Th Social.Culture.Celtic FAQ

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The S.C.C. Faq

The original author of this fine document was the legendary Graig Cockburn (pronounced coburn!-) but the new maintainer of the FAQ is Godfrey Nolan, godfrey@itc.icl.ie

Contributors (in no particular order):

Craig Cockburn
Godfrey Nolan
Sean Kelley
Jeff Inglis
Colin Wilson
Frank Maloney
Lorraine MacDonald
Chris Brady
Caoimhin O Donnaile
Jack Campin
Michael Campbell
Shawn Mehan
Kev Robinson
Sharon Israel
Paul O'Kane
Bruce Hood
Liam Ferrie
Ken McDougall

plus many others who have sent me minor corrections and comments. Sorry if I left out anyone, it's been a complex process gathering and collating all the information - if anyone submitted material and didn't get mentioned above, then please contact Godfrey for a mention in the next edition.

Contents

* 1.0: Preliminary Notes
* 2.0: The Celts and Celtic language questions
* 3.0: Alba - Scotland
* 4.0: Alba Nuadh - Nova Scotia
* 5.0: Breizh - Brittany
* 6.0: Cymru - Wales
* 7.0: Eire - Ireland
* 8.0: Kernow - Cornwall
* 9.0: Mannin - Isle of Man
* 10.0: Celtic events & societies in major cities around the world

*

Preliminary Notes

The UK phone numbers in this guide will be changing soon. Replace the initial 0 with 01. i.e. 031 123 4567 will be 0131 123 4567 (or from outside the UK, +[44] 131 123 4567.) The new style phone numbers are already in operation.

Accents in this document are represented by a / or \ after the vowel in question e.g. e/ represents e-fada (=e acute)

The Celts and Celtic language questions

Contents

* 2.1: The Celts
* 2.2: The Celtic languages
* 2.3: What is GAELIC-L, WELSH-L, CELTIC-L, IRTRAD-L and how do I subscribe?
* 2.4: Where can I get Celtic Music?
* 2.5: How do I identify which Celtic language this is?
* 2.6: Books for Celtic names for children
* 2.7: Multilingual publications
* 2.8: General on-line language resources 2.9: Pan Celtic information

The Celts

Historical background

The Celts (pronounced with a hard C like "Claymore") appear in Europe as a group of peoples who spoke languages in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Other branches of the Indo-European family are Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic (includes English), Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (Latin based) and Tocharian. Celtic is closest to the Italic group. European languages not belonging to the Indo-European group are Basque, Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lappish (also called Saami). Basque is notable in that it is almost certainly a remnant of the languages present in Europe before the Indo-European expansion. Hungarian, however, was brought from the East at a later date. Pictish (now extinct) was also probably non IE, more of this later.

The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name because of the burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns which in turn were buried in fields...) much earlier than the Romanized Celtic world of the late 500-400 BC.

I use the word "evolve" because it is difficult to define just when the Celts became a culture unto themselves. That said, a culture can be defined according to economic stability, shared religious beliefs and social structure.

Around 1500-1000BC, the Celts lived in an area which today is mostly in Eastern France. The area stretched from roughly where Luxemburg is today to a bit further south than Geneva and took in parts of modern day West Germany and Switzerland. It was an area a little bigger than the island of Ireland.

The Celts then expanded to cover an area covering most of Western Europe and Central Europe. Around 400BC, the Celts lived in what is now called Britain, Ireland, France (i.e. Gaul), Luxemburg, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Celts also lived in parts of Spain (notable Galicia), northern Italy, The Netherlands, the southern half of Germany, and parts of Poland and Russia (source: "The Story of English", Faber and Faber; BBC books 1992).

After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by sucessive waves of Indo-European peoples, notably Germanic and Latin based. The main migration was by the Galli or Gauls into France, northern Italy and the north of Europe.

>From "The Celts", by Frank Delaney (Grafton Books, a division of Collins Publishing Group; copyright London 1986):

Hallstatt - This site at Hallstatt, Austria, was first uncovered by a George Ramsauer (a local) in 1846. It was not until 30 years later that a team of investigators from the Academy of Sciences in Vienna performed an exhaustive investigation of the local salt mine (the natural resource that had supported a local economy near Hallstatt for perhaps 4500 years) and the approximately 2500 grave sites there.

The time in European history of this snapshot of Celtic cultural development is approximately 800 B.C. The Celtic people here were an iron using people who traded salt to the south as far as Italy and as far north as Bohemia. "The grave goods - predominantly iron-made - ... indicated a sophisticated and hierarchical society. These people, superb iron-workers, owned and buried beautifully-decorated vessels, ornamented weaponry and horse trappings, all of a standard much advanced upon that recorded from earlier Europe, reflecting a decisive and recognizable social structure."

Prior to these discoveries at Hallstatt, the Iron Age map of Europe only included Rome and Greece as "civilizations". "But now 'the glory that was Greece, the grandeur that was Rome' had a proven tangible rival - the opulence and clear structure of the Celtic civilization."

"The Hallstatt Culture reflects the Celts in their state of development between the beginning of the ninth century B.C. and the middle of the seventh century B.C. - an iron-using, farming, trading people with fixed patterns of habitation and society." So, the term Hallstatt has more to do with the state of development of the whole society than the time at which this development was achieved. For example, artifacts found in Ireland dated four-hundred years later than those found at Hallstatt may still be described as Hallstatt based on the way in which they were made and the reflections of their local society.

La Tene -- In 1858, near Neuchatel, Switzerland, another trove of Celtic objects was uncovered. Subsequent excavations in this area indicated that "busy and continuous life" had existed by the lake at Neuchatel for hundreds of centuries.

As the Hallstatt cultural period of the Celts lasted from between 800/700 B.C. to 600/500 B.C., "La Tene denotes a period which took over from Hallstatt Culture". La Tene Culture can be divided into three periods: Early La Tene, 600-500 B.C.; Middle La Tene, 300-100 B.C.; and Late La Tene which leads into the end of Celtic dominance in central Europe as the Roman Empire began to expand north of the Alps.

"If Hallstatt Culture may be seen as survival and breakthrough from basic comfort to the nucleus of civilization, the Celts of La Tene Culture, luxuriated, shone, swaggered, thought, expressed themselves....La Tene meant more lavish burials, more advanced decoration on swords, helmets, brooches, more cosmopolitan influence."

"La Tene Culture lifts the Celts from being just another of the myriad European tribally-originated peoples who made an impact in the days before literacy. La Tene spirit establishes the Celts as a real 'civilization'".

"La Tene Culture finds the Celts amongst wealth and glory and possession and expression. They had mobility, style, trade, power. They had given themselves definition; they had acquired a considerable presence; and they had, for their elegance and heroism, earned respect, an assured people. The way of the Celts within that period, the five hundred years or so before Christ, fixed them in the popular imagination - mythological in splendour, glorious in their gold and jewels, mysterious in the tracery of their ornamentation, opulent in the evidence of their possessions."

"And the term 'La Tene' defines the essential vision of the Celts and their civilization, marks their major cultural presence in Europe, when their attitude , personality, style, came of age. Through La Tene, Europe saw them as importanantn t, powerful and fascinating. Their spread across the continent, their multifarious presence, made them a force to be reckoned with."

There are some Celtic artifacts in the Hungarian National History Museum in Budapest. Gellert Hill, which towers over the Danube on the Buda side of the river, was once a Celtic fort. After pushing through the area on their original journeys across Europe, Celtic peoples from what became from France returned to the area around the 4th century I believe. They introduced coinage to the area and traded. Outside of Budapest, there are Roman ruins which were built over the site of a Celtic village. The Romans called the place Aquinctum -- which was based on An-ke (I believe) which meant 'place near water' in the Celtic language of that particular group.

A Celtic Bibliography

This is an extensive list of Celtic studies research material. This was compiled by Denise Inglis and was compiled during research for her thesis. This list is also available to FTP from yeats.csufresno.edu /pub/misc/celtic_studies.bib

Celtic reading list compiled by Denise Inglis

First Light on an Irish Tomb (ancient tomb at Newgrange may have had astronomical function.) Science News 135 (Feb. 11, 1989) : 88ff.
Alcock, Leslie. Arthur's Britain : History and Archaeology - A. D. 367-634. London : Allen Lane, 1974.
Anderson, Marjorie O. The Celtic Church in Kinrimund. IN The Mediaeval Church of St. Andrews.
Arbesmann, Rudolph. The cervuli and anniculae in Caesarius of Arles. Traditio 35:89-119 1979.
Bamford, Christopher. Ecology and Holiness : The Heritage of Celtic Christianity. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight. No. 3, 66-78, Spring 1983.
Bammesberger, Alfred, and Wollmann, Alfred, eds. Britain 400-600: language and history [conf pprs, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon lang & hist, Eichstatt, W Germany, 1988; indexed selectively]. Anglistische Forschungen, 205. Heidelberg, Germany : Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1990.
Barton, Beverly. Sketches and Reflections on a Celtic Pilgrimage. illus, by M. Bowes & A. Mitchell. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight 6 No. 4, 70-75 Summer, 1986.
Beaulieu, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de. La monnaie au nom des rois Gesatorix et Ecritusirus. IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp. 305-322.
Bede. Opera Historica. Loeb Classical Library, 2 vol. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1954.
Biel, Jorg. A Celtic Grave in Hochdorf, Germany. Archaeology 40 (Nov - Dec, 1987) : 22ff.
Biel, Jorg. Treasure From a Celtic Tomb. National Geographic 157 (March 1980) : 428-438.
Bieler, Ludwig. Ancient Hagiography and the Lives of St. Patrick. IN Forma futuri : studi in onone de Cardinale Michele Pelligrino. ed. Antonio Maddalena. 650-655, 1975. Turin : Bottega d'Erasmo.
Bieler, Ludwig. Christian Ireland's Graeco-Latin Heritage. Studia Patristica 13 (part 2) ed. Elizabeth Livingstone. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1975, 3-9.
Bieler, Ludwig. Ireland: Harbinger of the Middle Ages. New York : Oxford University Press.
Bieler, Ludwig. Patrick's Synod: A Revision. Melange Offerts a Mademoiselle C. Mohrmann ed. T. N. Hamess et. al. Utrecht/Anvers : Spectrum Editeurs, 1963, 96-102
Bieler, Ludwig. The Celtic Hagiographer. Studia Patristica vol. 5, (1964) 243-265.
Bieler, Ludwig. The Irish Penitentials : Their Religious and Social Background. Studia Patristica vol. 18 (Part II) ed. by F. L. Cross. Berlin, 1966, 329-339.
Bieler, Ludwig. The Life and Legend of St. Patrick. Dublin : Clonmore and Reynolds, 1949.
Binchy, Daniel A. A pre-Christian survival in mediaeval Irish hagiography. IN Ireland in early medieval Europe; ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp. 165-178.
Birley, Eric. The Deities of Roman Britain. IN Principat 18,1 : Heidentum : Dei religiosen Verhaltnisse in den Provinzen. Aufsteig und Niedergang der romischen Welt 2, 18: 1, ed. by Wolfgang Haase. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter, 1986, pp. 3-112.
Boyd, Robin. Ireland: Christianity discredited or pilgrim's progress? Risk no. 37:1-127, 1988.
Boyle, Alexander. The Birthplace of St. Patrick. Scottish Historical Review 60 No.2, 156 160, October 1981.
Bradshaw, Brendan. The wild and woolly West: early Irish Christianity and Latin orthodoxy. The churches, Ireland and the Irish; ed by W Sheils and D Wood, 1989. pp. 1-23.
Brenneman, Walter L. Serpents, Cows and Ladies : Contrasting Symbolism in Irish and Indo-European Cattle Raiding Myth. History of Religion 28 : 340-354, May 1989.
Brown, T. J. An Historical Introduction to the Use of Classical Latin Authors in the British Isles From the 5th to the 11th Century. IN La Cultura antica nell'Occidente Latinodal 7 all 11 secolo. ed, Jeauneau, Edouard. 237-293, 1975. (22nd Conference Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo. Spoleto, Italy : Centro Italiano di Studisull'alto Medioevo.)
Browne, Ray Broadus. The Celtic Cross, Studies in Irish Culture and Literature. Freeport, New York : Books for Libraries Press, 1970.
Butler, L. A. S. Continuity of settlement in Wales in the central Middle Ages. IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 61-66.
Carey, John. Ireland and the Antipodes: the heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg. Speculum 64 : 1-10, January 1989.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. Sun [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960]. Epiphany 6 No 1:78, Fall 1985.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. The voice of thunder [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960]. Epiphany 6 No. 1:79, Fall 1985.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. The new moon [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960]. Epiphany 6 No 1:79, Fall 1985.
Cathasaigh, Donal O. The cult of Brigid: a study of pagan-Christian syncretism in Ireland (bibliog, maps, photos). IN Mother worship: theme and variations; ed by J. Preston, 1982. pp. 75-94.
Chadwick, Nora K. Celtic Britain. Ancient People and Places Series, vol. 34, ed. Dr. Glyn Daniel. New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.
Chadwick, Nora K. Studies in the Early British Church. London : Cambridge University Press, 1958.
Chadwick, Nora K. The Celts. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England : Penguin Books, 1970.
Chadwick, Nora K. The Druids.
Chaney, W. A. Royal Role in the Conversion of England. Journal of Church and State 9 : 317-331, August 1967.
Charriere, Georges. Feux, buchers, et autodafes bien de chez nous. Revue de l'histoire des religion 194 : 23-64, July 1978.
Chute, Desmond. On St Columban of Bobbio [Vita S Columbani]. Downside Review 67:170-182,304-314, 1949.
Confren, Mary. The Serpent and the Goddess : Women Religion, and Power in Celtic Ireland. 1st ed. San Francisco : Harper and Row, 1989.
Cooke, Richard Joseph, Bp, 1853-1931. The ancient British and Ephesian succession theories. Methodist Review 80:249-269 Mr 1898.
Corbett, Deborah. The voice of the Celtic harp [photos; Celtic modal scales]. Epiphany 5 No. 1 : 22-26, Fall 1984.
Cowan, Edward J. Myth and identity in early medieval Scotland. Scottish Historical Review 63 : 111-135, October 1984.
Cowdrey, Herbert E. J. Bede and the 'English people'. Journal of Religious History 11, 501 - 523, December 1981.
Creban, Joseph H. The Theology of Eucharistic Consecration : Role of the Priest in Celtic Liturgy (periglawr). Theological Studies 40, 334-343. June 1979.
Cunliffe, Barry. Celtic death rituals [Danebury pit burials; photos]. Archaeology 41 no 2:39-43, 1988.
Curran, M. Sacratissimi Martyres and Early Irish Latin Hymns. Studia Patristica 15, pt. 1, 539-544, 1984.
Davidson, H R Ellis. Mithraism and the Gunderstrup bowl [figs]. IN Mithraic studies, v 2; ed by J Hinnells, 1975. pp. 494-506.
Davies, Wendy. Celtic Women in the Early Middle Ages. IN Images of Women in Antiquity 145-166, 1983. ed. Averil Cameron and Amelie Kurt. Detroit, Michigan : Wayne State University Press, 1983.
Davies, Wendy. Property rights and property claims in Welsh vitae of the eleventh century. IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F Dolbeau, et al., 1981. pp. 515-533.
Davies, Wendy. The Latin charter-tradition in western Britain, Brittany and Ireland in the early mediaeval period. IN: Ireland in early medieval Europe; ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp. 258-280.
De Vries, Jan. La religion des Celts. The religion of Mankind Series, No. 18. Paris : Payot, 1984.
De Waal, Esther. The extraordinary in the ordinary (Celtic sacramental practice of verse in daily life). Weavings 2 : 6-15 May - June, 1987.
Deanesly, Margaret. The Pre-Conquest Church in England. New York : Oxford University Pres, 1961.
Debarge, Louis. Le syncretism religieux : druidisme et Christianisme. Melanges de Sciences Religieuses 46 : 5-21, March 1989.
Delaney, John J. ed. Saints for All Seasons. Garden City, New York : Doubleday, 1978.
Demoule, Jean-Paul. L'analyse archeologique de cimitieres et l'example des necropoles celtiques. IN La mort et les morts dans la societes anciennes. ed. Cherardo Anoli et Jean Pierre Vernant, 319-337, 1982. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Dillon, Myles. Early Irish Literature. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1948.
Dillon, Myles. The Cycles of the Kings. London : Oxford University Press, 1946.
Dooley, Kate. From Penance to Confession : The Celtic Contribution. Bijdragen : Tijdschrift voor Philosophie en Theologie 43 : 390-411, 1982.
Draak, Maartje. Migration over sea [Celtic gods in Irish mythology]. Numen 9:81-98, 1962.
Drury, P. J. Non-classical religious buildings in iron age and Roman Britain : a review [maps; bibliog]. IN Temples, churches and religion, pt 1; ed by W Rodwell, 1980. pp. 45-78.
Dumville, David N. Beowulf and the Celtic world: the uses of evidence [figs]. Traditio 37:109-160, 1981.
Duncan, Archibald A. Bede, Iona and the Picts. IN Writing of History in the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern. 1-42, 1981. ed. John M. Wallace-Hadrill, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1981.
Duval, Paul M. Observation sur les dieux de la Gaule. Revue de l'histoire des religions 145 (January - March, 54) : 5-17.
Enright, Michael J. The Sutton Hoo whetstone sceptre: a study in iconography and cultural milieu. IN: Anglo-Saxon England, 11; ed by P Clemoes, 1983. pp. 119-134.
Evans-Wentz, W. Y. The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries. New Hyde Park, New York : University Books, 1966.
Laing, Lloyd. The Origins of Britain. New York : Schribner, 1980.
Farmer, David H. Benedict's Disciples. Leominster, Great Britain : Fowler Wright Books, Ltd., 1980.
Fenn, R. W. D. Age of the Saints. IN A History of the Church in Wales. ed. by David Walker 1-23, 1976. Penarth, Wales : Church in Wales Publishing, 1976.
Ferguson, Everett, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity New York : Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.
Ford, Patrick K. Celtic Women : the Opposing Sex. IN Viator, vol 19 : Medieval and Renaissance Studies, eds. Benson, Robert L.; A. R. Branmuller, Robert I. Burns et al. Berkeley, California : University of California Press, 1988.
Forrester, Duncan B. and Douglas M. Murray, ed. Studies in the History of Worship in Scotland. Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark, 1984.
Fox, Cyril, Sir. The Early Cultures of North-west Europe. H. M. Chadwick Memorial Studies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1950.
Frend, William H. C. Ecclesia Britannica Prelude or Dead End? Journal of Ecclesiastical History 30 : 129-144, April 1979.
Frey, Otto-Herman. The chariot tomb from Adria: some notes on Celtic horsemanship and chariotry [photos; il; bibliog]. IN To illustrate the monuments; ed by J Megaw, 1976. pp. 171-179.
Frye, Roland M. Christ and Ingeld. (Anglo-Saxon myth) Theology Today 11, 225-232, July, 1954.
Grant, R. M. Christianity in Roman Britain. Anglican Theological Review 51 : 79-96 April 1969.
Green, Miranda J. Triplism and plurality: intensity and symbolism in Celtic religious expression [bibliog, photos] IN Sacred and profane; ed by P Garwood, et al., 1991. pp. 100-108.
Green, Miranda. The Gods of the Celts. Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes & Noble, 1986.
Green, Miranda. Theomorphism [photos; history of eastern influences in Great Britain]. IN Roman life and art in Britain, 2; J Munby and M Henig, eds., 1977. pp. 297-326.
Greene, David H, ed. An Anthology of Irish Literature. New York : The Modern Library. 1954.
Gwynn, Aubrey and R. Neville Hadcock. Medieval Religious Houses : Ireland. Harlow : Longmans, 1970.
Hanson, R. P. C. St. Patrick, a saint for all traditions. 193-196. IN Askum Thyateira : Festschrift Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain. London, England : Thyateira House, 1985.
Hanson, R. P. C. The Life and Writings of St. Patrick. New York : Seabury Press, 1983.
Hanson, R. P. C. Patrick and the Mensura fidei. IN Studia Patristica vol. 10, pt. 1, ed. F. Cross, 109-111, 1970.
Hanson, R. P. C. St. Patrick, His Origins and Career. London : Oxford University Press, 1968.
Hanson, R. P. C. The Omissions in the Text of the Confession of St. Patrick in the Book of Armagh. IN Studia Patristica vol. 12, pt. 1, ed. Elizabeth Livingstone 91-95, 1975.
Hatchett, Marion J. The eucharistic rite of the Stowe missal Time and community; ed by J. Alexander, 1990. pp. 153-170
Heailidhe, Padraig O. Crosses and slabs at St Berrihert's Kyle in the Glen of Aherlow. IN North Munster studies; Essays for M Moloney; ed by E Rynne, 1967. pp. 102-132.
Heist, William H. Hagiography, chiefly Celtic, and recent developments in folklore. IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F. Dolbeau, et al., 1981. pp. 121-141.
Heist, William W. Irish Saints' Lives, Romance and Cultural History. IN Medieval Hagiography and Romance ed. P. Clogan 25-40, 1975. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. (Medievalia et Humanistica, new series, No. 6.)
Henry, Franoise. Irish Art in the Early Christian Period (to 800 A. D.) Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1965.
Henry, Patrick Leo. The Early English and Celtic Lyric. London : Allen and Unwin, 1966.
Herbert, Maire. The Bible in early Iona [bibliog]. IN The Bible in Scottish life and literature; ed by D Wright, 1988. pp. 131-139.
Horgan, John. Irish Mist; A Tomb in Ireland May be the Oldest Astronomical Structure. Scientific American, 260 (April, 1989) : 22ff.
Hubert, Henri. The Greatness and Decline of the Celts. London, K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1934.
Hughes, Kathleen. Evidence for Contacts Between Churches of the Irish and English From the Synod of Whitby to the Viking Age (664 - 9th Century). IN England Before the Conquest : Studies in Primary Sources Presented to Dorothy Whitelock. ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes 49-67, 1971, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Hughes, Kathleen. Sanctity and Secularity in the Early Irish Church. IN Sanctity and Secularity : Paper Read at the 11th Summer Meeting and the 12th Winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. ed. Derek Baker, 21-37, 1973. Oxford : Basil Blackwell Press. Studies in Church History Vol. 10.
Hyde, Douglas. A Literary History of Ireland From Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York : Barnes & Noble, 1967.
Jackson, Kenneth. Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th century A. D. Edinburgh : University Press, 1971.
John, Eric. The social and political problems of the early English church. Land, church and people; ed by J Thirsk, 1970. pp. 39-63.
Jones, W. R. Medieval State-building and the Churches of the Celtic Fringe. Journal of Church and State 16 : 407-419, August, 1974.
Joyce, P. W. Old Celtic Romances. London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1920.
Keane, Edward. St. Patrick's Journey Through West Limerick. IN North Munster Studies : Essays for M. Moloney. ed. by E. Rynne. 169-171, 1967. Limerick : The Thomond Archaeological Society, 1967.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. Books, Learning, and Sanctity in Early Christian Ireland. Thought LIV (1979).
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Virgin Birth in Hiberno-Latin Theology. Studia Patristica 15, pt 1, 328-335, 1984.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Escape of St. Patrick From Ireland (Confessio 17 - 19; 23). Studia Patristica 18, vol 1, 41-45, 1986.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Attitudes Toward Paganism in Early Christian Ireland. IN Diakonia : Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer. 214-223, 1986. ed. Thomas Halton, and Joseph P. Williamson, Washington, D. C. : Catholic University of America Press, 1986.
Kendrick, T. D. The Druids : A Study in Keltic Prehistory. New York : Barnes & Noble, 1966.
Kenney, James F. The Sources for the Early History of Ireland I : Ecclesiastical. New York : Octagon Books, 1966 (1929).
Knudsen, Johannes. Celtic Christianity. Dialog (Minnesota) 22 : 56-59, Winter 1983.
Knudsen, Johannes. Let's go a few steps further. [worship practices] Dialog 20 : 61-63, Winter 1981.
Laing, Lloyd, ed. Studies in Celtic survival [papers from conf on Celtic continuity, Liverpool, England, March 1976; indexed selectively]. British Archaeological Reports, 37. Oxford, England: British Archaeological Reports, 1977.
Laing, Lloyd. Celtic Britain. Britain Before the Conquest Series, ed. Andrew Wheatcraft. London : Paladin Books, 1981.
Laing, Lloyd. Segontium and the post-Roman occupation of Wales. IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 57-60.
Laing, Lloyd. The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain & Ireland. London : Methuen, 1975.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of the Expansion of Christianity : Vol II. The Thousand Years of Uncertainty. Grand Rapids, Michigan : Zondervan, 1970.
Laurence, Anne. Irish Studies and Myth History. History Today 37 December, 1987 : 8ff.
Lehane, Brendan. The Quest for Three Abbots. New York : Viking Press, 1968.
Lethbridge. Thomas Charles. Herdsmen and Hermits : Celtic Seafarers in the Northern Seas. Cambridge : Bowes and Bowes, 1950.
Lewis, Suzanne. Sacred Calligraphy : The Chi-Rho Page in the Book of Kells. Traditio : Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion 36, 139-159, 1980.
Linklater, Eric. The Royal House of Scotland. London : Macmillan Books, 1970
Loffler, Christa M. The Pre-Christian Conceptions of Time, Death, and Eternity as Reflected in Irish Mythology. IN Zeit, Tod, und Ewigkeit in die Renaissance Literatur Band 3. ed. James Hogg. Salzburg, Austria : Institut fr Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 1987. (Analecta Cartusiana, 917 : 3). pp. 5-43.
Loicq, Jean. Ogmios - Varuna et l'organisation de la fonction de souverainete dans le pantheon celtique. IN Orientalia : J. Duchesne-Guillimin, Emerito Oblata, ed. Jean Loicq, Pierre Lecoq, Vassiliy Abaev, et al. Leiden : E. J. Brill, 1984, pp. 341-382.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. New York : Haskell House, 1967.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. Studies in Medieval Literature : A Memorial Collection of Essays. New York : B. Franklin, 1970.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. The Grail, from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol. Cardiff : University of Wales Press; New York : Columbia University Press, 1963.
Mac Cana, Proinsias. Celtic Mythology. Feltham, Hamlyn, 1970.
MacCulloch, John Arnold. Celtic Mythology. IN The Mythology of All Races, vol. 13. ed. Louis Halbert Gray. New York : Cooper Square Publishers, Inc., 1964, 23-216.
MacCulloch, John Arnold. The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark, 1911.
Mackey, James P, ed. An introduction to Celtic Christianity. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1989.
MacPherson, Vicki Rourke. Newgrange: the illuminated spiral [Ireland; photos]. Anima 11:117-124, Spring 1985.
Mahr, Adolf. Christian Art in Ancient Ireland : Selected Objects Illustrated and Described. New York : Hacker Art Books, 1976.
Maier, Bernhard. Sacral kingship in pre-Christian Ireland. Zeitschrift fr Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 41 no, 1 : 12-32, 1989.
Markale, Jean. Le roi Arthur et la societe celtique. Paris : Payot, 1985.
Markale, Jean. Le druidisme. Paris : Payot, 1985.
Markale, Jean. Le Christianisme celtique et ses survivances populaires. Paris : Payot, 1983.
Markale, Jean. Les Celts et la civilisation celtique. Paris : Payot, 1983.
Markus, R. A. Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England; Bede's Narrative and Gregory's Correspondence. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 14 : 16-30 April 1963.
McCulloch, Robert. Gregorian Adaptation in the Augustinian Missionto England. Missiology 6, 323-334, July 1978.
McNally, Robert E. 'In nominei Dei summi' Seven Hiberno - Latin Sermons. Traditio : Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion. 35 : 121-143, 1979.
McNally, Robert E. The Evangelists in the Hiberno - Latin Tradition. IN Festschrift Bernard Bischoff zu Seinem 65sten Geburtstag dargebracht von Freunden, Kollegen und Schlern 111-122, 1971. Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann, 1971.
McNally, Robert E. The Three Holy Kings in Early Irish Latin Writing (Focus on Matt.) IN Kyriakon : Festschrift Johannes Quasten, vol 2. ed. Patrick Granfeld and Josef A. Jungman, 667-690, 1970. Munster, Westfalen, Germany : Verlag Aschendorff, 1970.
McNally, Robert E. The Old Irish Church and Romanization. IN The Romanization Tendency 1-14, 1975. ed. Jacob Vellian (Syrian Churches Series vol. 8 ) Kottayam, India : K. P. Press, 1975.
McNamara, Martin. Sources of Early Irish Theology : The Apocrypha, the Canon of Scripture. IN Milltown Studies, no. 2, Spring 1978. 58 ' 69, 1978. Dublin : Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy, 1978.
McNeill, John T. Perspectives on Celtic Church History. IN Contemporary Reflections on the Medieval Christian : Essays in Honor of Ray C. Petry ed. by G. Shriver, 159-182, 1974. Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, 1974.
McNeill, John T. The Celtic Churches : A History A. D. 200 to 1200. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1974.
McNeill, John T. Makers of Christianity.
McRoberts, David. The Cult of St. Michael in Scotland. IN Millenaire monastique du Mont-Saint-Michel, 3, ed. M. Baudot, 471-479, 1971.
McWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture : Celtic Ways in the Old South. University, Alabama : University of Alabama Press, 1988.
Megaw, J. V. S. Iona and Celtic Britain : With and Interim Account of the Russel Trust Excavations. Journal of Religious History 3 : 212-237, June 1965.
Miller, Terry E. Oral Tradition Psalmody Surviving in England and Scotland (tunes and sources of Gaelic Psalm Singing ; tune examples) The Hymn 35, 15-22 January, 1984.
Mohrmann, C. Earliest Continental Irish Latin. Vigiliae Christianae 16 no. 3-4 : 216-233, 1962.
Mooney, Desmond. Popular religion and clerical influence in pre-famine Meath [map] Religion, conflict and coexistence in Ireland; R Comerford, 1990. pp. 188-218.
Morris, J. Dates of the Celtic Saints. Journal of Theological Studies ns 17 : 342-391, October 1966.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas and Michael Richter, eds. Ireland and Europe : The Early Church (conference papers, Dublin Ireland, 1981). Stuttgart, West Germany : Klett-Cotta, 1984.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas and Michael Richter, eds. Irland und die Christenheit : Bibel-Studien und Mission-Ireland & Christendom : the Bible and the Missions. (Papers University College Dublin, Stuttgart : Klett-Cotta, 1987.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas. Traces of the cult of the horse in early Irish sources [bibliog]. Journal of Indo-European Studies 19 : 123-131, Spring - Summer 1991.
Nolan, Mary Lee. Irish Pilgrimage : The Different Tradition. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73, no. 3, 421-483, 1983.
Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Johan. Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting : Book Illumination in the British Isles, 600-800. New York : G. Braziller, 1977.
Norman, Edward R. and J. K. S. St. Joseph. The Early Development of Irish Society : The Evidence of Aerial Photography. Cambridge Air Surveys, 3. London : Cambridge University Press, 1969.
Nutt, Alfred Trubner. Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail. New York : Cooper Square Publishers, 1965.
O'Donoghue, Noel D. The Place of the Angels (excerpt from The Holy Mountain, 1983). Epiphany 5 no. 2, 22-29, Winter 1984.
O'Laoghaire, Diarmuid. Celtic Spirituality. IN The Study of Spirituality, ed. Cheslyn P. M. Jonas, Geoffery Wainwright and Edward Yarnold. New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, 216-225.
O'Laoghaire, Diarmuid. Daily Intimacy with God : An Ever New Aspect of Celtic Worship. Studia Liturgica 13, Nov 1, 46-56, 1979.
O'Meara, John H. and Bernd Naumann. Latin Script and Letters, A. D. 400 - 900 : Festschrift Presented to Ludwig Bieler on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. Leiden : Brill, 1976.
Painter, K. S. Villas and Christianity in Roman Britain; Christianity in Roman Britain : Recent Finds. 1962 - 1969. IN Actas Del 8 Congreso Arqueologia Christiana by K. Bohner, et al. 149-166; 373-374, 1972. Vatican City : Pontificio Instituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 1972.
Pearce, Susan M., ed. The Early Church in Britain and Ireland : Studies Presented to C. A. Ralegh Radford (conference papers, Exeter University, 1981; British Archaeological Reports, 102) Oxford : British Archaeological Reports, 1982.
Powell, Terence G. E. The Celts. New York : F. A. Praeger, 1958.
Prebble, John. The Lion in the North. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England : Penguin Books, 1981.
Puhvel, Martin. Beowulf and Celtic Tradition. Waterloo, Ontario : Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1979.
Radford, C. A. Ralegh. The Mediterranean sources of sculpture in stone among the insular Celts and the survival into the full Medieval Age. IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 113-123.
Reynolds, R. E. Virgines subintroductae in Celtic Christianity. Harvard Theological Review 61 : 547-566, October 1988.
Rhys, John. Celtic Folklore : Welsh and Manx. 2 vols. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1901.
Richard, Jean-Claude. Les petits bronzes celtiques a legende CMEP (BN 4363-4364) (ils). IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp. 323-329.
Riche, Pierre. Spirituality in Celtic and Germanic Society. (tr. D. Tamburello) IN Christian Spirituality : Origins to the 12th Century. ed. Bernard McGinn and John Meyendorff (World Spirituality, 16). New York : Crossroad, 1992.
Roe, Helen M. Ireland and the Archangel Michael. Millenaire monastique du Mont-Saint-Michel, 3 : culte du Saint Michel et peleringes au Mont. ed. M. Baudot. Paris : Bibliotheque d'Histoire et d'Archeologie Chretiennes, 1971. 418-487.
Ross, Anne. Druids, Gods and Heroes From Celtic Mythology. World Mythologies Series.
Ross, Anne. Everyday Life of the Pagan Celts. Everyday Life Series. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970.
Ross, Anne. The Pagan Celts. Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes & Noble, 1986.
Ross, Anne. The Folklore of the Scottish Highlands. The Folklore of the British Isles. ed. Venetia J. Newall. Totowa, New Jersey : Rowman & Littlefield, 1976.
Ross, Anne. The divine hag of the pagan Celts. IN The Witch Figure : Folklore Essays by a Group of Scholars in England Honoring the 75th Birthday of Katharine M. Briggs. ed. by Venetia Newall. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.
Rotsaert, M. L. Progression spirituelle et progression grammaticale. IN Theolinguistics. ed, J. P. van Noppen, 295-318. Brussels : Brussels Vrije Universiteit, 1981. (Studiereeks Tijdschrift, nieuwe serie, 8)
Ryan, John. Early Irish Church and the See of Peter. IN Medieval Studies Presented to Aubrey Gwynn. ed, by J. A. Watt 3-18, 1960. Dublin : Printed by O'Lochliann.
Ryan, John. Irish Monasticism : Origins and Early Development. Dublin : Irish Academic Press, 1986.
Sanderson, S. Druids-as-wished-for. IN To Illustrate the Monuments : Essays on Archaeology Presented to Stuart Piggott 23-26, 1976. ed. J. Vincent S. Megaw. London : Thames & Hudson, 1976.
Sayers, William. Cerrce, an archaic epithet of the Dagda, Cernunnos and Conall Cernach [bibliog, charts] Journal of Indo-European Studies 16 no. 3-4 : 341-364, 1988.
Sayers, William. Fergus and the cosmogonic sword. History of Religions 25 : 30-56, August, 1985.
Schaferdiek, Knut. The Irish Mission of the 7th Century; Historical fact or historiographical fiction. IN The End of Strife (papers from the Colloquium of the Commission International d'Histoire Ecclesiastical Comparee, University of Durham, September 1981). 139-154, 1984. ed. David Loades. Edinburgh : T & T Clark, 1984.
Schmiel, Mary A. The finest music in the world: exploring Celtic spiritual legacies. IN Western spirituality; ed by M. Fox, 1979. pp. 164-192.
Scott, Eleanor. Animal and infant burials in Romano-British villas: a revitalization movement [bibliog]. IN Sacred and profane; ed by P Garwood, et al., 1991. pp. 115-121.
Scott, W. H. Celtic Culture and the Conversion of Ireland. International Review of Missions 56 : 193-204 April 1967.
Selmer, Carl. Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis. University of Notre Dame Publications in Mediaeval Studies, vol. 16. Notre Dame, Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press, 1959.
Severy, Merle. The Celts. National Geographic 151 (May 1977) 582-633.
Sheehy, Maurice. Influence of Ancient Irish Law on the Collectio Hibernensis. IN Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Medieval Canon Law. Strasbourg, September, 1968. ed. Stephan Kuttner 31-42, 1971. Vatican City : Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1971 (Monumenta Iuris Canonica Series C Subsidia, vol, 4)
Sheridan, Ronald and Anne Ross. Gargoyles and Grotesques : Paganism in the Medieval Church. Boston : New York Graphic Society, 1975.
Sims-Williams, Patrick. St. Wilfrid and Two Charters Dated A. D. 676-680. Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39 : 163-183, April 1988.
Skehan, Patrick. St. Patrick and Elijah. IN Melanges Dominique Barthelemy : etudes bibliques offertes a l'occasion de son 60e anniversaire. ed. Pierre Cassetti, Othmar Keel, Adrian Schenker, 471-483. Fribourg Editions Universitaires, 1981 (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 38)
Skelton, Robin. Celtic Contraries. 1st ed. Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press, 1990.
Skurdenis, Julie. Dolmens, Cairns and Ogham Stones (archaeological site in Ireland). Archaeology 41 Sept-Oct, 1988 : 72ff.
Skurdenis, Julie. Silent sentinels : The High Crosses of Ireland. Archaeology (Jan-Feb, 1987) : 61ff.
Small, Alan, et al. Saint Ninian's Isle and Its Treasure. vol. 1. Aberdeen Press University Study Series, no. 152. London : Oxford University Press, 1973.
Smith, C. I. Christianity of Saint Patrick's Home. Downside Review 8 : 57-59, January, 1970.
Smith, Julia M H. Celtic asceticism and Carolingian authority in early medieval Brittany. IN Monks, hermits and the ascetic tradition; ed by W Sheils, 1985. pp. 53-63.
Spence, Lewis. The Fairy Tradition in Britain. London : Rider & Company, 1948.
Spence, Lewis. The Minor Traditions of British Mythology. London : Rider & Company, 1948.
Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend. Poetry and Romance. London : Gresham Publishing Company. Ltd, no date.
Stancliffe, Clare. 'Irish' Biblical Exegesis? Studia Patristica 12 (1975), 362-370.
Starbuck, Charles Casey. Did the Gaelic Church revive presbyterial ordination? Methodist Review 79:365-388 My 1897.
Stone, J. F. S. Wessex Before the Celts. New York : Praeger, 1958.
Sullivan, Edward, Sir, bart. The Book of Kells. 2d ed. London : The Studio Ltd., 1920.
Thomas, Charles. Celtic Britain. Ancient Peoples and Places, v. 103. London : Thames and Hudson, 1986.
Thomas, Charles. St. Patrick and 5th Century Britain : An Historical Model Explored. IN The End of Roman Britain : Papers Arising From a Conference, Durham, 1978. ed. P. J. Casey. 81-101, 1978. Oxford : British Archaeological Reports, 1979 (British Archaeological Reports British Series, 71).
Thomas, Isaac. The Welsh versions of the New Testament, 1551-1620. New Testament Studies 26:503-507, July 1980.
Thompson, E. A. Saint Patrick and Coroticus. Journal of Theological Studies ns 31, 12-27, April 1980.
Thornton, Timothy C. G. The Destruction of Idols : Sinful or Meritorious? Journal of Theological Studies ns 37 no. 1, 121-129 April 1986.
Torrey, Archer. The Gregorian Mission Methods. Missiology 8 : 99-103, January 1980.
University of Wales. Board of Celtic Studies. Learning Welsh. Caerdydd : Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1965.
Walker, G. S. St. Columban : Monk or Missionary. IN The Mission of the Church and the Propagation of Faith, 17th Summer Meeting and 8th Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Historical Society (University of Sussex), ed. G. J. Cuming. Studies in Church History vol. 6. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1970. 39-44.
Webster, Graham. Boudica, The British Revolt Against Rome A. D. 60. Totowa, New Jersey : Rowman and Littlefield, 1978.
Webster, Graham. Celtic Religion in Roman Britain. Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes and Noble Books, 1987.
Wernick, Robert. What were the Druids Like and was Lindow man One? Smithsonian 18 (March 1988) : 146ff.
Woodbride, John. Columba. IN A History of Religious Educators. Elmer I. Towns. Grand Rapids : Baker Book House, 63-70, 1975.
Woods, Richard J. Environment as Spiritual Horizon : The Legacy of Celtic Monasticism. IN Cry of the Environment : Rebuilding the Christian Creation Tradition. ed. Philip N. Joranson and Ken Butigan. Santa Fe, New Mexico : Bear and Co. 62-84, 1984.
Zaleski, Carol G. St. Patrick's Purgatory : Pilgrimage Motifs in a Medieval Otherworld Vision. Journal of the History of Ideas 46 No. 4, 467-495, Oct - Dec 1985.
Zanger, Francis C. Cross-cultural Problems of St. Columban's Mission to Burgundy and Switzerland. IN Church Divinity, 1988 ed. John H. Morgan. Bristol, Indiana : Wyndham Hall Press, 1988. 107-120.

