The
Black Sloven
Every so often I’m asked to recommend melodies that have
specific relationships or associations to periods or events. Many of these requests have to do with tunes
that are associated with the American Civil War and the War of Independence—especially
the latter, as I reside in New York’s Hudson Valley where relics and remains of
the Colonial period and the Revolutionary conflict are not uncommon. Some years ago I happened to see an American
musician’s manuscript copybook from the Revolutionary period, and, in the
course of examining the contents I was intrigued by a tune therein called “The
Black Seven.” A curious title, I thought, attached to, frankly, a rather odd,
twisty step-wise kind of tune that was difficult for me to warm up to. “The Black Seven’s” melody in the manuscript only spaned the notes from
tonic to fifth, save for the quick insertion of a sixteenth 6th
note, and an occasional drop to the 5th below the tonic. This is not
much melodic headroom for a tune that is 8 bars long in the first part and
sixteen bars in the second, with repeats for each, as written in the
manuscript. As it turned out, the
history connected with the melody unfolded in similar kinds of twisty, sinewy
turns with odd juxtapositions. In the end, however, it’s now one of the first
pieces I think of when I’m asked to recommend representative American latter-18th
century tunes, despite the fact that its melodic appeal still escapes me. It’s
the history that is rich and compelling, for the melody proved to be a vehicle
for activities not only or pre-Revolution times, but served muster in the
conflict and in the first decades of the new nation as well.
All
journeys begin locally, as did mine with “The Black Seven.” One of our Hudson
Valley attractions is Locust Grove, the Samuel F. B. Morse Historic Site,
designated a National Historic Landmark and owned and operated by the National
Parks Service. Locust Grove is a fairly modest but beautiful Italianate villa
designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, who remodeled it in 1851 from an existing
structure a few years after Morse (1791-1872)—of electromagnetic telegraph
fame—purchased it. The inventor must have loved the property, for he continued
to alter and improve the landscape around his home until his death at age
80. However, prior the estate had been
in other hands, primarily—for our tale—the Livingstons, who originally
purchased the property, carving it out from the old Schuyler land patent. They
cleared the land and farmed it, building a large, rich homestead from scratch
on the banks of the Hudson. The Poughkeepsie Livingstons were a cadet branch of
a powerful and wealthy extended Hudson Valley family, patroons whose influence
stretched from Albany to New York City. Our focus is on Henry Livingston Jr. (1748-1828),
who came of age in the decade prior to the Revolution and, still in his early
20’s, purchased Locust Grove from his father, a Scottish immigrant, in 1771.
The young man not only managed the large farm operation, but acquired skills as
a surveyor (important in Colonial America) and map-maker, and served the
community as Justice of the Peace.
Henry
was also one of the first from his state to enlist in the newly formed
Revolutionary Army, in 1775, not long after hostilities broke out in the northern
colonies. He accompanied his cousin’s husband, General Richard Montgomery, in
his campaign up the Hudson River to take the war to the British in an ill-fated
attempt to capture Montreal, acting as Major of the newly formed 3rd
New York. The campaign was an arduous one, and when Montgomery fell mortally
wounded before the walls of the city the attack was abandoned. Livingston
returned from Canada with his health compromised and retired from military
life, but still served the cause in the capacity of Commissioner of
Sequestration, charged with appropriating lands and holdings of British
loyalists and liquidating the assets for the Continental Congress and the war
effort. After the war his literary
talents came to the fore. Henry was well-read and known for an encyclopedic
knowledge and affection for literature and a talent for illustration, and he
began to write and publish prose and poetry, garnering a modest reputation for
his work. He also proved to be a good natured man who was involved in family life
and who wrote charming and clever poems for his children, of which he had many.
Henry’s first wife died in 1783 and he remarried, fathering twelve children
between his two wives.
Henry
was remembered fondly by his eldest daughter who stated that her father would
“entertain us on winter evenings by getting down the paint-box, we seated
around the table. First he would portray something very pathetic, which would
melt us to tears. The next thing would be so comic that we would be almost wild
with laughter…” It is no surprise,
perhaps, that the well-known holiday poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas” (“’Twas
the night before Christmas…”), first published anonymously in Troy, New York,
on December 23, 1823, has been attributed to Livingston. It had long been thought
to have been the work of Clement Moore, but several reliable investigations
give considerable credence to the contention of the Livingston family that
Henry was the author, although he never himself claimed it.
