
The UK phone numbers in this guide will be changing soon. Replace the
initial 0 with 01. i.e. 031 123 4567 will be
0131 123 4567 (or from outside the UK, +[44] 131 123 4567.)
The new style phone numbers are already in operation.
Accents in this document are represented by a / or \ after the vowel in
question e.g. e/ represents e-fada (=e acute)

Contents
2.1: The Celts
2.2: The Celtic languages
2.3: What is GAELIC-L, WELSH-L, CELTIC-L, IRTRAD-L and how do I subscribe?
2.4: Where can I get Celtic Music?
2.5: How do I identify which Celtic language this is?
2.6: Books for Celtic names for children
2.7: Multilingual publications
2.8: General on-line language resources
2.9: Pan Celtic information

Historical background
The Celts (pronounced with a hard C like "Claymore") appear in Europe
as a group of peoples who spoke languages in the Celtic branch of the
Indo-European family of languages. Other branches of the Indo-European
family are Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic
(includes English), Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (Latin based) and
Tocharian. Celtic is closest to the Italic group. European languages
not belonging to the Indo-European group are Basque, Hungarian,
Finnish, Estonian and Lappish (also called Saami). Basque is notable
in that it is almost certainly a remnant of the languages present in
Europe before the Indo-European expansion. Hungarian, however, was
brought from the East at a later date. Pictish (now extinct) was also
probably non IE, more of this later.
The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name
because of the burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns
which in turn were buried in fields...) much earlier than the Romanized
Celtic world of the late 500-400 BC.
I use the word "evolve" because it is difficult to define just when the
Celts became a culture unto themselves. That said, a culture can be
defined according to economic stability, shared religious beliefs and
social structure.
Around 1500-1000BC, the Celts lived in an area which today is mostly in
Eastern France. The area stretched from roughly where Luxemburg is today
to a bit further south than Geneva and took in parts of modern day
West Germany and Switzerland. It was an area a little bigger than the
island of Ireland.
The Celts then expanded to cover an area covering most of Western
Europe and Central Europe. Around 400BC, the Celts lived in what
is now called Britain, Ireland, France (i.e. Gaul), Luxemburg, Belgium,
Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Celts also
lived in parts of Spain (notable Galicia), northern Italy, The Netherlands,
the southern half of Germany, and parts of Poland and Russia (source: "The
Story of English", Faber and Faber; BBC books 1992).
After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European
group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by sucessive
waves of Indo-European peoples, notably Germanic and Latin based. The main
migration was by the Galli or Gauls into France, northern Italy and the
north of Europe.
>From "The Celts", by Frank Delaney (Grafton Books, a division of Collins
Publishing Group; copyright London 1986):
Hallstatt - This site at Hallstatt, Austria, was first uncovered by a
George Ramsauer (a local) in 1846. It was not until 30 years later that
a team of investigators from the Academy of Sciences in Vienna performed
an exhaustive investigation of the local salt mine (the natural resource
that had supported a local economy near Hallstatt for perhaps 4500 years)
and the approximately 2500 grave sites there.
The time in European history of this snapshot of Celtic cultural
development is approximately 800 B.C. The Celtic people here were an
iron using people who traded salt to the south as far as Italy and as
far north as Bohemia. "The grave goods - predominantly iron-made - ...
indicated a sophisticated and hierarchical society. These people,
superb iron-workers, owned and buried beautifully-decorated vessels,
ornamented weaponry and horse trappings, all of a standard much
advanced upon that recorded from earlier Europe, reflecting a decisive
and recognizable social structure."
Prior to these discoveries at Hallstatt, the Iron Age map of Europe only
included Rome and Greece as "civilizations". "But now 'the glory that was
Greece, the grandeur that was Rome' had a proven tangible rival - the
opulence and clear structure of the Celtic civilization."
"The Hallstatt Culture reflects the Celts in their state of development
between the beginning of the ninth century B.C. and the middle of the
seventh century B.C. - an iron-using, farming, trading people with fixed
patterns of habitation and society." So, the term Hallstatt has more to
do with the state of development of the whole society than the time at
which this development was achieved. For example, artifacts found in
Ireland dated four-hundred years later than those found at Hallstatt may
still be described as Hallstatt based on the way in which they were made
and the reflections of their local society.
La Tene -- In 1858, near Neuchatel, Switzerland, another trove of Celtic
objects was uncovered. Subsequent excavations in this area indicated that
"busy and continuous life" had existed by the lake at Neuchatel for hundreds
of centuries.
As the Hallstatt cultural period of the Celts lasted from between 800/700 B.C.
to 600/500 B.C., "La Tene denotes a period which took over from Hallstatt
Culture". La Tene Culture can be divided into three periods: Early La Tene,
600-500 B.C.; Middle La Tene, 300-100 B.C.; and Late La Tene which leads into
the end of Celtic dominance in central Europe as the Roman Empire began to
expand north of the Alps.
"If Hallstatt Culture may be seen as survival and breakthrough from basic
comfort to the nucleus of civilization, the Celts of La Tene Culture,
luxuriated, shone, swaggered, thought, expressed themselves....La Tene
meant more lavish burials, more advanced decoration on swords, helmets,
brooches, more cosmopolitan influence."
"La Tene Culture lifts the Celts from being just another of the myriad
European tribally-originated peoples who made an impact in the days before
literacy. La Tene spirit establishes the Celts as a real 'civilization'".
"La Tene Culture finds the Celts amongst wealth and glory and
possession and expression. They had mobility, style, trade, power.
They had given themselves definition; they had acquired a considerable
presence; and they had, for their elegance and heroism, earned respect,
an assured people. The way of the Celts within that period, the five
hundred years or so before Christ, fixed them in the popular
imagination - mythological in splendour, glorious in their gold and
jewels, mysterious in the tracery of their ornamentation, opulent in
the evidence of their possessions."
"And the term 'La Tene' defines the essential vision of the Celts and
their civilization, marks their major cultural presence in Europe,
when their attitude , personality, style, came of age. Through La
Tene, Europe saw them as importanantn t, powerful and fascinating.
Their spread across the continent, their multifarious presence, made
them a force to be reckoned with."
There are some Celtic artifacts in the Hungarian National History
Museum in Budapest. Gellert Hill, which towers over the Danube on the
Buda side of the river, was once a Celtic fort. After pushing through
the area on their original journeys across Europe, Celtic peoples from
what became from France returned to the area around the 4th century I
believe. They introduced coinage to the area and traded. Outside of
Budapest, there are Roman ruins which were built over the site of a
Celtic village. The Romans called the place Aquinctum -- which was
based on An-ke (I believe) which meant 'place near water' in the Celtic
language of that particular group.