2.2: The Celtic languages

Primary source: Cambridge encyclopedia of language.

The Celtic languages are divided into two classes: Insular and Continental

Continental Celtic languages are no longer spoken, but consisted of:

Celtiberian (Spain),
Gaulish (Swiss variant known as Lepontic)
Galatian in Turkey(!). Galatian was spoken until about the 5th century

Insular Celtic is divided into:

P-Celtic, also called Brythonic or British
Q-Celtic, also called Goidelic or Gaelic

P-Celtic consists of:

Cumbric (extinct)
Welsh
Cornish
Breton
Breton and Cornish were apparantly mutually intelligible until the 15th century.

Q-Celtic consists of:

Irish
Scots Gaelic
Manx
These languages are almost mutually intelligible today. i.e. Donegal Irish and Islay Scots Gaelic are quite close.
In Scotland, Gaelic is pronounced "Gallic" when talking in English, in Ireland and Man it is pronounced "Gaelic"

There were two waves of invasions to the British Isles which gave rise to the P/Q variaties we have today. The first invasion was to Ireland in the 4th century BC, probably from Western France. This variant became Gaelic and spread from Ireland to the Isle of Man and Scotland. The second invasion (P-Celtic) was to southern England and Wales and from there (in 5th century AD) to Brittany. Celtic languages have also spread from Britain. 150 Welsh speakers started a Welsh colony in Patagonia in 1865, and there is also a Scots Gaelic community in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. (about 1,000 speakers today). Breton is not classified as continental Celtic because it came to Brittany from Britain. There was a Gaelic speaking community in the Carolinas but this died out in the early 20th century.

Pictish: The Picts were Celts but spoke a mixture of languages. They spoke a pre-Celtic language for ritualistic purposes (source: Prof Derek Thompson - "Why Gaelic matters"), and Pictish at other times. Pictish is mentioned The Cambridge Encyclopedia of language as possibly being Celtic or possibly being a non-Indo-European isolate like Basque. Thompson says "It is clear from the evidence of place names that there was much common ground between [Brythonic] and the Celtic constituent of Pictish". There is some debate as to whether Pictish was non IE or not, as there is so little information available on it.

Many of the Scottish Island names including Arran, Skye, Lewis and Jura are Pictish. For more information on placenames: (W.F.H. Nicolaisen "Scottish Place Names", Batsford, London 1976).

What is GAELIC-L, WELSH-L, CELTIC-L, IRTRAD-L and how do I subscribe?

If you want to learn any of the Celtic languages, there are two lists set up.

GAELIC-L for Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx (currently about 700 members) and WELSH-L for Welsh, Cornish and Breton (currently about 330 members) Note that these are primarily lists for discussions *in* those languages and not discussions in English *about* the languages, although short English only messages from learners are OK. To join, send a message to

listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie  (or listserv@irlearn.bitnet)
containing the line: subscribe listname yourfirstname yoursurname
i.e. subscribe GAELIC-L Iain Caimbeul

Both GAELIC-L and WELSH-L have extensive libraries of reference material. Send the command "Get GAELIC-L filelist" or "Get WELSH-L filelist" to find out what's available once you've joined.

For issues in English about Celtic culture, see the lists IRTRAD-L for Irish traditional music and CELTIC-L for Celtic culture. To join these lists, simply replace the "GAELIC-L" in the above list with the name of the list you wish to join.

Here's some more detail on GAELIC-L:

I was asked to write a bit about the GAELIC-L list for news.groups.reviews so here it is.

Gaelic-L is a listserv list with about 700 members and is for discussions in the 3 Gaelic languages (Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and Manx). The list has been running since May 1989 and averages about 5-6 messages a day. Messages are primarily in Gaelic, and some have English translations. English only messages from learners seeking help are welcome, provided that they are kept fairly short. There is an extensive library associated with the list containing monthly logs of every message sent out, programs (ie one to tell the time in conversational Gaelic), reference materials (including dictionaries), contact addresses for organisations etc.

Most of the topics discussed on Gaelic-L are cultural or current affairs or what's on. Related usenet newsgroups include rec.music.celtic and soc.culture.celtic. Unlike soc.culture.celtic however, discussions concerning Northern Irish politics are extremely rare on Gaelic-L. The word Gaelic is pronounced "Gaylik" when talking about Irish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic, but "Gallic" when talking about Scots Gaelic.

There are three owners of the list:

Marion Gunn (mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie), University College Dublin - folklorist, software localiser, archivist and co-founder of the list.
Caoimhin O Donnaile (caoimhin@smo.ac.uk), Kevin Donnelly, lecturer in Computing at Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Scotland's Gaelic College (on the Isle of Skye) and co-founder of the list
Craig Cockburn (craig@scot.demon.co.uk), Gaelic learner and singer living in Edinburgh and joint director of The Gaelic Learners Association (a charity for adult learners of Scots Gaelic worldwide).

To subscribe to the list, send a message to:

listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie containing the line SUB GAELIC-L your name e.g. SUB GAELIC-L Iain Mac a' Gobhainn the listserv will then send you more details. To get details of the contents of Gaelic-L's library, send a command GET GAELIC-L FILELIST to listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie

the address for messages themselves is GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie

Because few people have MIME mailers at the moment, we have to represent the accented vowels in Gaelic by writing a / or \ after the vowel in question to indicate an acute or grave accent. There is a GAELIC-M list though for those with MIME capability, and this is mirrored to GAELIC-L.

Where can I get Celtic Music?

lmacisaa@uogelph.ca has compiled a worldwide list of music stores and record companies (Lloyd MacIsaac). There is also a list of Celtic music sources available on the Internet. Mail ceolas@celtic.stanford.edu for more info, or FTP to celtic.stanford.edu and look in the /pub directory.

Green Linnet (major distributers of Celtic Music) can be reached at grnlinnet@aol.com

How do I identify which Celtic language this is?

Clues:

Irish Gaelic and Scots Gaelic do not have these letters: j,k,q,v,w,x,y,z they also don't have double vowels.
Irish Gaelic has fadas (acute accents)
Scots Gaelic has both acutes and graves, but predominantly graves (acutes no longer officially exist).
Irish has no grave accents.
Breton has n-tilde (like Spanish) and a high number of z's
Breton has acute and grave accents.
Cornish looks very much like Breton, except Cornish has very few accents
Cornish has an a-circumflex. K's, w's, z's occur frequently
Welsh has no z's, but a high number of y's and w's
Welsh also has circumflexes on all its vowels : a,e,i,o,u,w,y.
Manx is the only Celtic language to be written according to non-Celtic phonetic rules. Manx is written according to more or less English phonetic rules.
I think Manx is the only Celtic language with a "j".
Manx is also the only Celtic language to have a c-cedilla. The letter "y" occurs frequently, as do double vowels.

Books for Celtic names for children

Scottish:

_Ainmean Chloinne_, Peadar Morgan. Available from Gaelic books council

Irish:

Linda Rosenkranz & Pamela Redmond Satran _Beyond Shannon and Sea/n_ (St. Martin's Press 1992)
Donncha O/ Corra/in & Fidelma Maguire _Irish Names_ (Lilliput 1990) Eoin Neeson _The Book of Irish Saints_ (Mercier 1967)
Muiris O/ Droighnea/in _An Sloinnteoir Gaeilge agus an tAinmnitheoir_ (Coisce/im 1991)

Multilingual publications

Carn

Carn: The journal of the Celtic League. This is in all 6 Celtic languages with English summaries of many of them. The Celtic League promotes the Celtic cultures and languages and is anti violence. They have branches in Scotland, Brittany, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall, Isle of Man, London, USA, Cape Breton. General Secretary is: Bernard Moffatt, 11 Hilltop View, Farmhill, Braddan, Mannin (Isle of Man)

Contact Bulletin (European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages)

This publication is English-only but is included here because of its pan-Celtic linguistic appeal. The bulletin is free and available by writing to:

An Biu/ro/ Eorpach do Theangacha Neamhfhorleathana
10 Sra/id Haiste I/ocht
Baile A/tha Cliath 2
E/ire
Tel: +353.1.6612205/6618743/6618739

General on-line language resources

This post is to announce a (semi-new) WWW site that offers information concerning Gaelic and Gaelic Culture. The url address (how you access) is: http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic or http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic/gaelic.html In addition, there is an ftp site where you may log in as ftp. This address is: sunsite.unc.edu The directory in question is /pub/academic/languages/gaelic. These two sites contain information on/in Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic and hopefully soon Manx Gaelic. Lesson(s) with accompanying audio files are available for Scottish Gaelic. (This would then qualify as the first on-line language tutorial that I know of let alone in gaelic. By on-line I mean available in an interactive format.) There is a wide range of poetry on this site, both English and Gaelic. Audio files exist of people reading this poetry also, in some cases the authors themselves. You can also pick up any of the last several days worth of experimental recordings of the RTE Internet Radio project, a ~3MB recording of Radio 1's morning News. There is information on the Celts as well as mirrors to several other sites containing more information on all of these subjects and more. While not Gaelic in origin, I like it and had someone around who speaks very good Scots, so some of Rabbie burns poetry is included also. Thanks to Stephen Watson, there is a collection of gif images showing the different tartans. Click in and look at all the pretty patterns !-) Hopefully soon, there will be some recordings of different types of music related to gaelic culture, including recordings of the different kinds of pipes, celtic harp, fiddle music as well as singing. Please note that this site is just starting out and that all links do net yet lead anywhere. Ma tha ceistean agaibhse, tha mi aig gaelic@sunsite.unc.edu. (Any questions, please send them to gaelic@sunsite.unc.edu)

Pan Celtic information

The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales, Cornwall and Brittany Contact:

Roger Casement Irish Centre, Eastgate Building, 131 St John's Way, London N19 3RQ. Tel: 071- 281 3225

Alba - Scotland

Contents

* 3.1: Scotland's name
* 3.2: Celtic background
* 3.3: Where can I get Gaelic books?
* 3.4: How can I learn Gaelic?
* 3.5: Where can I get Gaelic music and words to Gaelic tunes, info on Gaelic
* 3.6: Are there any files I can access for more information on Gaelic
* 3.7: Scottish music radio programmes
* 3.8: How can I get Gaelic TV/radio programmes
* 3.9: Info on Robert Burns
* 3.10: Info on cooking and haggis
* 3.11: Where can I get haggis?
* 3.12: What is the Scots language. Who do I contact for more info?
* 3.13: What Scottish Record labels are there
* 3.14: How do I find out about Folk events in Scotland which might be on?
* 3.15: When are the major Scottish folk festivals
* 3.16: Where's a good place to buy folk records?
* 3.17: How do I trace my Scottish ancestry?
* 3.18: Any Scottish songs on-line?
* 3.19: What's the number of the Scottish Tourist Board ?
* 3.20: Politics: Scotland and the UK/devolution/independence
* 3.21: When are Burns night and St Andrews Day.
* 3.22: How do I find out about Highland Games or Mods in my area. What is a Mod?
* 3.23: Information on Runrig
* 3.24: Information on Capercaillie
* 3.25: Scottish Cultural classes (music, singing, language, history etc)
* 3.26: Gaelic wedding blessing
* 3.27: Dalriada Celtic society BBS
* 3.28: The Gaelic for "Frequently Asked Questions
* 3.29: Edinburgh Festival Fringe
* 3.30: Living Tradition.
* 3.31: Seeing Underground Edinburgh
* 3.32: Primary Literary figures
* 3.33: Scottish Guide books.
* 3.34: Primary folk music pubs
* 3.35: What is a Ceilidh
* 3.36: Best Scottish pubs
* 3.37: Scottish Kings
* 3.38: Attitudes towards Gaelic TV in Scotland
* 3.39: What does Craig's signature mean?
* 3.40: Where can I buy a kilt/Highland accessories
* 3.41: Scottish song books
* 3.42: Books for learning the fiddle
* 3.43: Whisky (whiskey)
* 3.44: The Scottish Youth Hostels Association
* 3.45: The Ramblers Association
* 3.46: Books for hillwalkers
* 3.47: What is a Munro/Corbett?
* 3.48: Legal questions
* 3.49: Gaelic festivals
* 3.50: Gaelic playgroups
* 3.51: Scotch
* 3.52: Plaid

Scotland's name

Scotland gets it's name from the Scots, or Scotti who first arrived in Argyll in the late 3rd to mid 4th centuries AD. It was not until about 500AD that they built up a sizeable colony though. The Scots spoke Irish, not Scots. Scots is a Germanic language like English, described later.