In
addition to his literary talents Henry was a musical individual, and, although
in exactly what manner is unknown, he probably played the flute. He kept a
music manuscript copybook that dates from the 1780’s-1790’s that mostly
consists of secular music along with some hymns. It was obvious he had a
fondness for musical theater, for many stage pieces appear in his
manuscript. However, the majority of
his copybook contains dance music and secular airs. Henry’s family connections
had given him an entrée into society, not only in the Hudson Valley but in New
York City, as evidenced by his collection of theater music he could only have
heard in the city. As a young gentleman
he also involved himself in social affairs in New York, for a notice survives
from the New York Mercury of October,
1774, in which his name appears as one of the elected managers of the New York
Dancing Assembly for that year (alongside that of his contemporary John Jay,
later first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Governor of New York). Henry
Livingston, in short, was an accomplished young landed gentleman, at ease in
his society and times; a literary and practical man.
Henry’s
manuscript book contains a tune he called “The Black Seven,” which quickly
proved to be a miss-hearing of “The Black Sloven” by which name it is usually
known. The ‘seven’ instead of ‘sloven’
is particular to Livingston and appears nowhere else, although there are other
miss-hearings recorded (e.g. “slauving”). Although not often used in modern
times the word sloven can still be
found in dictionaries and means someone who is untidy, unkempt; careless in
appearance and performance—a slob. The adjective form slovenly remains familiar to us. “The Black Sloven” was a very
popular tune in 18th century Britain and the Colonies, as evidenced
by the number of times it appears in collections and manuscripts. Henry was
certainly not alone in writing down the tune for personal use. In America, for
example, it appears in the surviving music manuscripts of John Quincy Adams
(1767-1848), later 6th President of the United States, but a young
Newburyport, Massachusetts, flute player at the time he noted his tunes on
paper, around 1786. “Black Sloven” was included in Henry Beck’s commonplace
book of 1786—another flute player. Wilkes Allen’s copybook of 1790-1801, Rhode
Island musician Edward Murphey’s c. 1790 copybook, and the Massachusetts
manuscripts of Dexter Dean (a
commonplace book of 1800, added to by other musicians), harpsichord player
Hannah Dawes (c. 1790), Silas Dickinson (1800), Abel Shattuck (commonplace book
begun in 1801), and Whittier Perkins (1790), all include “The Black Sloven.”
John Hoff, a Lancaster, Pennsylvania, fluter, recorded the melody in his
1797-1799 copybook, as did New Hampshire fluter Henry Blake (1776) who had the
title as the aforementioned “Black Slauving.”
There
are others. Ill-fated Connecticut fifer Giles Gibbs, who was killed in the
Revolutionary War in Vermont while on active duty, had the tune in his
commonplace music book, as did Aaron Thompson, a New Jersey fifer in the conflict. Although fifers included pieces for
listening and playing for enjoyment in their copybooks, most fifers’
manuscripts include airs and tunes adapted for martial usage. That “The Black
Sloven” was used as a marching air is not in doubt, for, in addition to the
military fife manuscripts it appears in, a version was played by musicians
attached to Colonel Timothy Pickering’s (1745-1829) American regiment as it
marched from Salem, Massachusetts to Lexington, on April 19, 1775. This version is preserved in an old
manuscript music book that was kept at the turn of the 20th century
at the Essex Institute at Salem, in which it is called “Col. Pickering’s March
to Lexington.” Pickering, by the way, was later to make his mark in politics as
a Federalist and was a member of the ‘Essex Junto’ of the party, but served in
the war through several of the major battles and became quartermaster-general
of the Continental army. He was a Yorktown for Cornwallis’s surrender. His
initial foray to Lexington at the head of the Salem men was anti-climactic,
however, for he arrived just as the last British soldiers retreated to Boston
and his men did not see action.