A Celtic Bibliography
This is an extensive list of Celtic studies research material. This was
compiled by Denise Inglis and was compiled during research for her
thesis. This list is also available to FTP from yeats.csufresno.edu
/pub/misc/celtic_studies.bib
Celtic reading list compiled by Denise Inglis
First Light on an Irish Tomb (ancient tomb at Newgrange may have had
astronomical function.) Science News 135 (Feb. 11, 1989) : 88ff.
Alcock, Leslie. Arthur's Britain : History and Archaeology - A. D. 367-634.
London : Allen Lane, 1974.
Anderson, Marjorie O. The Celtic Church in Kinrimund. IN The Mediaeval
Church of St. Andrews.
Arbesmann, Rudolph. The cervuli and anniculae in Caesarius of Arles.
Traditio 35:89-119 1979.
Bamford, Christopher. Ecology and Holiness : The Heritage of Celtic
Christianity. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight. No. 3, 66-78, Spring
1983.
Bammesberger, Alfred, and Wollmann, Alfred, eds. Britain 400-600: language
and history [conf pprs, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon lang & hist, Eichstatt, W
Germany, 1988; indexed selectively]. Anglistische Forschungen, 205.
Heidelberg, Germany : Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1990.
Barton, Beverly. Sketches and Reflections on a Celtic Pilgrimage. illus, by
M. Bowes & A. Mitchell. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight 6 No. 4,
70-75 Summer, 1986.
Beaulieu, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de. La monnaie au nom des rois Gesatorix
et Ecritusirus. IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp.
305-322.
Bede. Opera Historica. Loeb Classical Library, 2 vol. Cambridge,
Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1954.
Biel, Jorg. A Celtic Grave in Hochdorf, Germany. Archaeology 40 (Nov -
Dec, 1987) : 22ff.
Biel, Jorg. Treasure From a Celtic Tomb. National Geographic 157 (March
1980) : 428-438.
Bieler, Ludwig. Ancient Hagiography and the Lives of St. Patrick. IN Forma
futuri : studi in onone de Cardinale Michele Pelligrino. ed. Antonio
Maddalena. 650-655, 1975. Turin : Bottega d'Erasmo.
Bieler, Ludwig. Christian Ireland's Graeco-Latin Heritage. Studia Patristica
13 (part 2) ed. Elizabeth Livingstone. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1975, 3-9.
Bieler, Ludwig. Ireland: Harbinger of the Middle Ages. New York : Oxford
University Press.
Bieler, Ludwig. Patrick's Synod: A Revision. Melange Offerts a
Mademoiselle C. Mohrmann ed. T. N. Hamess et. al. Utrecht/Anvers :
Spectrum Editeurs, 1963, 96-102
Bieler, Ludwig. The Celtic Hagiographer. Studia Patristica vol. 5, (1964)
243-265.
Bieler, Ludwig. The Irish Penitentials : Their Religious and Social
Background. Studia Patristica vol. 18 (Part II) ed. by F. L. Cross. Berlin,
1966, 329-339.
Bieler, Ludwig. The Life and Legend of St. Patrick. Dublin : Clonmore and
Reynolds, 1949.
Binchy, Daniel A. A pre-Christian survival in mediaeval Irish hagiography.
IN Ireland in early medieval Europe; ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp.
165-178.
Birley, Eric. The Deities of Roman Britain. IN Principat 18,1 : Heidentum
: Dei religiosen Verhaltnisse in den Provinzen. Aufsteig und Niedergang der
romischen Welt 2, 18: 1, ed. by Wolfgang Haase. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter,
1986, pp. 3-112.
Boyd, Robin. Ireland: Christianity discredited or pilgrim's progress?
Risk no. 37:1-127, 1988.
Boyle, Alexander. The Birthplace of St. Patrick. Scottish Historical Review
60 No.2, 156 160, October 1981.
Bradshaw, Brendan. The wild and woolly West: early Irish Christianity and
Latin orthodoxy. The churches, Ireland and the Irish; ed by W Sheils and D
Wood, 1989. pp. 1-23.
Brenneman, Walter L. Serpents, Cows and Ladies : Contrasting Symbolism
in Irish and Indo-European Cattle Raiding Myth. History of Religion 28 :
340-354, May 1989.
Brown, T. J. An Historical Introduction to the Use of Classical Latin
Authors in the British Isles From the 5th to the 11th Century. IN La Cultura
antica nell'Occidente Latinodal 7 all 11 secolo. ed, Jeauneau, Edouard.
237-293, 1975. (22nd Conference Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo.
Spoleto, Italy : Centro Italiano di Studisull'alto Medioevo.)
Browne, Ray Broadus. The Celtic Cross, Studies in Irish Culture and
Literature. Freeport, New York : Books for Libraries Press, 1970.
Butler, L. A. S. Continuity of settlement in Wales in the central Middle Ages.
IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 61-66.
Carey, John. Ireland and the Antipodes: the heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg.
Speculum 64 : 1-10, January 1989.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. Sun [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960].
Epiphany 6 No 1:78, Fall 1985.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. The voice of thunder [Celtic poem fr The Sun
Dance, 1960]. Epiphany 6 No. 1:79, Fall 1985.
Carmichael, Alexander, ed. The new moon [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance,
1960]. Epiphany 6 No 1:79, Fall 1985.
Cathasaigh, Donal O. The cult of Brigid: a study of pagan-Christian
syncretism in Ireland (bibliog, maps, photos). IN Mother worship: theme and
variations; ed by J. Preston, 1982. pp. 75-94.
Chadwick, Nora K. Celtic Britain. Ancient People and Places Series, vol. 34,
ed. Dr. Glyn Daniel. New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.
Chadwick, Nora K. Studies in the Early British Church. London :
Cambridge University Press, 1958.
Chadwick, Nora K. The Celts. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England :
Penguin Books, 1970.
Chadwick, Nora K. The Druids.
Chaney, W. A. Royal Role in the Conversion of England. Journal of Church
and State 9 : 317-331, August 1967.
Charriere, Georges. Feux, buchers, et autodafes bien de chez nous. Revue de
l'histoire des religion 194 : 23-64, July 1978.
Chute, Desmond. On St Columban of Bobbio [Vita S Columbani]. Downside
Review 67:170-182,304-314, 1949.
Confren, Mary. The Serpent and the Goddess : Women Religion, and Power
in Celtic Ireland. 1st ed. San Francisco : Harper and Row, 1989.
Cooke, Richard Joseph, Bp, 1853-1931. The ancient British and Ephesian
succession theories. Methodist Review 80:249-269 Mr 1898.
Corbett, Deborah. The voice of the Celtic harp [photos; Celtic modal scales].
Epiphany 5 No. 1 : 22-26, Fall 1984.
Cowan, Edward J. Myth and identity in early medieval Scotland. Scottish
Historical Review 63 : 111-135, October 1984.
Cowdrey, Herbert E. J. Bede and the 'English people'. Journal of Religious
History 11, 501 - 523, December 1981.
Creban, Joseph H. The Theology of Eucharistic Consecration : Role of the
Priest in Celtic Liturgy (periglawr). Theological Studies 40, 334-343. June
1979.
Cunliffe, Barry. Celtic death rituals [Danebury pit burials; photos].
Archaeology 41 no 2:39-43, 1988.
Curran, M. Sacratissimi Martyres and Early Irish Latin Hymns. Studia
Patristica 15, pt. 1, 539-544, 1984.
Davidson, H R Ellis. Mithraism and the Gunderstrup bowl [figs]. IN
Mithraic studies, v 2; ed by J Hinnells, 1975. pp. 494-506.
Davies, Wendy. Celtic Women in the Early Middle Ages. IN Images of
Women in Antiquity 145-166, 1983. ed. Averil Cameron and Amelie Kurt.
Detroit, Michigan : Wayne State University Press, 1983.
Davies, Wendy. Property rights and property claims in Welsh vitae of the
eleventh century. IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F Dolbeau, et al.,
1981. pp. 515-533.
Davies, Wendy. The Latin charter-tradition in western Britain, Brittany and
Ireland in the early mediaeval period. IN: Ireland in early medieval Europe;
ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp. 258-280.
De Vries, Jan. La religion des Celts. The religion of Mankind Series, No. 18.
Paris : Payot, 1984.
De Waal, Esther. The extraordinary in the ordinary (Celtic sacramental
practice of verse in daily life). Weavings 2 : 6-15 May - June, 1987.
Deanesly, Margaret. The Pre-Conquest Church in England. New York :
Oxford University Pres, 1961.
Debarge, Louis. Le syncretism religieux : druidisme et Christianisme.
Melanges de Sciences Religieuses 46 : 5-21, March 1989.
Delaney, John J. ed. Saints for All Seasons. Garden City, New York :
Doubleday, 1978.
Demoule, Jean-Paul. L'analyse archeologique de cimitieres et l'example des
necropoles celtiques. IN La mort et les morts dans la societes anciennes. ed.
Cherardo Anoli et Jean Pierre Vernant, 319-337, 1982. Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Dillon, Myles. Early Irish Literature. Chicago : University of Chicago Press,
1948.
Dillon, Myles. The Cycles of the Kings. London : Oxford University Press,
1946.
Dooley, Kate. From Penance to Confession : The Celtic Contribution.
Bijdragen : Tijdschrift voor Philosophie en Theologie 43 : 390-411, 1982.
Draak, Maartje. Migration over sea [Celtic gods in Irish mythology]. Numen
9:81-98, 1962.
Drury, P. J. Non-classical religious buildings in iron age and Roman Britain
: a review [maps; bibliog]. IN Temples, churches and religion, pt 1; ed by W
Rodwell, 1980. pp. 45-78.
Dumville, David N. Beowulf and the Celtic world: the uses of evidence [figs].
Traditio 37:109-160, 1981.
Duncan, Archibald A. Bede, Iona and the Picts. IN Writing of History in
the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern. 1-42, 1981.
ed. John M. Wallace-Hadrill, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1981.
Duval, Paul M. Observation sur les dieux de la Gaule. Revue de l'histoire
des religions 145 (January - March, 54) : 5-17.
Enright, Michael J. The Sutton Hoo whetstone sceptre: a study in
iconography and cultural milieu. IN: Anglo-Saxon England, 11; ed by P
Clemoes, 1983. pp. 119-134.
Evans-Wentz, W. Y. The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries. New Hyde Park,
New York : University Books, 1966.
Laing, Lloyd. The Origins of Britain. New York : Schribner, 1980.
Farmer, David H. Benedict's Disciples. Leominster, Great Britain : Fowler
Wright Books, Ltd., 1980.
Fenn, R. W. D. Age of the Saints. IN A History of the Church in Wales. ed.
by David Walker 1-23, 1976. Penarth, Wales : Church in Wales Publishing,
1976.
Ferguson, Everett, et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Early Christianity New York
: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.
Ford, Patrick K. Celtic Women : the Opposing Sex. IN Viator, vol 19 :
Medieval and Renaissance Studies, eds. Benson, Robert L.; A. R. Branmuller,
Robert I. Burns et al. Berkeley, California : University of California Press,
1988.
Forrester, Duncan B. and Douglas M. Murray, ed. Studies in the History of
Worship in Scotland. Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark, 1984.
Fox, Cyril, Sir. The Early Cultures of North-west Europe. H. M. Chadwick
Memorial Studies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1950.
Frend, William H. C. Ecclesia Britannica Prelude or Dead End? Journal of
Ecclesiastical History 30 : 129-144, April 1979.
Frey, Otto-Herman. The chariot tomb from Adria: some notes on Celtic
horsemanship and chariotry [photos; il; bibliog]. IN To illustrate the
monuments; ed by J Megaw, 1976. pp. 171-179.
Frye, Roland M. Christ and Ingeld. (Anglo-Saxon myth) Theology Today
11, 225-232, July, 1954.
Grant, R. M. Christianity in Roman Britain. Anglican Theological Review
51 : 79-96 April 1969.
Green, Miranda J. Triplism and plurality: intensity and symbolism in Celtic
religious expression [bibliog, photos] IN Sacred and profane; ed by P
Garwood, et al., 1991. pp. 100-108.
Green, Miranda. The Gods of the Celts. Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes &
Noble, 1986.
Green, Miranda. Theomorphism [photos; history of eastern influences in
Great Britain]. IN Roman life and art in Britain, 2; J Munby and M Henig,
eds., 1977. pp. 297-326.
Greene, David H, ed. An Anthology of Irish Literature. New York : The
Modern Library. 1954.
Gwynn, Aubrey and R. Neville Hadcock. Medieval Religious Houses :
Ireland. Harlow : Longmans, 1970.
Hanson, R. P. C. St. Patrick, a saint for all traditions. 193-196. IN Askum
Thyateira : Festschrift Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain.
London, England : Thyateira House, 1985.
Hanson, R. P. C. The Life and Writings of St. Patrick. New York : Seabury
Press, 1983.
Hanson, R. P. C. Patrick and the Mensura fidei. IN Studia Patristica vol.
10, pt. 1, ed. F. Cross, 109-111, 1970.
Hanson, R. P. C. St. Patrick, His Origins and Career. London : Oxford
University Press, 1968.
Hanson, R. P. C. The Omissions in the Text of the Confession of St. Patrick
in the Book of Armagh. IN Studia Patristica vol. 12, pt. 1, ed. Elizabeth
Livingstone 91-95, 1975.
Hatchett, Marion J. The eucharistic rite of the Stowe missal Time and
community; ed by J. Alexander, 1990. pp. 153-170
Heailidhe, Padraig O. Crosses and slabs at St Berrihert's Kyle in the Glen of
Aherlow. IN North Munster studies; Essays for M Moloney; ed by E Rynne,
1967. pp. 102-132.
Heist, William H. Hagiography, chiefly Celtic, and recent developments in
folklore. IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F. Dolbeau, et al., 1981.
pp. 121-141.
Heist, William W. Irish Saints' Lives, Romance and Cultural History. IN
Medieval Hagiography and Romance ed. P. Clogan 25-40, 1975. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press. (Medievalia et Humanistica, new series, No. 6.)
Henry, Franoise. Irish Art in the Early Christian Period (to 800 A. D.)
Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1965.
Henry, Patrick Leo. The Early English and Celtic Lyric. London : Allen and
Unwin, 1966.
Herbert, Maire. The Bible in early Iona [bibliog]. IN The Bible in Scottish
life and literature; ed by D Wright, 1988. pp. 131-139.
Horgan, John. Irish Mist; A Tomb in Ireland May be the Oldest
Astronomical Structure. Scientific American, 260 (April, 1989) : 22ff.
Hubert, Henri. The Greatness and Decline of the Celts. London, K. Paul,
Trench, Trubner, 1934.
Hughes, Kathleen. Evidence for Contacts Between Churches of the Irish and
English From the Synod of Whitby to the Viking Age (664 - 9th Century). IN
England Before the Conquest : Studies in Primary Sources Presented to
Dorothy Whitelock. ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes 49-67, 1971,
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Hughes, Kathleen. Sanctity and Secularity in the Early Irish Church. IN
Sanctity and Secularity : Paper Read at the 11th Summer Meeting and the
12th Winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. ed. Derek Baker,
21-37, 1973. Oxford : Basil Blackwell Press. Studies in Church History Vol.
10.
Hyde, Douglas. A Literary History of Ireland From Earliest Times to the
Present Day. New York : Barnes & Noble, 1967.
Jackson, Kenneth. Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological
Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th century A. D. Edinburgh :
University Press, 1971.
John, Eric. The social and political problems of the early English church.
Land, church and people; ed by J Thirsk, 1970. pp. 39-63.
Jones, W. R. Medieval State-building and the Churches of the Celtic Fringe.
Journal of Church and State 16 : 407-419, August, 1974.
Joyce, P. W. Old Celtic Romances. London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1920.
Keane, Edward. St. Patrick's Journey Through West Limerick. IN North
Munster Studies : Essays for M. Moloney. ed. by E. Rynne. 169-171, 1967.
Limerick : The Thomond Archaeological Society, 1967.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. Books, Learning, and Sanctity in Early Christian Ireland.
Thought LIV (1979).
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Virgin Birth in Hiberno-Latin Theology. Studia
Patristica 15, pt 1, 328-335, 1984.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Escape of St. Patrick From Ireland (Confessio 17 -
19; 23). Studia Patristica 18, vol 1, 41-45, 1986.
Kelly, Joseph F. T. The Attitudes Toward Paganism in Early Christian
Ireland. IN Diakonia : Studies in Honor of Robert T. Meyer. 214-223, 1986.
ed. Thomas Halton, and Joseph P. Williamson, Washington, D. C. : Catholic
University of America Press, 1986.
Kendrick, T. D. The Druids : A Study in Keltic Prehistory. New York :
Barnes & Noble, 1966.
Kenney, James F. The Sources for the Early History of Ireland I :
Ecclesiastical. New York : Octagon Books, 1966 (1929).
Knudsen, Johannes. Celtic Christianity. Dialog (Minnesota) 22 : 56-59,
Winter 1983.
Knudsen, Johannes. Let's go a few steps further. [worship practices] Dialog
20 : 61-63, Winter 1981.
Laing, Lloyd, ed. Studies in Celtic survival [papers from conf on Celtic
continuity, Liverpool, England, March 1976; indexed selectively]. British
Archaeological Reports, 37. Oxford, England: British Archaeological Reports,
1977.
Laing, Lloyd. Celtic Britain. Britain Before the Conquest Series, ed. Andrew
Wheatcraft. London : Paladin Books, 1981.
Laing, Lloyd. Segontium and the post-Roman occupation of Wales. IN
Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 57-60.
Laing, Lloyd. The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain & Ireland. London :
Methuen, 1975.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of the Expansion of Christianity : Vol
II. The Thousand Years of Uncertainty. Grand Rapids, Michigan :
Zondervan, 1970.
Laurence, Anne. Irish Studies and Myth History. History Today 37
December, 1987 : 8ff.
Lehane, Brendan. The Quest for Three Abbots. New York : Viking Press,
1968.
Lethbridge. Thomas Charles. Herdsmen and Hermits : Celtic Seafarers in the
Northern Seas. Cambridge : Bowes and Bowes, 1950.
Lewis, Suzanne. Sacred Calligraphy : The Chi-Rho Page in the Book of
Kells. Traditio : Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and
Religion 36, 139-159, 1980.
Linklater, Eric. The Royal House of Scotland. London : Macmillan Books,
1970
Loffler, Christa M. The Pre-Christian Conceptions of Time, Death, and
Eternity as Reflected in Irish Mythology. IN Zeit, Tod, und Ewigkeit in die
Renaissance Literatur Band 3. ed. James Hogg. Salzburg, Austria : Institut fr
Anglistik und Amerikanistik, 1987. (Analecta Cartusiana, 917 : 3). pp. 5-43.
Loicq, Jean. Ogmios - Varuna et l'organisation de la fonction de souverainete
dans le pantheon celtique. IN Orientalia : J. Duchesne-Guillimin, Emerito
Oblata, ed. Jean Loicq, Pierre Lecoq, Vassiliy Abaev, et al. Leiden : E. J.
Brill, 1984, pp. 341-382.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. New York
: Haskell House, 1967.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. Studies in Medieval Literature : A Memorial
Collection of Essays. New York : B. Franklin, 1970.
Loomis, Roger Sherman. The Grail, from Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol.
Cardiff : University of Wales Press; New York : Columbia University Press,
1963.
Mac Cana, Proinsias. Celtic Mythology. Feltham, Hamlyn, 1970.
MacCulloch, John Arnold. Celtic Mythology. IN The Mythology of All
Races, vol. 13. ed. Louis Halbert Gray. New York : Cooper Square
Publishers, Inc., 1964, 23-216.
MacCulloch, John Arnold. The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Edinburgh :
T. & T. Clark, 1911.
Mackey, James P, ed. An introduction to Celtic Christianity. Edinburgh: T
& T Clark, 1989.
MacPherson, Vicki Rourke. Newgrange: the illuminated spiral [Ireland;
photos]. Anima 11:117-124, Spring 1985.
Mahr, Adolf. Christian Art in Ancient Ireland : Selected Objects Illustrated
and Described. New York : Hacker Art Books, 1976.
Maier, Bernhard. Sacral kingship in pre-Christian Ireland. Zeitschrift fr
Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 41 no, 1 : 12-32, 1989.
Markale, Jean. Le roi Arthur et la societe celtique. Paris : Payot, 1985.
Markale, Jean. Le druidisme. Paris : Payot, 1985.
Markale, Jean. Le Christianisme celtique et ses survivances populaires. Paris
: Payot, 1983.
Markale, Jean. Les Celts et la civilisation celtique. Paris : Payot, 1983.
Markus, R. A. Chronology of the Gregorian Mission to England; Bede's
Narrative and Gregory's Correspondence. Journal of Ecclesiastical History
14 : 16-30 April 1963.
McCulloch, Robert. Gregorian Adaptation in the Augustinian Missionto
England. Missiology 6, 323-334, July 1978.
McNally, Robert E. 'In nominei Dei summi' Seven Hiberno - Latin Sermons.
Traditio : Studies in Ancient and Medieval History, Thought and Religion. 35
: 121-143, 1979.
McNally, Robert E. The Evangelists in the Hiberno - Latin Tradition. IN
Festschrift Bernard Bischoff zu Seinem 65sten Geburtstag dargebracht von
Freunden, Kollegen und Schlern 111-122, 1971. Stuttgart : Anton
Hiersemann, 1971.
McNally, Robert E. The Three Holy Kings in Early Irish Latin Writing
(Focus on Matt.) IN Kyriakon : Festschrift Johannes Quasten, vol 2. ed.
Patrick Granfeld and Josef A. Jungman, 667-690, 1970. Munster, Westfalen,
Germany : Verlag Aschendorff, 1970.
McNally, Robert E. The Old Irish Church and Romanization. IN The
Romanization Tendency 1-14, 1975. ed. Jacob Vellian (Syrian Churches Series
vol. 8 ) Kottayam, India : K. P. Press, 1975.
McNamara, Martin. Sources of Early Irish Theology : The Apocrypha, the
Canon of Scripture. IN Milltown Studies, no. 2, Spring 1978. 58 ' 69, 1978.
Dublin : Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy, 1978.
McNeill, John T. Perspectives on Celtic Church History. IN Contemporary
Reflections on the Medieval Christian : Essays in Honor of Ray C. Petry ed.
by G. Shriver, 159-182, 1974. Durham, N. C. : Duke University Press, 1974.
McNeill, John T. The Celtic Churches : A History A. D. 200 to 1200.
Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1974.
McNeill, John T. Makers of Christianity.
McRoberts, David. The Cult of St. Michael in Scotland. IN Millenaire
monastique du Mont-Saint-Michel, 3, ed. M. Baudot, 471-479, 1971.
McWhiney, Grady. Cracker Culture : Celtic Ways in the Old South.
University, Alabama : University of Alabama Press, 1988.
Megaw, J. V. S. Iona and Celtic Britain : With and Interim Account of the
Russel Trust Excavations. Journal of Religious History 3 : 212-237, June
1965.
Miller, Terry E. Oral Tradition Psalmody Surviving in England and Scotland
(tunes and sources of Gaelic Psalm Singing ; tune examples) The Hymn 35,
15-22 January, 1984.
Mohrmann, C. Earliest Continental Irish Latin. Vigiliae Christianae 16 no.
3-4 : 216-233, 1962.
Mooney, Desmond. Popular religion and clerical influence in pre-famine
Meath [map] Religion, conflict and coexistence in Ireland; R Comerford,
1990. pp. 188-218.
Morris, J. Dates of the Celtic Saints. Journal of Theological Studies ns 17
: 342-391, October 1966.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas and Michael Richter, eds. Ireland and Europe : The
Early Church (conference papers, Dublin Ireland, 1981). Stuttgart, West
Germany : Klett-Cotta, 1984.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas and Michael Richter, eds. Irland und die Christenheit
: Bibel-Studien und Mission-Ireland & Christendom : the Bible and the
Missions. (Papers University College Dublin, Stuttgart : Klett-Cotta, 1987.
Ni Chathain, Proinseas. Traces of the cult of the horse in early Irish sources
[bibliog]. Journal of Indo-European Studies 19 : 123-131, Spring - Summer
1991.
Nolan, Mary Lee. Irish Pilgrimage : The Different Tradition. Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 73, no. 3, 421-483, 1983.
Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Johan. Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting : Book
Illumination in the British Isles, 600-800. New York : G. Braziller, 1977.
Norman, Edward R. and J. K. S. St. Joseph. The Early Development of Irish
Society : The Evidence of Aerial Photography. Cambridge Air Surveys, 3.
London : Cambridge University Press, 1969.
Nutt, Alfred Trubner. Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail. New York
: Cooper Square Publishers, 1965.
O'Donoghue, Noel D. The Place of the Angels (excerpt from The Holy
Mountain, 1983). Epiphany 5 no. 2, 22-29, Winter 1984.
O'Laoghaire, Diarmuid. Celtic Spirituality. IN The Study of Spirituality, ed.
Cheslyn P. M. Jonas, Geoffery Wainwright and Edward Yarnold. New York
: Oxford University Press, 1986, 216-225.
O'Laoghaire, Diarmuid. Daily Intimacy with God : An Ever New Aspect of
Celtic Worship. Studia Liturgica 13, Nov 1, 46-56, 1979.
O'Meara, John H. and Bernd Naumann. Latin Script and Letters, A. D. 400
- 900 : Festschrift Presented to Ludwig Bieler on the Occasion of his 70th
Birthday. Leiden : Brill, 1976.
Painter, K. S. Villas and Christianity in Roman Britain; Christianity in
Roman Britain : Recent Finds. 1962 - 1969. IN Actas Del 8 Congreso
Arqueologia Christiana by K. Bohner, et al. 149-166; 373-374, 1972. Vatican
City : Pontificio Instituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 1972.
Pearce, Susan M., ed. The Early Church in Britain and Ireland : Studies
Presented to C. A. Ralegh Radford (conference papers, Exeter University,
1981; British Archaeological Reports, 102) Oxford : British Archaeological
Reports, 1982.
Powell, Terence G. E. The Celts. New York : F. A. Praeger, 1958.
Prebble, John. The Lion in the North. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England
: Penguin Books, 1981.
Puhvel, Martin. Beowulf and Celtic Tradition. Waterloo, Ontario : Wilfrid
Laurier University Press, 1979.
Radford, C. A. Ralegh. The Mediterranean sources of sculpture in stone
among the insular Celts and the survival into the full Medieval Age. IN
Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 113-123.
Reynolds, R. E. Virgines subintroductae in Celtic Christianity. Harvard
Theological Review 61 : 547-566, October 1988.
Rhys, John. Celtic Folklore : Welsh and Manx. 2 vols. Oxford : Clarendon
Press, 1901.
Richard, Jean-Claude. Les petits bronzes celtiques a legende CMEP (BN
4363-4364) (ils). IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp.
323-329.
Riche, Pierre. Spirituality in Celtic and Germanic Society. (tr. D.
Tamburello) IN Christian Spirituality : Origins to the 12th Century. ed.
Bernard McGinn and John Meyendorff (World Spirituality, 16). New York
: Crossroad, 1992.
Roe, Helen M. Ireland and the Archangel Michael. Millenaire monastique
du Mont-Saint-Michel, 3 : culte du Saint Michel et peleringes au Mont. ed. M.
Baudot. Paris : Bibliotheque d'Histoire et d'Archeologie Chretiennes, 1971.
418-487.
Ross, Anne. Druids, Gods and Heroes From Celtic Mythology. World
Mythologies Series.
Ross, Anne. Everyday Life of the Pagan Celts. Everyday Life Series. New
York : G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1970.
Ross, Anne. The Pagan Celts. Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes & Noble, 1986.
Ross, Anne. The Folklore of the Scottish Highlands. The Folklore of the
British Isles. ed. Venetia J. Newall. Totowa, New Jersey : Rowman &
Littlefield, 1976.
Ross, Anne. The divine hag of the pagan Celts. IN The Witch Figure :
Folklore Essays by a Group of Scholars in England Honoring the 75th
Birthday of Katharine M. Briggs. ed. by Venetia Newall. London : Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1973.
Rotsaert, M. L. Progression spirituelle et progression grammaticale. IN
Theolinguistics. ed, J. P. van Noppen, 295-318. Brussels : Brussels Vrije
Universiteit, 1981. (Studiereeks Tijdschrift, nieuwe serie, 8)
Ryan, John. Early Irish Church and the See of Peter. IN Medieval Studies
Presented to Aubrey Gwynn. ed, by J. A. Watt 3-18, 1960. Dublin : Printed
by O'Lochliann.
Ryan, John. Irish Monasticism : Origins and Early Development. Dublin :
Irish Academic Press, 1986.
Sanderson, S. Druids-as-wished-for. IN To Illustrate the Monuments :
Essays on Archaeology Presented to Stuart Piggott 23-26, 1976. ed. J. Vincent
S. Megaw. London : Thames & Hudson, 1976.
Sayers, William. Cerrce, an archaic epithet of the Dagda, Cernunnos and
Conall Cernach [bibliog, charts] Journal of Indo-European Studies 16 no. 3-4
: 341-364, 1988.
Sayers, William. Fergus and the cosmogonic sword. History of Religions 25
: 30-56, August, 1985.
Schaferdiek, Knut. The Irish Mission of the 7th Century; Historical fact or
historiographical fiction. IN The End of Strife (papers from the Colloquium
of the Commission International d'Histoire Ecclesiastical Comparee,
University of Durham, September 1981). 139-154, 1984. ed. David Loades.
Edinburgh : T & T Clark, 1984.
Schmiel, Mary A. The finest music in the world: exploring Celtic spiritual
legacies. IN Western spirituality; ed by M. Fox, 1979. pp. 164-192.
Scott, Eleanor. Animal and infant burials in Romano-British villas: a
revitalization movement [bibliog]. IN Sacred and profane; ed by P Garwood,
et al., 1991. pp. 115-121.
Scott, W. H. Celtic Culture and the Conversion of Ireland. International
Review of Missions 56 : 193-204 April 1967.
Selmer, Carl. Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis. University of Notre Dame
Publications in Mediaeval Studies, vol. 16. Notre Dame, Indiana : University
of Notre Dame Press, 1959.
Severy, Merle. The Celts. National Geographic 151 (May 1977) 582-633.
Sheehy, Maurice. Influence of Ancient Irish Law on the Collectio
Hibernensis. IN Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Medieval
Canon Law. Strasbourg, September, 1968. ed. Stephan Kuttner 31-42, 1971.
Vatican City : Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1971 (Monumenta Iuris
Canonica Series C Subsidia, vol, 4)
Sheridan, Ronald and Anne Ross. Gargoyles and Grotesques : Paganism in
the Medieval Church. Boston : New York Graphic Society, 1975.
Sims-Williams, Patrick. St. Wilfrid and Two Charters Dated A. D. 676-680.
Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39 : 163-183, April 1988.
Skehan, Patrick. St. Patrick and Elijah. IN Melanges Dominique Barthelemy
: etudes bibliques offertes a l'occasion de son 60e anniversaire. ed. Pierre
Cassetti, Othmar Keel, Adrian Schenker, 471-483. Fribourg Editions
Universitaires, 1981 (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, 38)
Skelton, Robin. Celtic Contraries. 1st ed. Syracuse, New York : Syracuse
University Press, 1990.
Skurdenis, Julie. Dolmens, Cairns and Ogham Stones (archaeological site in
Ireland). Archaeology 41 Sept-Oct, 1988 : 72ff.
Skurdenis, Julie. Silent sentinels : The High Crosses of Ireland. Archaeology
(Jan-Feb, 1987) : 61ff.
Small, Alan, et al. Saint Ninian's Isle and Its Treasure. vol. 1. Aberdeen
Press University Study Series, no. 152. London : Oxford University Press,
1973.
Smith, C. I. Christianity of Saint Patrick's Home. Downside Review 8 :
57-59, January, 1970.
Smith, Julia M H. Celtic asceticism and Carolingian authority in early
medieval Brittany. IN Monks, hermits and the ascetic tradition; ed by W
Sheils, 1985. pp. 53-63.
Spence, Lewis. The Fairy Tradition in Britain. London : Rider & Company,
1948.
Spence, Lewis. The Minor Traditions of British Mythology. London : Rider
& Company, 1948.
Squire, Charles. Celtic Myth and Legend. Poetry and Romance. London :
Gresham Publishing Company. Ltd, no date.
Stancliffe, Clare. 'Irish' Biblical Exegesis? Studia Patristica 12 (1975),
362-370.
Starbuck, Charles Casey. Did the Gaelic Church revive presbyterial
ordination? Methodist Review 79:365-388 My 1897.
Stone, J. F. S. Wessex Before the Celts. New York : Praeger, 1958.
Sullivan, Edward, Sir, bart. The Book of Kells. 2d ed. London : The Studio
Ltd., 1920.
Thomas, Charles. Celtic Britain. Ancient Peoples and Places, v. 103. London
: Thames and Hudson, 1986.
Thomas, Charles. St. Patrick and 5th Century Britain : An Historical Model
Explored. IN The End of Roman Britain : Papers Arising From a
Conference, Durham, 1978. ed. P. J. Casey. 81-101, 1978. Oxford : British
Archaeological Reports, 1979 (British Archaeological Reports British Series,
71).
Thomas, Isaac. The Welsh versions of the New Testament, 1551-1620. New
Testament Studies 26:503-507, July 1980.
Thompson, E. A. Saint Patrick and Coroticus. Journal of Theological
Studies ns 31, 12-27, April 1980.
Thornton, Timothy C. G. The Destruction of Idols : Sinful or Meritorious?
Journal of Theological Studies ns 37 no. 1, 121-129 April 1986.
Torrey, Archer. The Gregorian Mission Methods. Missiology 8 : 99-103,
January 1980.
University of Wales. Board of Celtic Studies. Learning Welsh. Caerdydd :
Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1965.
Walker, G. S. St. Columban : Monk or Missionary. IN The Mission of the
Church and the Propagation of Faith, 17th Summer Meeting and 8th Winter
Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Historical Society (University of Sussex), ed. G.
J. Cuming. Studies in Church History vol. 6. Cambridge : Cambridge
University Press, 1970. 39-44.
Webster, Graham. Boudica, The British Revolt Against Rome A. D. 60.
Totowa, New Jersey : Rowman and Littlefield, 1978.
Webster, Graham. Celtic Religion in Roman Britain. Totowa, New Jersey
: Barnes and Noble Books, 1987.
Wernick, Robert. What were the Druids Like and was Lindow man One?
Smithsonian 18 (March 1988) : 146ff.
Woodbride, John. Columba. IN A History of Religious Educators. Elmer I.
Towns. Grand Rapids : Baker Book House, 63-70, 1975.
Woods, Richard J. Environment as Spiritual Horizon : The Legacy of Celtic
Monasticism. IN Cry of the Environment : Rebuilding the Christian Creation
Tradition. ed. Philip N. Joranson and Ken Butigan. Santa Fe, New Mexico
: Bear and Co. 62-84, 1984.
Zaleski, Carol G. St. Patrick's Purgatory : Pilgrimage Motifs in a Medieval
Otherworld Vision. Journal of the History of Ideas 46 No. 4, 467-495, Oct
- Dec 1985.
Zanger, Francis C. Cross-cultural Problems of St. Columban's Mission to
Burgundy and Switzerland. IN Church Divinity, 1988 ed. John H. Morgan.
Bristol, Indiana : Wyndham Hall Press, 1988. 107-120.