Celtic background

It is incorrect to think of Scotland as a wholly Celtic country. Since the first millenium BC, Scotland has been a place of multiple languages and this tradition continues today. First of all it was Pictish and British; then Gaelic, Norse and Scots came and today it's English, Scots and Gaelic. Nearly all of Scotland was once Gaelic speaking except Orkney, Shetland and Caithness which had a variety of Norse until recent times and East Lothian which was settled by the Angles. Galloway had a Gaelic community which became separated from the Gaelic speaking Highlands and Gaelic was still in use until about the 17th century in Galloway. "Poets, scholars and writers in Lowland Scotland up until the 16th century readily acknowledged Gaelic to be the true and original Scottish language. For Walter Kennedy 'it suld be al trew Scottis mennis lede': ('Flyting with Dunbar' c.1500)" : section quoted from "Gaelic: a past and future prospect", Kenneth Mackinnon. Gaelic is a Celtic language, like Irish.

Other notable reads include anything by the late Prof Kenneth Jackson, particularly "A Celtic Miscellany", any of John Prebble's books (ie "1000 years of Scottish History") or Nigel Tranter ("The Story of Scotland")

Where can I get Gaelic books?

The Gaelic Books Council stocks every Gaelic book in print including prose, peotry, songs, music, children's material etc. They have a catalogue.

Address: An Comann Leabhraichean, An Roinn Cheilteach, Oilthigh Ghlaschu,
Glaschu, G12 8QQ
The Gaelic books council, Dept of Celtic, University of Glasgow,
Glasgow G12 8QQ.
tel: 041 339 8855

Note: All Gaelic addresses can be used fine provided the postcode is written.

*

How can I learn Gaelic?

Join the Gaelic learners association. They can advise about books, learners near you, classes, correspondence courses etc. They are called Comann an Luchd-Ionnsachaidh. This is abbreviated to CLI and prounounced CLEE. Motto: "The voice of Gaelic Learners". CLI has members around the world.

Address: 5 Caolshraid Mhicheil, Inbhir Nis, IV2 3HQ, Alba
5 Mitchell's Lane, Inverness, IV2 3HQ, Scotland
Tel/Fax : 0463 711792 (+[44] 463 711792)

Also join GAELIC-L, an e-mail list for all 3 Gaelics. Details elsewhere in this FAQ

Suggestions for learners:

Teach Yourself Gaelic (book,tape) author: Boyd Robertson. 16.99 pounds for both. ISBN 0-340-55925-X. Book alone is 7.99 (ISBN 0-340-55923-3)
Speaking Our Language (workbooks, tapes, videos), published by Canan (email: canan@smo.ac.uk). Highly recommended for complete beginners and people with a year or so in evening classes.
Everyday Gaelic (book) author: Morag McNeill (intermediate level)
Gaidhlig Bheo: Correspondence course, run by The National Extension College, 18 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge Tel: (0223) 316644 Fax: (0223) 313586
Gaelic/Highland/Music/Singing courses (1-2 weeks long) Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Sleite, Isle of Skye tel: 04714 373 Email: gavin@smo.ac.uk (Sleite is pronounced "Slate")

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Where can I get Gaelic music and words to Gaelic tunes, info on Gaelic

Contact An Comunn Gaidhealach, 109 Sraid na h-Eaglais, Inbhir Nis, IV1 1EY. They have a lot of Gaelic music and maintain a list of every Gaelic choir in Scotland. Currently the only Gaelic choirs outside Scotland are in London, Sydney and Vancouver. An Comunn also has an American branch (see international section of this FAQ at the end)

Are there any files I can access for more information on Gaelic

See the Gaelic-L archives

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Scottish music radio programmes

In Scotland:
Radio Scotland (MW= Medium Wave 810, FM = 92.4 to 94.7)
Sat: 7-8pm Take the floor (FM,MW): 8-10pm "Travelling Folk" (FM,MW)
10-midnight: "Celtic Horizons" (FM,MW) (Fiona Ritchie)

In the US: The Thistle and Shamrock. This is hosted by Fiona Ritchie. There is an on-line list of stations carrying this programme - see /pub/thistle.list on FTP site: celtic.stanford.edu. The list is maintained by Pat Murphy (pmurphy@nrao.edu) and posted regularly to the rec.music.celtic group

The T&S has a brochure that gives some background on Fiona Ritchie and the show, and includes information about their Newsletter, Playlists, and Souvenirs -- T-shirts, a pin, tankard and coasters. If you want this brochure, send a SASE to "The Thistle and Shamrock, P.O. Box 560646, Charlotte, NC 28256 (USA).

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How can I get Gaelic TV/radio programmes

Gaelic Radio is on Radio Scotland Medium Wave (810) 9pm-10pm Mon-Fri This can be picked up throughout most of the UK, including as far south as London.

Gaelic TV is on BBC Scotland. Scottish Television and Grampian Television. For details of times and programmes, see the Gaelic TV times "Suas!", publisher: The Gaelic Television Committee. contact: Suas!, 4 Acarsaid, Cidhe Sraid Chrombail, Steornabhagh, Eilean Leodhais PA87 2DF, Scotland. Tel: 0851 705550 Fax: 0851 706432

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Info on Robert Burns

Robert Burns, the National Bard of Scotland, was born in 1759, the son of an Ayrshire cottar. A cottar is a Scots word for a tenant occupying a cottage with or (from the late 18th century) without land attached to it or a married farmworker who has a cottage as part of his contract. The word dates from the 15th century. Anyway, back to Burns. He apparantly developed an early interest in literature. Between 1784 and 1788, whilst farm-labouring, he wrote much of his best poetry, including "Halloween", "The Cotter's Saturday Night" and the skilful satires "Death and Dr Hornbrook" and "Holy Willie's Prayer". In 1786 the "Kilmarnock" edition of Robert Burns' early poems was published, bringing with it fame and fortune, and the second edition, published by William Creech, brought him enough financial security to marry his mistress Jean Armour. The couple settled to a hard life in Ellisland with their four children, and to supplement their meagre income, Burns took a job as an excise man. From 1787, Burns concentrated on songwriting, making substantial contributions to James Johnson's "The Scots Musical Museum", including "Auld Lang Syne" and "A Red, Red Rose". In 1796, at the age of 37, he died, his health undermined by rheumatic fever.

Most of the above was taken from a recommended book "The complete illustrated poems, songs and ballads of Robert Burns" 12pounds 95p. Published by Lomond Books, ISBN 1 85152 018 X. This is a reprint of a 1905 publication so the print is a bit strange and unfortunately there is no index and the contents aren't in alphabetical order. However, it is 650 A5 size pages (hardback) and was recently seen in bargain books for a mere 5 pounds!

The picture most usually seen of Burns (but not the one on the Bank of Scotland five pound note) is from an engraving after a portrait by Alexander Nasmyth, 1787. Today, many thousands of Scots around the world celebrate Burns night on his birthday, 25th January. Burns night has even been commemorated in the Kremlin. Burns night consists of having a meal of tatties (mashed potatoes), neeps (turnips - not swede!) and haggis. Details of how to buy haggis are elsewhere in this FAQ. There is usually quite a bit of whisky drunk at these occasions too, particularly as Burns was a well known drinker (and womaniser). Usually a bloke makes a speech remembering Burns and how his thoughts and poems are timeless and as relevent today as they were when they were written. Then there's a "reply from the lassies" where it's usual to point out the other side of Burns and how he left many women broken hearted. Well, that's the general idea anyway, there's lots of variations.

Probably Burns' most famous tune is Auld Lang Syne, however most people do not sing either the right words or the original tune. A lot of people erroneously insert the words "the sake of" in the chorus - this was not written by Burns. The tune is a bit confused too. Burns originally wrote the words to a tune which his publisher didn't like, so he then put the words to the tune which most people know. However, the second tune is also claimed by the Japanese!. The original tune is available on some recordings, including "The Winnowing" by The Cast and "File under Christmas" by Scotland's leading Clarsach (Harp) duo, Sileas (pronounced Shee-lis"). The old tune is rapidly gaining momentum however, and I have heard hundreds of people sing it in Edinburgh without difficulty. The old version of the tune is also in The Digital Tradition (see elsewhere for details).

It is someting of a comment on the English-biased nature of Scottish education that Scotland has produced one of the world's greatest and best loved poets and yet he is hardly studied in his own country, most people studying Shakespeare at school. Shakespeare was obviously a world class bard as well, but isn't there room for Burns too?

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Info on cooking and haggis

2 recommended books:

F. Marian McNeill - The Scots Kitchen, it's lore and recipies. A classic and as much a source of folklore and history as a culinary reference. First published in 1929. 300+ pages. Published by Grafton Books, 8 Grafton St, London, W1X 3LA. ISBN 0-586-20784-8. Grafton books is a division of Collins, Glasgow. Just about every recipie has a tale, saying, poem, song or bit of history printed with it (the occasional one in Gaelic; with translation). F. Marian MacNeill was a historian by profession.

Another book, rather more contemporary (no stories etc but probably biased towards modern eating trends and it also has US-UK conversions). Scottish Cookery: Catherine Brown. ISBN 0-86267-248-1. Published by Richard Drew publishing, 6 Clairmont Gardens, Glasgow G3 7LW. Really good traditional stuff and well laid out.

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3.10: Info on cooking and haggis

McNeill's book gives several recipies for haggis. The Traditional Cottage Recipe includes : "The large stomach bag of a sheep, the pluck (including heart, lights and liver), beef-suet, pin-head (coarse) oatmeal, onions, black pepper, salt, stock or gravy. Meg Dod's recipie includes "Sheep's pluck and paunch, beef-suet, onions, oatmeal, pepper, salt, cayenne, lemon or vinegar.". Haggis Royal includes "Mutton, suet, beef-marrow, bread-crumbs or oatmeal, anchovies, parsley, lemon, pepper, cayenne, eggs, red wine.". Deer Haggis includes "Deer's heart, liver and suet, coarse oatmeal, onions, black pepper, salt, paste." It takes about a day to make a haggis from scratch, but very very few people do this as it is particulaly gruesome. Most people buy their haggis from the butcher's. See next section for details of how to get some.

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Where can I get haggis?

The best haggis in the world (in my opinion, and several other people's too) is made by Charles MacSween of Edinburgh. He makes about 1 ton a day and ships it all over the UK and overseas too (it keeps remarkably well in the post). Many shops in the UK (including supermarkets) sell MacSween's haggis. There is also a vegetarian version which is quite tasty.

contact: McSweens Haggis, 130 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh, EH10 4ES Tel: 031 229 1216.

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What is the Scots language. Who do I contact for more info?

The Scots language is a Germanic language related to English. It is not Celtic, but has been influenced by Gaelic. For more info, write to: John Mackay, Membership Secretary 6 Cairn Walk, Cults Aberdeen, AB1 9TF. Ordinary membership (UK) is 7 pounds a year

There is also some info in the following section:

"The Pocket Guide to Scottish Words: Scots, Gaelic" by Iseabail Macleod. Published by W&R Chambers, Ltd. 43-45 Annandale Street, Edinburgh EH7 4AZ (ISBN 0-550-11834-9). Widely available at bookshops and airports

US distributors Unicorn Limited, Inc. P.O. Box 397 Bruceton Mills, WV 26525 (304) 379-8803

It has "Place names, personal names, food and drink. Scots and Gaelic words explained in handy reference form."

There are 30 pages of Scots words explained. No grammar. It does list a number of interesting sounding books:

SCOTS LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES:

Mairi Robinson, editor-in-chief "The Concise Scots Dictionary" 1985, (Aberdeen University Press) 862pp, a comprehensive one-volume dictionary covering the Scots language from the earliest records to the present day; based largely on:
William Grant, David Murison, editors "The Scottish National Dictionary" 10 vols., 1931-76, the Scots language from 1700 to the present day, and:
Sir William Craigie, A J Aitken et al "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" published up to Pr- in 5 vols., 1931-, the Scots language up to 1700.
Alexander Warrack, "Chambers Scots Dictionary" 1911, 717pp.
William Graham, "The Scots Word Book English-Scots, Scots-English Vocabularies" 1977 and 1983, 194pp.

GENERAL SCOTS BOOKS:

A J Aitken, Tom McArthur, eds "Languages of Scotland" 1979, 160pp., a collection of essays on Scots and Gaelic.
David Murison "The Guid Scots Tongue" 1977, 63pp
"The New Testament in Scots" 1983, by W L Lorimer
Just to add to the list of books of/about Scots, one should mention the reprint of P Hately Waddell's _The_Psalms:_Frae_Hebrew_Intil_Scots_ (orig 1871, reprinted with modern introduction 1987 by Aberdeen Univ Press).

I would love to see some instructive writing about the Scots tongue, more than just word-lists. Especially pronunciation, intonation, cadence, etc. as well as grammar.

There are two books that are essential reading on the subject of Scots.

The first is "Scots: the Mither Tongue" by Billy Kay. This is available both in hardback and paperback.

The second is "Why Scots Matters" by J. Derrick McClure. This is more of a booklet than a book, and is an inexpensive paperback.

> > William Graham, "The Scots Word Book English-Scots, Scots-English > Vocabularies" 1977 and 1983, 194pp.

Although the Scots-English part of this is fairly limited, this was once worth having for the English-Scots part, which for a long time was the only one available.

Last year the Scottish National Dictionary Association published its long- awaited "Concise English-Scots Dictionary", which is a far more comprehensive work. Although it still has a number of imperfections, I'd recommend it rather than Graham's work, good in its day as it was.

What Scottish Record labels are there

-- search this FAQ for "Lloyd MacIsaac" Main labels are Temple, Lismore, Greentrax

How do I find out about Folk events in Scotland which might be on?

The Scottish Folk Arts Directory. This is a book detailing virtually everything to do with the Scottish folk music scene. contact: Blackfriars Music, 49 Blackfriars St, Edinburgh EH1 1NB Tel: 031 557 3090. 1994/5 edition was published July 94.

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When are the major Scottish folk festivals

Edinburgh is the last 3 weeks in August usually
Edinburgh folk festival is on for 8 days during the Easter break

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Where's a good place to buy folk records?

The best shop which specialises in folk is Blackfriars Music -- address is in the answer to 14. The other good places in Edinburgh are the folk/Scottish sections of Virgin Records and HMV (on Princes St). Folk is often subdivided in these shops into subcategories (i.e. Scottish, Irish, pipe bands, folk etc). John Menzies (sometimes pronounced "Mingis") and also on Princes St, is usually the cheapest place to get CDs but the folk section is small and poorly organised. Tower records is probably the best place to start looking in Glasgow.

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How do I trace my Scottish ancestry?

There is a book published by HMSO (Her Majesties Stationary Office) called "Tracing your Scottish Ancestry". All the records for births, marriages and deaths in Scotland are held at: New Register House, West Register St, Edinburgh, EH1 Tel: 031 334 0380 Fax: 031 314 4400

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Any Scottish songs on-line?

There are quite a few in The Digital Tradition, a free 4000+ strong database (many with tunes to play on your computer's speaker). It is available to FTP from ftp.uwp.edu, or mail digitrad@world.std.com for more information. There is also a lot of other musical info and folk info on that ftp site. Particularly watch out for the October 94 edition which should have a lot more Scottish material

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What's the number of the Scottish Tourist Board ?

031 332 2433 (+[44] 31 332 2433)

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Politics: Scotland and the UK/devolution/independence

Addresses of relevant organisations:
Political Parties:
Labour Party
Scottish National Party, 6 North Charlotte St Edinburgh. EH2 031 226 3661 (also known as Partaidh Naiseanta na h-Alba - PNA)
Conservative and Unionist Party
Liberal Democrats, 4 Clifton Terrace, Edinburgh EH12 031 337 2314
Green Party
Politically Oriented organisations
Common Cause, PO Box 822, Glasgow, G14 9JA 041 631 2420
Democracy for Scotland, 5 Regent Rd, Edinburgh EH7 031 558 3088
Scottish Patriots, 76 Constitution St, Leith, EH6 031 554 7951

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When are Burns night and St Andrews Day.

25-Jan, 30-Nov. Neither is a holiday in Scotland.

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How do I find out about Highland Games or Mods in my area. What is a Mod?

An Comunn Gaidhealach runs the Mods. An Comunn is based at 109 Church St, Inverness, IV1 1EY
The Mods are a series of Gaelic competitions involving singing, poetry, drama, music etc.
The Royal National Mod is held in Mid-October each year. Forthcoming venues for it are: 94 (Dunoon), 95 (Golspie), 96 (Blairgowrie), 97 (Inverness)
The National Mod runs from a Friday to the Saturday morning of the following week (the competitions end on the final Friday)
There are also local Mods. Here's a list of them: Caithness/Sutherland; Dalriada (Lochgilphead area); Easter Ross; East Kilbride; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Harris; Inverness; Islay; Kyle; Lewis; Lochaber; Oban; Mull; Perthshire/Angus; Skye; Stirling; Uist; Wester Ross. Local Mods generally run over a weekend. Contact An Comunn Gaidhealach in Inverness for contact details

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Information on Runrig

Contact the fan club at: Runrig Fan Club, 55 Wellington St, Aberdeen AB2 1BX. Tel: 0224 573100

Runrig is a term Blair Douglas thought up when he was studying in Glasgow. A rig is a strip of farmland and a run is a series of those strips. The run-rig system of farming is no longer used, but the marks of it can still be seen particularly on Skye where the core of the band is from.

Discography:

Play Gaelic (good, very folky, last 2 tracks are very good, limited lyrics in Gaelic available from fan club)
Highland Connection (v good, my favourite, mix of ballads and heavy rock, lyrics supplied, but no translations. I have translations of Cearcall a' chuain - one of my all time favourite tracks and an easy one to sing along to and learn)
Recovery (v. good, close second, similar to Highland Connection. Translations for Gaelic available from this point on)
Heartland (v. good, slightly more commercial than previous two, less Gaelic)
Cutter and the Clan (OK. considerably more commercial than Heartland. 2 Gaelic tracks. An uabhal as airde is a very good song from this album)
Once in a lifetime (live album featuring material from previous 4, but only 1 track from Play Gaelic- Chi mi'n Geamhradh)
Searchlight (OK. More commercial than "Cutter", 2 Gaelic tracks)
Big Wheel (improvement on Searchlight. Commercial, but some good tracks, 2 Gaelic tracks)
Amazing things (rather bland and middle of the road. Some good tracks, but many forgettable)

The band seem to be struggling to make their albums more and more commercial in sound and the Gaelic content of each is nearly always lower or the same as the last. However, they don't seem to be having much sucess outside Scotland. They are the biggest selling band in Scotland, and I think Donnie Munro is a very good singer. It's ironic that Capercaillie have managed about the same sucess with singles as Runrig yet Capercaillie's single was in Gaelic and a lot more traditional. Runrig are perceived as too Scottish by many non-Scottish audiences and their following is very heavily biased towards people from Scotland or with Scottish connections.

Runrig have played a major part in bringing Scottish music up to date and reviving the Scottish folk scene, and interest in the Gaelic language. However, I wish they'd accept that they're not going to have a major breakthrough in popularity overseas and go back to the feel of their earlier material. This early material, particularly pre-"Cutter" gets a better response at concerts in Scotland.

The fan club has all the albums and can be reached at the address above. I think most of the band currently live in the Edinburgh area.

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Information on Capercaillie

Try: Capercaillie Fan Club Chapmanagement PO Box 1155 Glasgow G3 7TW

There is also a fanzine called Sidetaulk. Call Mandy Shanks on Hopeman 0343- 835194 for more info, or write to her at: 21 Thom St, Hopeman, Elgin, Moray, Scotland IV30 2SS

Capercaillie is pronounced "Cap-ir-cay-lee", not "Cape-r-cay-lee" A Capercaillie is the largest member of the Grouse family (from the Gaelic words for Wood Grouse) and is an endangered species.

capercaillie albums

Cascade (recorded 1984)
Lineup: Karen Matheson (lead vocal)
Joan MacLachlan (fiddle, vocal)
Marc Duff (Recorder, Whistles, Rauschpfeife)
Shaun Craig (Guitar, Bouzouki)
Martin Macleod (Basses, Fiddle)
Donald Shaw (Accordion, Keyboards, Fiddle)
Published by Taynuilt Records, Highfield, Taynuilt, Argyll, PA35 1JQ This is the village which the band hail from and it's possible the record company has some of Karen's earlier recordings when she was with The Etives. The band met at Oban High School.
This is a really good album, but has no words with it and is only on cassette. Greentrax stock it.
Album #2: Crosswinds (1987): No words with this, many copies of the words are available in books though. Excellent album. Available on Green Linnet
Album #3: The Blood is strong (1988) Soundtrack for TV series. Very good tunes (most are quite short though, as is the album). Lyrics and translations
Album #4: Sidewaulk (1989) Similar in sound to Crosswinds. The first album with any English on it. Full Gaelic and English lyrics supplied On Green Linnet
At this point the band leave the Green Linnet label and join Survival records. The fan club starts in a London suburb (graciously promoting a ceilidh I was singing at in London!) and later moves to the studio in Glasgow where the band do much of their recording. The sound becomes a bit more contemporary, the Gaelic content goes down slightly but the sound remains much more traditional than Runrig
Album #5: Delirium (published 1991) Coisich a' ru\in (a 400 year old waulking song) from this album becomes the first ever Scots Gaelic tune to enter the UK top 40 after it becomes the theme tune for a UK wide TV programme featuring Prince Charles entitled "A Prince among islands". Charles appeared on this programme supporting Gaelic and has since appeared on TV talking in Gaelic.
The beautiful song "Breisleach" from this album had its lyrics written by well known Edinburgh based Gaelic poet Angus Dubh (=Black Angus). It later became the theme music for the Gaelic soap TV programme "Machair" shown at prime time on Grampian TV and Scottish TV.
Album #6: Get Out! (1992) An album of remixes, live material etc. Outlaws (=The Poll Tax Song) is on this album.
Album #7: Secret People (1993) Similar in sound to Delirium. This album is dedicated to the oral tradition and so the lyrics were intentionally not printed, nor are they available from the fan club (I've already asked). An Eala Bhan however is available in some songbooks (it's traditional, and is also on Cascade). Some of the other tracks are traditional too and may be on albums by na h-Oganaich (a source of Capercaillie material). Na h-Oganaich (Young Blood) recorded 3 albums in the early 70s on Beltona Records and were very influential in updating Gaelic music. Tobermory on the album also appears on the Flora MacNeill album "Craobh nan Ubhal" (on Temple). Capercaillie seem to get most of their traditional material from Christine Primrose, Flora MacNeill and na h-Oganaich. So now you know where to get most of the words to Secret People!

To get Capercaillie records or more info, contact:

Stuart Fleming Capercaillie Fan club Chapmanagement PO Box 1155 Glasgow G3 7TW

If that fails, then try Greentrax records (who I bought Cascade from) or Blackfriars Music, 49 Blackfriars St, Edinburgh EH1 1NB Tel: 031 557 3090, Fax: 031 556 2552. As publishers of The Scottish Folk Arts Directory, this shop has info on virtually everyone in the Scottish folk scene.

Capercaillie cite na h-Oganaich (young blood) as one of their major influences. Na h-Oganaich recorded 3 albums

1. "The Great Gaelic Sound of Na h-Oganaich (All Gaelic All Vocal)" 1973 (ref: SBE 145)

2. "Gael Force 3: Na h-Oganaich (Young Blood)" 1974 (ref: SBE 160)

3. "Scot-free: na h-Oganaich, Young Blood" 1975 (ref: SBE 184) Contents: 'Canan nan Gaidheal', 'Cumha Dhiarmaid', 'Coisich a ruin', 'Chor a' ghritheach dhonn', 'Eilean a' cheo', 'Puirt a beul', 'Come by the hills', 'Willie's gaen tae Melville castle', 'The searing things', 'The freedom come all ye', 'Farewell to Nova Scotia' and 'Flower of Scotland'.

These records are on the Beltona label. Beltona's address is (this may be way out of date)

Beltona Records (Division of) The Decca Record Co. Ltd. Decca House 9 Albert Embankment London SE1 7SW

Another source of Capercaillie material is Christine Primrose who has the following 4 records on the Temple label: Aite mo ghaoil, 's tu nam chuimhne, The Quiet Tradition (with Alison Kinnaird - clarcist) and Mairidh gaol is ceol (as part of Mac-Talla - highly recommended album).

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Scottish Cultural classes (music, singing, language, history etc)

For the Edinburgh area, contact either The School of Scottish Studies (Sgoil Eolais na h-Alba), University of Edinburgh, 27 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD (they run a number of summer schools) Tel: 031 650 1000

The main work of the dept is with teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Scottish ethnology (there is a separate dept of Celtic) or

The Adult Learning Project (ALP), 184 Dalry Rd, Edinburgh, EH11 2EP Tel: 031-337 5442 (has about 20 classes and about 300 students in culturally related evening and day classes)

for Skye, try Sabhal Mor Ostaig (address elsewhere)

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Gaelic wedding blessing

-- Supplied by Christopher Lau, University of Calgary

Mi\le fa\ilte dhuit le d'bhre/id,
Fad do re/ gun robh thu sla\n.
Mo/ran la\ithean dhuit is si\th,
Le d'mhaitheas is le d'ni\ bhi fa\s.

Translated as:

"A thousand welcomes to you with your marriage kerchief,
may you be healthy all your days. May you be blessed
with long life and peace, may you grow old with
goodness, and with riches."