All
of these period manuscripts tell us that “The Black Sloven” was in common use
among American musicians, primarily wind instrument players, from the
pre-Revolutionary period through the early 19th century (its last
manuscript appearance is in Onondaga, New York, musician Daniel Henry’s flute
tutor of 1817). We might surmise from
its step wise motion and small melodic contour that it was relatively easy to
play and thus a piece fiddlers, fifers and fluters might learn early in their
tutelage. It also appears in musicians’
manuscripts whose performance environments stemmed from military settings to
the drawing room. “The Black Sloven” can even be heard on the only recorded
music devices from the period that existed—musical clocks—in particular one by
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, clockmaker Joseph Ellicott from around the 1770’s.
“The Black Sloven” was clearly a popular air in America, but did it originate
there?
Like
many Colonial melodies, “The Black Sloven” was a British import, and not even a
dance tune at that, but rather a song air. It was a popular song
vehicle probably for the same reason it was a popular stepping stone in
instrumental tutors—it’s step wise motion and complete absence of any difficult
interval leaps insured that it was sing-able to nearly everyone. Numerous
records of its use in song exist. In
America “The Black Sloven” was sung by popular actor-singer Mr. Wools in New
York in concert in the Vaux Hall Gardens in 1769, which had been “newly fitted
up” with “a very good Long Room, convenient for a ball or turtle
entertainment…contiguous to the garden” (quoted in Sonneck, Early Concert-life in America: 1731-1800,
1907). New York’s Vaux Hall was in imitation of London’s famous lavish pleasure
garden of the same name, albeit the New York iteration appears to have been
short-lived. This establishes the song as a popular in New York in the
pre-Revolutionary decade. A few years later the following lyric—to the tune of
“The Black Sloven”—was heard at the banquet of the Sons of St. George in New
York in April, 1771, sung by British-born Joseph Stansbury, a gentleman writer
of festive political songs (gifted with a fine voice and pleasant temperament
that made him welcome at social occasions). It is a call to act in ‘loyal
opposition’ in the face of Colonial grievances; a reminder of affectionate
kinship to the mother land, rather than a call for secession:
Though placed at a distance
from Britain’s bold shore,
From thence either we or our
fathers came o’er;
And in a will, work, and deed
we are Englishman all,--
Still true to her cause, and
awake to her call.
Not only those more or less sympathetic with
the Patriot cause employed the tune. A song called "The British Light
Infantry” was published in the Royal
Gazette in occupied New York in 1778, written “by the hand of a loyal
American refugee” apparently in rebuttal to the publication of a disparaging song
in a Philadelphia newspaper on the same subject. The Loyalist version begins:
For battle prepared in their
country’s just cause
Their king to avenge and
support all his laws,
Taleo, taleo, taleo, taleo
As fierce as the tiger, as
swift as the roe,
The British Light Infantry
rush on their foe,
Taleo, taleo, etc.
The end of the Revolutionary War did not deter
the air being set to topical songs. Printer Isaiah Thomas, of Worcester,
Massachusetts, issued a broadside ballad in 1787 called “Pegasus of Apollo,”
set to the “Black Sloven” air. Its lyric was pointedly in sympathy with the
post-Revolutionary insurgency called Shays’ Rebellion (after its most famous
leader, Daniel Shays, c. 1747-1825), which developed out from a deep post-war
economic depression in the northern states. The song (echoing the sentiments of
the just-concluded conflict with Britain) begins:
Come, come my bold boxers,
‘tis Liberty calls,
Hark, hark, how she lustily
bawls and bawls!
It is high time, if ever for
mobbin ‘twas time;
To mobbin, ye chicks of dame
Liberty run;
Scour up the old whinyard, and
brush the old gun;
Freedom we’ll chime,
While Tag, Rag, and Bobtail,
Lead up our decorum, Huzza!
Sure these are the plaguiest
of all plaguy times,
When villains must hang for
their crimes, their crimes,
And debtors a gauntlope of
bailiffs must run;
When rulers will govern, and
we must obey,
And low down our gullets is
cramm’d every day—
Rap, Rap, ‘tis a dun!
The sheriff’s behind him
We’ll gag him, and bind him,
Huzza!
What of the “Black Sloven” in Britain? Neither printed nor manuscript versions seem
to predate American ones by very much, although the earliest printing of the
air that we known about at this time seems to be in vol. 1 of C. and S. Thompson’s
A Choice Collection of Favourite Hunting
Songs (London, 1770). It was followed soon by a printing—words and music—in
The Universal Magazine (1771,
reprinted with text only in the similarly titled Universal Songster, 1825/26; pg. 99). “The Black Sloven” lyric
begins:
Last Valentine’s day, bright
Phoebus shone clear,
We had not been a hunting for
the space of one year.