Primary source: Cambridge encyclopedia of language.
The Celtic languages are divided into two classes: Insular and Continental
Continental Celtic languages are no longer spoken, but consisted of:
Celtiberian (Spain),
Gaulish (Swiss variant known as Lepontic)
Galatian in Turkey(!). Galatian was spoken until about the 5th century
Insular Celtic is divided into:
P-Celtic, also called Brythonic or British
Q-Celtic, also called Goidelic or Gaelic
P-Celtic consists of:
Cumbric (extinct)
Welsh
Cornish
Breton
Breton and Cornish were apparantly mutually intelligible
until the 15th century.
Q-Celtic consists of:
Irish
Scots Gaelic
Manx
These languages are almost mutually intelligible today.
i.e. Donegal Irish and Islay Scots Gaelic are quite close.
In Scotland, Gaelic is pronounced "Gallic" when talking in
English, in Ireland and Man it is pronounced "Gaelic"
There were two waves of invasions to the British Isles which gave rise
to the P/Q variaties we have today. The first invasion was to Ireland
in the 4th century BC, probably from Western France. This variant
became Gaelic and spread from Ireland to the Isle of Man and Scotland.
The second invasion (P-Celtic) was to southern England and Wales and
from there (in 5th century AD) to Brittany. Celtic languages have also
spread from Britain. 150 Welsh speakers started a Welsh colony in
Patagonia in 1865, and there is also a Scots Gaelic community in Cape
Breton Island, Nova Scotia. (about 1,000 speakers today). Breton is
not classified as continental Celtic because it came to Brittany from
Britain. There was a Gaelic speaking community in the Carolinas
but this died out in the early 20th century.
Pictish: The Picts were Celts but spoke a mixture of languages. They
spoke a pre-Celtic language for ritualistic purposes (source: Prof
Derek Thompson - "Why Gaelic matters"), and Pictish at other times.
Pictish is mentioned The Cambridge Encyclopedia of language as possibly
being Celtic or possibly being a non-Indo-European isolate like Basque.
Thompson says "It is clear from the evidence of place names that there
was much common ground between [Brythonic] and the Celtic constituent
of Pictish". There is some debate as to whether Pictish was non IE or not,
as there is so little information available on it.
Many of the Scottish Island names including Arran, Skye, Lewis and Jura
are Pictish. For more information on placenames: (W.F.H. Nicolaisen
"Scottish Place Names", Batsford, London 1976).

