forgotten.

   Anyway, it seems nobody said "Zhongguo" or "Zhongguoren" before the 1911
   revolution, so your statement about its derivation from a speech by Sun
   Yatsen is, again, highly plausible...  Another personal anecdote I have is
   related to my attempt to learn Korean by reading Korean folk tales written
   for children.  Many of these stories were set in China, but always
   referred to people and places by the dynasty, not as "Zhongguo".  For
   example, "Long time ago a man of Ming...", or "Once upon a time in the
   nation of Ch'ong (Qing)...".
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------

SCC: "Great" songs from that "era" on SUN---D.9
From: xiaoyu@grumpy.SSC.GOV (Xiaoyu Li)

   Try anonymous ftp to "dale.ssc.gov". All these songs are digitized in SUN
   desktop SPARCstation audio format (probably can be played on NEXTstations
   too). You should be able to find them in the directory
   pub/misc/audio.

   Right now, most of the songs are "old revolutionary songs" and "model
   Beijing opera". It would be great if more netters contributed to the
   collection and shared their favorite songs with us.

   00.Our_Songs.gb		   00.SGI-ReadMe
   00.ls-l			   B01.Red_Bright_Heart
   B02.Hot_Blood		   B03.Home_In_AnYuan
   B04.Commies			   B05.Denoucing_Enemy
   B06.Blood_Debt		   B07.Never_Off_Battlefield
   B08.Our_Own_Troop		   B09.Hunting_Tiger
   B10.Treasure_Of_Father	   B11.Sun_In_Bosom
   CR.Pround_To_Be_Oiler.au	   CR.Xiao3_Xiao3_Zhu2_Pai2.au
   CR01.Red_Sun_Ode		   CR02.Beautiful_Zhuang_Brocade
   CR03.Sun_Over_Prairie	   CR04.Star_Moon_Together
   CR05.Wusuli_Boat_Song	   CR06.Golden_Sun
   CR07.Shining_Over_Border	   CR08.Kindness_Of_Mao
   CR09.Golden_Hill		   F01.Goodbye_My_Friend
   M.A_One_Last_Shot.au		   M.Empty_Hands.au
   M.Nan2_Ni2_Wan1.au		   M01.Let_World_Filled_With_Love
   M02.I_have_Nothing		   M03.Sister_Go_Forward_Boldly
   M04.Late			   N01.Little_Flower
   N02.Corner_Of_Love		   N03.Song_Mama_Left_Me
   N04.Wild_Geese_Flying_South	   N05.I_Love_You_China
   N06.Azalea			   N07.Love_Life
   N08.Sweet_Business		   N09.Velvet_Flower
   N10.15th_Moon_M		   N11.15th_Moon_W
   N12.Missing_Home		   N13.Rose_In_Heart
   N14.Red_Leaves		   S01.My_Motherland
   S02.My_Tu_Pipa		   S03.Why_Roses_Red
   S04.No_CCP_No_China		   S05.Ode_To_Plum
   S06.Socialism_Good		   S07.Nineth_9_Sunny_Day
   S08.Dear_Party_Mama		   S09.A_Shi_Ma
   S10.Small_Swallow		   S11.Butterfly_Spring
   S12.Paean			   S13.High_XingAnLing
   S14.Heroic_Sons_Daughters	   S15.Liu_San_Jie
   S16.Seeing_Off		   S17.A_Shima_Home
   S18.Meeting_At_Aobao		   T.ZC_WenRou.au
   T01.Please_Follow_Me		   T02.Tomorrow_Be_Better
   TO.ADM.UPLOAD.gb		   V01.Mao_Zedong
   V02.Zhou_Enlai		   X01.Couple_Going_Home
   X02.Heaven_On_Earth

SCC: The Status of Email to mainland China---E.1
Contributed by: xiaojian@ccit.arizona.edu

   1) Newsgroup: fcs.info-nets
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Date: 9 Apr 92 09:00:32 GMT
   From: kuang@rdsparc2.CSELT.STET.IT (Kuang Jiaxing)

   There are two E-mail network effective in China, CRN and CANET.

   CANET	Chinese Academic Network (CN-DOM)
    Try asking Qian@ica.beijing.canet.cn for details.