This is attributed to the Rev. Donald MacLeod, minister of Duirinish, Skye, Scotland c. 1760.

The bit about the marriage kerchief probably isn't applicable these days, so you could just ignore it. (any Bards fancy thinking up a suitable replacement?)

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Dalriada Celtic society BBS

Information on Arran's only BBS. Here's the details:

Dalriada BBS: (line 1) up to V.42 bis. +44 (0)770 302049

24 hours Fidonet number 2:259/6 (line 1 only) (line 2) up to V.42 bis. +44 (0)770 302532

Celtic file areas - culture, crafts, folklore, myths & tales, etc.

CELTNET Celtic conference network, "What's On" guide etc.

Sysops - Sammy McSkimming, Helen McSkimming, Lorraine MacDonald

Date: Wed, 6 Jul 94 11:05:00 +0000 Organization: ALMAC: Scotland : +44 (0)324 665371

ALMAC are pleased to announce the availability of information from the Dalriada Celtic History Society.

It is available (along with a host of other Scottish/Celtic material) through gopher on almac.co.uk . URL: gopher://almac.co.uk:70/11/

With thanks to Lorraine MacDonald of Dalriada for some excellent work.

Forrest Duncan forrest.duncan@almac.co.uk

ALMAC tel: +44 (0) 324-666336

141 Bo'ness Rd fax: +44 (0) 324-665155

Grangemouth FK3 9BS BBS: +44 (0) 324-665371

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The Gaelic for "Frequently Asked Questions

"Ceistean Minig a Thig" (Scots Gaelic)

"Ceisteanna Minic a Thig" (Irish Gaelic)

There is a saying :

"Is truagh nach ta\inig Minig Nach Tig. Leath cho minig 's a tha\inig Minig a Thig"

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Edinburgh Festival Fringe

The complete programme for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe is now available by gopher from almac.co.uk. (Forrest Duncan, forrest.duncan@almac.co.uk first described this on a UK newsgroup - thanks). There is also some generic information about how the Fringe works.

This is HUGE, over 10000 lines of information, and I don't think Almac has a very powerful server. Don't overwhelm them, save the address and call sometime over the next few days. It might be an idea for somebody in the US to make a copy available over there (subject to the Fringe agreeing - the programme is copyrighted).

>From a quick look it doesn't seem to me to be *quite* complete - no details about exhibitions yet. But hey, getting 95% of the schedule for the biggest arts festival in history available this way is a darn good start.

Forrest says the Fringe can be contacted at festival.fringe@almac.co.uk; I haven't got this to work yet and they are unlikely to be offering an email booking service. No word yet on when or whether the International Festival, Jazz Festival and Film Festival will go electronic. Accommodation is not handled by the festival organizers but by the Tourist Information Office.

The dates for the 94 fringe are 14th August- 3rd September. 95 dates are 13 August to 2 September

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Living Tradition.

This is the main magazine for Scottish folk music info, although it covers other forms of traditional music too. The magazine can be reached at: living.tradition@almac.co.uk (E-mail)

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Seeing Underground Edinburgh

The bit that the tourists (and very few locals) have ever seen. Mary King's close, a medieval street under the Royal Mile. Sealed off in 1670. Not generally open to the public, but groups can book access by arrangement by calling John Wilson on 031- 662 0039 (early evenings). Access is through the City Chambers. The section is 60 metres long, steep, slippery and full of ghosts (!). John's tour's get booked up several weeks in advance. They last about three hours and are generally midweek starting about 7pm. The tour covers both the Close and the City Chambers. A donation of 3 pounds is requested for the tour. John is a councillor with an interest in local history. Bob Morton also does tours, but these just cover the Close. Sometimes it is possible to find a spare slot or two on an existing tour. About 30 people are catered for at a time.

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Primary Literary figures

Robert Burns
Lewis Grassic Gibbon (author of Sunset Song - my favourite book)
Neil Gunn (particularly recommended is Highland River/The Silver Darlings)
James Hogg (Confessions of a Justified Sinner)
Sir Walter Scott (The Heart of Midlothian)
Robert Louis Stevenson (Kidnapped)
Norman MacCaig (Collected poems)
Sorley Maclean (From Wood to Ridge) The greatest Gaelic poet alive today and one of the greatest ever. Book is bilingual; author's own translations. Astoundingly powerful stuff. ISBN 0 09 9887207 (published by Vintage, London)

Scottish Guide books.

The definitive guide to eating good traditional Scottish food is "The Taste of Scotland" published by Taste of Scotland, 33 Melville St, Edinburgh, EH3 7JF

The primary guide to finding out the best things to do, go, eat, see etc in Scotland is "Scotland the Best". This is an alternative guide to Scottish culture for both locals and tourists alike. I liked it so much I bought the book. However, there were a few things I wanted adding so I sent in some comments for the 94 edition (ISBN 1 85158 622 9) (possibly ..662 9) and for my efforts got a free bottle of single malt, free Capercaillie tickets and my name in the book!

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Primary folk music pubs

Edinburgh:
The Ceilidh House
Sandy Bell's
West End Hotel
The Royal Oak
Digger's (Wednesdays)
Cafe Royal (Wednesdays, entrance fee but high profile acts)
Scruffy Murphy's
Old Coach Inn (Caledonian beer; non smoking bar; Folk Thu's)

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What is a Ceilidh

A Ceilidh (pronounced "Kay-lay", emphasis on 1st syllable) is many things. It derives from the Gaelic word meaning a visit and originally meant just that (and still does in Gaelic). It can also mean a house party, a concert or more usually an evening of informal Scottish traditional dancing to informal music. Ceilidhs in the lowlands tend to be dances, in the highlands they tend to be concerts. Dances in the highlands are called "ceilidh dances". Ceilidh dancing is fundamentally different from Scottish Country Dancing in that it is much less formal and the primary purpose is the enjoyment of doing the dance. Scottish Country Dancing is much more oriented towards being a demonstration or exhibition. Ceilidhs are extremely popular indeed with young people and often attract from a few dozen people to several hundred. There are world championships for ceilidh bands now (the first winners were Fire in the Glen, now called Tannas). There are also workshops for ceilidh bands at The Adult Learning Project, Dalry Road, Edinburgh.

Best places for Ceilidhs are: Edinburgh: Walpole Hall, Assembly Rooms, Marco's leisure centre, Cafe Royal, Southside Community Centre, St Bride's centre. The West End Hotel has leaflets on the noticeboard showing when ceilidhs are on, or look in the Folk music section of The List (the Glasgow and Edinburgh what's on guide; out fortnightly available at most newsagents). The West End Hotel also has great beer.

Glasgow: The Riverside Club. OK place for a ceilidh but prone to being busy and too much like a nightclub. There are even bouncers (unheard of at all the good ceilidhs)

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Best Scottish pubs

To find out where to get the best beer (Real Ale), look in The Good Beer Guide, available from all major bookshops. Published by CAMRA. ISBN 1 85249 006 3. Published in October each year.

Edinburgh: Bannerman's; Bert's bar; Bow bar; Canny Man's; Cumberland Bar; Clark's Bar; Drew Nicol's; Golden Rule; Greenmantle; Guildford Arms; Halfway House; Hampton Hotel; Holyrood Tavern; Kay's Bar; K. Jackson's Bar; Leslie's Bar; Malt and Hops; Oxford Bar; Robbie's Bar; Royal Ettrick Hotel; Smithie's Ale House; Southsider; Stable Bar; Starbank Inn; Todd's Tap The Caledonian Brewery (Slateford Road) has a big beer festival in early June; The biggest beer festival in Scotland is held at Meadowbank Stadium in early October.

Glasgow: Athena Taverna; Babbity Bowser; Bon Accord; Boswell Hotel; Brewery Tap; The Horse shoe; Mitre; Pot Still; Sloane's; Station Bar; Tennents; Three Judges; Ubiquitous Chip; Victoria Bar

Non-smoking bars in Scotland. Compiled by Craig Cockburn. Please e-mail additions or corrections to me at craig@scot.demon.co.uk This list is regularly sent to anti-smoking organisations and compilers of books.

Borders Selkirk: Tibbie Shiels Inn, Tel: 0750- 42231 Swinton: The Wheatsheaf Hotel, Tel: 089 086- 257

Central Dollar: Strathallan Hotel, Tel: 0259- 42205

Dumfries and Galloway Dumfries: Station Hotel, Tel: 0387- 54316

Highland Inverness: Glenruidh House, Tel: 0463- 226499 Kingussie: Royal Hotel, Tel: 0540- 661868 Ullapool: The Ceilidh Place, Tel: 0854- 612103

Lothian

Edinburgh (Braidburn): The Braidburn (former police station - on extension of Mayfield Rd) - no more details available yet.

Edinburgh (Canonmills): Old Coach Inn (totally non-smoking lounge bar) Tel: 031- 539 8123. Also has a regular folk evening and real ale.

Edinburgh (Newhaven): Starbank Inn. Tel: 031- 552 4141 (not a proper no-smoking bar, but a no-smoking restaurant which converts into a no-smoking drinking area when they stop serving food. Real Ale).

Edinburgh (Newington): The Festival Theatre. 031-529 6000. Real Ale, no smoking allowed at all. The bar is at the front and you don't have to be attending a performance to have a drink there. You can watch the performance on the TV screens.

South Queensferry: Hawes Inn Hotel, Tel: 031- 331 1990 (no-smoking family room until 9pm, smoking is allowed after 9pm).

Lothianburn: The Steading. Tel 031- 445 1128 (no-smoking restaurant which converts into a no-smoking drinking area when the meals trade dies down, usually after 9pm)

Strathclyde Ayr: Chestnuts Hotel. Tel: 0292- 264393 Glasgow: Boswell Hotel, Tel: 041- 632 9812 Kilmarnock: Hunting Lodge, Tel: 0563- 22920 Paisley (Glasgow Airport): Tap and Spile, Tel: 041- 848 4869

Tayside Broughty Ferry: Old Anchor Inn, Tel 0382- 737899 (no-smoking area is only at lunchtimes) Dundee: Speedwell Bar, Tel: 0382- 67783. Sawdust on floor! Kinesswood: Lomond Country Inn, Tel: 0592- 84253 Montrose: George Hotel, Tel: 0674- 75050

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Scottish Kings

Kenneth I MacAlpin 843 - 858
Donald I 858 - 862
Constantine I 862 - 877
Aed 877 - 878
Eochaid 878 - 889
Donald II 889 - 900
Constantine II 900 - 943
Malcolm I 943 - 954
Indulf 954 - 962
Dubh 962 - 966
Culen 966 - 971
Kenneth II 971 - 995
Constantine III 995 - 997
Kenneth III 997 - 1005
Malcolm II 1005 - 1034
Duncan I 1034 - 1040
Macbeth 1040 - 1057
Lulach 1057 - 1058
Malcolm III Canmore 1058 - 1093
Donald Ban 1093 - 1094
Duncan II 1094 - 1094
Donald Ban (again) 1094 - 1097
Edgar 1097 - 1107
Alexander I 1107 - 1124
David I 1124 - 1153
(this is incomplete) The Scottish Monarchy merged with the English Monarchy in 1603 when James VI of Scotland became James I of England.

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Attitudes towards Gaelic TV in Scotland

(a frequent source of argument on the scot.* and ed.* hierarchy).

This survey was conducted by System Threee for the Gaelic Television Committee and published in July in their 93/94 annual report.

The Gaelic TV programmes are not funded by TV licence money, they are funded directly from the Government by Act of Parliament.

Unweighted base: 1052. Figures are percentages

The columns are

1) Agree strongly
2) Agree slightly
3) Neither agree nor disagree
4) Disagree slightly
5) Disagree strongly
6) Don't know
7) Mean score

Questions:

a) There are too many Gaelic programmes on television nowadays Answers: 11 15 13 36 20 4 -0.40

b) I enjoy watching Gaelic TV programmes, even though I may not speak Gaelic myself. Answers: 12 30 12 20 23 4 -0.14

c) Too many Gaelic TV programmes are shown at peak times Answers: 14 14 13 36 17 6 -0.29

d) It is important that the Gaelic language in Scotland is kept alive through Gaelic programmes on TV Answers: 40 35 9 8 5 3 1.00

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What does Craig's signature mean?

It is "Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e." and is Scots Gaelic for "Write to me in Gaelic please".

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Where can I buy a kilt/Highland accessories

One shop which seems to get recommended frequently is:

Geoffrey (tailor) Highland Crafts Ltd 57-59 High Street (2 doors up from John Knox's house) Royal Mile Edinburgh EH1 1SR Tel: 031 557 0256

Open 7 days and late on Thursday. Although it's on the Royal Mile, the prices should be reasonable. They hire outfits; sell outfits and also sell ex-hire outfits. Note that women in Scotland don't wear kilts, they wear kilted skirts.

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Scottish song books

I'm frequently browsing through bookshops to find good songbooks, but most of the time they're of the tourist top 40 genre with only the most popular tunes in. These are the sort of tunes you might hear played at the Edinburgh tattoo, and not the sort you'd here at a folk concert or down the pub.

I was at Blackfriars Music yesterday (the "Headquarters" of Scottish Folk) and got a copy of an excellent book by them called "The Singing Tradition on Scotland: Book 1, The Birken Tree". This particularly caught my eye as The Birken Tree was a song which our singing group performed in a concert a few weeks ago. The book is 3 pounds 50p, has 56 songs and is 64 pages. All the songs are Scottish, have staff music supplied, as well as a glossary of Scots words, notes on the songs and notes for guitarists.

There's the usual tourist songs such as The Lewis Bridal Song (Mairi's Wedding), Scotland the Brave and The Skye Boat Song, but the majority of songs are of the type that folk artists would record or which you would here down the pub. There's about 10 by Robert Burns. Unusually for book not written for the Gaelic market, there is a Gaelic song "Cumha Mhic Criomain" = MacCrimmon's Lament.

Blackfriars Music specialise in folk music and bagpipe music and sell instruments, records and books. The also publish the "Scottish Folk Arts Directory", the "yellow pages" of the Scottish folk scene detailing festivals, artists, record labels, societies, radio programmes, folk pubs etc etc. The 1994/95 edition is published next week. The 93/94 edition was 70 pages.

Blackfriars Music can be reached at:

Blackfriars Music 49 Blackfriars St Edinburgh EH1 1NB Scotland Tel: 031 557 3090

(if you are visiting, the shop is open 7 days and is near The Scandic Crown hotel on the Royal Mile).

Another good book is "The Trefoil Song Book". This is a Scottish version of Rise up Singing. It has Scottish songs as well as non-Scottish songs. The lyrics are supplied together with chord sequences and chord charts for guitar.

The book has about 150 songs and is 63 A4 pages. To order one, contact The Trefoil Centre, Gogarbank, Edinburgh, EH12 9DA, Scotland Tel: 031 339 3148. The book is 2 pounds 50p plus postage.

The Trefoil centre organises holidays for the handicapped, is a charity, and proceeds from the sales of the book go towards continuing the work of the centre.

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Books for learning the fiddle

Failte gu Fidheall - The Scottish Folk Fiddle tutor, Book 1. (This book is in English with a bilingual Gaelic-English introduction) A Comprehensive guide for beginners Compiled and arranged by Christine Martin and Anne Hughes Published by Taigh na Teud (Harpstring house) Address: 13 Breacais Ard, Isle of Skye, Scotland, IV42 8PY Published 1992, ISBN 1 871931 90 8 They also publish "Ceilidh collections", "Ceol na Fidhle" (=music of the fiddle) and "SessionTunes". The book is about 5 pounds and is 42 A4 pages There is also a demonstration tape to accompany the book, available from the publishers. This is a really good book with one of the best selections of tunes (Highland, Lowland and others) I've seen in any book.

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Whisky (whiskey)

Whisky is the spelling used in Scotland. Whiskey is the spelling used in Ireland, the US and some other countries. People very rarely call whisky "Scotch" in Scotland, they either ask for it by brand name or ask for any malt, or just ask for a whisky. The word "scotch" is used though (scotch is an appellation). A single malt scotch must fulfill three requirements:

i) It must be the product of only one distillery

ii) It must be made exclusively from barley malt

iii) It must be made in Scotland.

Highland malt whisky must be made in an area north west of a line which passes near Dunblane (my home town!). It includes both Deanston and Blackford, the adjacent towns to the west and north of Dunblane.

The definitive book on Malt Whiskies is:

Michael Jackson's Malt Whisky Companion A Connoisseur's Guide to the Malt Whiskies of Scotland Published by Dorling Kindersley Ltd, 9 Henrietta St, London, WC2E 8PS ISBN (1989 edition - probably superceded now) 0-86318-387-5. 9 pounds 95p. 240 pages, hardback Covers over 250 malts from over 120 distilleries with full tasting notes. Includes all well known brands plus rare and specialist bottlings Includes rating system for both the whisky and the distillery. Includes alphabetic index, and list of distilleries (with phone numbers) that offer tours.

The best selling single malt in Scotland is "Glenmorangie", pronounced to rhyme with "orangey" (stress on the 2nd syllable of Glen-mor-an-gie). This word comes from the Gaelic for "Glen of Great Tranquility". The best selling single malt scotch in the world is Glenfiddich (=Glen of the Deer). My personal favourites are Highland Park (12 years old, from Orkney). Jackson rates this as "The greatest all-rounder in the world of whisky". For special occasions, I'd recommend MacAllan 18 year old. Astounding stuff!

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3.44: The Scottish Youth Hostels Association

The best way to see Scotland if you've got a tight budget. Even if you can afford more luxurious accomodation (accomodation is always singular in Britain), Youth Hostels are definitely worth using. All ages use them and cost is typically 5 pounds a night. Most of them have lights out at 11pm, except those in large cities which are often open later.

Contact for more info, to book accomodation etc The Scottish Youth Hostels Association (SHYA) 7 Glebe Crescent Stirling Scotland FK8 2JA Tel: 0786 451181

Joining the SHYA, (#2.50 ages 5-17, #6.00 ages 18+) entitles you to use Youth Hostels all over the world

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The Ramblers Association

A UK wide organisation. Produces a book "The Ramblers yearbook and accomodation guide" which is a good source of low cost accomodation (typically 10 - 20 pounds per person per night) ISBN 0-900613-75-0

Available from: The Ramblers' Association, 1/5 Wandsworth Road, London, SW8 2XX Tel: 071 582 6878

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Books for hillwalkers

2 that spring to mind are:

Ralph Storer's "100 best routes on Scottish mountains", Warner books. A division of Little, Brown and Company (UK) Ltd, 165 Great Dover St, London, SE1 4YA ISBN 0 7515 0300 2 223 pages, includes a variety of mountains throughout Scotland. Mountains classified by grade; terrain; navigation difficulty and seriousness. Includes diagrams and Gaelic translations and phonetics

Ordnance Survey: "Place names on maps of Scotland and Wales" ISBN 0-319-00223-3 24 pages of info on Gaelic, Norse and Welsh placenames, meanings, grammar, common Anglicisations. V useful for translating many place names in remote areas.

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What is a Munro/Corbett?

A Munro is a Scottish mountain over 3,000ft. There are 277. There must be a vertical drop of 500ft between two peaks for them to both qualify as Munros. A Top is a mountain over 3,000ft not separated by a vertical drop of 500ft from a Munro. The name Munro comes from Munros tables compiled by someone called Munro, but there have been some modifications since the table was first compiled. A Corbett is a separate mountain over 2,000ft

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Legal questions

Scotland has its own legal system and its own laws. You cannot at present buy alcohol from an off-license (including supermarkets) on a Sunday, but this is likely to change soon. Answers to most common Scottish consumer questions can be found in: Your Rights and Responsibilities, A personal guide for Scottish Consumers. published by HMSO and the Scottish Consumer Council. ISBN 0 11 495205 1, 4 pounds 95p Telephone orders: 071 873 9090

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Gaelic festivals

Contact: Arthur Cormack Feisean nan Gaidheal 5 Caolshra\id Mhicheil Inbhir Nis (Inverness) Scotland, IV2 3HQ Tel: 0463 226472 Fax: 0463 237470

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Gaelic playgroups

Comhairle nan Sgoiltean Araich (CNSA) 21A Castle Street Inverness IV2 3ER Tel: 0463 225469

s about 100 pre-school playgroups throughout Scotland through the medium of Gaelic

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Scotch

This is a term used to mean various things, but is considered mildly offensive when referring to people - generally use "Scots" for people and "Scottish" for everything else. Whisky is usually not referred to as "Scotch" - see note on whisky.

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Plaid

Plaid (pronounced "plad") is the name of the material which is used for making kilts. It isn't the name of the pattern on the material, this is called "tartan". In the US, plaid is pronounced "plaid" and refers to the material - plaid and tartan are interchangeable terms there, they aren't in Scotland.