If you want to learn any of the Celtic languages, there are two
lists set up.
GAELIC-L for Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx (currently about 700 members)
and WELSH-L for Welsh, Cornish and Breton (currently about 330 members)
Note that these are primarily lists for discussions *in* those languages
and not discussions in English *about* the languages, although short
English only messages from learners are OK. To join, send a message
to
listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie (or listserv@irlearn.bitnet)
containing the line: subscribe listname yourfirstname yoursurname
i.e. subscribe GAELIC-L Iain Caimbeul
Both GAELIC-L and WELSH-L have extensive libraries of reference
material. Send the command "Get GAELIC-L filelist" or
"Get WELSH-L filelist" to find out what's available once you've
joined.
For issues in English about Celtic culture, see the lists IRTRAD-L
for Irish traditional music and CELTIC-L for Celtic culture. To join
these lists, simply replace the "GAELIC-L" in the above list with
the name of the list you wish to join.
Here's some more detail on GAELIC-L:
I was asked to write a bit about the GAELIC-L list for news.groups.reviews
so here it is.
Gaelic-L is a listserv list with about 700 members and is for
discussions in the 3 Gaelic languages (Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and
Manx). The list has been running since May 1989 and averages about 5-6
messages a day. Messages are primarily in Gaelic, and some have English
translations. English only messages from learners seeking help are
welcome, provided that they are kept fairly short. There is an extensive
library associated with the list containing monthly logs of every message
sent out, programs (ie one to tell the time in conversational Gaelic),
reference materials (including dictionaries), contact addresses for
organisations etc.
Most of the topics discussed on Gaelic-L are cultural or current affairs or
what's on. Related usenet newsgroups include rec.music.celtic and
soc.culture.celtic. Unlike soc.culture.celtic however, discussions concerning
Northern Irish politics are extremely rare on Gaelic-L. The word Gaelic
is pronounced "Gaylik" when talking about Irish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic,
but "Gallic" when talking about Scots Gaelic.
There are three owners of the list:
Marion Gunn (mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie), University College Dublin - folklorist,
software localiser, archivist and co-founder of the list.
Caoimhin O Donnaile (caoimhin@smo.ac.uk), Kevin Donnelly, lecturer
in Computing at Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Scotland's Gaelic College
(on the Isle of Skye) and co-founder of the list
Craig Cockburn (craig@scot.demon.co.uk), Gaelic learner and singer living
in Edinburgh and joint director of The Gaelic Learners Association
(a charity for adult learners of Scots Gaelic worldwide).
To subscribe to the list, send a message to:
listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie
containing the line
SUB GAELIC-L your name
e.g. SUB GAELIC-L Iain Mac a' Gobhainn
the listserv will then send you more details. To get details of the
contents of Gaelic-L's library, send a command
GET GAELIC-L FILELIST
to listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie
the address for messages themselves is GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie
Because few people have MIME mailers at the moment, we have to represent
the accented vowels in Gaelic by writing a / or \ after the vowel in
question to indicate an acute or grave accent. There is a GAELIC-M list
though for those with MIME capability, and this is mirrored to GAELIC-L.

lmacisaa@uogelph.ca has compiled a worldwide list of music stores and
record companies (Lloyd MacIsaac). There is also a list of Celtic music
sources available on the Internet. Mail ceolas@celtic.stanford.edu for more
info, or FTP to celtic.stanford.edu and look in the /pub directory.
Green Linnet (major distributers of Celtic Music) can be reached at
grnlinnet@aol.com

Clues:
Irish Gaelic and Scots Gaelic do not have these letters: j,k,q,v,w,x,y,z
they also don't have double vowels.
Irish Gaelic has fadas (acute accents)
Scots Gaelic has both acutes and graves, but predominantly graves (acutes
no longer officially exist).
Irish has no grave accents.
Breton has n-tilde (like Spanish) and a high number of z's
Breton has acute and grave accents.
Cornish looks very much like Breton, except Cornish has very few accents
Cornish has an a-circumflex. K's, w's, z's occur frequently
Welsh has no z's, but a high number of y's and w's
Welsh also has circumflexes on all its vowels : a,e,i,o,u,w,y.
Manx is the only Celtic language to be written according to non-Celtic
phonetic rules. Manx is written according to more or less English phonetic
rules.
I think Manx is the only Celtic language with a "j".
Manx is also the only Celtic language to have a c-cedilla. The letter "y" occurs frequently, as do double vowels.