   CRN  	China Research Network
   CRN is a X.400 based network, as far I know, there are a few
   universities and institutes connected to CRN, they are NCI
   (NorthChina Computing Institute), Fudan University, Shanghai
   Jiaotong University, SCI (30th Institute), SCL (54th Institute), ECI
   (32th institute), more universities and institutes are connecting to
   CRN, for details contact postmaster@cnlab.nci.crn.cn or
   xiaofan.zhao@cnlab.nci.crn.cn

	Good luck
	Kuang

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   2) WHOIS Database at NIC of DDN
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------
   CANET Chinese Academic Network (CN-DOM)
   c/o ICA
   P.O. Box 2418-26
   Che-Dao-Gou Street
   Beijing
   PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

   Domain Name: CN

   Administrative Contact:
      Qian, Tian Bai  (TBQ)  QIAN@ICA.BEIJING.CANET.CN
      +86 841-3654
   Technical Contact, Zone Contact:
      Rotert, Michael  (MR78)  Rotert@IRA.UKA.DE
      +49 721 608 4221

   Record last updated on 05-Mar-91.

   Domain servers in listed order:

   IRAUN1.IRA.UKA.DE		129.13.10.90
   NS.EU.NET			192.16.202.11
   NS.UU.NET			137.39.1.3

   Top Level domain for the People's Republic of China

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   3) From: "Herman J. Woltring" 
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
   As an editor of campus magazine with a special report on network
   connection to mainland China, I tried very hard to find out any possibly
   way for sending e-mails to there.  I got help from kind netters, from
   whois database, knowing that CANET(Chinese Academic Network) users
   actually have e-mail access with Internetter.  So I contacted Mr. Qian,
   the administative contact of CANET via e-mail and personal letter.
   Finally, I got response after Mr. Qian got my personal letter.  (Now,
   people in Taiwan can mail letters to mainland China indirectly, via Hong
   Kong.)

   Mr. Qian gave me some introduction of CANET, and eventually mentioned the
   main problem is lack of funds, so people on CANET have to pay fees for
   both receiving and sending e-mail abroad.  In this case, after you reading
   this message, PLEASE DON'T TRY TO SEND E-MAILS TO MR. QIAN ASKING ABOUT
   FURTHER DETAIL, SINCE I CAN NOT MAKE SURE MR. QIAN ALSO HAVE TO PAY FEE
   FOR HIS E-MAIL OR NOT.  I am afraid the mail flood will cause another big
   problem to him.  Thank you.

   === Original message from Mr. Qian

   From:   cn%"QIAN@ica.beijing.canet.cn" 20-AUG-1991 19:18:57.92 
   To:   p7911013@twnctu02.bitnet CC:  Subj:   reply

   20 Aug 91 09:37:08 CET Received: from ira.uka.de by vm.gmd.de (IBM VM SMTP
   R1.2.2MX) with TCP; Tue, 20 Aug 91 09:36:51 CET Received: from
   ica.beijing.canet.cn by iraun1.ira.uka.de id aa10842; 	 20 Aug 91
   9:32 MET DST

   Date: Tue, 20 Aug 91 15:06 CHINA TIME +100 
   From: QIAN@ica.beijing.canet.cn 
   Subject: reply 
   To: 7911013@twnctu02.bitnet
   Message-id: <29780B1EE25F00002B@ICA.BEIJING.CANET.CN> 
   X-Organization: ICA BEIJING CHINA 
   X-Envelope-to: 7911013@twnctu02.bitnet 
   X-VMS-To:IN%"7911013@twnctu02.bitnet",QIAN

   Mr.Huang, Thank you for your letter of Aug.5. Some time ago I received an
   email from you, and I'm sorry I have been unable to answer it sooner.
   Thank you for your paying great attention to the CANET project.  Herewith
   I'm encluding the brief introduction to CANET.
   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

   CANET , co-initiated by ICA ( Beijing Instutute for Computer Applications
   ) and the University of Karlsruhe ( Germany ) began in 1986. Its purpose
   is to integrate chinese academic communities with the worldwide computer
   network, and to promote information exchange and technical cooperation
   with the rest of the world.  The initial service provided by CANET is
   international E-mail delivery.  The first connection with CSNET was
   actually set up in Sep.1987.

