Are Screenplays Literature?
Part Three
by Charles Deemer (Nov-13-2002)
The argument in favor of screenplays being literature must begin with a
reminder: not all novels or poems or stage plays are considered to be
"literature." Those who put down screenwriting as an activity somehow
less "literate" than writing poetry or fiction often forget this.
Whatever literature is -- and philosophers have been arguing this point for
centuries -- surely we can agree that just because someone writes a
"poem," this poem is not automatically classified as literature.
Many
writers are themselves aware of this. Once, when asked about her poetry by an
interviewer, Dorothy Parker was quick to respond, "My verses. I cannot say
poems." She knew the difference between light
entertainment and literature. Similarly the novelist Graham Greene even
categorized his fiction under two labels: his "entertainments," the
popular books such as Our Man in
Havana, and his novels, the serious
works such as The Quiet American.
So
the question really is, Do some
screenplays rise to the level of literature? And what is this "level"
anyway? We cannot escape the question, What is literature?
What is Literature?
The
19th-century novelist George Eliot (a woman writing under a man's name) defined
literature this way: "the nearest thing to life; it is a mode of
amplifying experience and extending our contact with our fellow-men beyond the
bounds (=limits) of our personal lot (=fate)."
Terrence
McGiver, a teacher, expands the definition: "Literature helps us grow,
both personally and intellectually. It provides an objective base for
knowledge and understanding. It links us with the cultural, philosophic, and
religious world of which we are part. It enables us to recognize human dreams
and struggles in different places and times that we
otherwise would never know existed. It helps us develop mature sensibility and
compassion for the condition of all living things -- human, animal and
vegetable. It gives us the knowledge and perception to
appreciate the beauty of order and arrangement, which a well-constructed song
or a beautifully painted canvas also gives us."
Other
observers have pointed out that literature is written to be read aesthetically;
that it emphasizes character over plot; that it must be worth re-reading; that
it contains enduring human themes; that it is the
opposite of trash.
All
these definitions give clues why it's so easy to conclude that screenplays are
not literature. The film industry is part of show business, not show "art," and in the entertainment
field, the pressure to
make money is considerable. Given this clear charge, who has time for the
serious goals of literature? In fact, even in the publishing industry, in some
circles "the literary novel" is a derogatory term meaning, "a
book that won't sell." Some would say that we live in a time when
literature in general is on the decline.
What is a Literary Screenplay?
Despite
all this, a screenplay can be written in such a way that it demands inclusion
under the umbrella of literature. There are movies, after all, that tell us
much about the human condition -- even
entertaining movies can do this. Rainman,
when a self-centered young man learns he has a brother and grows from the
revelation; Dead Poets Society,
when a creative teacher touches a class of coming-of-age boys; Atlantic City, when an old
second-rate hoodlum gets a second chance at criminal notoriety -- these films,
and many others, are popular Hollywood movies that reach beyond entertainment,
offering touching and universal themes of what it means to be human. They offer
stories that present
much more than mindless entertainment. They make us feel and make us think,
even as we are entertained.
Screenplays
can be written to be read aesthetically, even when delivering an entertaining
story. They reflect a different set of literary rules than those of fiction, of
course. In fact, screenwriting is closer to writing poetry with its emphasis on
compression and minimalism. But look at the ending of Atlantic City, which is brilliant in its writing style and
ability to evoke more than is on the surface:
INT. TROCADERO HOTEL - CORRIDOR - DAY
Grace, all dolled up in a mink coat and a hat, is
quite apprehensive.
Grace walks down the corridor to Room 307. She
rings the doorbell. Alfie opens the door. The card game is still going on in
the room.
ALFIE
Yes? I think you have the wrong
room.
Grace holds out the last bit of cocaine in the
silver foil. Alfie's jaw drops.
GRACE
One thousand.
ALFIE
Why not?
He reaches into his pocket and hands her a thousand
dollar bill. He shuts the door.
Grace turns and walks back up the corridor holding
up the thousand dollar bill. Lou is standing at the other end of the corridor.
He applauds her. She takes his arm. They leave.
EXT. BOARDWALK - DAY
Grace and Lou walk down the Boardwalk. She proudly
holds his arm. Behind them, a wrecking ball strikes a building, preparing to
demolish it. The building won't give.
The ball hits it again. The building won't give.
THE END
The surface simplicity of the writing here hides an extraordinary emotional
statement -- and that is what good screenwriting, like good poetry, is about.
The aesthetic is different from what makes literary
fiction but it is still an aesthetic, it still has the ability, despite its
rhetorical compression, to tell us much about our emotional lives.
Not
all screenplays are literature, any more than all novels, but there is nothing
about screenwriting that automatically makes it less than literature.
Literature is rare, no matter what kind of writing we are talking about. John
Guare's screenplay for Atlantic City
has as much right to the title as the latest literary novel.
Yes,
screenplays should be considered literature -- when they deserve to be.
Charles Deemer teaches screenwriting at Portland State
University. He is the author of Screenwright:
the craft of screenwriting, Seven
Plays and Five Screenplays.
"Are
Screenplays Literature? Part Three" Copyright © 2002 Charles Deemer. All Rights Reserved.