Scottish:
_Ainmean Chloinne_, Peadar Morgan. Available from Gaelic books council
Irish:
Linda Rosenkranz & Pamela Redmond Satran _Beyond Shannon and Sea/n_
(St. Martin's Press 1992)
Donncha O/ Corra/in & Fidelma Maguire _Irish Names_ (Lilliput 1990)
Eoin Neeson _The Book of Irish Saints_ (Mercier 1967)
Muiris O/ Droighnea/in _An Sloinnteoir Gaeilge agus an tAinmnitheoir_
(Coisce/im 1991)

Carn
Carn: The journal of the Celtic League. This is in all 6 Celtic
languages with English summaries of many of them.
The Celtic League promotes the Celtic cultures and languages
and is anti violence. They have branches in
Scotland, Brittany, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall, Isle of Man,
London, USA, Cape Breton.
General Secretary is:
Bernard Moffatt, 11 Hilltop View, Farmhill, Braddan, Mannin
(Isle of Man)
Contact Bulletin (European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages)
This publication is English-only but is included here because
of its pan-Celtic linguistic appeal. The bulletin is free and
available by writing to:
An Biu/ro/ Eorpach do Theangacha Neamhfhorleathana
10 Sra/id Haiste I/ocht
Baile A/tha Cliath 2
E/ire
Tel: +353.1.6612205/6618743/6618739

This post is to announce a (semi-new) WWW site that
offers information concerning Gaelic and Gaelic
Culture. The url address (how you access) is:
http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic
or
http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic/gaelic.html
In addition, there is an ftp site where you may log in
as ftp. This address is:
sunsite.unc.edu
The directory in question is /pub/academic/languages/gaelic.
These two sites contain information on/in Irish Gaelic,
Scottish Gaelic and hopefully soon Manx Gaelic. Lesson(s)
with accompanying audio files are available for Scottish Gaelic.
(This would then qualify as the first on-line language tutorial
that I know of let alone in gaelic. By on-line
I mean available in an interactive format.)
There is a wide range of poetry on this site, both English
and Gaelic. Audio files exist of people reading this poetry also,
in some cases the authors themselves.
You can also pick up any of the last several days worth of experimental
recordings of the RTE Internet Radio project, a ~3MB recording of
Radio 1's morning News. There is information on the Celts as well
as mirrors to several other sites containing more information
on all of these subjects and more.
While not Gaelic in origin, I like it and had someone around
who speaks very good Scots, so some of Rabbie burns poetry
is included also.
Thanks to Stephen Watson, there is a collection of gif
images showing the different tartans. Click in and
look at all the pretty patterns !-)
Hopefully soon, there will be some recordings of different types
of music related to gaelic culture, including recordings
of the different kinds of pipes, celtic harp, fiddle music as
well as singing.
Please note that this site is just starting out and that
all links do net yet lead anywhere.
Ma tha ceistean agaibhse, tha mi aig gaelic@sunsite.unc.edu.
(Any questions, please send them to gaelic@sunsite.unc.edu)

The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces
a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around
the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's
of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales,
Cornwall and Brittany
Contact:
Roger Casement Irish Centre, Eastgate Building, 131 St John's Way,
London N19 3RQ. Tel: 071- 281 3225

Contents
3.1: Scotland's name
3.2: Celtic background
3.3: Where can I get Gaelic books?
3.4: How can I learn Gaelic?
3.5: Where can I get Gaelic music and words to Gaelic tunes, info on Gaelic
3.6: Are there any files I can access for more information on Gaelic
3.7: Scottish music radio programmes
3.8: How can I get Gaelic TV/radio programmes
3.9: Info on Robert Burns
3.10: Info on cooking and haggis
3.11: Where can I get haggis?
3.12: What is the Scots language. Who do I contact for more info?
3.13: What Scottish Record labels are there
3.14: How do I find out about Folk events in Scotland which might be on?
3.15: When are the major Scottish folk festivals
3.16: Where's a good place to buy folk records?
3.17: How do I trace my Scottish ancestry?
3.18: Any Scottish songs on-line?
3.19: What's the number of the Scottish Tourist Board ?
3.20: Politics: Scotland and the UK/devolution/independence
3.21: When are Burns night and St Andrews Day.
3.22: How do I find out about Highland Games or Mods in my area. What is a Mod?
3.23: Information on Runrig
3.24: Information on Capercaillie
3.25: Scottish Cultural classes (music, singing, language, history etc)
3.26: Gaelic wedding blessing
3.27: Dalriada Celtic society BBS
3.28: The Gaelic for "Frequently Asked Questions
3.29: Edinburgh Festival Fringe
3.30: Living Tradition.
3.31: Seeing Underground Edinburgh
3.32: Primary Literary figures
3.33: Scottish Guide books.
3.34: Primary folk music pubs
3.35: What is a Ceilidh
3.36: Best Scottish pubs
3.37: Scottish Kings
3.38: Attitudes towards Gaelic TV in Scotland
3.39: What does Craig's signature mean?
3.40: Where can I buy a kilt/Highland accessories
3.41: Scottish song books
3.42: Books for learning the fiddle
3.43: Whisky (whiskey)
3.44: The Scottish Youth Hostels Association
3.45: The Ramblers Association
3.46: Books for hillwalkers
3.47: What is a Munro/Corbett?
3.48: Legal questions
3.49: Gaelic festivals
3.50: Gaelic playgroups
3.51: Scotch
3.52: Plaid

Scotland gets it's name from the Scots, or Scotti who first arrived
in Argyll in the late 3rd to mid 4th centuries AD. It was not until
about 500AD that they built up a sizeable colony though. The Scots
spoke Irish, not Scots. Scots is a Germanic language like English,
described later.

It is incorrect to think of Scotland as a wholly Celtic country. Since
the first millenium BC, Scotland has been a place of multiple languages
and this tradition continues today. First of all it was Pictish and
British; then Gaelic, Norse and Scots came and today it's English,
Scots and Gaelic. Nearly all of Scotland was once Gaelic speaking
except Orkney, Shetland and Caithness which had a variety of Norse
until recent times and East Lothian which was settled by the Angles.
Galloway had a Gaelic community which became separated from the Gaelic
speaking Highlands and Gaelic was still in use until about the 17th
century in Galloway. "Poets, scholars and writers in Lowland Scotland
up until the 16th century readily acknowledged Gaelic to be the true
and original Scottish language. For Walter Kennedy 'it suld be al trew
Scottis mennis lede': ('Flyting with Dunbar' c.1500)" : section quoted
from "Gaelic: a past and future prospect", Kenneth Mackinnon. Gaelic is
a Celtic language, like Irish.
Other notable reads include anything by the late Prof Kenneth Jackson,
particularly "A Celtic Miscellany", any of John Prebble's books (ie "1000
years of Scottish History") or Nigel Tranter ("The Story of Scotland")

The Gaelic Books Council stocks every Gaelic book in print
including prose, peotry, songs, music, children's material etc.
They have a catalogue.
Address: An Comann Leabhraichean, An Roinn Cheilteach, Oilthigh Ghlaschu,
Glaschu, G12 8QQ
The Gaelic books council, Dept of Celtic, University of Glasgow,
Glasgow G12 8QQ.
tel: 041 339 8855
Note: All Gaelic addresses can be used fine provided the postcode is written.

Join the Gaelic learners association. They can advise about books,
learners near you, classes, correspondence courses etc. They are called
Comann an Luchd-Ionnsachaidh. This is abbreviated to CLI and prounounced CLEE.
Motto: "The voice of Gaelic Learners". CLI has members around the world.
Address: 5 Caolshraid Mhicheil, Inbhir Nis, IV2 3HQ, Alba
5 Mitchell's Lane, Inverness, IV2 3HQ, Scotland
Tel/Fax : 0463 711792 (+[44] 463 711792)
Also join GAELIC-L, an e-mail list for all 3 Gaelics. Details elsewhere
in this FAQ
Suggestions for learners:
Teach Yourself Gaelic (book,tape) author: Boyd Robertson.
16.99 pounds for both. ISBN 0-340-55925-X. Book alone is 7.99
(ISBN 0-340-55923-3)
Speaking Our Language (workbooks, tapes, videos), published by Canan
(email: canan@smo.ac.uk). Highly recommended for complete beginners
and people with a year or so in evening classes.
Everyday Gaelic (book) author: Morag McNeill (intermediate level)
Gaidhlig Bheo: Correspondence course, run by The National Extension
College, 18 Brooklands Avenue, Cambridge Tel: (0223) 316644
Fax: (0223) 313586
Gaelic/Highland/Music/Singing courses (1-2 weeks long)
Sabhal Mor Ostaig, Sleite, Isle of Skye tel: 04714 373
Email: gavin@smo.ac.uk
(Sleite is pronounced "Slate")

Contact An Comunn Gaidhealach, 109 Sraid na h-Eaglais, Inbhir Nis,
IV1 1EY. They have a lot of Gaelic music and maintain a list
of every Gaelic choir in Scotland. Currently the only Gaelic
choirs outside Scotland are in London, Sydney and Vancouver.
An Comunn also has an American branch (see international
section of this FAQ at the end)
Are there any files I can access for more information on Gaelic
See the Gaelic-L archives

In Scotland:
Radio Scotland (MW= Medium Wave 810, FM = 92.4 to 94.7)
Sat: 7-8pm Take the floor (FM,MW): 8-10pm "Travelling Folk" (FM,MW)
10-midnight: "Celtic Horizons" (FM,MW) (Fiona Ritchie)
In the US: The Thistle and Shamrock. This is hosted by Fiona Ritchie.
There is an on-line list of stations carrying this programme -
see /pub/thistle.list on FTP site: celtic.stanford.edu.
The list is maintained by Pat Murphy (pmurphy@nrao.edu) and posted
regularly to the rec.music.celtic group
The T&S has a brochure that gives some background on Fiona Ritchie and the
show, and includes information about their Newsletter, Playlists, and
Souvenirs -- T-shirts, a pin, tankard and coasters. If you want this
brochure, send a SASE to "The Thistle and Shamrock, P.O. Box 560646,
Charlotte, NC 28256 (USA).

Gaelic Radio is on Radio Scotland Medium Wave (810) 9pm-10pm Mon-Fri
This can be picked up throughout most of the UK, including as far
south as London.
Gaelic TV is on BBC Scotland. Scottish Television and Grampian
Television. For details of times and programmes, see the Gaelic
TV times "Suas!", publisher: The Gaelic Television Committee.
contact: Suas!, 4 Acarsaid, Cidhe Sraid Chrombail, Steornabhagh,
Eilean Leodhais PA87 2DF, Scotland.
Tel: 0851 705550
Fax: 0851 706432

Robert Burns, the National Bard of Scotland, was born in 1759, the son
of an Ayrshire cottar. A cottar is a Scots word for a tenant occupying
a cottage with or (from the late 18th century) without land attached to
it or a married farmworker who has a cottage as part of his contract.
The word dates from the 15th century. Anyway, back to Burns. He
apparantly developed an early interest in literature. Between 1784 and
1788, whilst farm-labouring, he wrote much of his best poetry,
including "Halloween", "The Cotter's Saturday Night" and the skilful
satires "Death and Dr Hornbrook" and "Holy Willie's Prayer". In 1786
the "Kilmarnock" edition of Robert Burns' early poems was published,
bringing with it fame and fortune, and the second edition, published by
William Creech, brought him enough financial security to marry his
mistress Jean Armour. The couple settled to a hard life in Ellisland
with their four children, and to supplement their meagre income, Burns
took a job as an excise man. From 1787, Burns concentrated on
songwriting, making substantial contributions to James Johnson's "The
Scots Musical Museum", including "Auld Lang Syne" and "A Red, Red
Rose". In 1796, at the age of 37, he died, his health undermined by
rheumatic fever.
Most of the above was taken from a recommended book "The complete
illustrated poems, songs and ballads of Robert Burns" 12pounds 95p.
Published by Lomond Books, ISBN 1 85152 018 X. This is a reprint of a
1905 publication so the print is a bit strange and unfortunately there
is no index and the contents aren't in alphabetical order. However, it
is 650 A5 size pages (hardback) and was recently seen in bargain books
for a mere 5 pounds!
The picture most usually seen of Burns (but not the one on the Bank of
Scotland five pound note) is from an engraving after a portrait by
Alexander Nasmyth, 1787. Today, many thousands of Scots around the
world celebrate Burns night on his birthday, 25th January. Burns night
has even been commemorated in the Kremlin. Burns night consists of
having a meal of tatties (mashed potatoes), neeps (turnips - not
swede!) and haggis. Details of how to buy haggis are elsewhere in this
FAQ. There is usually quite a bit of whisky drunk at these occasions
too, particularly as Burns was a well known drinker (and womaniser).
Usually a bloke makes a speech remembering Burns and how his thoughts
and poems are timeless and as relevent today as they were when they
were written. Then there's a "reply from the lassies" where it's usual
to point out the other side of Burns and how he left many women broken
hearted. Well, that's the general idea anyway, there's lots of
variations.
Probably Burns' most famous tune is Auld Lang Syne, however most people
do not sing either the right words or the original tune. A lot of
people erroneously insert the words "the sake of" in the chorus - this
was not written by Burns. The tune is a bit confused too. Burns
originally wrote the words to a tune which his publisher didn't like,
so he then put the words to the tune which most people know. However,
the second tune is also claimed by the Japanese!. The original tune is
available on some recordings, including "The Winnowing" by The Cast and
"File under Christmas" by Scotland's leading Clarsach (Harp) duo,
Sileas (pronounced Shee-lis"). The old tune is rapidly gaining
momentum however, and I have heard hundreds of people sing it in
Edinburgh without difficulty. The old version of the tune is also in
The Digital Tradition (see elsewhere for details).
It is someting of a comment on the English-biased nature of Scottish
education that Scotland has produced one of the world's greatest and
best loved poets and yet he is hardly studied in his own country, most
people studying Shakespeare at school. Shakespeare was obviously a
world class bard as well, but isn't there room for Burns too?