   The central machine located in ICA , Siemens 7,760/ BS2000 running
   PMDF/BS2000 software, was successfully connected with the E-mail systems
   all over the world by means of a relay machine at the Uni- versity of
   Karlsruhe.  

   Since then , CANET has been operational and has provided the worldwide
   E-mail service for some academic communities within China. 

   In 1990 Oct. , the top level domain ---" CN " for China was registered
   with DDN SRI--NIC by ICA . This is a very important step for the
   development of CANET.

   CANET is a store and forward electronic mail network .  Recently,the
   central machine in CANET is a Micro VAXII--cluster system under VMS 4.7
   running PMDF 3.1/VMS,which acts as an interna- tional gateway linking the
   main domain server located at Uni. Karl- sruhe by x.25 through the
   CHINAPAC (Chinese Packed Switching Network).

   For remote sites, CANET is accessible for any academic communi- ty of
   China through the CHINAPAC ( national x.25 PDN ) or the dial up telephone
   links, at 1200 bps and 2400 bps or 4800 bps (depending on the cost factor
   ). End--user's PC or workstations can access to local node machine by
   terminal emulation . CANET adopts RFC--822 formats.

   CHINAPAC , the first national PDN in China , was operational in the end of
   1989 , it is authorized by the goverment and run by the Ministry of Posts
   and Telecommications of China.  This network is based on x.25. At persent,
   it is still on the first stage and has 3 node-machines ( Package Switching
   Node ) and 8 package multiplexers which are located at 11 major cities in
   China. It has international link through the satellites.

   All amchines of CANET implement Internet DNS ( domain naming system )
   syntax.

   The top level domain --- " CN " for China has been operational since
   Jan.1991 . Currently, the international mail delivery usually takes half a
   day . At present , 16 sites have been connected within CANET.  It is true
   , many institutions and universities have estab- lished their private
   local network in the compus, most of them are interested in joning
   CANET.But, there are the financial boundaries- ---lack of the funds.  If
   the funding is available, CANET will be growing rapidly.
   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

   Frankly speaking,the CANET has not been a part of the Internet yet,
   because it does't implement the TCP/IP protocol suite to link with the
   Internet via the leased line directly.that is why CANET is unable to do
   FTP and R-Login recently.Also,this is the reason that CANET's user has to
   pay the international communication fees not only for sending mail but
   also for receiving mail.

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
   4) Haines Brown  (brownh@ccsu.ctstateu.edu) 
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------  

   Qiang Alex ZHAO wonders if it is possible to reach someone by e-mail in
   China. There has been some discussion of this issue. Mr. Zhao might want
   to contact Roger Burns (BFU@NIHCU.BITNET), who has interested himself in
   this matter, and he might be able to provide the communication of Ernest
   Anderson (GEAND@EDUC.UMass.edu) which spells out the various options and
   difficulties. A person who apparently makes it a point to keep up on these
   matters is Geoff Sears (gsears@igc.org).  I get the impression things
   might not be quite as forbidding at they first appear, and there is slow
   improvement. I suggest contacting Geoff Sears to find out about the
   current situation.

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
   5) From GEAND@educ.umass.edu Thu Apr  9 18:23:22 1992 
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------  

   This will get you started.  Yes, it is EXTREMELY costly and for that
   reason I will NOT tell people E-mail addresses in China.  The archives of
   this list should contain some of the traffic this posting caused.
   ...................................................................... 

   China network observations from October, 1991, visit 1/12/92 The Institute
   of Computer Applications (ICA) at 10 Che Dao Gou, Haidian District,
   Beijing, was created to provide data processing and computer services to
   small and medium organizations that could not afford their own computer
   installations.  The ICA office is extremely difficult to find; it is
   "hidden" at the rear of a complex whose main mission appears to be
   quasi-military, and whose neighbors "don't know anything about it."  ICA
   is under the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry.

   Contact was established by E-Mail to SYSTEM@ICA.Beijing.Canet.CN Qian Tian
   Bai, Vice-Chief Engineer, P.O.Box 2418-26, Beijing, China 100081, phone
   841-3654, is the contact person.