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Alba Nuadh - Nova Scotia

-- Ask on GAELIC-L -- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum" by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info (1) Highly recommended newspaper is: Am Braighe "A quarterly journal focusing on the oral traditions and history of the North American Gaels. Interviews in Gaelic and English on immigration, folklore, history, music and song" It's about 95% in English Subscriptions or FREE sample copy : Am Braighe PO Box 179 Mabou Canada Tel: (902) 945-2666 Fax: (902) 945 2723 Rates, (4 copies) 10 pounds (UK) ($20 Can) $14 (US), $12 Canada Visa and Mastercard accepted -- I think there are about 1,000 speakers of Gaelic left in Nova Scotia, plus some on Prince Edward Island. (2) Some info on Cape Breton Step Dancing: This was published at the Cork Cape Breton Festival a couple of years ago. CAPE BRETON STEP-DANCE: AN IRISH OR SCOTTISH TRADITION? Prepared by: Sheldon MacInnes, Program Director, Extension & Community Affairs, University College of Cape Breton. Introduction Writing about Cape Breton step-dance is difficult; in fact, writing about any dance is difficult. Most people enjoy "participating in" fun activities rather than writing about them. Cape Breton step-dancing is an excellent illustration of an activity which one would rather "do". However, at the request of the organising committee for the Eigse Na Laoi, I will attempt to write this short paper on Cape Breton step- dance and its origins. Readers of this paper should simply view the following observations and comments as one person's opinion. Background It is obvious to most people familiar with the dance culture of Cape Breton Island that the art of step-dancing is alive and well, and, like so many of our cultural treasures and initiatives, step- dance has an impact on Cape Breton's cultural history and tradition, island identity, social cohesion and the economy. Traditional dance provides an instrument for exploring our unique heritage and may serve as a means to attract outside attention to Cape Breton among students of folklore and history and the general travelling public. Therefore, the debate on the origins of step-dance has some relevance. In the most extreme parochial sense, some people say step- dance has its origins somewhere in Cape Breton, i.e. in an area like Inverness County, or Victoria County. Some people may even argue that it began in Waterford (as in New Waterford, Cape Breton, not to be mistaken for Waterford, Ireland.) Documented discussions, however, among elders in several Cape Breton communities, elders not far removed from the generation of Scots who emigrated from Scotland, give some credence to the notion that the dance originated in Scotland. A review of literature by scholars who have taken the time to research the origins of different traditional dance forms also gives some validity to this view. Early Research In 1958, Frank Rhodes, a renowned scholar, visited Cape Breton and spent considerable time in a number of rural communities chatting with older people. As a result of his visit and subsequent research, he was satisfied that his findings supported the notion that Cape Breton step-dance has its roots in the highlands of Scotland. Works by other researchers like George Emerson, Joan and Tom Flett, and Cape Breton's own Allister MacGillivray would later support Rhodes' view. (Rhodes, p. 9.) Of particular interest to me, upon reviewing the literature, was MacGillivray's interview with Flora MacNeil, well known ambassador of Scottish culture and Gaelic singing especially. Flora, during her early visits to Cape Breton from Scotland in the late 70's, would often engage in the debate on the origins of Cape Breton step-dance always doubting that the dance had its place in Scotland. This kind of response from the Scots of the "old country" and other strong advocates of the "old country's" music and Gaelic language may be typical. In other words, if the proponents of the Scottish culture in Scotland can not relate to the art of step-dancing, then surely this form of dance is not part of the Scottish tradition. This may have been the view that Flora held for some time. However, after many visits to Cape Breton, and after many discussions about this lively art form, Flora took it upon herself to do some research in her own country and as a result, she was satisfied that step-dance was very much a part of the traditional culture of the Scottish highlands. (MacGillivray, p. 24.) The Dancing Immigrants The historical facts disclose that in the late 1700's and early 1800's, immigrants from all over the British Isles began to settle in the eastern half of the island of Cape Breton. Between 1800 and 1820, immigrants from the Scottish Highlands began to settle the western side of the Island between Inverness County and the Grand Narrows region. (Dunn, p. 19.) Among other things, these settlers handed down to their children the memories of life in Scotland and the early days of life on the Island of Cape Breton. MacGillivray's research states that the publication, "A History of Inverness County" records this information in detail, including stories and recollections about the art of step-dancing. "A History of Inverness" describes, for example, Alan MacMillan who was born in Lochabar, Scotland in 1820. He settled in Rear Little Judique in Inverness, Cape Breton. Alan MacMillan was a celebrated dancer. After his arrival to the Judique community, he established dance classes in Judique and Cregnish. From the same source, I learned of Lauchlin MacDougall who settled in Broad Cove Banks and like his father, as well as his son, was a noted dancer. In these accounts, I learned that the style and the technique of the dance were similar to the step-dance of today. (MacGillivray, p. 24.) The early styles of step-dance, like today, featured the art of solo dancing. Subsequently, early formations known as the four-handed reels and the eight-handed reels evolved. In the 1920's and the 1930's, Cape Breton captured a unique interest in various square dance styles from Europe. Activity at the Gaelic College, beginning in 1939, emphasised the more popular forms of dance including Scottish Country Dancing which is now associated with Scotland. The latter included many of the characteristics which were very much a part of any number of dance styles found outside the Scottish tradition at that time. The foregoing information reflects a preoccupation with the idea that the step-dance as it is known in Cape Breton has its origins in the highlands of Scotland. Cape Bretoners believe that the Gaelic language of the Island has a place in the Outer Hebrides as is the case with the Scottish violin music of Cape Breton. It should not come as any surprise, therefore, that dance enthusiasts also want to be part of this linkage with the "old country" despite the fact that many of the traditional qualities of the Cape Breton music, song and dance are no longer found in Scotland today. (MacMaster Video.) It is interesting to note, however, that sometimes in researching the place of culture and traditional art forms in society, one can fall victim to 'inventing tradition.' Perhaps Cape Bretoners indulge in this useful avocation from time to time. This is an issue which requires a series of further reflection and research and cannot be dealt with adequately in a brief paper. However, let me explore the matter briefly in the context of traditional Cape Breton step-dance. Close to the Floor The work by Colin Quigley, well known researcher of traditional dance, offers some interesting information. Quigley's research culminates in his publication "Close to the Floor". Sound familiar? Of course! It is the title of a traditional tune often played by Cape Breton fiddlers for dancers. The tune often receives the same response as the lively strathspey, "Welcome to Your Feet Again" which is a favourite in Cape Breton. Quigley's publication describes, in detail, the formal structuring of steps commonly used by step-dancers. He describes the notion that the steps are presented in intricate detail and move in rhythm to select music including jigs and reels. He describes the body posture of the dancer with the emphasis on movement from the knees down while the upper portion of the body is more relaxed and subtle and not to be a distraction from the footwork. The dancer's main objective is to gain equal co- ordination of both legs and feet, a basic requirement of a good Cape Breton step-dancer. According to Quigley, the art of good step-dancing requires a great deal of individual style as well as an inclusion of some regional variety in styles. Quigley learned that styles may differ in body stance, arm use or in characteristic ways of using the feet. He explains how most traditional step- dancers strive to achieve a light and near-silent dance style. This describes two great Cape Breton step-dancers rather nicely: Harvey Beaton and Willie Fraser. Quigley goes on to describe how traditional step-dancers aspire to the music played. Quigley could be describing step-dancing as it is known in Cape Breton. But he is not! He is sharing his findings of traditional step-dance in the province of Newfoundland which is situated on the extreme East Coast of Atlantic Canada. His description of the solo step-dance in Newfoundland appears to describe what is now known as the Cape Breton step-dance. Quigley's research outlines the similarity between Newfoundland step-dance and Irish step-dance in terms of technique and the terminology applied to both dance and music. Quigley makes a direct link between the traditional step-dance of Newfoundland and Ireland. Cape Breton Island does not enter the equation in Quigley's research. It is highly likely that Quigley had never heard of Cape Breton step-dance while he was researching in Newfoundland. (Quigley, pp. 54 - 83.) Hugh Trevor Roper Quigley may not change people's minds about the origins of Cape Breton step-dance, unless people have spent some time reading the essays of historian Hugh Trevor Roper. Trevor Roper presents an interesting case in his essay "Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of Scotland". He writes out of particular concern for the place of the tartan image among the Scots, but his work may have some implication for how people view other aspects of the culture like music and dancing. As a result of his efforts, Roper has given cause for Highland Scottish culture enthusiasts to do some serious reflection on the origin of Highland Scottish tradition. Trevor Roper in his research suggests that the Highlands of Scotland were culturally deprived approaching the 16'th century and that the literature of the Highland Scot was a crude echo of the Irish literature. Trevor Roper claims also that the bards of the Scottish chieftains came from Ireland, and that the Scottish bards were the "rubbish of Ireland" who were periodically cleared from Ireland and deposited in that convenient wasteland, Scotland. Also, according to Trevor Roper, while Ireland remained culturally an historic nation, Scotland developed, at best, as its poor sister. He further claims that Scotland did not develop an independent Scottish tradition. (Roper, pp. 271 - 293.) Is it possible that if Cape Bretoners were to pursue this matter in any serious manner, that Cape Bretoners might plummet into some kind of identity crisis? Barbara LeBlanc It might well be that this Cape Breton dance, "step-dance," does not belong to the Scots after all. It might be an extension of the Irish tradition. Barbara LeBlanc, a native Cape Bretoner is currently conducting traditional dance research at graduate school. In her 1986 report on "Dance in Inverness County," for the Museum of Man in Ottawa, she cites examples of conversations with members of the Cape Breton Irish community who say that step-dance in Cape Breton is an Irish dance. (LeBlanc, p. 13.) Some day, someone might invite Colin Quigley and Barbara LeBlanc to do a comparative analysis between Cape Breton step-dancing and the Newfoundland-Irish traditional step-dancing. Clearly, the cultural expressions of Cape Breton Island are well entrenched in a global sense regardless of their traditional origins. The traditional music, song and dance, perceived by people as having evolved on the Island, are part of the unique Cape Breton identity. Generally speaking, rightly or wrongly, the step-dance activity of Cape Breton Island is such that it is recognised world-wide as being unique to Cape Breton. To illustrate the level of interest in traditional dance locally and to recognise its real and potential impact, one needs only to visit any number of select communities in Cape Breton and, in particular, rural communities like lona, Washabuck, Glendale and, of course, Glencoe Mills. Cape Breton Dance Activities When one mentions the word "Glencoe" among the Scots outside of Scotland, one would envision the notorious exchange between the Campbells and the MacDonalds of Glencoe. The Scots in the Highlands of Scotland, however, think of the ship "the Glencoe" that sailed the waters of Scotland up to 1935 and served as a means of travel, industry and commerce. (Cooper, p. 126.) In Cape Breton, however, people know Glencoe to be a tiny rural community in Inverness County, which boasts, among other things, of beautiful landscape, pastoral farm settings, a church, a sandy road, and a small parish hall. The hall, to many people, justifies the pride of Glencoe as it accommodates one of the more popular dance sites on Cape Breton Island. The "Glencoe dances" (as they are commonly known) have become renowned to many people in various parts of the world. In addition to many local activities promoting the dance tradition, Cape Breton step- dancers are frequently called upon to demonstrate their unique dance styles and techniques beyond the physical boundaries of Cape Breton Island. Through the medium of television, in particular, and personal appearances at major national and international festivals and workshops, Cape Breton step-dancers are often seen on regional and national programs in Canada as well as in the United States and Britain (Scotland). There is a history of interest in Cape Breton step-dance among the general public who already have an interest in Celtic heritage. Conclusion Whether the origins of Cape Breton step-dance are within Cape Breton itself or Scotland or Ireland or all three, the step-dance is a rich component of the Cape Breton heritage. Furthermore, Cape Breton step-dancers are perfectionists in their own right. In any initiatives they engage, they are truly professional and committed to the promotion and preservation of traditional step-dancing. Their dancing is as important to them as music is important to the Cape Breton fiddler. In this sense, they truly complement the efforts of Cape Breton's greatest fiddlers. Allister MacGillivary's book, "Cape Breton Ceilidh," highlights in excellent detail the stories, anecdotes and traditions of many of Cape Breton's outstanding step-dancers. References Brown, Richard. "A History of Cape Breton Island." Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Co., 1979. Cooper, Derek. "Skye - Great Britain.": Morrison & Gibb Ltd., 1977. Dance Nova Scotia, ed. "Just Four on the Floor, A Guide to Teaching Traditional Cape Breton Square Sets for Public Schools," 1992. Dunn, Chades W. "Highland Settler: A Portrait of the Scottish Gael in Nova Scotia." Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1953 Emmerson, George S. "Rantin' Pipe and Tremblin' String: A History of Scottish Dance Music." Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 1971. Flett, J.P. and T.M. Flett. "Traditional Dancing in Scotland." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964. Garrison, Virginia. "Traditional and Non-Traditional Teaching and Learning Practices in Folk Music: An Ethnographic Field Study of Cape Breton Fiddling." Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1985 Hunter, James. "The Fiddle Music of Scotland Edinburgh." T.A. Constable Ltd., 1979. LeBlanc, Barbara and L. Sadousky. "Inverness County Dance Project." Museum of Man, Ottawa, 1986. MacDonald, Keith Norman. "The Skye Collection." 1987. MacGillivray, Allister. "A Cape Breton Ceilidh". Sydney, Nova Scotia: Sea Cape Music Limited, 1988. MacInnes, Sheldon, "Folk Society in An Urban Setting." M.A. Thesis (unpublished). Detroit, Michigan: The Merrill Palmer Institute (Wayne State University), 1977. "MacMaster Video," produced by Peter Murphy, Seabright Productions, Antigonish, 1992. Quigley, Colin. "Close to the Floor: Folk Dance in Newfoundland." St. John's, Newfoundland: Memorial University, 1985. Rhodes, Frank. Appendix. "Dancing in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia - Traditional Dancing in Scotland." By J. P. Flett and T. M. Flett. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964, pp. 267 285. (3) Cape Breton Songs Nova Scotia -- "Farewell To Nova Scotia" The sun was setting in the west The birds were singing on every tree All nature seemed inclined to rest But still there was no rest for me. Chorus: Farewell to Nova Scotia The seabound coast Let your mountains, dark and dreary, be For when I am far away On the briny ocean, tossed Will you ever heave a sigh and a wish for me? I grieve to leave my native land I grieve to leave my comrades, all And my parents, whom I've held so dear And the bonnie, bonnie lass I do adore Chorus The drums, they do beat The wars, they alarm The captain calls, we must obey So farewell, farewell to Nova Scotia's charms For it's early in the morning and I'm far, far away (this should be the final verse) I have three brothers They are at rest Their arms are folded on their breast And a poor old sailor such as me Must be tossed and driven On the deep blue sea. Chorus (I'm not sure about the "And a poor old sailor such as me" line Cape Breton - "The Island" Over an ocean and over a sea Beyond these great waters, oh what do I see? I see the great mountains rise from the coastline The hills of Cape Breton, this new home of mine Oh, we come from the countries all over the world To hack at the forest, to plow the land down Fishermen, farmers and sailors all come To clear for the future this pioneer ground Chorus: We are an island, a rock in a stream We are a people, as proud as there's been In soft summer breeze or in wild winter wind The home of my heart - Cape Breton Over the rooftops and over the trees Within these new townships, oh what do I see? I see the black pit-head, The coal wheels are turning, The smoke-stacks are belching And the blast furnace burning Aw, the sweat on the back is no joy to behold In the heat of the steelplant or mining the coal And the foreign-owned companies force us to fight For our survival and for our rights Chorus: Over the highways and over the roads Over the causeway, stories are told They tell of the coming and the going away The cities of Ontario [I've also heard 'America'] draw me away The companies come and the companies go And the ways of the world we may never know But we'll follow the footsteps of those on their way And ask for the right to leave or to stay Chorus: I believe this song was written by a Cape Bretoner, Kenzie MacNeil Other well known Cape Breton songs (Gaelic) are: Oran do Cheap Breatuinn (song for Cape Breton) and An Innis Aigh (The Happy Isle - the poetic name for Cape Breton) (4) Cape Bretoner newspaper The Cape Bretoner is a newsmagazine aimed at former Capers who've moved away (P.O. Box 220, Sydney, NS, B1P 6H1 ). The Cape Bretoner newsmagazine is a good source for local Canadian Celtic music. (5) History Trust me, Craig, you'll never read a more wonderful description of the Highland history of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia than the following from the Author's Note of Hugh MacLennan's "Each Man's Son" (1951, Little, Brown and Company. Boston): "Continents are much alike, and a man can no more love a continent than he can love a hundred million people. But all the islands of the world are different. They are small enough to be known, they are vulnerable, and men come to feel about them as they do about women. Many men have loved the island of Cape Breton and a few may have hated her. Ericson was probably the first to see her, Cabot landed on her, and after Cabot came the French. She seemed harsh and frigid to the first new-comers, but the moment the French saw her their imaginations were touched and they called her the Royal Isle. After a while they built on her eastern rim the master fortress of Louisbourg to dominate Nova Scotia and guard the St. Lawrence (River). When the wars began, the English and the New Englanders came up to Cape Breton and for a time she was as famous as Gibraltar. Louisbourg fell, the French were driven out, the English and Americans went home and for a third of a century the island was vacant again. Then across the ocean in the Highlands of Scotland a desperate and poetic people there heard of her. They were a race of hunters, shepherds and warriors who had discovered too late that their own courage and pride had led them to catastrophe, since it had enabled them to resist the Saxon civilization so long they had come to the end of the eighteenth century knowing nothing of the foreman, the boss, the politician, the policeman, the merchant, or the buyer-seller of other men's work. When the English set out to destroy the clans of Scotland, the most independent of the Highlanders left their homes with the pipes playing laments on the decks of their ships. They crossed the ocean and the pipes played again when they waded ashore on the rocky coast of Cape Breton Island. They rooted themselves, big men from the red-haired parts of the Scottish main and dark-haired smaller men from the Hebrides, women from the mainland with strong bones and Hebridean women with delicate skins, accepting eyes and a musical sadness in their speech. For a long time nothing but Gaelic was spoken in the island until they gradually learned English from the handful of New England Loyalists who came to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. To Cape Breton the Highlanders brought more than the quixotic gallantry and softness of manner belonging to a Homeric people. They also brought with them an ancient curse, intensified by John Calvin and branded upon their souls by John Knox and his successors - the belief that man has inherited from Adam a nature so sinful there is no hope for him and that, furthermore, he lives and dies under the wrath of an arbitrary God who will forgive only a handful of his Elect on the Day of Judgement. As no normal human being can exist in constant awareness that he is sinful and doomed through no fault of his own, the Highlanders behaved outwardly as other men do who have softened the curse or forgotten its existence. But in Cape Breton they were lonely. They were no part of the great outer world. So the curse remained alive with them, like a sombre beast growling behind a locked door. It was felt even when they were least conscious of it. To escape its cold breath some turned to drink and others to the pursuit of knowledge. Still others, as the Puritans of New England had done earlier, left their homes, and in doing so found wider opportunities in the United States or in the empty provinces of Western Canada. But if the curse of God rested on the Highlanders' souls, the beauty of God cherished the island where they lived. Inland were high hills and a loch running in from the sea that looked like a sleeve of gold in the afternoon sun. There were trout and salmon streams lined by sweet-smelling alder, water meadows and valleys graced by elms as stately as those in the shires of southern England. The coast was rugged with grey granite or red sandstone cliffs, splendid with promontories, fog-bound in the spring when the drift ice came down from Newfoundland and Labrador, tranquil in summer, and in the autumns thunderous with evidences of the power of the Lord. So for several generations the Highlanders remained here untouched, long enough for them to tranfer to Cape Breton the same passionate loyalty their ancestors had felt for the hills of home. It was long enough for them to love the island as a man loves a woman, unreasonably, for her faults no less than for her virtuese s. But they were still a fighting race with poetry in their hearts and a curse upon their souls. Each man's son was driven by the daemon of his own hope and imagination - by his energy or by his fear - to unknown destinations. For those who stayed behind, the beast continued to growl behind the unlocked door...." And he goes on a little into more specifics about the actual characters in the novel and their own "daemons". I'm not a religious man, but I do like his talk of "the curse" and all that, kind of poetic I think. Anyway, Dr. MacLennan had quite a storied academic career and ended up teaching history at McGill Universtiy in Montreal for many years. He wrote many novels and stories, is Nova Scotia's most renowned writer and one of the most loved writers in Canadian literary history. He died in November 1990. One editorial wrote, "MacLennan is one of those writers whose personal goodness and decency shine through all his works. His generousity of spirit is such that after a couple of hours spent with one of his books, the world seems a better place." FYI, his novels include: Each Man's Son; Barometer Rising; Two Solitudes; The Watch That Ends The Night; The Return of The Sphinx. Other books: Seven Rivers of Canada; and The Colour of Canada.

5.0: Breizh - Brittany

-- No info here at present, -- Ask on WELSH-L -- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum" by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info -- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for more info -section a (Celtic), part 9

6.0: Cymru - Wales

-- No info here at present, -- Ask on WELSH-L -- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum" by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info -- Some Welsh is spoken in Patagonia

7.0: Eire - Ireland

[Thanks to Konrad A. Vasterman, Tony Killeen, Bill Grantham, James G. Dilmore, Stephanie Schmidt, Liam Greenslade, Phil Irwin, Barry Flanagan and Shawn Mehan for welcome additions (whether they knew it or not). The FAQ is now getting very unwieldy and will be revamped next month - GN]

1. Please read this FAQ before posting to soc.culture.celtic

2. This FAQ is available through anonymous ftp from rtfm.mit.edu

3. This FAQ is a living document, if you have any suggestions or additions that you would consider relevent then please email one of the maintainers. G.Nolan@bath.ac.uk kelley@ede.sanders.lockheed.com

4. The FAQ is NOT a political document, the information is offered, with no bias to any of the communities in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland.

5. Soc.culture.celtic is for discussion of related topics on Scotland, Wales, Ireland as well as Manx, Cornish and Breton issues. This section of the FAQ only deals with Ireland, with particular emphasis on the Republic of Ireland.