I mounted Black Clover, that
horse of great fame,
For to hear the horn blow and
the words “Tally ho! Ho!”
Despite the fact that the lyric names the horse
“Black Clover,” the song is titled “Black Sloven,” probably because it was
associated with the name of a renowned hunting mare of legendary speed. The
name “Black Sloven” undoubtedly was partly descriptive—a horse of dark or black
color—coupled with a presumably affectionate ‘slam’, much as we might call a
favourite pet a ‘lazy mutt’—with the affection in the tone of voice. It was the
name of a favourite hunting mare of legendary speed that belonged to a Mr.
Charles Turner (who died c. 1733), of Clegg Hall, Lancashire. The ancient Clegg
Hall was turned into a tavern in the 19th century called the ‘Horse
and Hounds’, but generally known to locals as the ‘Black Sloven’ in remembrance
of Turner and his steed. As an aside,
the shell of 17th century Clegg Hall still stands and is slowly
being restored. The manor comes complete with its own ghost, the Clegg Hall
Boggart, a phantom boy who was killed by his uncle as part of an attempt to
usurp the property from his brother. The ghostly boy cries out a warning,
“Father, beware!”
The steed Black Sloven’s fame was well
established by the 18th century, and although his origins are rather
obscure, they coincide with the very beginnings of organized horse racing in
Britain. Mathew Thomas Baskerville remarks in his Itinerary upon King Charles II (“The Merry Monarch”) and his
favourite horses at the racecourse at Burford Downs, probably describing events
of around 1690:
Next for the glory of the
place,
Here has been rode many a
race;
King Charles the Second I saw
here,
But I’ve forgotten in what
year.
The Duke of Monmouth here
also,
Made his horse to swete
and blow;
Lovelace, Pembrook, and other
gallants
Have been ventring here their
talents;
And Nicholas Bainton on Black Sloven,
Got silver plate by labour and
drudging. [“Origins of the
Turf,” The Gentleman’s Magazine]
It is unclear whether Turner’s Black Sloven is
the same horse ridden by Bainton for the prize in the c. 1690 race, however, it
appears that the name Black Sloven became a popular name for horses for perhaps
a century. An advertisement, for example, for a “noted imported horse” named
Black Sloven made the newspaper in Windham, Connecticut in 1792, offered to
‘cover’ mares—much as we still know that the name Rover applies to a dog.
An instrumental version can be found in the
Brown manuscript, a fiddler’s manuscript made in Elgin, Scotland, around
1775. The uniqueness of this version is
that it was set in scordatura tuning, AEac# (low to high), which old-time
American musicians will recognize as ‘Black Mountain’ or ‘Hangman’ tuning (from
the names of two famous breakdowns typically played in that tuning), and
Norwegian fiddlers will recognize as ‘troll tuning’ for the Hardanger fiddle,
employed for fanitullen tunes (also called the devil’s tunes). David Johnson, in
his book Scottish Fiddle Music in the 18th
Century (Edinburgh, 1984), directs that it be played slow, and suggests it
was a lullaby, although he does not explain or elaborate this assertion. The
“Black Sloven” does not appear in any other musician’s manuscripts in either
Scotland or England, which is curious given its popularity in America at the
same time.
Despite that “Black Sloven” was an English
import, both air and title appear to have hit a responsive chord in
Revolutionary America. We might speculate that the name “Black Sloven” falls
into a similar category as “Yankee Doodle,” in that it is ostensibly a
disparaging epithet, but was reconfigured by Colonials as a source of pride.
One might make fun of a Yankee Doodle or a Black Sloven, but they could be
melded into a force to be contended with. It was perhaps this sentiment that
lead to the naming of an American privateer the Black Sloven. She operated
out of New London, captained by one James Young, and on the night of May 8,
1782, the Black Sloven captured the
British schooner Betsey, bound for
New York with a cargo of gunpowder and lumber, to local acclaim.
12/14/07
Andrew Kuntz
8 Veatch St.
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590