   Chinanet is very small, and VERY EXPENSIVE.  Costs are 8000 Yuan to join,
   2000 Yuan per month maintenance, and 10 Yuan per KILObyte of information
   sent OR RECEIVED.  For comparison, the average Professor's salary in PRC
   is 150 Yuan per month.  This explains why some Internet information Qian
   Tian Bai wanted is being sent by regular mail rather than E-Mail.  Those
   of us who view Internet as a big, free resource need to realize that
   casual communications elsewhere, and especially to China, may NOT be
   welcome by the recipient because of the cost.

   FAX is much more prevalent than E-mail throughout Asia, partly because the
   character set in Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, etc.
   is not amenable to western style keyboarding, nor is the use of English
   (Roman characters) that widespread.  As a side note, a major data base
   research problem in Beijing is how to produce a telephone directory!  To
   get a home telephone number, even if I knew the full name and address and
   could pronounce it correctly in Chinese, I had to go through the place
   where the person worked; most work places have an agreed upon Pinyin or
   English name that CAN be sorted on, listed, and retrieved electronically.

   Chinanet nodes exist in Beijing, Harbin, Shanghai, and Hangzhou, with
   dial-up connections other places.  Most users are businesses or Chinese
   Academy of Sciences; practically none are Universities. University
   computing centers (Computer Science Departments) seem to be in some sort
   of communication with each other using something called CNPAC, which is
   entirely graphic due to the nature of the natural character set of China.
   This might explain why gateway(s) to Chinanet or Internet don't seem to
   exist.

   Chinanet's connections to the outside world are via a 2400 bps link
   (sattelite) to University of Karlsruhe, using PMDF protocol.  Call-ins are
   done twice a day for exchange of international mail.  ICA hardware
   includes VAX 8700, Siemens 7760, and MVAXII cluster.

   The University of International Business and Economics in Beijing has a
   massive computer-based communication facility, installed for the Asian
   Games last year, and maintained (but not used) in support of Beijing's bid
   for the Olympics.  Connections go throughout China, Asia, and much of the
   rest of the world.  My guess is that this machine could host an extensive
   and inexpensive E-mail network with practically no additional capital
   investment!  I said this to everyone who would listen in other agencies I
   visited; perhaps that may have some effect. Unfortunately, I visited ICA
   before I visited UIBE and could not get ICA's reaction to the idea.

   Without knowing it when travel plans were made, a major conference on
   telecommunications was to be held in Beijing about Nov. 1.  ICA suggested
   they could get me in if I were in Beijing at the time, but I had already
   accepted a "Soviet" Academy of Science invitation for November.  I have
   not been able to find out what transpired at that conference, although I
   have been promised a copy of the proceedings. Perhaps someone who was
   there could enlighten me (and any others on the network) about serious
   interest in moving China forward with global networking.

   As an interesting aside, one of the major U.S. planners of the Nov.
   conference also created a large share of international use of Chinanet in
   the previous month, and was pointed out to me as someone insensitive to
   what their costs were.  My personal reaction was that action was needed to
   drive down costs (or get them subsidized) because what I saw represented
   to me exactly the kinds of interchanges the networks were designed to
   facilitate.

   Addtitions, corrections, interpretations, and comments welcome.

     G. Ernest Anderson               GEAND@EDUC.UMass.EDU
     University of Massachusetts

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   6) Garry R. Burgess 
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------

   I have been trying to find out the answer to this question for the last 6
   months.  The only thing that I've found out, is that it is possible, but
   really only for VIP's, because the government of China doesn't like
   uncontrolled communications taking place between it's citizens, and the
   rest of the world.  In general, it's much much harder to send E-mail to
   China than anywhere else because of political reasons.

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   7) List CHINANET: Networking in China
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------
   From: kuang@rdsparc2.CSELT.STET.IT (Kuang Jiaxing)

   Some sites in China have registered IP network number, unfortunately, due
   to finance, they have not connected to InterNet directly.

   The two major E-Mail network in China are CANET and CRN.

   CANET was setup about 1987 and registered in 1990, it is a subscriber
   e-mail network about 10 Yuan per kilobyte plus phone fee, user loging via
   PSDN or other, it seems there are no subdomain users, as far I know there
   are lots of Universities and Institutes have account on CANET.  It cost a
   huge amount of money to CANET users :-) 10 Yuan per kilobyte whatever
   incoming or outgoing email.