2 recommended books:
F. Marian McNeill - The Scots Kitchen, it's lore and recipies. A
classic and as much a source of folklore and history as a culinary
reference. First published in 1929. 300+ pages. Published by Grafton
Books, 8 Grafton St, London, W1X 3LA. ISBN 0-586-20784-8. Grafton books
is a division of Collins, Glasgow. Just about every recipie has a tale,
saying, poem, song or bit of history printed with it (the occasional
one in Gaelic; with translation). F. Marian MacNeill was a historian by
profession.
Another book, rather more contemporary (no stories etc but probably
biased towards modern eating trends and it also has US-UK conversions).
Scottish Cookery: Catherine Brown. ISBN 0-86267-248-1. Published by
Richard Drew publishing, 6 Clairmont Gardens, Glasgow G3 7LW. Really
good traditional stuff and well laid out.

McNeill's book gives several recipies for haggis. The Traditional
Cottage Recipe includes : "The large stomach bag of a sheep, the pluck
(including heart, lights and liver), beef-suet, pin-head (coarse)
oatmeal, onions, black pepper, salt, stock or gravy. Meg Dod's recipie
includes "Sheep's pluck and paunch, beef-suet, onions, oatmeal, pepper,
salt, cayenne, lemon or vinegar.". Haggis Royal includes "Mutton, suet,
beef-marrow, bread-crumbs or oatmeal, anchovies, parsley, lemon,
pepper, cayenne, eggs, red wine.". Deer Haggis includes "Deer's heart,
liver and suet, coarse oatmeal, onions, black pepper, salt, paste." It
takes about a day to make a haggis from scratch, but very very few
people do this as it is particulaly gruesome. Most people buy their
haggis from the butcher's. See next section for details of how to get
some.

The best haggis in the world (in my opinion, and several other people's too) is
made by Charles MacSween of Edinburgh. He makes about 1 ton a day and
ships it all over the UK and overseas too (it keeps remarkably well in
the post). Many shops in the UK (including supermarkets) sell
MacSween's haggis. There is also a vegetarian version which is quite
tasty.
contact:
McSweens Haggis, 130 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh, EH10 4ES
Tel: 031 229 1216.

The Scots language is a Germanic language related to English.
It is not Celtic, but has been influenced by Gaelic.
For more info, write to:
John Mackay, Membership Secretary
6 Cairn Walk, Cults
Aberdeen, AB1 9TF. Ordinary membership (UK) is 7 pounds a year
There is also some info in the following section:
"The Pocket Guide to Scottish Words: Scots, Gaelic"
by Iseabail Macleod. Published by W&R Chambers, Ltd.
43-45 Annandale Street, Edinburgh EH7 4AZ
(ISBN 0-550-11834-9). Widely available at bookshops and airports
US distributors
Unicorn Limited, Inc.
P.O. Box 397
Bruceton Mills, WV 26525
(304) 379-8803
It has "Place names, personal names, food and drink. Scots and Gaelic words
explained in handy reference form."
There are 30 pages of Scots words explained. No grammar. It does list a
number of interesting sounding books:
SCOTS LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES:
Mairi Robinson, editor-in-chief "The Concise Scots Dictionary" 1985,
(Aberdeen University Press) 862pp, a comprehensive one-volume
dictionary covering the Scots language from the earliest records to the
present day; based largely on:
William Grant, David Murison, editors "The Scottish National Dictionary"
10 vols., 1931-76, the Scots language from 1700 to the present day, and:
Sir William Craigie, A J Aitken et al "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish
Tongue" published up to Pr- in 5 vols., 1931-, the Scots language up to
1700.
Alexander Warrack, "Chambers Scots Dictionary" 1911, 717pp.
William Graham, "The Scots Word Book English-Scots, Scots-English
Vocabularies" 1977 and 1983, 194pp.
GENERAL SCOTS BOOKS:
A J Aitken, Tom McArthur, eds "Languages of Scotland" 1979, 160pp., a
collection of essays on Scots and Gaelic.
David Murison "The Guid Scots Tongue" 1977, 63pp
"The New Testament in Scots" 1983, by W L Lorimer
Just to add to the list of books of/about Scots, one should mention
the reprint of P Hately Waddell's _The_Psalms:_Frae_Hebrew_Intil_Scots_
(orig 1871, reprinted with modern introduction 1987 by Aberdeen Univ Press).
I would love to see some instructive writing about the Scots tongue,
more than just word-lists. Especially pronunciation, intonation, cadence,
etc. as well as grammar.
There are two books that are essential reading on the subject of Scots.
The first is "Scots: the Mither Tongue" by Billy Kay. This is available
both in hardback and paperback.
The second is "Why Scots Matters" by J. Derrick McClure. This is more of
a booklet than a book, and is an inexpensive paperback.
>
> William Graham, "The Scots Word Book English-Scots, Scots-English
> Vocabularies" 1977 and 1983, 194pp.
Although the Scots-English part of this is fairly limited, this was once
worth having for the English-Scots part, which for a long time was the only
one available.
Last year the Scottish National Dictionary Association published its long-
awaited "Concise English-Scots Dictionary", which is a far more comprehensive
work. Although it still has a number of imperfections, I'd recommend it
rather than Graham's work, good in its day as it was.
What Scottish Record labels are there
-- search this FAQ for "Lloyd MacIsaac"
Main labels are Temple, Lismore, Greentrax
How do I find out about Folk events in Scotland which might be on?
The Scottish Folk Arts Directory. This is a book detailing
virtually everything to do with the Scottish folk music scene.
contact: Blackfriars Music, 49 Blackfriars St, Edinburgh EH1 1NB
Tel: 031 557 3090. 1994/5 edition was published July 94.

Edinburgh is the last 3 weeks in August usually
Edinburgh folk festival is on for 8 days during
the Easter break
The best shop which specialises in folk is Blackfriars Music
-- address is in the answer to 14. The other good places in
Edinburgh are the folk/Scottish sections of Virgin
Records and HMV (on Princes St). Folk is often subdivided
in these shops into subcategories (i.e. Scottish, Irish,
pipe bands, folk etc). John Menzies (sometimes pronounced "Mingis")
and also on Princes St, is usually the cheapest place to get CDs
but the folk section is small and poorly organised. Tower records
is probably the best place to start looking in Glasgow.

There is a book published by HMSO (Her Majesties Stationary Office)
called "Tracing your Scottish Ancestry". All the records for
births, marriages and deaths in Scotland are held at:
New Register House, West Register St, Edinburgh, EH1
Tel: 031 334 0380
Fax: 031 314 4400

There are quite a few in The Digital Tradition, a free 4000+ strong
database (many with tunes to play on your computer's speaker). It is available
to FTP from ftp.uwp.edu, or mail digitrad@world.std.com for more information.
There is also a lot of other musical info and folk info on that ftp site.
Particularly watch out for the October 94 edition which should have a lot
more Scottish material

031 332 2433 (+[44] 31 332 2433)

Addresses of relevant organisations:
Political Parties:
Labour Party
Scottish National Party, 6 North Charlotte St
Edinburgh. EH2 031 226 3661
(also known as Partaidh Naiseanta na h-Alba - PNA)
Conservative and Unionist Party
Liberal Democrats, 4 Clifton Terrace, Edinburgh EH12 031 337 2314
Green Party
Politically Oriented organisations
Common Cause, PO Box 822, Glasgow, G14 9JA 041 631 2420
Democracy for Scotland, 5 Regent Rd, Edinburgh EH7 031 558 3088
Scottish Patriots, 76 Constitution St, Leith, EH6 031 554 7951

25-Jan, 30-Nov.
Neither is a holiday in Scotland.

An Comunn Gaidhealach runs the Mods. An Comunn is based at
109 Church St, Inverness, IV1 1EY
The Mods are a series of Gaelic competitions involving singing, poetry,
drama, music etc.
The Royal National Mod is held in Mid-October each year. Forthcoming
venues for it are:
94 (Dunoon), 95 (Golspie), 96 (Blairgowrie), 97 (Inverness)
The National Mod runs from a Friday to the Saturday morning of
the following week (the competitions end on the final Friday)
There are also local Mods. Here's a list of them:
Caithness/Sutherland; Dalriada (Lochgilphead area); Easter Ross;
East Kilbride; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Harris; Inverness; Islay; Kyle;
Lewis; Lochaber; Oban; Mull; Perthshire/Angus; Skye; Stirling; Uist;
Wester Ross. Local Mods generally run over a weekend.
Contact An Comunn Gaidhealach in Inverness for contact details

Contact the fan club at:
Runrig Fan Club, 55 Wellington St, Aberdeen AB2 1BX. Tel: 0224 573100
Runrig is a term Blair Douglas thought up when he was studying
in Glasgow. A rig is a strip of farmland and a run is a series
of those strips. The run-rig system of farming is no longer
used, but the marks of it can still be seen particularly on Skye
where the core of the band is from.
Discography:
Play Gaelic (good, very folky, last 2 tracks are very good, limited
lyrics in Gaelic available from fan club)
Highland Connection (v good, my favourite, mix of ballads and heavy rock,
lyrics supplied, but no translations. I have translations of Cearcall a'
chuain - one of my all time favourite tracks and an easy one to sing along
to and learn)
Recovery (v. good, close second, similar to Highland Connection. Translations
for Gaelic available from this point on)
Heartland (v. good, slightly more commercial than previous two, less Gaelic)
Cutter and the Clan (OK. considerably more commercial than Heartland.
2 Gaelic tracks. An uabhal as airde is a very good song from this album)
Once in a lifetime (live album featuring material from previous 4, but only
1 track from Play Gaelic- Chi mi'n Geamhradh)
Searchlight (OK. More commercial than "Cutter", 2 Gaelic tracks)
Big Wheel (improvement on Searchlight. Commercial, but some good tracks, 2
Gaelic tracks)
Amazing things (rather bland and middle of the road. Some good tracks, but
many forgettable)
The band seem to be struggling to make their albums more and more
commercial in sound and the Gaelic content of each is nearly always
lower or the same as the last. However, they don't seem to be having
much sucess outside Scotland. They are the biggest selling band in
Scotland, and I think Donnie Munro is a very good singer. It's ironic
that Capercaillie have managed about the same sucess with singles as
Runrig yet Capercaillie's single was in Gaelic and a lot more
traditional. Runrig are perceived as too Scottish by many non-Scottish
audiences and their following is very heavily biased towards people
from Scotland or with Scottish connections.
Runrig have played a major part in bringing Scottish music up to date
and reviving the Scottish folk scene, and interest in the Gaelic language.
However, I wish they'd accept that they're not going to have a major
breakthrough in popularity overseas and go back to the feel of their
earlier material. This early material, particularly pre-"Cutter" gets a
better response at concerts in Scotland.
The fan club has all the albums and can be reached at the address above.
I think most of the band currently live in the Edinburgh area.