Contents

* 7.1: General Information
Info from the CIA yearbook - Republic of Ireland ONLY. Also What to call the Republic and the North (Ulster != NI).
* Part 2. - Music & Art Rec.music.celtic etc. Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics List of sessions Part 3. - Tourism Contact numbers Places to visit in Ireland Festivals Part 4. - Gaeilge na hE/ireann (Irish Gaelic) Language Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music Part 5. - Politics Political parties in Northen Ireland. Contraception, Divorce, Abortion and Homosexuality in the Republic. Part 6. - Sport LOI soccer mailing list GAA & Hurling Part 7. - History Why is Ireland divided? Chronological list of dates of Irish History Part 8. - Books & Papers Subscriptions to newspapers List of books Part 9. - Tracing Irish Anscestors Part 10. - Internet information services ftp sites for the peace declaration, constitution, opshal findings, RTE news etc Part 11. - Mythology Part 12. - Cuisine Part 13. - Miscellaneous Getting jobs in Ireland Applying for Irish citizenship What is the Claddagh ring? Irish National Anthem ************************************************************************ ************************************************************************ Part 1 - General Information Information from the CIA yearbook (abridged) Republic of Ireland ONLY --------------------------------- Area: total area: 70,280 km2 land area: 68,890 km2 Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver Population: 3,529,566 (July 1993 est.) Nationality: noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural) adjective: Irish Ethnic divisions: Celtic, English Religions: Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981) Languages: Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard, English is the language generally used. There is also a lot of Irish speakers in the large cities (particularly Dublin), but they are less concentrated in the cities than in the Gaeltachts. Labour force: 1.37 million by occupation: services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992) Capital: Dublin Administrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow Independence: 6 December 1921 (from UK) Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1937 Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March Political parties and leaders: Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fa/il, Albert REYNOLDS; Labour Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fe/in, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Mary HARNEY note: Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fa/il and the Labour Party Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Elections: President: last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2% Senate: last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fa/il 26, Fine Gael 16, Labour 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1, independents 6 House of Representatives: last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results - Fianna Fa/il 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labour Party 19.3%,Progressive Democrats 4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fe/in 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fa/il 68, Fine Gael 45, Labour Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1, independents 5 Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail Eireann) Leaders: Chief of State: President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990) Head of Government: Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992) Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER chancery: 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008 telephone: (202) 462-3939 consulates general: Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is srter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1992) Unemployment rate: 22.7% (1992) Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal Currency: 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence Ports: Cork, Dublin, Waterford Telecommunications: modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station What to call the Republic and the North --------------------------------------- Regularly posters get flamed for calling the Republic of Ireland, Eire or Southern Ireland. This is seen by some as pandering to the British as the British Media insist on using the terms Eire or Southern Ireland, as a way of differentiating between the North (the part inside the UK) and the Republic. If you don't wish to offend use the term Republic of Ireland when refering to the 26 counties. In a similar vein use Northern Ireland when refering to the part inside the UK as Ulster consists of nine counties, three of which are in the Republic. The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hEireann) states in Article 4. `The name of the State is Eire, or in the English language, Ireland' The total island of Ireland has 32 counties, 26 are in the Republic of Ireland and the remaining 6 are in the North of Ireland. The island is historically divided into the four provinces of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster. The province of Ulster has 9 counties, of which 6 are in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 26 counties make up the Republic of Ireland. This is further confused by the fact that articles 2 & 3 in the constitution claim the North as part of Ireland. Article 2: `The national territory consists of the whole of the island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas.' Article 3: `Pending the re-integration of the national territory, and without prejudice to the right of Parliament and Government established by the Constitution to exercise jurisdiction over the whole of that territory, the laws enacted by that Parliament shall have the like area and extent of Saorstat Eireann and the like extra-territorial effect.' More information can be found from various ftp and www sites given in Part 10. -- Craig Cockburn (pronounced "coburn"), Edinburgh, Scotland Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e. From craig@scot.demon.co.uk Thu Aug 25 17:08:39 1994 Received: from scot.demon.co.uk by augustus.physics.unc.edu (4.1/TAS/11-16-88) id AB04741; Thu, 25 Aug 94 17:08:12 EDT Date: Thu, 25 Aug 1994 21:55:41 GMT From: craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn) Reply-To: craig@scot.demon.co.uk Message-Id: <12722@scot.demon.co.uk> To: elessar@augustus.physics.unc.edu Subject: faq4 X-Mailer: PCElm 1.10 Lines: 1261 Status: R ************************************************************************ Part 2. - Music & Art (i) Rec.music.celtic etc. (ii) Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics (iii) List of sessions (ii) Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics --------------------------------------------- Translations of Enya-lyrics can be found at: ftp.uwp.edu:/pub/music/artists/e/enya/lyrics/translate.txt and at: http://astrowww.astro.indiana.edu/personnel/link/enyaidx.html for WWW-users. Discography can be found at: ftp.uwp.edu:/pub/music/artists/e/enya/discog2 and at: http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsdra/enya/dicography.html for WWW-users. Enya faq can be found at: rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/music/enya-faq http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsdra/enya/faq.html for World Wide Web users. this FAQ is updated monthly and very well kept by Dave Allum at Bath Univ. [unlike this one :-)] (iii) List of sessions ---------------------- Seisiu/n list ======================================================================= IRELAND: Dublin: The Ferryman I was there on two Sir John consecutive nights with Rogersons Quay different musicians.. An Beal Bocht I think on Wednsedays.. On the banks of the Grand Canal o'Donoghue's Every night, 1st and Merrion Road near if necessary 2nd floors St. Stephen's Green Slattery's Different nights Capel Street off of depending on schedule the quay, west of o'Connell street Don't stray northward! Galway: Flanagan's Monroe's Tavern > Probably every night .. Domenick Street area Taylor's Bar Waterfront The Quay > Probably every night .. Quay Street area Naughton's Also the Crane Bar and Club Ora na Galway which is hard to find. Mayo: Westport: Matt Molloy's .. probably every night I would guess. Killarney: Kerry: Buckley's .. every night I'd say .. friendly place NORTHERN IRELAND: BELFAST: Maddens sessions on friday and sat nights off Castle Lane, sometimes other nights. Popular with near Castlecourt Shopping locals and German, Spanish, and Centre main car park, American backpackers Good Guinness. Belfast City Centre ============================================================================ USA: ILLINOIS: Chicago: Chicago, IL: The (Irish) Abbey Pub, 3420 W. Grace, has sessiuns every Sunday night from 8pm on. Some of the best musicians in Chicago play here regularly (Liz Carroll, Marty Fahy, Martin Hayes--before he moved to Seattle). The noise is a little more than desirable, though. Brookfield: (western suburb of Chicago): Irish Times, 8869 Burlington, has open sessions every Wednesday night. The attitude here is a little less formal than at the Abbey. Last I was there, there was one other fiddle player, a bodhran/harmonica player, a guitarist, and a whistle player who considered themselves regulars. The drummer and guitarist also play in the local band "Donnybrook". Evanston: Tommy Nevin's Pub has sessiuns every Sunday afternoon at around 2pm.. 1450 Sherman Ave. (708)-869-0450 MASSACHUSETTS: Boston: The Green Dragon Saturdays 4pm - 9pm+ Downtown The Green Briar Mondays 9pm on.. Brighton Mr. Dooley's Wednesdays 9pm on.. Downtown Sundays 7pm on.. From: Seamus Keleher WISCONSIN Madison: Mickey's Tavern, 1524 Williamson St., (608)251-9964 Wednesdays, 9:30-close. Small, redneck-looking bar, cheap (in both senses) beer. Two extremes of setting: standing-only crowded, smoky, very noisy / quiet, empty, laid-back. Musicians: several regulars of commendable repertoire, plus 3-10 irregulars of various backgrounds. Very friendly, low-pressure, but 95% Irish, 100% traditional. Fiddle-heavy, wind-light, one banjo and one uillean piper always there. From: Alan Ng Ha ha Ha Ha Ha! This is a VERY funny description. I used to play there as well. I can update for you- 9 fiddlers of various skill levels, and maximum volumes is what I have heard lately from my friend Eric. Don't forget the free beer!! From: Edward A Beimborn PENNSYLVANIA Pittsburgh Murphy's Pour House, 215 East Main, Carnegie. 279-0770. Every Thursday from 9 PM - midnight. About 5 - 10 players (mostly guitarists and fiddle players and occasionally a dancer). Open to who wants to participate. Friendly place with good atmosphere. Mullaney's Harp and Fiddle, 2329 Penn Ave, Strip District. 642-6622. The first and third Sundays of every month. [Every Teusday there is Ce/ili/ dancing with instruction for beginners and more advanced classes for those able to do them.] Very friendly place. =========================================================================== CANADA: Vancouver, BC -------------------- last Friday of the month at the CB Vets Legion at Broadway and Cambie, contact Kevin Dooley. From: David Dalton Sunday jams 5--9 p.m. at the W.I.S.E. pub, 254-5858, usually mix of celtic music, acoustic blues and folk, varies. From: David Dalton -- Might be worth popping into the Scottish Cultural Centre (address in the phone book) to see if there's any events listed there. St. John's, Newfoundland ------------------------- Wed. nights at Bridgett's Pub. St. John's Folk Arts Council. From: David Dalton ************************************************************************ Part 3. - Tourism (i) Contact numbers (ii) Places to visit in Ireland (iii) Festivals (i) Contact numbers ------------------- If you require a list of Hotel or Bed and Breakfast accommodation then contact Bord Failte. Bord Failte The Irish Tourist Board Head Office Baggot Street Bridge Dublin 2 Ireland Tel + 353 1 676 5871 Tel + 353 1 661 6500 Tel in US 1-800-223-6470 also +1-212-418 0800 +1-416-929 2777 +612-299 6177 +43-1 941351 +32-2 673 9940 +45 33 15 80 45 +358-0 646 006 +33 1 47 42 33 15 +49 69 23 33 41 +39 2 869 0543 +31 20 622 3101 +47 22 92 00 80 +351-1 386 2041 +34-1 577 5458 +46 8 662 8510 +411 401 5260 +44 71 493 3201 IRISH YOUTH HOSTEL ASSOCIATION Membership required. 43 Hostels in Republic. Write to : An Oige Head Office 61 Mountjoy Street Dublin 7 Ireland Tel +353 1 830 4555 Fax +353 1 830 5808 Telex 32988 IYHA EI YOUTH HOSTEL ASSOCIATION OF NORTHERN IRELAND Membership required. 6 hostels in Northern Ireland Write to YHIANI 56 Bradbury Place Belfast BT7 1RU Northern Ireland Tel +44 232 324 733 Fax +44 232 439 699 IRISH BUDGET HOSTELS LTD. No membership required. 26 hostels in Republic Write to : Irish Budget Hostels Ltd. Kinlay House 2-12 Lord Edward Street Dublin 2 Ireland Tel +353 1 269 7696 Fax +353 1 269 7704 INDEPENDENT HOSTEL ORGANISATION No membership required. 97 hostels in the Republic and 3 in NI. Write to Independent Hostel Organisation Information Office Dooey Hostel Glencolmcille Co Donegal Ireland Tel +353 73 30130 Also in Dublin Independent Hostel Organisation Information Office Avalon House 55 Aungier Street Dublin 2 Ireland Tel +353 1 475 0001 Fax +353 1 475 0303 Gulliver is a reservations database for Ireland run by the Tourist Board. It covers hotels, guest houses, car hire etc. All Bord Failte international offices are connected to Gulliver. Call toll free in Ireland on 1-800-600-800, or +353 1 284 1765 outside Ireland to make a reservation using a credit card number to guarantee arrival. Gulliver is also accessible via the major airline computer reservation systems (CRS). [Thanks to Richard Barry for this information and Bord Failte numbers] (iii) Festivals --------------- Belfast Festival. Similar in format and style to the renowned Edinburgh Festival, and second in size only to Edinburgh. It takes place in November each year, mostly around the University area of Belfast, although some large events are held in the city's main concert halls. It hosts events of all types, Music, Theatre, Comedy, from all over the world. The Royal Shakespeare Company have been regular visitors, and Orchestras and Dance troupes from Eastern Europe have met with a great acclaim. Around the main festival, in smaller venues, halls, bars, is a lively fringe festival offering folk music, poetry etc. ************************************************************************ Part 4. - Gaeilge na hE/ireann (Irish Gaelic) Language (i) Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic (ii) Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere (iii) Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music (i) Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic ---------------------------------------- There are many greetings and responses in Irish. These vary even among the dialects. I will provide a few here as an example. Dia duit (Lit. God to you) Dia is Muire duit (Lit. God and Mary to you) Go mbeannai/ Dia duit May God bless you Go mbeannai/ Dia is Muire duit May God and Mary bless you Bail o/ Dhia ort The blessing of God on you Bail o/ Dhia is Muire duit The blessing of God and Mary on you Go raibh maith agat Thanks (Lit. May there be good at you) Go dtaga do ri/ocht May thy kingdom come Na/r laga Dia do la/mh May God not weaken your hand Gura sla/n an sce/alai/ May the bearer of the news be safe Gurab amhlaidh duit The same to you Ta/ fa/ilte romhat You are welcome Cad e/ (Goide/) mar ta/ tu/? How are you? (Ti/r Chonaill) Ce/n chaoi 'bhfuil tu/? How are you (Connacht) Conas ata/ tu? How are you? (Mumhan) Ta/ me/ go maith I'm doing well An bhfuil aon rud u/r ag dul? What's new? Aon sce/al 'ad? What's new? (Connacht) Sla/n leat Good Bye (said to one going) Sla/n agat Good Bye (said to one remaining) Sla/inte chugat Good health to you Gabhaim pardu/n agat I beg your pardon Gabh mo leithsce/al Pardon me (Lit. Accept my excuse) Ma/s e/ do thoil e/ If you please Le do thoil Please Saol fada chugat Long life to you For the following greetings Gurab amhlaidh duit is a common answer: Oi/che mhaith duit Good night Codladh sa/mh duit A pleasant sleep Nollaig shona duit Happy Christmas Nollaig faoi she/an is faoi A prosperous and pleasant mhaise duit Christmas Athbhliain faoi mhaise duit A prosperous New Year Terms of Endearment a ghra/ a ru/n a sto/r a thaisce a chroi/ a chuisle my dear darling/love/treasure muirni/n leanna/n ce/adsearc sweetheart a ghra/ mo chroi/ love of my heart! Curses Imeacht gan teacht ort May you leave without returning Titim gan e/iri/ ort May you fall without rising Fa/n fada ort Long travels to you Go n-ithe an cat thu/ is go n-ithe an diabhal an cat May the cat eat you, and may the cat be eaten by the devil (ii) Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere --------------------------------------------- Introductory Courses to the Irish language ------------------------------------------ NOTE: Additional information is available in the file RPAYNE1 TYIG via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with command GET RPAYNE1 TYIG U/dar : Mi/chea/l O/ Siadhail Teideal : LEARNING IRISH Foilsitheoir : Yale University Press -New Haven and London ISBN : 0-300-04224-8 For the tape set (four cassettes); U/dar : Mi/chea/l O/ Siadhail Teideal : LEARNING IRISH CASSETTES Foilsitheoir : Yale University Press -New Haven and London ISBN : 0-300-04340-6 NOTE: Irish lessons to be used with above texts are available in the file IGSTENS1 TYIG via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with the command GET IGSTENS1 TYIG As a learner, you might consider a set of cassettes and booklet titled BUNTU/S CAINTE. They come in three levels. This is convenient as you don't have to purchase all three at once. It is recommended that you use BUNTU/S CAINTE for pronunciation in combination with PROGRESS IN IRISH. U/dar : T. O/ Domhnallain Teideal : BUNTU/S CAINTE Vol.(1, 2, or 3) Book and Cassettes ISBN : X50153, X50154, X50155 U/dar : Ma/ire/ad Ni/ Ghra/da Teideal : PROGRESS IN IRISH ISBN : X71212 Conradh na Gaelige (The Gaelic League) welcomes all who are interested in learning/preserving Irish. 12 Sillogue Rd. 6 Sra/id Fhearchair Dublin 11 Dublin 2 +353-1-842-9372 +353-1-475-7401 [bookshop +353-1-478-3814] Gaelic League, Pittsburgh Branch P. O. Box 97742 Pittsburgh, PA 15227-0142 Contact: Jim Dilmore (412) 361-1757 Email: dilmore@bns.pitt.edu Audio Tapes ----------- Here is a list of audio tapes (excluding music) available from... A/isi/nteacht Da/iliu/cha/n Leabhar 31 Sra/id na bhFini/ni/ Baile A/tha Cliath 2 E/ire (Book Distribution Center) (31 Fenian Street) (Dublin 2) (Ireland) Prices are in Irish pounds but do not include postage (which can be considerable for air mail orders). If you wish to order any of this material you should first write, phone (Dublin 616522), or fax (Dublin 616564), for a price quotation that includes surface or air postage. [Note: V.A.T. is Value Added Tax. It is applied to tapes but not to books unless the books and tapes are sold as a unit. However there seem to be exceptions to this generality. Purchasers outside the European Union should be able to claim V.A.T. exemption] Am Sce/alai/ochta I Stories for young children: Sici/n Lici/n; Na Tri/ Bhe/ar Book and Tape 3.99 (no tax?) Am Sce/alai/ochta II Stories for young children: Na Tri/ Mhuc Bheaga An Circi/n Beag Rua Book and Tape 3.99 (no tax?) Foclo/ir Po/ca - Caise/ad Phonetic Tape prepared to accompany Foclo/ir Po/ca, an English-Irish/ Irish-English dictionary of the synthetic Standard Irish dialect 4.00 + V.A.T. I/osaga/n & Sce/alta Eile. Collection of short stories by Pa/draig Pearse. 4.87 + V.A.T. These stories are also available in print as "Short Stories of Pa/draig Pearse" which can be obtained for 4.95 (no tax). Uair An Chloig Cois Teallaigh - AN HOUR BY THE HEARTH Dual Language Book and Tape compendium of folk stories 10.00 (no tax?) Educational Services Teaching Cassettes Language/30 Irish/Gaelige Two cassettes with a small phrase dictionary. Educational Services Corporation 1725 K St., N.W., Suite 408 Washington, D.C. 20006 +1-(202) 298-8424 Review: This is a conversation course with minimal grammar (next to none). I'm finding it very useful to start off with, as it teaches phrases, which give me a useable foothold with the language, and it repeats the Gaelic twice after the English is spoken. Summer courses in Irish Gaelic ------------------------------ NOTE: Additional information is available in the file IGSGUSA CLAS via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with the command GET IGSGUSA CLAS Information concerning courses in spoken Irish (for adult learners) is available from the contact numbers given below.If you are thinking of visiting Ireland this summer, you might consider building into your holiday plans one of these short, intensive courses in Irish Gaelic. The division below is according to dialect: (a) Gaeilge Chu/ige Uladh: 01-213566 or 073-3005 ("Oideas Gael") for Ulster Irish (b) Gaeilge Chu/ige Chonnacht: 091-95101 ("A/ras an Chadhnaigh") for Connacht Irish (c) Gaeilge Chu/ige Mumhan: 066-56100 ("Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne") for Munster Irish Here are three snailmail addresses to write to for info on those summer courses: (a) Gaeilge Chu/ige Uladh: Fo/n: 353-1-213566 or 353-073-3005 ("Oideas Gael") if you wish to learn Ulster Irish. Seoladh(address): Oideas Gael, Gleann Cholm Cille, Contae Thi/r Chonaill, E/ire(Ireland) (b) Gaeilge Chu/ige Chonnacht: Fo/n: 353-091-95101 ("A/ras Mha/irti/n Ui/ Chadhain") if you wish to learn Connacht Irish. Seoladh(address): A/ras Mha/irti/n Ui/ Chadhain, An Cheathru/ Rua, Contae na Gaillimhe, E/ire(Ireland) (c) Gaeilge Chu/ige Mumhan: Fo/n: 353-066-56100 ("Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne") if you wish to learn Munster Irish. Seoladh(address): Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne, Baile an Fheirte/araigh, Contae Chiarrai/, E/ire(Ireland) (iii) Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music ---------------------------------------------- NOTE: Additional information is available in the file IGJTM1 BIBL and IGJTM2 BIBL via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with the commands GET IGJTM1 BIBL GET IGJTM2 BIBL Name: Irish Books Address: 580 Broadway, Room 1103, New York, New York. 10012 USA Phone: (212) 274-1923 Name: Schoenhof's Foreign Books Address: 76A Mount Auburn Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Phone: (617) 547 - 8855 Fax: (617) 547 - 8551 ************************************************************************ Part 5. - Politics (i) Political parties in Northen Ireland (ii) Contraception, Divorce, Abortion and Homosexuality in the Republic. Political parties in Northern Ireland ------------------------------------- The terms used to describe the various groups in Northern Irish politics are sometimes misunderstood, and misused. The two major divisions are Nationlist and Unionist. Nationalist is used to describe those people who wish to see Ireland as a single independent Nation, whereas Unionist refers to those people wishing to see the continuance of the Union between N. Ireland and Great Britain. Current estimates of the population of N. Ireland put the split at roughly 60% unionist, 40% nationalist. (Note that there is sometimes a subtle difference in whether the word is written with an initial capital or not, e.g. 'unionist' indicating a general connection with the idea, 'Unionist' implying a more direct political involvement especially relating to one of the Unionist political parties.) The terms 'Republican' and 'Loyalist' will also be heard. Republican imples an extreme form of Nationalism, Loyalist an extreme form of Unionism. The terms are usually used to describe groups who advocate the use of violence to achieve political aims. Within the two main groups are a number of smaller divisions, usually defined by their representative political parties. This list offers a spectrum of the major parties, from generally 'most pro-Irish' to 'most pro-British" [note, any more accurate voting figures are welcome, perhaps David Boothroyd can help here?] Sinn Fe/in. The political representatives of the Republican Movement. This is the more extreme minority of the nationalist groups, generally regarded as being in sympathy with the IRA's use of violence to achieve political change. Supported by approximately 12% of the population in Northern Ireland, 1.4% in the Irish Republic. Led by Gerry Adams. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). Regarded as the representative of moderate nationalism, it is commited to the establishment of a single Irish nation, but adamantly opposed to the use of violence to force this on people. Its representatives are forthright in their criticism of the IRA and its methods. Supported by approximately 30% of the population in NI. Led by John Hume. The Alliance party. A centrist party often viewed as unionist in its leanings, but its stated aims are simply to bring people in NI together as one community. Not well supported, it draws support from very moderate unionists, and also from some catholics who feel their future lies with the UK but who cannot support the outright bigotry of some unionist parties or politicians. [voting %?]. Led by John Alderdice. The Official Unionist Party (OUP). The larger of the two Unionist parties, it is firmly committed to maintaining the links with Great Britian. Not overtly religious in nature, but has close if indirect links with the protestant Orange Order. Drawing support mainly from moderate and middle-class unionists it opposes the use of violence, condemning that from both IRA and Loyalist groups such as the UVF and UFF. Led by James Molyneaux The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Formed in 1971 by Ian Paisley as a breakaway group from the Unionist Party, because of fears that the mainstream party was weak. As to be expected from its fundamentalist leader, the DUP is fiercely protestant and pro-British in character. It draws support from the moderate-to-extreme parts of the unionist population. Although publicly opposed to violence, the same cannot be said for a section of its supporters. Contraception, Divorce, Abortion, Homosexuality in Ireland. ---------------------------------------------------------- Abortion -------- [Note: As recommended in the "Welcome to talk.abortion" posting, I am referring to the sides as prolife and prochoice. This is not intended in anyway to reflect my personal feelings on the use of these terms]. Abortion has been illegal in Ireland since at least 1869. The 1983 referendum added a clause which guarantees the `Right to Life' to the Unborn from the moment of conception. The general consensus among the prolife campaigners was that there was now a constitutional prohibition on abortion, and abortion would never be introduced into Ireland. It is now illegal to give out names & addresses of abortion clinics in Ireland. As a result no imported magazines or newspapers were allowed to sell issues which advertise abortion clinics. In 1992, the Attorney General placed an injunction against a 14 year old rape victim (Ms. X) going to England to have an abortion. The family of statutory rape victim X had approached the police and offered to let the aborted foetus be used as evidence against the (alleged) rapist. Police then approached the Attorney General who went to the High Court as allowing X to go abroad would breach the "Right to Life" of X's foetus. The High Court then granted the injunction. In a state of near national hysteria, the Supreme Court overturned the ruling, and declared that under the 1983 amendment, Ms. X was entitled to have an abortion in Ireland as she was threatening to commit suicide. The preliminary verdict was given on Friday, X had an abortion over the weekend [presumably in the UK ?] and the full ruling followed on Tuesday suggesting that X has a right to have an abortion in Ireland. The government moved fairly quickly, and a second referendum was held in November 1992, at the same time as a General election. The referendum consisted of three questions, the Right to travel, the Right to information and the Substansive Issue. While people voted for the right to information and the right to travel, the results from the vote on the Substantive issue were less conclusive, with both sides claiming victory. However, the government has failed to legislate on the basis of the ruling in X. The governments case was not helped by the Irish Medical Council ruling that any doctor who performs an abortion should be struck of the register, a decision later endorsed by the Irish Medical Organisation. Majority of the IMO regard abortion as unneccessary for life-saving reasons & doctors can be struck off. The Medical Insurance companies (for doctors) believe failure to peform abortion in life threatening circumstance could result in neglience charges etc. The whole situation is desperately confused and no one knows if abortion is legal or illegal, constitutional or unconstitutional & that the government is in no rush to deal with this hot potato. [Note: Abortion is technically legal in the North, but rarely carried out.] Divorce ------- Divorce is not permitted in Ireland. It is however possible to get an annulment under certain restricted circumstances. Annulments only apply to religous marriages and not for civil ones. [Does anyone know what legally happens if you remarry, is it considered as bigamy ?] A referundum on divorce was going to be held in Autumn 1994, but a report in the Irish Times on Wednesday April 27th 1994 suggests that the referundum will not be held until Spring 1995. Contraception ------------- Condom machines are commonplace throughout the country. Homosexuality ------------- Homosexual acts were illegal in Ireland up until the summer of 1993. The offences against the person acted lifted the ban, and declared the age of consent to be 17, the same as that for heterosexual sex. ************************************************************************ Part 6. - Sport LOI soccer mailing list GAA & Hurling (i) LOI soccer mailing list For discussion of League of Ireland and Irish league soccer Email thomas@maths.tcd.ie [dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie during the summer] ************************************************************************ Part 7. - History Why is Ireland divided? Chronological list of dates of Irish History (i) Why Ireland is divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ireland (all or part of it, at various times) was a colony of the English (originally the Anglo-Normans) from the 12th century. From the late middle ages it was a kingdom, under the same monarch as England, but a separate country. In law and in practice, the Irish government was usually subordinate to the English government. The 17th century saw several wars in England and Ireland: civil wars, colonial wars, and at least one war (c. 1690) that was part of a wider European conflict. Following some of these disruptions, the winners forcibly transferred ownership of large amounts of land to new landlords, and sometimes new tenants: those who had supported the winning side, and/or those who they felt would support them in the future. The net effect of this was to disenfranchise and alienate the Gaelic/Catholic (Roman Catholic) majority population (aristocracy and common people alike) and some of the older Anglo-Irish families, and establish a new ruling elite of Anglo-Irish (people of English background, and also anglicized Irish) members of the Church of Ireland (Anglican/Episcopalian). This "Protestant Ascendancy" lasted well into the 19th century, with traces still in evidence today. In addition, there was another transplant population in Ireland, mainly in the north-east (part of the northern province of Ulster): Presbyterians (historically know as Dissenters) from Scotland (also England and even Germany), and other nonconformist Christians (especially Friends (ie Quakers)). They started arriving in the 16th century, and their numbers grew in the 17th. During this period they and the Protestant Ascendancy were not close allies: there were significant differences in background, social class and style of Protestantism. Both the Catholic majority and the Presbyterians were the victims of discriminatory laws favouring the Church of Ireland. Generally, though, the discrimination against Catholics was worse than that against the nonconformists. In 1800, Ireland was technically made one with England, Scotland and Wales, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In some ways, this was a Good Thing for Ireland, as it led to electoral reform, land reform, and the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and its right to tax the whole population. But the colonial relationship remained, and as freedoms grew without real equality with England and the English, so did Irish nationalism develop and flourish. As the 19th century moved on, independence became inevitable. But there was a complicating factor. In the late 18th and early 19th century, the Ascendancy and the Presbyterians had begun to become allies on political and nationalistic issues. As Irish nationalism developed (mainly among Catholics), so, in response, did unionism (the desire to preserve the United Kingdom) develop and strengthen among both kinds of Protestant. Several times, the unionists threatened insurrection against their own government in order to stay under that government. Fast forward to the First World War. The British Parliament had passed an Irish Home Rule bill, but its implementation was delayed because of the war. A small band of Irish Republicans, holding that independence was Ireland's of right and not in England's gift, staged an armed rebellion (the Easter Rising) in 1916, briefly taking over a small part of central Dublin. The government acted harshly, executing several of the rebels, and cracking down hard in general. This led most of the country to side with the rebel cause. It quickly became ungovernable by Britain. But the unionists still held the north, and they would in turn rebel if Britain cast them loose. To avoid a civil war, the government in late 1921 forced nationalist negotiators to accept partition. The Irish Free State and Northern Ireland were born. Each had its own Parliament; each was to be separate from Great Britain but under the Crown. But it didn't work out like that. The South altered it's constitution in 1937 severing most of it's links with the UK. It then declared itself a Republic in 1948/49 ending all links. However, there were other ways in which the arrangement failed, too. Firstly, civil war was not avoided; its focus was just shifted. Instead of being between unionists and nationalists, it turned out to be between those in the Free State who accepted partition and other conditions of the peace treaty, and those who refused to accept it. Secondly, the northern unionists, suddenly a majority in their new state, discriminated against the nationalists, and in turn the nationalists never fully accepted the legitimacy of the new constitutional arrangements. Some of them, known as republicans, continued a violent campaign against the London and Belfast governments; in turn, the authorities continued to exercise extraordinary powers to fight them. The community was divided. The fact that this division of national identity was roughly along Protestant-Catholic lines only made things worse. Thirdly, the Boundary Commission which was set up as part of the Treaty to examine a realignment of the Border failed. Instead of returning Fermanagh, and parts of Derry, Armagh and Down to the South, the chairman ruled that parts of the Free State be handed over to the North. The Free State rejected this and there was no realignment. As a result that areas that would have preferred to be in the South were denied that opportunity. This exacerbated the problems mentioned in the previous paragraph. In the 1960s, the republicans gave up violence and turned either to politics or to retirement. But a new civil rights movement arose, to protest and correct the discrimination against Catholics. This met a hostile and violent response from sections of the Protestant population, including sections of the police force. The Irish Republican Army was revived, in a new and more vicious form. Civil disorder grew. The Belfast government could not cope and was biased. The London government put troops on the streets to keep the factions apart at the end of the 1960s, and abolished the Belfast government (known as Stormont, for the place where it was based) a couple of years later. The level of violence is now much less than it was in the early 1970s, and Northern Ireland is actually a much safer place than the news makes it seem, but it still has not achieved full and "normal" political and social stability. The gun is still regarded by too many as a means of political expression. Large parts of the population refuse to accept the legitimacy of the political views and sense of national identity of "the other sort." For most of the century, the North has been more prosperous than the South, but the gap has been closing. The South has become richer; the Troubles have been a drag on the Northern economy in spite of financial support from London. Common membership in the European Union (formerly Community) has also served to lessen differences and remove the customs and excise function of the border. Another way in which differences are lessening is the religious makeup of the population. Catholics, though still a minority in the North, are now a larger proportion than earlier. In another few decades, it's conceivable that they may hold the majority. (ii) Chronological list of dates of Irish History ------------------------------------------------- _Really_ brief outline of some important dates in Irish history c.3000BC Megalithic tombs first constructed. c.700BC Celts arrive from parts of Gaul and Britain. Ireland divided into provinces. (This according to a contributor is reconstructed folk history and not based on the archaeology.) c.AD350 Christianity reaches Ireland. 432 Traditional date for the arrival of St. Patrick in Ireland. 700-800 Irish monasticism reaches its zenith. 795 Full-scale Viking invasion. 1014 Brian Boru/ defeats Vikings at Clontarf, but is murdered. 1169 Dermot MacMurrough, exiled king of Leinster, invites help from 'Strongbow'. 1172 Pope decrees that Hery II of England is feudal lord of Ireland. 1366 Statues of Kilkenny belatedly forbid intermarriage of English and Irish. Gaelic culture unsuccessfully suppressed. 1534-40 Failed insurrection by Lord Offaly. 1541 Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland 1558-1603 Reign of Elizabeth I. Policy of Plantation begins. System of counties adopted. 1595-1603 Failed uprising of Hugh O'Neil. 1607 Flight of the Earls; leading Ulster families go into exile. 1641 Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in England. 1649 Cromwell invades Ireland. 1653 Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land. 1689-90 Deposed James II flees to Ireland; defeated at the Battle of the Boyne. 1704 Penal Code enacted; Catholics barred from voting, education and the military. 1775 American War of Independence forments Irish unrest. 1782 Grattan's Parliament persuades British to declare Irish independence, but in name only. 1795 Foundation of the Orange Order. 1798 Wolfe Tone's uprising crushed. 1801 Ireland becomes part of Britain under the Act of Union. 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act passed after Daniel O'Connell elected as MP. 1845-48 The Great Famine. 1879-82 The Land War; Parnell encourages boycott of repressive landlords. 1914 Implementation of Home Rule postponed because of outbreak of World War I. 1916 Easter Rising. After the leaders are executed public opinion backs independence. 1920-21 War between Britain and Ireland; Irish Free State and Northern Ireland created. 1922 Civil war breaks out. 1932 De Valera elected. 1969 Rioting between Catholics and Protestants. British troops called in. 1971 Provisional IRA begins campaign to oust British troops from Ireland. 1972 UK and Republic of Ireland join European Community. 'Bloody Sunday' in Derry. 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement signed. ************************************************************************ Part 8. - Books & Papers (i) Subscriptions to newspapers (ii) List of books Subscriptions to newspapers --------------------------- The Irish Times is currently offering 32 issues for the price of 26. England, Scotland & Wales IR#28.60 Airmail Continental Europe IR#46.02 Airmail Outside Europe, Incl. US IR#72.02 The offer is open until 30 June, 1994. Subscriptions Department +353-1-6792022 or Fax:+353-1-6791321 The Irish Times Newspapers Ltd. P.O. Box 74 10/16 D'Olier St. Dublin 2 Ireland The Irish Times is available in NYC in "Hoatling's International News" Hoatlings is on the south side of 42nd st. Most Borders stores in the Mid-West (USA) also stock it. The Bay Area is very good for Irish papers. In Berkeley, you can get the Saturday edition of the Irish Times, the Sunday Independent and the Monday edition of the Irish independent at Whelan's on Bancroft and Dave's Smoke Shop in the shopping mall off Durant. Harold International news stand in San Francisco is even better, offering the above, plus the Sunday Press, Sunday World (!), Saturday's Cork Examiner and most of the weekly provincial press, as well as Hot Press. Book Soup on Sunset Boulevard in LA stocks the Sunday Independent. Hot Press (music press) is currently charging the following UK: UK#30 Ireland: Ir#30 Rest of Europe: Ir#45 US/Canada: $90 Rest of World: Ir#85 Hot Press Hot Press 13 Trinity Street Osnovina Ltd Dublin 2 c/o Stanley Plitt Ireland 230 East 44th Street tel: (01) 6795077 Cheques made out to Osnovina Ltd. 