   CRN is a OSI multi-protocol experiment network, e-mail system of CRN is
   based X.400(84 version), it has some universities and institues connected
   via China CNPAC(X.25), each site pay its X.25 fee (quite expensive) for
   outgoing mail, it is mere experiment network, due to political and
   financial reason, it seems impossible to become a real research network,
   ...  For CRN sites, they pay their X.25 fee, usual they pay their outgoing
   emails, Darmstadt.gmd.de acts as InterNet <--> X.400 gateway for CRN, it
   pays most emails to China, and its administrator protest high charge, the
   policy may be changed in future.  X.25 is a quite expensive service, it
   charge you per segment you send/receive and per minute you use, Usual each
   site pays about 2000 yuan per month if no high volume data transfer.

   Some Universities are planning to build Campus network, Tsinghua
   University, ZheJian[g] University, Fudan University, ..., I am sorry I
   don't know details except Fudan.

   I heard that China PTT is planing to build China E-Mail network, and
   Shanghai PTT is just beginning to provide such service, it sounds to be
   the official e-mail network in future, but I don't know more about it.

   For details about CANET, contact Qian@ica.beijing.canet.cn, who is
   Administrative Contact of CANET.

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   8) First Hand Material: From 
   -------------------------------------------------------------------------
   From xiaofan.zhao@cnlab.nci.crn.cn Sun Apr 12 17:19:05 1992
   Date: 13 Apr 92  8:11 +0800
   From: Xiaofan ZHAO 
   To: Qiang Alex ZHAO 
   In-Reply-To: <9204100052.AA03920(a)acacia.cs.arizona.>
   Message-Id: <788:xiaofan.zhao@cnlab.nci.crn.cn>
   Subject: Reply: Hello from Arizona (USA)
   Return-Receipt-To: Xiaofan ZHAO 
   Status: OR

   Dear Alex,

   Following is some information about CRN for your reference.

   Regards,
   Xiaofan Zhao, NCI, Beijing, China

   ==========================

   The Chinese Research Network (CRN), founded in 1987, aims at

	* Providing electronic communication means, based on
	  the PSDN and any available communication networks,
	  to the Chineses scientsts, engineers, professors and
	  other reaserchers to facilitate them in exchanging information
	  and coordinating cooperation with their partners in China
	  and abroad.	  

	* Supporting and coordinating the development and promotion
	  of OSI conformable applications ammong Chinese scientific
	  and research community.

	* Organizing the cooperation among CRN members and their
	  foreign partners.

   Eight members of CRN have been interconnected at present, including
   research institutes, universities and academic organizations in Beijing,
   Shanghai, Chengdu and Shijiazhuang. More institutions will join CRN in the
   future.

   MHS (email), VT (PAD), FTAM, X.11 have been installed at the member
   institutions on VAX/VMS, VAX/ULTRIX, SUN/UNIX and APOLLO/UNIX. CRN has
   established more than ten direct MHS connections with the member countries
   of European Research Networks (RARE), including Germany, Norway and
   Switchland, and could exchange e-mails with almost all the research
   networks, eg Internet, in the world via RARE gateways.

   Chinese MHS (CMHS), dased on DFN-EAN and enhanced by CRN, with Chenese
   character and encryption capability has been also installed at some CRN's
   member institutions on VAX/VMS and SUN/UNIX systems.

   The CRN Board consists of the representatives from her member
   organizations, which is responsible for
	* Developing CRN's plans and rules
	* Helping academic and research institutions to join CRN
	* Maintaining the services provided by CRN
	* Helping CRN's members to solve technical problems
	* Organizig and coordinating the development projects
	* Contacting and coopreating, on behalf of CRN, with the peers 
	  in China and abroad

   Help desk addresses are:
   Beijing:
    CRN's Help Desk                          
    North China Institute of Computer Tech.  
    China Academy of Electr. & Info. Tech.   
    Computer System Engineering Institute    
   Shanghai:
    Fudan University                         
    Shanghai JiaoTong University             
   Shijiazhuang:
    Shijiazhuang Communication Lab           
   Chengdu:
    Southwest Communication Institute        
 
   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   = Qiang Alex Zhao		| azhao@cs.arizona.edu
				| Dept of Computer Science
				| Univ of Arizona, Tucson

From: dxl0243@hertz.njit.edu (Dong Liu)
   ...
   Hi.
   Don't forget me! I once (4 months ago) the root and postmaster of 
   ee.sjtu.crn.cn. Just FYI, here is a message from Zhong shenyang at SJTU.