Try:
Capercaillie Fan Club
Chapmanagement
PO Box 1155
Glasgow
G3 7TW
There is also a fanzine called Sidetaulk. Call Mandy Shanks on
Hopeman 0343- 835194 for more info, or write to her at:
21 Thom St, Hopeman, Elgin, Moray, Scotland IV30 2SS
Capercaillie is pronounced "Cap-ir-cay-lee", not "Cape-r-cay-lee" A
Capercaillie is the largest member of the Grouse family (from the
Gaelic words for Wood Grouse) and is an endangered species.
capercaillie albums
Cascade (recorded 1984)
Lineup: Karen Matheson (lead vocal)
Joan MacLachlan (fiddle, vocal)
Marc Duff (Recorder, Whistles, Rauschpfeife)
Shaun Craig (Guitar, Bouzouki)
Martin Macleod (Basses, Fiddle)
Donald Shaw (Accordion, Keyboards, Fiddle)
Published by Taynuilt Records, Highfield, Taynuilt, Argyll, PA35 1JQ
This is the village which the band hail from and it's possible the
record company has some of Karen's earlier recordings when she was
with The Etives. The band met at Oban High School.
This is a really good album, but has no words with it and is only on cassette.
Greentrax stock it.
Album #2: Crosswinds (1987):
No words with this, many copies of the words are
available in books though. Excellent album.
Available on Green Linnet
Album #3: The Blood is strong (1988)
Soundtrack for TV series. Very good tunes (most are quite
short though, as is the album). Lyrics and translations
Album #4: Sidewaulk (1989)
Similar in sound to Crosswinds. The first album with
any English on it.
Full Gaelic and English lyrics supplied
On Green Linnet
At this point the band leave the Green Linnet label and join Survival
records. The fan club starts in a London suburb (graciously promoting a
ceilidh I was singing at in London!) and later moves to the studio in
Glasgow where the band do much of their recording. The sound becomes a
bit more contemporary, the Gaelic content goes down slightly but the
sound remains much more traditional than Runrig
Album #5: Delirium (published 1991)
Coisich a' ru\in (a 400 year old waulking song) from this
album becomes the first ever Scots Gaelic tune to enter the
UK top 40 after it becomes the theme tune for a UK wide TV
programme featuring Prince Charles entitled "A Prince among
islands". Charles appeared on this programme supporting
Gaelic and has since appeared on TV talking in Gaelic.
The beautiful song "Breisleach" from this album had its
lyrics written by well known Edinburgh based Gaelic poet
Angus Dubh (=Black Angus). It later became the theme music
for the Gaelic soap TV programme "Machair" shown at prime
time on Grampian TV and Scottish TV.
Album #6: Get Out! (1992)
An album of remixes, live material etc. Outlaws (=The Poll
Tax Song) is on this album.
Album #7: Secret People (1993)
Similar in sound to Delirium. This album is dedicated to
the oral tradition and so the lyrics were intentionally
not printed, nor are they available from the fan club (I've
already asked). An Eala Bhan however is available in some
songbooks (it's traditional, and is also on Cascade). Some of
the other tracks are traditional too and may be on albums by
na h-Oganaich (a source of Capercaillie material). Na
h-Oganaich (Young Blood) recorded 3 albums in the early 70s on Beltona
Records and were very influential in updating Gaelic music.
Tobermory on the album also appears on the Flora MacNeill album
"Craobh nan Ubhal" (on Temple). Capercaillie seem to get most of
their traditional material from Christine Primrose, Flora MacNeill
and na h-Oganaich. So now you know where to get most of the words
to Secret People!
To get Capercaillie records or more info, contact:
Stuart Fleming
Capercaillie Fan club
Chapmanagement
PO Box 1155
Glasgow
G3 7TW
If that fails, then try Greentrax records (who I bought Cascade from) or
Blackfriars Music, 49 Blackfriars St, Edinburgh EH1 1NB
Tel: 031 557 3090, Fax: 031 556 2552. As publishers of The Scottish Folk
Arts Directory, this shop has info on virtually everyone in the Scottish
folk scene.
Capercaillie cite na h-Oganaich (young blood) as one of their major
influences. Na h-Oganaich recorded 3 albums
1. "The Great Gaelic Sound of Na h-Oganaich (All Gaelic All Vocal)" 1973
(ref: SBE 145)
2. "Gael Force 3: Na h-Oganaich (Young Blood)" 1974 (ref: SBE 160)
3. "Scot-free: na h-Oganaich, Young Blood" 1975 (ref: SBE 184)
Contents: 'Canan nan Gaidheal', 'Cumha Dhiarmaid', 'Coisich a ruin',
'Chor a' ghritheach dhonn', 'Eilean a' cheo', 'Puirt a beul',
'Come by the hills', 'Willie's gaen tae Melville castle',
'The searing things', 'The freedom come all ye', 'Farewell to Nova Scotia'
and 'Flower of Scotland'.
These records are on the Beltona label. Beltona's address is (this may be way
out of date)
Beltona Records
(Division of) The Decca Record Co. Ltd.
Decca House
9 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SW
Another source of Capercaillie material is Christine Primrose who has the
following 4 records on the Temple label:
Aite mo ghaoil, 's tu nam chuimhne, The Quiet Tradition (with Alison
Kinnaird - clarcist) and Mairidh gaol is ceol (as part of Mac-Talla - highly
recommended album).

For the Edinburgh area, contact either
The School of Scottish Studies (Sgoil Eolais na h-Alba),
University of Edinburgh,
27 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD
(they run a number of summer schools)
Tel: 031 650 1000
The main work of the dept is with teaching undergraduate and
postgraduate courses in Scottish ethnology (there is a separate
dept of Celtic)
or
The Adult Learning Project (ALP), 184 Dalry Rd, Edinburgh,
EH11 2EP Tel: 031-337 5442
(has about 20 classes and about 300 students in culturally related
evening and day classes)
for Skye, try Sabhal Mor Ostaig (address elsewhere)

-- Supplied by Christopher Lau, University of Calgary
Mi\le fa\ilte dhuit le d'bhre/id,
Fad do re/ gun robh thu sla\n.
Mo/ran la\ithean dhuit is si\th,
Le d'mhaitheas is le d'ni\ bhi fa\s.
Translated as:
"A thousand welcomes to you with your marriage kerchief,
may you be healthy all your days. May you be blessed
with long life and peace, may you grow old with
goodness, and with riches."
This is attributed to the Rev. Donald MacLeod, minister of Duirinish,
Skye, Scotland c. 1760.
The bit about the marriage kerchief probably isn't applicable these days,
so you could just ignore it. (any Bards fancy thinking up a suitable
replacement?)

Information on Arran's only BBS. Here's the details:
Dalriada BBS: (line 1) up to V.42 bis. +44 (0)770 302049
24 hours Fidonet number 2:259/6 (line 1 only)
(line 2) up to V.42 bis. +44 (0)770 302532
Celtic file areas - culture, crafts, folklore, myths & tales, etc.
CELTNET Celtic conference network, "What's On" guide etc.
Sysops - Sammy McSkimming, Helen McSkimming, Lorraine MacDonald
Date: Wed, 6 Jul 94 11:05:00 +0000
Organization: ALMAC: Scotland : +44 (0)324 665371
ALMAC are pleased to announce the availability of information from the
Dalriada Celtic History Society.
It is available (along with a host of other Scottish/Celtic material)
through gopher on almac.co.uk . URL: gopher://almac.co.uk:70/11/
With thanks to Lorraine MacDonald of Dalriada for some excellent work.
Forrest Duncan forrest.duncan@almac.co.uk
ALMAC tel: +44 (0) 324-666336
141 Bo'ness Rd fax: +44 (0) 324-665155
Grangemouth FK3 9BS BBS: +44 (0) 324-665371

"Ceistean Minig a Thig" (Scots Gaelic)
"Ceisteanna Minic a Thig" (Irish Gaelic)
There is a saying :
"Is truagh nach ta\inig Minig Nach Tig.
Leath cho minig 's a tha\inig Minig a Thig"

The complete programme for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe is now available
by gopher from almac.co.uk. (Forrest Duncan, forrest.duncan@almac.co.uk
first described this on a UK newsgroup - thanks). There is also some
generic information about how the Fringe works.
This is HUGE, over 10000 lines of information, and I don't think Almac has
a very powerful server. Don't overwhelm them, save the address and call
sometime over the next few days. It might be an idea for somebody in the
US to make a copy available over there (subject to the Fringe agreeing -
the programme is copyrighted).
>From a quick look it doesn't seem to me to be *quite* complete - no details
about exhibitions yet. But hey, getting 95% of the schedule for the biggest
arts festival in history available this way is a darn good start.
Forrest says the Fringe can be contacted at festival.fringe@almac.co.uk;
I haven't got this to work yet and they are unlikely to be offering an
email booking service. No word yet on when or whether the International
Festival, Jazz Festival and Film Festival will go electronic. Accommodation
is not handled by the festival organizers but by the Tourist Information
Office.
The dates for the 94 fringe are 14th August- 3rd September.
95 dates are 13 August to 2 September

This is the main magazine for Scottish folk music info, although it
covers other forms of traditional music too. The magazine can be
reached at: living.tradition@almac.co.uk (E-mail)

The bit that the tourists (and very few locals) have ever seen. Mary
King's close, a medieval street under the Royal Mile. Sealed off in
1670. Not generally open to the public, but groups can book access by
arrangement by calling John Wilson on 031- 662 0039 (early evenings).
Access is through the City Chambers. The section is 60 metres long,
steep, slippery and full of ghosts (!). John's tour's get booked up
several weeks in advance. They last about three hours and are generally
midweek starting about 7pm. The tour covers both the Close and the City
Chambers. A donation of 3 pounds is requested for the tour. John is a
councillor with an interest in local history. Bob Morton also does
tours, but these just cover the Close. Sometimes it is possible to find
a spare slot or two on an existing tour. About 30 people are catered
for at a time.

Robert Burns
Lewis Grassic Gibbon (author of Sunset Song - my favourite book)
Neil Gunn (particularly recommended is
Highland River/The Silver Darlings)
James Hogg (Confessions of a Justified Sinner)
Sir Walter Scott (The Heart of Midlothian)
Robert Louis Stevenson (Kidnapped)
Norman MacCaig (Collected poems)
Sorley Maclean (From Wood to Ridge)
The greatest Gaelic poet alive today and one of the greatest
ever. Book is bilingual; author's own translations.
Astoundingly powerful stuff.
ISBN 0 09 9887207 (published by Vintage, London)
Scottish Guide books.
The definitive guide to eating good traditional Scottish food is
"The Taste of Scotland" published by
Taste of Scotland, 33 Melville St, Edinburgh, EH3 7JF
The primary guide to finding out the best things to do, go, eat,
see etc in Scotland is "Scotland the Best". This is an alternative
guide to Scottish culture for both locals and tourists alike. I liked
it so much I bought the book. However, there were a few things I
wanted adding so I sent in some comments for the 94
edition (ISBN 1 85158 622 9) (possibly ..662 9) and for my
efforts got a free bottle of single malt, free Capercaillie tickets and
my name in the book!