'Fortnight' magazine: a monthly dealing with politics, arts and culture in Ireland and beyond, with an emphasis on Northern Ireland. Non-partisan. Editorial is slightly left-of-center and emphasizes internal political solutions for Northern Ireland. Fortnight Magazine, 11 issues per year 7 Lower Crescent, [So why is it called Fortnight ?] Belfast BT7 1NR, Northern Ireland. UK: UK#23 unwaged/students/prisoners UK#15 IR18 Ireland: Ir#25.50 Rest of Europe: UK#26.50 Far East: UK#39 Rest of World: UK#32.50 'Northern Ireland Report': a newsletter on Northern Ireland politics. Its banner states: "NIR is an independent publication and is not affiliated with any political party, group or organization in Northern Ireland or the United States" Editorial is left/republican-leaning, but articles from all shades of political opinion in Northern Ireland are printed. Northern Ireland Report, PO Box 9086, Lowell, MA 01853. Tel. +1 413 467 7860 Subscription: U.S. $20.00 (10 issues, 1/94 price) (ii) List of books ------------------ FTP to ceolas.stanford.edu (/pub/misc/celtic.biblio) or yeats.csufreson.edu for an extensive list of Celtic books. Name: A Treasury of Irish Myth, Legend and Folklore Name: Modern Ireland 1600-1972 Author: R.F.Foster Publisher: Penguin ISBN: 0-14-013250-3 Name: In Search of a State - Catholics in Northen Ireland Author: Fionnuala O'Connor Publisher: The Blackstaff Press ISBN: 0-85640-509-4 Name: Ten Men Dead - The Story of the 1981 Hunger Strike Author: David Beresford Publisher: Grafton ISBN: 0-586-06533-4 Name: The Druids Author: Norah Chadwick Publisher: Penguin Name: The Celts Author: Norah Chadwick Publisher: Penguin Name: The Celts Author: Frank Delany Name: Down by the Claddagh Author: Peadar O'Dowd Publisher: Kennys of Galway Price: #17.95 Name: Classic Irish Recipes Author: Gerogina Campbell Publisher: Grafton Books ISBN: 0-8069-8444-9 *The Great Famine: Studies in Irish History: 1845-53* ed D. Edwards & D. Williams, 1956. *The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849* Cecil Woodham-Smith. 1962. Reprinted as Penguin ppbk 1991. Currently available in major book stores. *History of the Great Irish Famine of 1847* J. O'Rourke. 1874. Reprinted by Veritas 1989. 1st major book about Irish famine. *The Famine in Ireland* Mary Daly. 1986. 138pp. *The Great Irish Famine* Cormac O Grada. Repr. 1992. 87pp. *The Visitation of God?: The Potato and the Great Irish Famine* Austin Bourke. ed Jacqueline Hill, Cromac O Grada. 1993. 230 pp. *Paddy's Lament: Ireland 1846-47* Thomas Gallagher. 1982. 345 pp. American author. Currentyly available in ppk in major bookstores. *Famine: The Irish Experience 900-1900 - Subsistence Crisis and Famines in Ireland* ed E. Margaret Crawford. 1994. "The History and Social Influence of the Potato* Redcliffe Salaman. 1949. Repr 1987. Fiction:- The greats: James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, Jonathan Swift, Flann O'Brien, Brendan Behan, Oscar Wilde The modern: John McGahern, Brian Moore, Edna O'Brien, William Trevor The contemporary: Dermot Bolger, Colm Tobin, Patrick McCabe, Roddy Doyle John Banville The playwrights:- Synge, O'Casey, Shaw, Beckett The poets:- Yeats, Paddy Kavanagh, Seamus Heaney, Gogarty ************************************************************************ Part 10. - Internet information services (from Sean) Ireland has an excellent weekly electronic news available from Liam Ferrie at a yearly subscription rate of IR#25, STG#24 or $35. Its free for academic sites. Irish Emigrant (News from Ireland) list: Subscribe: ferrie@iol.ie The 8 a.m. RTE radio news is available by FTP, WWW, and Gopher from sunsite.unc.edu. Look for /pub/academic/languages/gaelic/rte The files are sound files of about 2-3 Mbytes. This area is an EXPERIMENTAL demonstration project. Its aim is to assess the viability of making small segments of news broadcasts from RTE, the Irish National Radio service, available on the internet via anonymous ftp and the world wide web. There are currently two programs recorded: RTE Radio 1 "Morning Ireland" 8AM News (7 minutes weekdays, 5 minutes weekends) and RTE Radio 1 Nuacht (news in the Irish language, 3 minutes). The latter will be available from July 28 on, barring technical problems, and will have filenames prefixed with "nuacht_". *** Users in the RTE listening area are asked to please use their radios; the primary aim of this experiment is to make a little bit of RTE broadcasting available to those of us who are out of range and cannot pick up RTE directly. Your cooperation in keeping the bandwidth on this server down is appreciated. *** Australian users please note! The latest .au file can be obtained from pell.anu.edu.au (150.203.33.4) in /pub/obrien/latest.au. It is copied starting at 1845 Australian EST Monday-Friday and usually takes 30 minutes to copy. Earlier files are *not* maintained there, and the service is "as is"; please don't complain to Eamonn O'Brien (who was kind enough to set this mirroring up) if the file has problems. Sunsite also offers information concerning Gaelic and Gaelic Culture. The url address for WWW is: http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic/gaelic.html or /pub/academic/languages/gaelic via ftp. Sunsite contains information on/in irish gaelic, scottish gaelic and hopefully soon manx gaelic. Lesson(s) with accompanying audio files are available for scottish gaelic. http: ---- Kennys Bookshop and Gallery (of Galway, Ireland) now have their entire book catalog on the Web. Site:http://www.iol.ie/resource/kennys/welcome.html CURIA Project: Thesaurus Linguarum Hiberni? Site: http://curia.ucc.ie/ Trinity College Dublin Home Page Site: http://www.maths.tcd.ie/index.html Site: http://www.bess.tcd.ie Pat Murphy's maze of twisty little passages Site: http://orangutan.cv.nrao.edu/ University Limerick ITDSRV1 Entry Point Site: file://itdsrv1.ul.ie/pub/webac/home-page.html Ireland: The Internet Collection Site: file://itdsrv1.ul.ie/pub/webac/Information/Ireland.html Ireland-On-Line Site: http://www.iol.ie/IOL-HOME.html Ireland's Web Servers Site: http://itdsrv1.ul.ie/Information/ServerMapIreland University College Dublin Site: gopher://gopher.ucd.ie/ Irish Constitution Site: http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/Constitution/index.html Peace Declaration Site: http://www.bess.tcd.ie/dclrtn.html Ireland On-line Site: http://www.iol.ie gopher://gopher.iol.ie GNN Home Page Site: http://www.iol.ie/IOL-HOME.html Broadcom Site: http://www.broadcom.ie Note: Choose option [1] from the home page to get to pointers to other sites. ftp: Gaelic-L archive: Site: YEATS.CSUFRESNO.EDU Welsh-L archive: Site: SUNSITE.UNC.EDU Music archive: Site: FTP.UWP.EDU Celtic Music archive: Site: CELTIC.STANFORD.EDU Celtic GIF/JPEG archive: Site: ORANGUTAN.CV.NRAO.EDU:/pub/images/pmurphy /pub/images/celt Irish Emmigrant archive: Site: ftp.cs.cornell.edu in pub/irish-emigrant [gopher.iol.ie has more up to date issues.] lists: (Note if it's a listserv then just mail the command SUB list_name your_name, otherwise you send a message to the contact) Celtic Linguist list: celtling@MIT.EDU Contact: Andrew H Carnie Subscribe: via above Irish Studies list: irish-studies@CC.SWARTHMORE.EDU Contact: Michael Durkan Subscribe: Listserv@CC.SWARTHMORE.EDU Celtic-L list: celtic-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE IrTrad-L (Irish traditional music) list: irtrad-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Irl-Pol (Irish politics) list: irl-pol@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Ireland (Mostly politics) list: ireland@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU Subscribe: Listserv@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU Irl-News (News and articles) list: Irl-News@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU Subscribe: Listserv@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU Gaelic-M (Same as Gaelic-L except for MIME support) Contact: kelley@ede.sanders.lockheed.com Gaelic-L List: gaelic-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Language(s): Celtic, Goidelic; PB1201-PB1847 Irish, Scottish, & Manx Gaelic (GAELIC-L) (not restricted to linguistics; also for learners; contributions in a Gaelic language preferred) Listserver: listserv@irlearn.bitnet listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie listserv%irlearn.ucd.ie@uk.ac.earn-relay For questions, contact: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie (Marion Gunn) caoimhin@smo.ac.uk (Caoimhi/n O/ Donnai/le) craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn) Welsh-L List: welsh-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE Language(s): Celtic, Brittonic; PB2101-PB2849 Welsh (also Breton, Cornish) (WELSH-L) (not restricted to linguistics; also for learners; contributions in a Brittonic language preferred) Listserver: listserv@irlealearn.bitnet listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie listserv%irlearn.ucd.ie@uk.ac.earn-relay For questions, contact: everson@irlearn.ucd.ie (Michael Everson) briony@cstr.ed.ac.uk (Briony Williams) League of Ireland Mailing List: LOIsoccer@maths.tcd.ie Mailing list for Irish - North & South - soccer discussions, including LOI, ROI Internationals, Northern Ireland league etc. Contact: thomas@maths.tcd.ie -- Craig Cockburn (pronounced "coburn"), Edinburgh, Scotland Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e. From craig@scot.demon.co.uk Thu Aug 25 17:09:17 1994 Received: from scot.demon.co.uk by augustus.physics.unc.edu (4.1/TAS/11-16-88) id AB04741; Thu, 25 Aug 94 17:08:40 EDT Date: Thu, 25 Aug 1994 21:55:56 GMT From: craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn) Reply-To: craig@scot.demon.co.uk Message-Id: <12723@scot.demon.co.uk> To: elessar@augustus.physics.unc.edu Subject: faq5 X-Mailer: PCElm 1.10 Lines: 1178 Status: R TOPPSI's list of Irish bulletin boards -------------------------------------- Name SysOp Speeds Times Phone No. Connect- David Doyle V21/22/22bis/32/HST 24hrs +353-1-6711047 Ireland/ (Lines 2/3/4) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-6773547 aka TOPPSI Connect-Ireland is FidoNet node 2:263/151 and concentrates on community, youth, education and social topics. Official Apogee distribution site. GreenNet and K-12 links. Lines 2 to 4 are 'banked' on the same phone number. Internet Email access as @toppsi.gn.apc.org Infomatique Liam Murphy V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8721232 (Line 2) V21/22/22bis/HST 24hrs +353-1-8721239 Run on an AMIGA 3000 using DLG Professional - one of Ireland's first BBS! Supports Amiga, Atari and PC. SIX Stephen Kearon V21/22/22bis/32/32bis(4 lines)24hrs +353-1-6789000 McAfee Agents for Ireland. FidoNet node 2:263/167. Alcom/ZyXEL/Gammafax/MegaHertz support. Nemesis' Andy Mowatt V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST16K8 24hrs +353-1-324755 Dungeon (Line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/FAX 24hrs +353-1-326900 Amiga based, multi-computer support. FidoNet node 2:263/150 FrEd Mail Conor Mac Hale V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-1-2889783 (Free Educational Mail) Trans-Atlantic, European and Australian penpals and inter-school projects are encouraged. Co-SysOps are Tom O Briain and Damien Cox. Electronic Keith Whyte V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-6611433 Media Net Specialises in MIDI, music and the music industry. FidoNode 2:263/153 Alien Line Gavin McConnon V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-2800742 Mainly Amiga but also IBM support. Co-sysop is Christian Hayden. Runs on Amiga 4000/030 using DLG Pro. Star Trek areas. Quarterdeck George Hanratty V22/22bis/32 24hrs +353-1-284-4381 International Provides support for QDK products. BBS. Many utilities available for DESQview and ported X-apps for DESQview/X. i-Com V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-1-679-8924 Commercial 'gateway' to USA - $25/hour. Enter 'o' (letter oh) when connected; then enter 'i-com' to sign up. First time callers get free demo. CUGI-BBS Jamie Ruane V22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-2832829 Commodore Users Group of Ireland BBS, supporting all Commodore computers and providing User Group information. Running on an Amiga A1200 under DLG-PRO, online facilities include CD-ROM and FidoNet (2:263/155.0). SysOps - Jamie Ruane and Colin Dalton. DNA BBS Martin Shortall/Kieran Reilly V21-V32bis 24hrs +353-1-549029 Atari ST based BBS. Yukon Ho! Mark Kerr V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-232-768163 (Line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-232-763639 Based in Belfast this is FidoNet node 2:443/59 Quasar! Dave Byrne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-846-693067 Dromore, Co. Down. This is FidoNet node 2:443/10 Starship Gerry Martin V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-232-763014 Enterprise Based in Belfast. This is FidoNet node 2:443/21 NIBBS John Marrow V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-662-247291 Based in Co. Tyrone. This is FidoNet node 2:443/70 The Village Harry Broadrick V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-232-602972 Based in Belfast. This is FidoNet node 2:443/509 Special John McCormac V21/22/22bis/HST 24hrs +353-51-50143 Projects Specialises in Ham Radio/TV/Satellite Communications both European and American. FidoNode 2:263/402 Ireland Barry Flanagan V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/ZyXEL 24hrs +353-91-592711 On-line sales@iol.ie V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/ZyXEL 24hrs +353-1-285-2700 Commercial system based in Galway with lines in Dublin as well. Several access options depending on subscription paid. InfoNet Dairmaid O Cadhla V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-21-892582 Services (line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-21-294914 Commercial system based in Cork. FidoNode 2:263/201 CommCubed Tommy McCourt V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-???? A TOPPSI mirror system in Derry - currently being tested. Connect Graham Lightfoot V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-61-???? West A TOPPSI mirror system in Clare - currently being tested. STYX John McKeon V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-61-338228 PC based BBS based in Limerick. FidoNode 2:263/271 Reflex Richard Foley V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-51-83771 AV-BBS Mainly concerned with virus and security issues. Fido 2:263/401 Digital Martin Browne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8208291 Paradise Supporting Amiga/IBM PC users. EXEC Donal O Beirne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-61-229998 Supporting a mix of Home/Games users TechBase John Buswell V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-66-28929 BBS dedicated to Star Trek and especially Deep Space Nine. Also online technical database. FidoNode 2:263/250 TheEnd! - Des Gibbons V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8321673 part two Concentrates on PC software and utilities. FidoNode 2:263/79 GameStorm Declan Lynch V21/22/22bis 21:00-11:00 +353-1-920224 Run by computer game rental company. Contains stock lists and competition details. Fidonode 2:263/156 The Highway Iain Black V21/22/22bis 22:00-08:00 wk +353-1-8475217 To Hell Concentrates on Amiga and C64. 22:00-13:00 w/e Online games. Fidonode 2:263/154 Compuserve: via a PAD (+353-1-676 8800 @ 2400 b.p.s.) Eirpac: Call 1-801 + the baud rate you wish to use (eg 1-801 19200 for v32 or 1-801 2400 for 2400 bps service, etc.) Subscription required. X.25 system Genesis sales@gpl.com +44-232-231622 Internet access for Belfast and Cork +353-21-274141 Internet admin@internet-eireann.ie +353-1-278-1060 Eireann Internet access in Dublin IEunet info@ieunet.ie +353-1-671-9361 main Irish backbone ************************************************************************ Part 12. - Cuisine ======================================================================== From: Stepanie de Silva Corned Beef & Cabbage ===================== 1 3/4 lbs onions 2 1/2 lbs carrots 6 lb corned beef brisket or round, spiced or unspiced 1 cup malt vinegar 6 oz Irish stout 1 tablespoon mustard seed 1 tablespoon coriander seed 1/2 tablespoon black peppercorns 1/2 tablespoon dill seed 1/2 tablespoon whole allspice 2 bay leaves 3 lb cabbage, rinsed 2 1/2 lb small red potatoes 1/2 cup coarse grain mustard 1/2 cup dijon mustard To serve 12, use a 14 to 20 quart pan. Coarsely chop enugh onions and carrots to make 1 cup each. In pan, place onions and carrots, corned beef with any liquid, vinegar, stout, mustard seed, coriander, peppercorns, dill, allspice and bay leaves. Add water to barely cover beef. Cover pan and bring to a boil over high heat. Simmer until meat is tender when pierced, 2 1/2 to 3 hours. Meanwhile, cut remaining onions into wedges. Cut remaining carrots into 2-inch lengths; halve them lengthwise if large. Cut cabbages in half through cores, then into wedges. Scrub potatoes. Add onions, carrots and potatoes to tender corned beef, place cabbage on top. Cover and return to simmering over high heat; reduce heat and simmer until cabbage is tender when pierced, 15 to 20 minutes. With a slotted spoon scoop out vegetables onto warm serving dishes. Using tongs and a slotted spoon, remove beef to a cutting board; cut off and discard fat, slice meat across the grain and place on warm platters. Serve meat and vegetables with coarse-grain and dijon mustards. Colcannon ========= 4 lb russet potatoes 1 lb cabbage, cute into fine shreds 1/2 cup butter 1 1/4 cup milk 1 cup sliced green onions salt and pepper To serve 12, you'll need a 5 to 6 quart pan. Peel potatoes; rinse. Drain; cute into 2 inch pieces. Place potatoes in pan; cover with water. Bring to a boil, covered, over high heat. Reduce heat; simmer until tender when pierced, about 15 minutes. Drain; mash, part at a time, in a heavy-duty mixer or by hand in a large bowl. As mashed, transfer to a very large bowl; cover. Place cabbage and butter in pan sued for potatoes. Cover; steam cabbage over medium-high heat until well wilted, stirring often. Meanwhile, stir milk and onions often in a 3 to 4 quart pan over medium heat until simmering. Stir milk mixture into potatoes until smooth, stir in cabbage. Season with salt and pepper. Irish Soda Bread ================ 3 cups all-purpose flour 3 tablespoons sugar 1 teaspoon baking soda 3/4 teaspoon salt 9 tablespoons butter 1 tablespoon caraway seed 1/2 cup golden raisins 1/3 cup dried currants 1 cup buttermilk for dough 1 1/2 tablespoons buttermilk for brushing In a large bowl, combine flour, sugar, soda and salt. Cut in butter with a pastry blender or rub tih fingers until fine crumbs form. Mix in caraway, raisins and currants; add buttermilk for dough. Stir until evenly moistened. Gather dough into a ball and knead about 16 turns on a lightly floured board. Pat into a smooth ball, then into a falt 1 inch thick round. Place on a greased 12 by 15 inch baking sheet. Slash an X about 1/4 inch deep completely across each round; brush with remaining buttermilk. Bake in a 375F oven until deep golden, 30 to 35 minutes. Serve warm or cool. Cut into wedges. Elaine's Shortbread =================== 1 cup softened butter 1/2 cup + 1 tablespoon sugar 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1/2 cup white rice flour (or more all-purpose) In a large mixing bowl, beat butter with the larger amount of sugar until smooth. Gradually add all-purpose and rice flours until well combined. Spread in a 9 by 13 inch baking dish. Bake in a 275F oven until pale golden, 55 to 65 minutes. Place on racks and let cool for 10 minutes. Sprinkle lightly with sugar, then cut into 24 bars. Let cool completely. Serve. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% From: Chuck Narad Irish Cabbage Potatoes (Colcannon) =================================- 8 large potatoes, peeled and cubed 1/2 head of cabbage 1 bunch scallions (green onions), chopped milk butter dill (dried, or fresh chopped) fresh ground black pepper Shred the cabbage. Sautee it with a little butter, then reduce heat and cover; let it steam. When it is almost limp, add the scallions. (I'd probably add some garlic and an onion if I made this). Meanwhile, boil, drain, mash the potatoes, add some milk and a little butter. Add the cabbage mixture, and stir in the dill and pepper. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% From: Iain G Liddell Scottish Shortbread =================== As far as shortbread is concerned, I'm a great believer in simplicity. The recipe for Balmoral Shortbread below is typical of this style. However, with Scots cookery, one should never ignore Mistress Margaret (Meg) Dods. Her "Cook's and Housewife's Manual" was promoted (ghosted?) by Sir Walter Scott, who coined her pseudonym. The recipe for Petticoat Tails is described by Catherine Brown (Scottish Regional Recipes) as "a ladies' shortbread - men generally prefer thick fingers". Other recipes call for additions such as rice flour, cornflour (cornstarch), lemon peel, ground or slivered almonds (or almond essence) but these are all just curlicues. As for the commercially produced Choc Chip Shortbread and Cherry Shortbread ... they are about as Scots as the Taj Mahal. Iain Balmoral Shortbread =================== 375g plain flour 250g butter (nothing else will do) 125g sugar salt Note the 3:2:1 ratio - what could be simpler. Preheat oven to 350F / 180C / Gas 4 Sift flour onto a board. Put sugar in a separate pile on the board, and work in butter. Gradually knead in flour: you should end up with a firm dough. Flour the board and roll to a thickness of 3mm to 5mm. Cut into circles and prick with a fork. Bake on a greased tray for 30 minutes. Petticoat Tails =============== (based on Meg Dods' Manual - see preamble) 200 g plain flour 75 g butter 25 g lard 50 g icing sugar (powdered sugar) 2 tsp caraway seeds Preheat oven to 350F / 180C / Gas 4 Sift flour and sugar into a bowl. Add butter and lard, and rub in completely. Add caraway seeds; turn out onto a board, and knead till firm. Roll out to 5mm thickness into a circle (or cut out a circle). Cut into wedges the size you want and bake for 20-30 minutes until the shortbread is pale golden brown. Dredge with caster sugar (superfine sugar?) while still hot. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >From Deirdre Barr Boxty ===== Here's the recipe for boxty, as per the Monica Sheridan cookbook. 2 Large raw potatoes 1 teaspoon baking-soda 2 cups of mashed potatoes 2 tablespoons flour (approx) 1 teaspoon salt. Grate the raw potatoes & squeeze out the liquid. Add to the mashed potatoes & add salt. Mix the soda with the flour and add to the potatoes. Roll out on a floured board to a circle of a 1/2" thickness. Cut in 4 quarters & put on an ungreased griddle. Cook on a gentle heat for 30 to 40 minutes, turning the bread at half-time. The farls or quarters, should be well browned on bothe sides. Serves 4 You may add a teaspoon of caraway seeds, if you like. Potato Cakes (1) ================ 2 tablespoons butter 1 cup flour 1/2 teaspoon baking powder 1/2 teaspoon salt 3 cups freshly mashed potatoes. Rub the butter into the flour. Add the baking powder and salt and mix well. Add the potatoes and bind all together with your hand. Roll out to quarter-inch thickness on a well floured board with a well-floured rolling pin. Cut in squares or stamp out with a cutter. Bake on an ungreased griddle until brown on both sides. Serve hot with running butter. Yields 12 cakes. (Cold potato cakes are often fried with the breakfast bacon) Potato Cakes (2) ================ 1 tablespoon flour 1/2 teaspoon salt 2 cups freshly mashed potatoes 2 teaspoons bacon drippings for the griddle. Sprinkle the salted flour over the potatoes and knead lightly together. Roll out on a floured board to quarter-inch thickness. Cut in quarters or stamp out into rounds. Put on a greased griddle and cook on an even heat until both sides are well browned. When cooked, butter generously and eat at once. Yields 6-8 cakes. Major heart attack food but extremely tasty. =========================================================================== ************************************************************************ Part 13 - Miscelleous (i) Getting jobs in Ireland (ii) Applying for Irish citizenship (iii) What is a Claddagh ring? (iv) Irish National Anthem (i) Getting jobs in Ireland --------------------------- INI, the International Network for Ireland will send you a monthly list of jobs available in Ireland for #30 a year. They also run a jobs fair every Christmas called the `High Skills Pool', which has taken place in Buswell's Hotel for the past couple of years. They are partly funded by the IDA and will give you information on companies in Ireland for free if you have any queries. You can also get an information pack on moving back to Ireland, e.g. what the tax rate is, etc. INI Phone:+353-1-668-7155 or Fax: +353-1-668-7945 Powerhouse Pigeon House Harbour Dublin 4 Ireland As yet they do not have an email address. Brent Irish Advisory Service produce a handy booklet called, unsurprisingly, 'Moving to Ireland'. It details most of the important information you might need to know (health, education, housing, employment, etc.) about. You can obtain a copy from them at Electric House, 296 Willesden Lane, London England NW2 5HW Tel +44 (0)81 459 6286 Fax +44 (0)81 451 8865 Several recruitment agenices have email addresses. Skillbase: pschmitz@skillbase.ie Computer Placement: anne@cpl.ie As with all recruitment agencies, do not expect a reply unless they are interested. Friday's edition of the Irish Times is one of the best places to see what is on offer in Ireland. Subsciption information can be found in section 8(ii). (ii) Applying for Irish citizenship ----------------------------------- Anyone who has a parent or grandparent born in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland can get an Irish passport by applying to your local embassy or consulate. You need to have the following :- 1) For the Irish grandparent, birth certificate and marriage license to whoever was the other grandparent of the applicant. 2) For the parent (child of the Irish grandparent) birth certificate and marriage license to your other parent. 3) For you: birth certificate ALL of the above documents must have complete details that prove the connection. In other words, the birth certificate must show the names, dates of birth and places of birth of both your parents, so that they can be conclusively identified to be the same person mentioned on the marriage license and their own birth certificate. Irish documents seem to include these details automatically, but in the U.S., you may have to contact the Vital Statistics Bureau in the state of birth to get an official copy containing more details. ALL of the documents must be official, i.e., must bear the raised stamp of the issuing agency. You have to fill out forms, attach photographs and have it all witnessed, not by a notary public, but by a "clergyman, high school principal, lawyer or bank manager". It costs about $160 if you are claiming through your parent(s), in addition to the cost of getting copies of the documents. If you are claiming citizenship based on your grandparent(s) then you need to pay $270 for Registration of Foreign Birth. There's about a one-year backlog in processing applications. (iii) What is a Claddagh ring? -------------------------------- There are many stories about the Claddagh ring. Claddagh itself refers to a small fishing village just near Galway city. The Claddagh ring supposedly originated in this area. The ring has a design of a heart being encircled by a pair of delicate hands with a crown above the heart. In earlier times this design was the symbol of the "Fishing Kings of Claddagh" meaning 'in love and friendship let us reign'. In the 17th century the symbol was first depicted on a ring which became the fashionable exchange of friends or lovers. In marriage the heart was worn towards the wrist otherwise towards the fingertips. There are many modern versions of the Claddagh Ring. Here are some folk legends about the Claddagh: (a) Way back in the sandy mists of time, so the story went, it seemed as there was this king. This king was madly in love with a peasant woman, but as she was of a lower class the love had to go unrequited. In dread despair the king killed himself and had his hands lopped off and placed around his heart as a symbol of his undying love for the woman. (b) It symbolizes love (heart), friendship/faith (hands) and loyalty (crown). Two hands Joined together in love and Crowned by the Glory of Christ. (d) There was a Dublin version of this Ring that appeared some 100 years back with two hands and two Hearts but No Crown Some call this Version the Fenian Claddagh. (e) The Crown to The Father, The Left hand to the Son, and the Right Hand the the Holy Ghost. This Explanation is directly Correlative to the Shamrock, one of the Earliest Symbols of the Holy Trinity among the Irish. (f) Some will say Beathauile is the Crown, Anu is the Left hand, and the Dagda Mo/r is the Right hand and the Heart is the Hearts of all mankind and that which gives the everlasting music to the Gael. (g) As legend has it, the town developed the ring (originally a sigil to be painted on ships and sails) to be worn by sailors of Claddagh. When these sailors would run into other fishermen in their waters, they would check for the sigil, and if they did not find it, they would kill them. (h) The original Claddagh ring is generally attributed to one Richard Joyce, a native of Galway, who while being transported as a slave to the plantations of the West Indies was captured by Mediterranean pirates and sold to a Moorish goldsmith who trained him in his craft. In 1689 he was released and returned to Galway and set up his shop in the Claddagh. (The Claddagh is said to be the oldest fishing village in Ireland). By tradition the ring is taken to signify the wish that Love and Friendship should reign supreme. The hands signify friendship, the crown loyalty, and the heart love. The ring has become popular outside Connamera since the middle of the last century- its spread being helped by the vast exodus from the West during the great Famine in 1847-49. These rings were kept as heirlooms with great pride and passed from mother to daughter. Today, the ring is worn extensively across Ireland, either on the right hand with the heart turned outwards showing that the wearer is "fancy free" or with the heart turned inwards to denote that he or she is "spoken for". The pride of place is on the left hand, with the heart turned in, indicating that the wearer is happily married. (iv) Irish National Anthem ----------------------------- As Gaeilge: Seo dhibh a cha/irde duan O/glaigh, Cathre/imeach briomhar ceolmhar, A/r dtinte cna/mh go buacach ta/id, 'S an spe/ir go min re/altogach Is fonnmhar faobhrach sinn chun gleo 'S go tiu/nmhar gle/ roimh thi/ocht do'n lo/ Fe/ chiu/nas chaomh na hoiche ar seol: Seo libh canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann Curfa/: Sinne Firnna Fa/il A ta/ fe/ gheall ag E/irinn, buion da/r slua Thar toinn do ra/inig chugainn, Fe/ mho/id bheith saor. Sean ti/r a/r sinsir feasta Ni/ fhagfar fe/'n tiora/n na/ fe'/n tra/il Anocht a the/am sa bhearna bhaoil, Le gean ar Ghaeil chun ba/is no/ saoil Le guna screach fe/ la/mhach na bpile/ar Seo libh canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann. Cois ba/nta re/idhe, ar a/rdaibh sle/ibhe, Ba bhuachach a/r sinsir romhainn, Ag la/mhach go tre/an fe/'n sa/r-bhrat se/in Ta/ thuas sa ghaoith go seolta Ba dhu/chas riamh d'a/r gcine cha/idh Gan iompa/il siar o/ imirt a/ir, 'S ag siu/l mar iad i gcoinne na/mhad Seo libh, canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann Curfa/ A bhui/on na/ch fann d'fhuil Ghaeil is Gall, Sin breacadh lae na saoirse, Ta sce/imhle 's scanradh i gcroi/the namhad, Roimh ranna laochra a/r dtire. A/r dtinte is tre/ith gan spre/ach anois, Sin luisne ghle/ san spe/ir anoir, 'S an bi/obha i raon na bpile/ar agaibh: Seo libh, canai/dh Amhra/n na bh Fiann. Curfa/ English translation We'll sing song, a soldier's song, With cheering rousing chorus, As round our blazing fires we throng, The starry heavens o'er us; Impatient for the coming fight, And as we wait the morning's light, Here in the silence of the night, We'll chant a soldier's song. Chorus: Soldiers are we whose lives are pledged to Ireland; Some have come from a land beyond the wave. Sworn to be free, No more our ancient sire land Shall shelter the despot or the slave. Tonight we man the gap of danger In Erin's cause, come woe or weal 'Mid cannons' roar and rifles peal, We'll chant a soldier's song In valley green, on towering crag, Our fathers fought before us, And conquered 'neath the same old flag That's proudly floating o'er us. We're children of a fighting race, That never yet has known disgrace, And as we march, the foe to face, We'll chant a soldier's song Chorus Sons of the Gael! Men of the Pale! The long watched day is breaking; The serried ranks of Inisfail Shall set the Tyrant quaking. Our camp fires now are burning low; See in the east a silv'ry glow, Out yonder waits the Saxon foe, So chant a soldier's song. Chorus Summer events: ( I realise many of these have passed, but they will be a useful reminder for next year JUNE: 11th-12th ULSTER'S SIXTH STORYTELLING FESTIVAL, CULTRA, CO.DOWN. Storytelling for adults and children, also music and drama. 8th-19th THE MUSIC FESTIVAL IN GREAT IRISH HOUSES. Major Irish and international classical musicians and singers in some of the most splendid Irish houses, including Castletown, Strokestown, Carton and Russborough. 11th-19th AN TOSTAL, DRUMSHANBO, CO.LEITRIM. This is the only continuous celebration of this festival in the country and features feiseanna, traditional bands, set dancing workshops and art competitions for children. 17th-19th FLEADH AMHRAN AGUS RINCE, BALLYCASTLE, CO.ANTRIM. Traditional music, song and dance culminating in a "Concert of Champions". 18th-29th ACHILL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMER SCHOOL, DOOAGH, ACHILL, CO.MAYO. Excavations, field trips and lectures. 25th-JULY 2nd SYNGE SUMMER SCHOOL, RATHDRUM, CO.WICKLOW. "Irish Theatre and Cinema" is the theme this year, with readings, theatre workshops, lectures and live performances. 29th-JULY 3rd GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, MONASTEREVIN, CO.KILDARE. On the 150th anniversary of the poet's birth the programme includes guest speakers and performers from Sweden, Russia and the US. 30th-JULY 2nd JONATHAN SWIFT SEMINAR, ST. PATRICK'S COLLEGE, MAYNOOTH, CO.KILDARE. "The Legacy of Swift" will be examined by, among others, John Banville, Mary McGuckian and Professor Terence Brown. 30th-JULY 3rd THE BRAM STOKER INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, CLONTARF, CO.DUBLIN. The influences on Dracula, both literary and Irish, are included in this year's theme "Gothic Reflections". JULY: 10th-17th KILTARTAN HEDGE SCHOOL, GORT, CO.GALWAY. Of a different style, this school concentrates on the works of Yeats and Lady Gregory in their natural settings of Thoor Ballylee and Coole Park. 13th-24th GALWAY ARTS FESTIVAL. This has the usual line-up of unusual and exotic acts from abroad and the famous Macnas group's annual parade is this year entitled "Tribes". 13th-18th GALWAY FILM FLEADH. The fleadh runs a series of films (last year over 100) at various venues around the city and is usually attended by one or two famous "names". 14th-17th FESTIVAL FRANCAIS DE PORTARLINGTON, CO.LAOIS. Art workshops, French and Cajun music and dance in a celebration of the Huguenot influence on the town. INTERNATIONAL BUSKING FESTIVAL, DERRY. The prize fund of Stg 2#3,000 attracts contestants both national and international. 17th-29th JAMES JOYCE SUMMER SCHOOL, NEWMAN HOUSE, ST STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN 2. The usual run of lectures is interspersed with outings around Dublin, including the pubs, and a coach tour to the Boyne Valley. 21st-24th DUN LAOGHAIRE FESTIVAL. Features arts and entertainment for adults and children, including a song contest. 22nd-24th TEMPLE BAR BLUES FESTIVAL. Free live music in 18 pubs and locations in the area with a free open-air concert in College Green. 23rd-24th ULSTER FLEADH CHEOIL, ARMAGH. Competition for traditional musicians with the usual sessions inside and outside bars. 25th-30th JOHN HEWITT INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, CARNLOUGH, CO.ANTRIM. This year's school focuses on the literature, culture and politics of the city in general, and the Northern Irish city in particular. Music and excursions will also be included. 25th-AUG 6th BOYLE ARTS FESTIVAL, CO.ROSCOMMON. This major arts festival includes poetry readings, classical music and operatic recitals, traditional music and a literary exhibition. 29th-31st ATHY BLUEGRASS FESTIVAL, ATHY, CO.KILDARE. Bluegrass bands from Ireland, Europe and the US. 29th-AUG 1st BALLYSHANNON INTERNATIONAL FOLK FESTIVAL, CO.DONEGAL. Top traditional and folk banks take over the town for the weekend. 29th-AUG 7th O'CAROLAN TRADITIONAL IRISH HARP MUSIC FESTIVAL, KEADUE, CO.ROSCOMMON. Harp recitals and competitions with peripheral dancing activities. 30th-31st FEILE '94, SEMPLE STADIUM, THURLES, CO.TIPPERARY. Probably the last, (though I seem to remember the same being said last year), this year's line-up includes The Cranberries, Elvis Costelloe and the Attractions, Crash Test Dummies, Primal Scream and The Stunning. AUGUST: 2nd-11th KERRY INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL OF LIVING IRISH AUTHORS, TRALEE. As the title suggests, this school concentrates on those writers who are still with us, and further enlivens the proceedings with excursions. 5th-7th LETTERKENNY INTERNATIONAL FOLK FESTIVAL, CO.DONEGAL. Macnas will also be featured in this festival, which includes singers and dancers from Ireland, the UK and Europe. TRADITIONAL MUSIC WEEKEND FESTIVAL, FEAKLE, CO.CLARE. The town is completely taken over each year by the musicians who include, this year, Liam O'Flynn, Noel Hill and singer Sean Tyrell. 6th-20th YEATS INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, SLIGO. This year is its 35th and the topics to be covered include "Yeats, Eliot and the Mythical Method", "The (Other) View from the Tower: George Yeats" and "Yeats and Beckett". 8th-14th WILLIAM CARLETON SUMMER SCHOOL, CLOGHER, CO.TYRONE. The theme for this year, the bicentenary of Carleton's birth, is "William Carleton and the Irish Literary Tradition". BELFAST FOLK FESTIVAL. Over 50 events are promised, mostly held in pubs, with a line-up including artists from Australia, Russia, Bolivia and the US. 9th-14th BELFAST HARP FESTIVAL, ULSTER FOLK & TRANSPORT MUSEUM, BELFAST. Workshops, lectures and performances focused on teaching the harp. 10th-12th PUCK FAIR, KILLORGLIN, CO.KERRY. Apart from the ritual crowning of the goat, participants will be entertained by traditional and other musicians and a busking competition. 11th-20th COOTEHILL ARTS FESTIVAL, CO.CAVAN. Various bands, and a street parade are among the items listed so far for this festival. 14th-19th THE PATRICK MACGILL INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, GLENTIES, CO.DONEGAL. The author's daughters, both writers, will be in attendance this year, and events include several art exhibitions. 14th-21st PARNELL SUMMER SCHOOL, AVONDALE, CO.WICKLOW. "Gender, Class and Politics" will be discussed by John Hume, Gemma Hussey, Emily O'Reilly, Bernadette McAliskey, Brian Lenihan and several more. There will also be a Percy French evening. 18th-21st THE GENERAL HUMBERT SUMMER SCHOOL, BALLINA AND KILLALA, CO.MAYO. Political, economic and cultural topics will be discussed by speakers from the US and Europe under the title "Bridging the Atlantic". 20th-27th MERRIMAN SUMMER SCHOOL, BALLYVAUGHAN, CO.CLARE. The examination of rural Ireland is the topic for this year, in conjunction with the usual activities, from set-dancing to Irish classes. 20th-28th KILKENNY ARTS WEEK. A concentration on classical music is the hallmark of this event, though it also includes theatre and readings. 26th-28th FLEADH CHEOIL NA H-EIREANN, CLONMEL, CO.TIPPERARY. The culmination of the county and regional competitions, the fleadh also includes many impromptu sessions in pubs or on the street (weather permitting). SEPTEMBER: 2nd-4th CLIFDEN COUNTRY BLUES FESTIVAL, CLIFDEN, CO.GALWAY. Previous visitors to this festival have included Van Morrison and Eric Clapton, the latter actually joining in one of the sessions. 9th-11th CORK FOLK FESTIVAL, CORK CITY. Events both large and small will be augmented this year by a special Sean O'Riada commemorative concert. 14th-18th OSCAR WILDE SUMMER SCHOOL, BRAY, CO.WICKLOW. In its inaugural year the event will include lectures, workshops, tours, theatre outings and social events.