   >> On 31 Mar 92 15:41:44+0800, Zhong Shengyang  said:

   bell> Hi dxl, I went to Xie's office yesterday! Their net will be running
   bell> at the end of this month. They use X.400 and connect to Sprint net.
   bell> They say they can reach all the mailbox in U.S. Their equipment is
   bell> imported from Sprint Communication Co. I think you know it.
   bell> The tariff has not yet been decided!

  Xie is the boss of the data communication dept. of shanghai PTT.

   Also, the Email ssystem used in Fudan, SJTU ,NCI etc are very narrow, that
   is only one or two machines connect to the outside, But as I know, QingHua
   U.  has a campus network (including email). Actually, the MHS software I
   used to use is called EAN, which was developed by UBC at ca., first
   introduced to china by Qinghau.

SCC: Email to Taiwan---E.2 
From: u7911013@cc.nctu.edu.tw (Huang Chih-Hsien)
   ...
   I am very sorry that I do not keep the article.  However, I think I am
   glad to offer you some info.

   Taiwan has a BITNET connection since June, 1987, and a fully Internet one
   at the end of 1991.

   TANet(Taiwan Academic Network) establish a integrated high speed academic
   network(T1) between universities.  TANet is connected to JvNCnet, one of
   13 regional networks of NSFNET, and share resources freely with all the
   Internet community.

   Here is a list of all TANet members:

   IP address  University/organization  Domain name        Postmaster
   ---------- -----------------------  --------------  ----------------
   140.109     Academia Sinica        sinica.edu.tw   feng@iis.sinica.edu.tw
                                      as.edu.tw       dennis@sun3.as.edu.tw
   140.111     Ministry of Education    edu.tw      jptseng@twnmoe10.edu.tw
               Computer Center                       yimin@twnmoe10.edu.tw
   140.112     Nat'l Taiwan  U.     ntu.edu.tw      embox@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
   140.113     Nat'l Chiao Tung U.  nctu.edu.tw     liu@twnctu01.bitnet
                                                       liu@lena.nctu.edu.tw
   140.114     Nat'l Tsing Hua U.   nthu.edu.tw     smchen@cc.nthu.edu.tw
   140.115     Nat'l Central U.    ncu.edu.tw    center6@twncu865.ncu.edu.tw
   140.116     Nat'l Cheng Kung U.   ncku.edu.tw     ncl@cs.ncku.edu.tw
   140.117     Nat'l Sun Yat-Sen U.  nsysu.edu.tw    hsu@cc.nsysu.edu.tw
   140.118     Nat'l Taiwan          ntit.edu.tw     under construction
               Institute of Technology
   140.119     Nat'l Cheng chi U.     nccu.edu.tw  ylc@sun2cc.nccu.edu.tw
   140.120     Nat'l Chung Hsing U.   nchu.edu.tw  liu@nchud1.nchu.edu.tw
   140.121     Nat'l Taiwan Ocean U.  ntou.edu.tw   bill@mvax31.ntou.edu.tw
   140.122     Nat'l Taiwan Normal U. ntnu.edu.tw  ntnut066@twnmoe10.edu.tw
   140.123     Nat'l Chung Cheng     ccu.edu.tw      chen@suncc.ccu.edu.tw
               University                            liouyc@suncc.ccu.edu.tw
   140.124     Nat'l Taipei          tit.edu.tw      michael@sun.tit.edu.tw
               College of Technology                    root@sun.tit.edu.tw
   140.125     Nat'l Yunlin          yuntech.edu.tw  under construction
               Institute of Technology
   140.135     Chung Yuan Christian U.    cycu.edu.tw     under construction
   140.136     Fu Jen University        fju.edu.tw      under construction
   140.137     Chinese Culture U.        pccu.edu.tw     under construction
   140.138     Yuan Ze Institute of     yzit.edu.tw     system@mars.yzit.edu.tw
               Technology                               ccsrt@mars.yzit.edu.tw
   134.208     TANet Backbone                           nisc@tanet.edu.tw
               (Ministry of Education   Computer Center)
   140.92      Institute for            net.tw          syspgm@csc.seed.net.tw
               Information Industry     com.tw
   139.175     Institute for            net.tw          syspgm@csc.seed.net.tw
               Information Industry     com.tw
   140.96      Institute of Technology  itri.org.tw johnson@itrib.itri.org.tw
               Research Industry
   192.83.166  Ministry of Education    edu.tw          candy@twnmoe10.edu.tw
               Computer Center
   192.83.167  Synchrotron Radiation    srrc.edu.tw  homjen@srrcbd.srrc.edu.tw
               Research Center
   192.83.168  Chung-Hua Institution    cier.edu.tw     lo@rs930.cier.edu.t
               for Economic Research                    root@rs930.cier.edu.tw
   192.83.169  Nat'l Chiao Tung      nctu.edu.tw     under construction
               University (Taipei)
   192.83.170  Nat'l Chung Hsing     nchulc.edu.tw   d02z9005@twnmoe10.edu.tw
               University(Taipei)
   192.83.171  Science and Technology   stic.gov.tw     under construction
               Infor. Center
   192.83.172  Nat'l Chiao Tung      nctu.edu.tw     liu@lena.nctu.edu.tw
               University(Testing)
   192.83.173  Nat'l Changhua U.    ncue.edu.tw     root@ncue4680.ncue.edu.tw
   192.83.174  Synchrotron Radiation srrc.edu.tw   homjen@srrcbd.srrc.edu.tw
                Research Center
   192.83.175  Nat'l Taiwan U.       ntu.edu.tw      embox@ccms.ntu.edu.tw
   192.83.176  Chung-Hua Polytechnic    chpi.edu.tw     bear@chinai.chpi.edu.tw
               Institute
   192.83.177  Chung-Hua Polytechnic    chpi.edu.tw     bear@chinai.chpi.edu.tw
               Institute
   192.83.178  Central Weather Bureau   cwb.gov.tw      under construction
   192.83.196  Princeton JvNCnet                        nisc@tanet.edu.tw
              (Ministry of Education  Computer Center)

   By the way, the following universities/colleges/organizations are
   connected to BITNET.

   Ref# Conn  Nodeid   Site name
   ---- ----  ------   ---------
   2529 89/05 TWNAS886 Academic Sinica Computing Center VAX8530
   2530 88/10 TWNCTUCS National Chiao-Tung University Computer Science and
                       Information Engineering Computer Center
   2531 88/09 TWNCTU01 National Chiao-Tung University Computer Center VAX1
   2532 91/02 TWNCTU02 National Chiao-Tung University Computer center VAX2
   2533 90/03 TWNCU865 National Central University - Computer Center
   2534 91/02 TWNFCUC1 FENG CHIA UNIVERSITY - INFORMATION CENTER
   2535 90/03 TWNIAMS  Academia Sinica - Institute of Atomic and Molecular
                       Sciences
   2536 90/07 TWNIII1  Institute for Information Industry --Computer Center
   2537 89/03 TWNITRI1 Industrial Technology Research Institute
   2538 91/02 TWNMOCTL TELECOMMUNICATION LABORATORY -- COMPUTER CENTER
   2539 87/06 TWNMOE10 Ministry of Education Taiwan
   2540 88/08 TWNMOE20 Ministry of Education Taiwan
   2541 89/01 TWNNTIT  National Taiwan Institute of Technology Compter Center
   2542 87/09 TWNSCU10 Soochow University
   2543 89/11 TWNSRRC1 Synchrotron Radication Research Center
   2544 90/11 TWNTKU10 TAMKANG UNIVERSITY--INFORMATION CENTER
   2545 89/07 TWNTTIT  Tatung Institute of Technology
   2546 89/01 TWNTUCC1 National Taiwan University Computer Center VAX2
   2547 89/01 TWNTUCC2 National Taiwan University Computer Center CYBER 825
   -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
   Hope it helps.
   Best Regards,
  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
       ::   :: .       :;      ,,,,,;.,,,,:.   H u a n g ,  C h i h - H s i e n
     ''::'''::''' ,,,,,;;,,,,;,::.:., ', ,:   
       ;:...:;         ::      ::.,.:  ,':,    Dept. of Electronics Engineering
   ,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,     ::   .  ::.:...'   ':'    National Chiao Tung University
     :........;;,  '''''''''''  :.......::,                  1001 Ta Hsueh Road
     ::   :   ::    :. :.       ::......::                 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
     ::''':'''::   :::  ;, ';.  ::......::    
     ;:...:...:;  :'::   ' : :; ::......::    Internet: u7911013@cc.nctu.edu.tw
    ..;''   '';, '' ':::::::'  ..;''   '';,   BITNET  :        7911013@TWNCTU02