8.0: Kernow - Cornwall

-- Ask on WELSH-L -- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum" by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info -- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for more info -section a (Celtic), part 9 Additional information by Sean Kelley : kelley@marsha.sanders.lockheed.com First of all here a couple of addresses for those of you interested in the Cornish language, Kernewek: 1. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language Fellowship) Colin Ellis Chi Ashley (Ashley House) Stret Deghow (South Street) Fordh Ponsmeur (Grampound Road) Truru Kernow UK Tel: 0276 882500 2. Kernewek Dre Lyther (Cornish Correspondence Course) Ray Edwards 6 Halton Road Sutton Coldfield West Midlands B73 6NP UK Tel: 021 354 6249 Those of you who are interested in traditional Cornish music and dance might like to get in touch with Merv & Alison Davey Meneghyjy Withiel Bodmin Kernow UK They are our leading authority on traditional Cornish dance and are able to supply various books, videos and cassettes, including the recent Ilow Hengov ha Koth a Gernow (The Ancient and Traditional Music of Cornwall) by the group PYBA. This cassettes features Cornish bagpipes, Cornish Krowd (a sort of three stringed fiddle), organ, flute, bombarde, harp, kroeder kroghan and vocals in Kernewek. Another interesting cassette is Poll Pri available from Graham Sandercock Trewynn Bre an Loja (Lodge Hill) Lyskerrys (Liskeard) Kernow UK This is more up-beat, and features some superb contemporary songs written by Graham Sandercock in Kernewek. Additional info be Kev Robinson: Cornwall is a county in the southwestern extremity of England. It is a peninsula bounded by the English Channel on the south and the Atlantic Ocean on the north and west, terminating at Land's End. Cornwall's population is 469,300 (1991 est.), and it covers 3,564 km sq (1,376 mi sq). Although Bodmin is the county seat, Truro is the administrative centre. Most of Cornwall consists of rugged moorland that gradually declines in elevation to the heavily indented coastline. The SCILLY ISLANDS, located just offshore, are part of Cornwall. Some agriculture is engaged in; dairy cattle are raised and fruits and vegetables grown. Tin and clay mining is also important. The port towns of Falmouth, Fowey, and Penzance are industrial centers. Tourism is important, and much of the scenic coast is protected from commercial development. Cornwall was occupied by Romans, Saxons, and Celts before the Norman Conquest in 1066, after which it became an Earldom. Since 1337 the heir to the British crown has held the title of Duke of Cornwall.

9.0: Mannin - Isle of Man

-- No info here at present -- Ask on GAELIC-L -- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum" by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info -- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for more info -section a (Celtic), part 9 -- also "Manx Language Officer", Rheynn Ynsee, Murray House, Mount Havelock, Doolish, Isle of Man IM1 2Q ********************************************************************* Note the country is usually referred to as Mann and the island as Isle of Man (note alternative spelling of Man) for the anglicised version of Ellan Vannin. This is obviously not as confusing as the current discussion regarding Eire/Ireland since Mann/Isle of Man are used interchangably.

10.0: Celtic events & societies in major cities around the world

(1) London (2) North America any others? ----------- (1) London The Scottish Tourist Board in London should be able to tell you what's on, ask them for the "De tha dol" list. This is a list I started but which is now maintained by Arthur Findlay does, tel: 081-852 3589 Highlands and Islands society of London (ceilidhs) Ceilidhs with music, dancing and singing in the London area. Usually very good and well attended. Contact for more info: Marybelle Morrisey 081 445 7939; Catherine Cook 081 440 0832 London Gaelic choir. Founded 1892 and the oldest surviving Gaelic choir in the world. Meets each Tuesday 7:30pm-9:30pm in Covent Garden. Contact: Arthur Findlay, 6 Hamlea Close, Eltham Rd, Lee, London SE12 8EU Tel: 081 852 3589. Arthur also has copies of "De tha dol" Gaelic society of London. Founded 1777 and the oldest Gaelic society in the world. Contact: Cliff Castle, 14 Poulton Av, Sutton, Surrey, SM1 3PY Tel: 081 644 7303. Has monthly meetings; social nights; campaigns etc. John Angus Macleod, 5 Berkeley Crescent, Lydney, Gloucestershire, GL15 5SH Coordinates a lot of Gaelic activities in England and Wales. Knows about everything going on! Well known bard and Gaelic teacher, very helpful. The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales, Cornwall and Brittany Contact: Roger Casement Irish Centre, Eastgate Building, 131 St John's Way, London N19 3RQ. Tel: 071- 281 3225 (2) North America An Comunn Gaidhealach has an America branch. Contact: An Comunn Gaidhealach (Ameireaga) Inc., P.O. Box 5288, Takoma Park, Maryland, 20912, USA List of Highland Games Note: Although many of these days have passed, they are still likely to be relevant if you are interested in Highland Games in your area and think you might go along next year. >From green@bigbird.csd.scarolina.edu Fri Aug 12 17:50:52 1994 From: "James W. Green III" Subject: Games Schedule WARNING: This list may contain errors. If you are actually going to one of these Gatherings-Games-Festivals, please contact me Green@Bigbird.CSD.SCarolina.Edu & see if we can get you the address of the games so you can snail a letter for a folder & thereby get verification of the date & place of the chosen gathering. The best place to check is to go to a library & look for the Highlander Magazine & look at the schedule in the back then look thru it for an article & an ad on the said games. Likewise you can check the Scottish Banner newspaper & with your clan & its newsletter. Please give me Green@Bigbird.CSD.SCarolina.Edu corrections of any errors & the source of the correction, e.g.: games folder, Highlander issue, clan X newsletter issue. We should start a list of E-mail addresses for the games. I have E-mail addresses for people with 3 games here in the SE USA. 1994 Mar 4-6 - NY South Fallsburg / Pines 1) Mar 5 --- FL Key Biscane, Crandon Gardens / So.East Florida 1) Apr 2 --- CA Pozo / Pozo Whiskey Highland Games 2) Apr 2-3 - HI Honolulu,Bishop Museum Grds / Hawaiian Scottish Festival & Games 2) Apr 15-17 NC Charlotte / Loch Norman Highland Games 2) Apr 16 -- FL Dunedin / Dunedin Highland Games 2) Apr 22-24 BC Vancouver / The British Show 2) Apr 22-24 AR Batesville, Arkansas College / Ozark Scottish Festival 2) Apr 30 -- CA San Diego, Balboa Park / Celtic Festival 1) Apr 30 -- MD St.Leonard, Jefferson Park / Southern Maryland Celtic Festival 1) Apr 30 -- OH Findlay / Northwest Ohio Celtic-Am. Festival 1) Apr 30 -1 CA Roseville / Sacramento Valley Games 2) May 7 --- PA Edinboro, University of Pa / Spring Ceilidh & Festival 1) May 7 --- TX Houston / Houston Highland Games 2) May 7 --- MN St.Paul, Macalester College / Scottish Country Fair 1,2) May 12-15 GA Savannah,Old Fort Jackson / Savannah Scot. Games & Highland G. 1,2) May 13-15 KY Carrollton,Gen.Butler State Park / Kentucky Scottish Weekend 1,2) May 14-15 TX Longview / Old Country School of East Mountain Celtic Fest. 1) May 14 -- NM Albuquerque / Rio Grande Valley Festival & Highland Games 2) May 14 -- CA Corte Madera, Country Day School / Marin Highland Games 1) May 20-22 TN Gatlinburg, Mills Park / Gatlinburg Scottish Festival & Games 1,2) May 21 -- MD Fair Hill, Fair Hill Race Track / Colonial Highland Gathering 1,2) May 27-28 VA Beaverdam, Scotchtown / Central Virginia Scottish Festival 1,2) May 27-29 MI Alma, Alma College Campus / Alma Highland Festival & Games 1,2) May 28-29 CA Costa Mesa, Orange County Fairgrounds / Costa Mesa Games 1,2) Jun 2-5 - KY Lucas, Barren River State Park / Glasgow Highland Games 1) Jun 3-5 - TX Arlington / Texas Scottish Festival & Highland Games 1,2) Jun 4 --- CA Modesto / Modesto Gathering & Games 2) Jun 4 --- MD McHenry,Garrett County Fairgrounds / McHenry Highland Festival 1,2) Jun 4 --- WA*Ferndale / Bellingham Highland Games 1) Jun 4 --- WI Milwaukee / Milwaukee Highland Games 1,2) Jun 4-5 - OH Rio Grande / 3rd annual Celtic Fest 1) Jun 11 -- KS Kansas City, Barstow School / Kansas City Highland Games 1) Jun 11-12 CA*Ferndale / Ferndale Highland Games 2) Jun 18 -- CA San Diego, Rancho Santa Fe Park / San Diego Highland Games 1,2) Jun 18 -- IL Oakbrook / Illinois St. Andrews Society Highland Games 2) Jun 18 -- PA Devon / Delco Scottish Games 1,2) Jun 18-19 VA Leesburg, Oatlands Plantation / 1st ann. Celtic Fest 1) Jun 23-25 OH Oberlin, Oberlin College / Ohio Sciottish Games 1,2) Jun 25 -- WA Graham,Frontier Park / Tacoma-Pierce County Highland Games 1) Jun 25 -- BC Coquitlam / United Scottish Highland Games 2) Jun 25 -- CA Concord / Concord Scottish Highland Games 2) Jun 25-26 CA Big Bear / Big Bear Scottish Festival 2) Jul 1 --- ON Embro / Zorra Highland Games 2) Jul 2 --- ON Collingwood / Collingwood Scottish Festival 2) Jul 2 --- CT Darien / Round Hill Highland Games 2) Jul 9 --- CA Oakland / Dunsmuir House Scottish Fair 2) Jul 9 --- ON Haliburton / Haliburton Highland Games 2) Jul 9 --- UT Payson, City Park / Scottish Fest 1) Jul 7-10 NC Linville / 39th Grandfather Mountain Highland Games 1,2,4,5) Jul 9-10 OR Athena,City Park / Caledonian Games 1) Jul 15-16 VT Wilmington,Mount Snow Resort / Southern Vermont Highland Games 1,2) Jul 16 -- OR Gresham / Portland Highland Games 2) Jul 16 -- CO Colorado Springs / Pikes Peak Highland Games & Celtic Festival 2) Jul 22-24 NB Fredericton / New Brunswick Highland Games 1,2) Jul 23 -- MA Warren / Quaboag Scottish Festival 2) Jul 23 -- IN Fort Wayne / Indiana Highland Games 2) Jul 23-24 VA Alexandria,Episcopal High School/21st ann.Va.Scot.Games & Gat. 1,2) Jul 29-30 ON Maxville / Glengarry Highland Games 1,2) Jul 30 -- MA Blanford / Scottish Fest. 1) Jul 31 -- PQ St. Lambert / Montreal Highland Games 2) Aug 5-6 - CA Monterey / Monterey Scottish Festival 2) Aug 6 --- MA Easton / Tam O'Shanter Highland Games 2) Aug 12-14 ON Fergus, Victoria Park / Fergus Highland Games & Scottish Fest. 1,2) Aug 12-13 NY Liverpool, Long Branch Park / Central New York Scottish Games 1,2) Aug 13-14 IN Columbus, City Park / Columbus Scottish Festival 1,2) Aug 13-14 CO Highlands Ranch, Heritage Park / Colorado Scottish Festival 1,2) Aug 14-S3 SCOTLAND Edinburgh / Scotland / International Festival 1) Aug 20 -- ME Brunswick, Thamas Point Beach / Maine Highland Games 1,2) Aug 20 -- CA Campbell / Campbell Highland Games 2) Aug 27 -- VT Quechee, Polo Field / Quechee Scottish Festival 1,2) Aug 27-28 OR Myrtle Creek / Celtic Highland Games 2) Sep 3-5 - MO Bethel / Mo Heritage Fest 1) Sep 8-11 CO Estes Park / Longs Peak Scottish Highland Festival 1,2) Sep 10 -- PA Ligonier / Ligonier Highland Games 2) Sep 16-18 NH Lincoln / New Hampshire Highland Games 2) Sep 17 -- CA Fresno / Fresno Highland Games & Gathering 2) Sep 17 -- SC Mt. Pleasant / Charleston Scottish Games & Gathering 2) Sep 17 -- NY Amherst / Amherst Museum Scottish Festival 2) Sep 17 -- OK Tulsa / Oklahoma Scottish Games & Gathering 2) Sep 30 O2 PA Bethlehem / Chevrolet Celtic Classic Highland Games 2) Oct 1 --- CT Goshen / St. Andrews Society of Connecticut Festival 2) Oct 1 --- NC Red Springs / Flora McDonald Highland Games 5) Oct 1-2 - TN Nashville / Nashville Highland Games 2) Oct 1-2 - CA Yuba City / Yuba Sutter Scottish Festival 2) Oct 8 --- CA Glendale / Glendale Celtic Gathering 2) Oct 13-16 GA Atlanta / 22nd Stone Mt. Scottish Festival & Highland Games 3) Oct 15-16 CA Chino / Loch Prado Highland Games 2) Oct 22-23 CA Cupertino / Cupertino Celtic Faire 2) Oct 29 -- AZ Tucson / Tucson Highland Games 2) Oct 29 -- NC Waxhaw / Waxhaw Highland Games 5) Nov 11-13 TX Salado / Salado Scottish Games 2) Sources:NB 1) Eleanor McCallum's transcription from the Highlander posted 18 Feb & 10 Mar 1994 to clan server & rearranged by James Green 21 Apr. 1994. 2) James Green's transcription from The Scottish Banner April 1994 page 12. 3) flyer James Green picked up (at Loch Norman Games) on Stone Mt. Games. 4) flyer James Green picked up (at Loch Norman Games) on Grandfather Mt. Games 5) "Future NC Highland Games" printed on back of Loch Norman Games ticket If there was a conflict between sources, the later source was used. * Jun 4 WA Ferndale could be moved to Jun 11-12 (see "Jun 11-12 CA Ferndale") * No Ferndale CA found in Hammond Atlas, but there is one in Washington (see "Jun 4 WA Ferndale".

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