SCC: SERVICE ANNOUNCE from Taiwan - tw.* newsgroups redistribution---E.3 
From: Huang 
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
   
     ########## ##   #   ##       #     ##           #######
    #    #   #   #  ##  #        ##    #             #     #
        #        # # # #        #  #  #             #######
       #         ##  ## .*     #    ## EWSGROUPS   #   #   EDISTRIBUTION
      #          #   #       ##     #            ##     ##
   
    FROM:  HUANG, CHIH-HSIEN      at      NATIONAL CHIAO TUNG UNIVERSITY
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
   1. Introduction -  What is tw.* Newsgroups Redistribution(TWNR)?

    Taiwan established its  Internet connection to US at the end of
    1991.  After that, news systems are  keeping growing around the
    island.  Some regional  "newsgroups" circulate locally with the
    leading group name, "tw".  However,  they may interest a lot of
    people all over the world, and provide a good place for talking
    about Taiwan's affairs.  Therefore, I would like to  offer this
    re-distribution service.  Hope more and  more people exchanging
    information, sharing knowledge/resources with us.

    "tw.*" is a redistribution service for the following newgroups:

    * tw                  - the leading newsgroup of Taiwan
    * tw.tanet            - TANet discussion
    * tw.tanet.general    - TANet general information
    * tw.tanet.tech_news  - TANet tech news
    * tw.seminar          - seminar announce
    * tw.conference       - conference announce
    * tw.announce         - general announce
    * tw.wanted           - information wanted
    * tw.lib-automation   - library automation discussion
    * tw.talk             - free talk on any topic
    * tw.info-sharing     - sharing information to each other
    * tw.cad              - CAD discussion
    * tw.cam              - CAM discussion
    * tw.misc             - miscellaneous posting

    A program written by myself has been installed on my own account,
    u7911013@cc.nctu.edu.tw.  This  program  will  check my  mailbox
    every minute  and automatically reply  to your  request, i  your
    command is valid.

    2. Commands

    All commands are accessible via e-mail and should appear in your
    SUBJECT line, *not* the mail body.  Your request should be send
    to:

    u7911013@cc.nctu.edu.tw
    -----------------------
    2.1 Help - /HELP

        Sending a "/HELP" or "/help" command in your mail SUBJECT,
        this help file will be automatically returned to you.

        *example*

        /HELP

    2.2 To be a subscriber - /SUB, /sub

        "/SUB" and  "/sub" commands are available for this purpose.
        All articles posted on tw.* newsgroups will be forwarded to
        the subscribers.

        Here is the command format:

        /SUB your_first_name your_last_name
        /sub your_last_name, your_first_name

        *example*

        /SUB Huang, Chih-Hsien

    2.3 Unsubscribe - /UNSUB, /unsub

        You can ask for removing from this list at any time.  The
        command is  "/UNSUB" or  "/unsub".  Note that the service
        program only can recognize your e-mail address, so please
        unsubscribe from where you subscribe to this list.

        *example*

        /UNSUB

    2.4 Post articles - /POST

        Article posting are  available to subscribers.  Please e-mail
        your article with "/POST which_newsgroup_you_want_to_post" in
        the  SUBJECT and  "Article_Subject: your_article_subject"  in
        the  FIRST  line  of the  MAIL  BODY.  Currently,  posting is
        mediated by  myself.  Your article  will be  also sent to the
        subscribers.

        By the way, multi-group posting is also accepted.  Please add
        all the  newsgroups  you want  to post  in the  subject line,
        separated with a comma.

        *example*

        /POST tw.announce,tw.misc,tw.talk

        [in the first line of your MAIL BODY]

        Article_Subject: Service announce: tw.* newsgroups redistribution

    3. Comments/Suggestions:

    Please send your comments/suggestions directly to me.

   *********************************************************************** 
Acknowlegement: under construction;-)

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