Edinburgh:
The Ceilidh House
Sandy Bell's
West End Hotel
The Royal Oak
Digger's (Wednesdays)
Cafe Royal (Wednesdays, entrance fee but high profile acts)
Scruffy Murphy's
Old Coach Inn (Caledonian beer; non smoking bar; Folk Thu's)

A Ceilidh (pronounced "Kay-lay", emphasis on 1st syllable) is many
things. It derives from the Gaelic word meaning a visit and originally
meant just that (and still does in Gaelic). It can also mean a house
party, a concert or more usually an evening of informal Scottish
traditional dancing to informal music. Ceilidhs in the lowlands tend
to be dances, in the highlands they tend to be concerts. Dances in the
highlands are called "ceilidh dances". Ceilidh dancing is fundamentally
different from Scottish Country Dancing in that it is much less formal
and the primary purpose is the enjoyment of doing the dance. Scottish
Country Dancing is much more oriented towards being a demonstration or
exhibition. Ceilidhs are extremely popular indeed with young people and
often attract from a few dozen people to several hundred. There are
world championships for ceilidh bands now (the first winners were Fire
in the Glen, now called Tannas). There are also workshops for ceilidh
bands at The Adult Learning Project, Dalry Road, Edinburgh.
Best places for Ceilidhs are:
Edinburgh: Walpole Hall, Assembly Rooms, Marco's leisure centre,
Cafe Royal, Southside Community Centre, St Bride's centre.
The West End Hotel has leaflets on the noticeboard showing when
ceilidhs are on, or look in the Folk music section of
The List (the Glasgow and Edinburgh what's on guide; out fortnightly
available at most newsagents). The West End Hotel also has great beer.
Glasgow: The Riverside Club. OK place for a ceilidh but prone to being
busy and too much like a nightclub.
There are even bouncers (unheard of at all the good ceilidhs)
To find out where to get the best beer (Real Ale), look in The
Good Beer Guide, available from all major bookshops. Published by
CAMRA. ISBN 1 85249 006 3. Published in October each year.
Edinburgh: Bannerman's; Bert's bar; Bow bar; Canny Man's;
Cumberland Bar; Clark's Bar; Drew Nicol's; Golden Rule; Greenmantle;
Guildford Arms; Halfway House; Hampton Hotel; Holyrood Tavern; Kay's
Bar; K. Jackson's Bar; Leslie's Bar; Malt and Hops; Oxford Bar;
Robbie's Bar; Royal Ettrick Hotel; Smithie's Ale House; Southsider;
Stable Bar; Starbank Inn; Todd's Tap The Caledonian Brewery (Slateford
Road) has a big beer festival in early June; The biggest beer festival
in Scotland is held at Meadowbank Stadium in early October.
Glasgow: Athena Taverna; Babbity Bowser; Bon Accord; Boswell Hotel;
Brewery Tap; The Horse shoe; Mitre; Pot Still; Sloane's; Station Bar;
Tennents; Three Judges; Ubiquitous Chip; Victoria Bar
Non-smoking bars in Scotland. Compiled by Craig Cockburn.
Please e-mail additions or corrections to me at craig@scot.demon.co.uk
This list is regularly sent to anti-smoking organisations and compilers
of books.
Borders
Selkirk: Tibbie Shiels Inn, Tel: 0750- 42231
Swinton: The Wheatsheaf Hotel, Tel: 089 086- 257
Central
Dollar: Strathallan Hotel, Tel: 0259- 42205
Dumfries and Galloway
Dumfries: Station Hotel, Tel: 0387- 54316
Highland
Inverness: Glenruidh House, Tel: 0463- 226499
Kingussie: Royal Hotel, Tel: 0540- 661868
Ullapool: The Ceilidh Place, Tel: 0854- 612103
Lothian
Edinburgh (Braidburn): The Braidburn (former police station - on
extension of Mayfield Rd) - no more details available yet.
Edinburgh (Canonmills): Old Coach Inn (totally non-smoking lounge bar)
Tel: 031- 539 8123. Also has a regular folk evening and real ale.
Edinburgh (Newhaven): Starbank Inn. Tel: 031- 552 4141 (not a proper
no-smoking bar, but a no-smoking restaurant which converts into a
no-smoking drinking area when they stop serving food. Real Ale).
Edinburgh (Newington): The Festival Theatre. 031-529 6000. Real Ale, no
smoking allowed at all. The bar is at the front and you don't
have to be attending a performance to have a drink there. You can watch
the performance on the TV screens.
South Queensferry: Hawes Inn Hotel, Tel: 031- 331 1990
(no-smoking family room until 9pm, smoking is allowed after 9pm).
Lothianburn: The Steading. Tel 031- 445 1128 (no-smoking restaurant
which converts into a no-smoking drinking area when the meals trade
dies down, usually after 9pm)
Strathclyde
Ayr: Chestnuts Hotel. Tel: 0292- 264393
Glasgow: Boswell Hotel, Tel: 041- 632 9812
Kilmarnock: Hunting Lodge, Tel: 0563- 22920
Paisley (Glasgow Airport): Tap and Spile, Tel: 041- 848 4869
Tayside
Broughty Ferry: Old Anchor Inn, Tel 0382- 737899
(no-smoking area is only at lunchtimes)
Dundee: Speedwell Bar, Tel: 0382- 67783. Sawdust on floor!
Kinesswood: Lomond Country Inn, Tel: 0592- 84253
Montrose: George Hotel, Tel: 0674- 75050

Kenneth I MacAlpin 843 - 858
Donald I 858 - 862
Constantine I 862 - 877
Aed 877 - 878
Eochaid 878 - 889
Donald II 889 - 900
Constantine II 900 - 943
Malcolm I 943 - 954
Indulf 954 - 962
Dubh 962 - 966
Culen 966 - 971
Kenneth II 971 - 995
Constantine III 995 - 997
Kenneth III 997 - 1005
Malcolm II 1005 - 1034
Duncan I 1034 - 1040
Macbeth 1040 - 1057
Lulach 1057 - 1058
Malcolm III Canmore 1058 - 1093
Donald Ban 1093 - 1094
Duncan II 1094 - 1094
Donald Ban (again) 1094 - 1097
Edgar 1097 - 1107
Alexander I 1107 - 1124
David I 1124 - 1153
(this is incomplete) The Scottish Monarchy merged with the English
Monarchy in 1603 when James VI of Scotland became James I of England.

(a frequent source of argument on the scot.* and ed.* hierarchy).
This survey was conducted by System Threee for the
Gaelic Television Committee and
published in July in their 93/94 annual report.
The Gaelic TV programmes are not funded by TV licence money, they
are funded directly from the Government by Act of Parliament.
Unweighted base: 1052.
Figures are percentages
The columns are
1) Agree strongly
2) Agree slightly
3) Neither agree nor disagree
4) Disagree slightly
5) Disagree strongly
6) Don't know
7) Mean score
Questions:
a) There are too many Gaelic programmes on television nowadays
Answers: 11 15 13 36 20 4 -0.40
b) I enjoy watching Gaelic TV programmes, even though I may not
speak Gaelic myself.
Answers: 12 30 12 20 23 4 -0.14
c) Too many Gaelic TV programmes are shown at peak times
Answers: 14 14 13 36 17 6 -0.29
d) It is important that the Gaelic language in Scotland is kept alive
through Gaelic programmes on TV
Answers: 40 35 9 8 5 3 1.00

It is "Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e."
and is Scots Gaelic for "Write to me in Gaelic please".
One shop which seems to get recommended frequently is:
Geoffrey (tailor) Highland Crafts Ltd
57-59 High Street (2 doors up from John Knox's house)
Royal Mile
Edinburgh
EH1 1SR
Tel: 031 557 0256
Open 7 days and late on Thursday.
Although it's on the Royal Mile, the prices should be reasonable.
They hire outfits; sell outfits and also sell ex-hire outfits.
Note that women in Scotland don't wear kilts, they wear kilted skirts.

I'm frequently browsing through bookshops to find good songbooks, but
most of the time they're of the tourist top 40 genre with only the most
popular tunes in. These are the sort of tunes you might hear played at
the Edinburgh tattoo, and not the sort you'd here at a folk concert or
down the pub.
I was at Blackfriars Music yesterday (the "Headquarters" of Scottish
Folk) and got a copy of an excellent book by them called "The Singing
Tradition on Scotland: Book 1, The Birken Tree". This particularly caught
my eye as The Birken Tree was a song which our singing group performed in
a concert a few weeks ago. The book is 3 pounds 50p, has 56 songs and is 64
pages. All the songs are Scottish, have staff music supplied, as well as
a glossary of Scots words, notes on the songs and notes for guitarists.
There's the usual tourist songs such as The Lewis Bridal Song (Mairi's
Wedding), Scotland the Brave and The Skye Boat Song, but the majority of
songs are of the type that folk artists would record or which you would
here down the pub. There's about 10 by Robert Burns. Unusually for book
not written for the Gaelic market, there is a Gaelic song "Cumha
Mhic Criomain" = MacCrimmon's Lament.
Blackfriars Music specialise in folk music and bagpipe music and sell
instruments, records and books. The also publish the "Scottish Folk
Arts Directory", the "yellow pages" of the Scottish folk scene detailing
festivals, artists, record labels, societies, radio programmes, folk pubs
etc etc.
The 1994/95 edition is published next week. The 93/94 edition was 70 pages.
Blackfriars Music can be reached at:
Blackfriars Music
49 Blackfriars St
Edinburgh
EH1 1NB
Scotland
Tel: 031 557 3090
(if you are visiting, the shop is open 7 days and is near The Scandic Crown
hotel on the Royal Mile).
Another good book is "The Trefoil Song Book". This is a Scottish version
of Rise up Singing. It has Scottish songs as well as non-Scottish
songs. The lyrics are supplied together with chord sequences and chord
charts for guitar.
The book has about 150 songs and is 63 A4 pages. To order one, contact
The Trefoil Centre, Gogarbank, Edinburgh, EH12 9DA, Scotland
Tel: 031 339 3148. The book is 2 pounds 50p plus postage.
The Trefoil centre organises holidays for the handicapped, is a charity,
and proceeds from the sales of the book go towards continuing the work
of the centre.

Failte gu Fidheall - The Scottish Folk Fiddle tutor, Book 1.
(This book is in English with a bilingual Gaelic-English introduction)
A Comprehensive guide for beginners
Compiled and arranged by Christine Martin and Anne Hughes
Published by Taigh na Teud (Harpstring house)
Address: 13 Breacais Ard, Isle of Skye, Scotland, IV42 8PY
Published 1992, ISBN 1 871931 90 8
They also publish "Ceilidh collections", "Ceol na Fidhle" (=music of the
fiddle) and "SessionTunes".
The book is about 5 pounds and is 42 A4 pages
There is also a demonstration tape to accompany the book, available from
the publishers.
This is a really good book with one of the best selections of tunes
(Highland, Lowland and others) I've seen in any book.

Whisky is the spelling used in Scotland. Whiskey is the spelling
used in Ireland, the US and some other countries. People very rarely call
whisky "Scotch" in Scotland, they either ask for it by brand name
or ask for any malt, or just ask for a whisky. The word "scotch" is
used though (scotch is an appellation). A single malt scotch must fulfill
three requirements:
i) It must be the product of only one distillery
ii) It must be made exclusively from barley malt
iii) It must be made in Scotland.
Highland malt whisky must be made in an area north west of a line which
passes near Dunblane (my home town!). It includes both Deanston and
Blackford, the adjacent towns to the west and north of Dunblane.
The definitive book on Malt Whiskies is:
Michael Jackson's Malt Whisky Companion
A Connoisseur's Guide to the Malt Whiskies of Scotland
Published by Dorling Kindersley Ltd, 9 Henrietta St, London, WC2E 8PS
ISBN (1989 edition - probably superceded now) 0-86318-387-5.
9 pounds 95p. 240 pages, hardback
Covers over 250 malts from over 120 distilleries with full tasting notes.
Includes all well known brands plus rare and specialist bottlings
Includes rating system for both the whisky and the distillery.
Includes alphabetic index, and list of distilleries (with phone numbers)
that offer tours.
The best selling single malt in Scotland is "Glenmorangie", pronounced
to rhyme with "orangey" (stress on the 2nd syllable of Glen-mor-an-gie).
This word comes from the Gaelic for "Glen of Great Tranquility". The best
selling single malt scotch in the world is Glenfiddich (=Glen of the Deer).
My personal favourites are Highland Park (12 years old, from Orkney).
Jackson rates this as "The greatest all-rounder in the world of whisky".
For special occasions, I'd recommend MacAllan 18 year old. Astounding stuff!

The best way to see Scotland if you've got a tight budget. Even if you
can afford more luxurious accomodation (accomodation is always singular
in Britain), Youth Hostels are definitely worth using. All ages use them
and cost is typically 5 pounds a night. Most of them have lights out at
11pm, except those in large cities which are often open later.
Contact for more info, to book accomodation etc
The Scottish Youth Hostels Association (SHYA)
7 Glebe Crescent
Stirling
Scotland
FK8 2JA
Tel: 0786 451181
Joining the SHYA, (#2.50 ages 5-17, #6.00 ages 18+) entitles you to use
Youth Hostels all over the world

A UK wide organisation. Produces a book "The Ramblers yearbook and
accomodation guide" which is a good source of low cost accomodation
(typically 10 - 20 pounds per person per night)
ISBN 0-900613-75-0
Available from:
The Ramblers' Association, 1/5 Wandsworth Road, London, SW8 2XX
Tel: 071 582 6878

2 that spring to mind are:
Ralph Storer's "100 best routes on Scottish mountains", Warner books.
A division of Little, Brown and Company (UK) Ltd, 165 Great Dover St,
London, SE1 4YA
ISBN 0 7515 0300 2
223 pages, includes a variety of mountains throughout Scotland.
Mountains classified by grade; terrain; navigation difficulty and
seriousness. Includes diagrams and Gaelic translations and phonetics
Ordnance Survey: "Place names on maps of Scotland and Wales"
ISBN 0-319-00223-3
24 pages of info on Gaelic, Norse and Welsh placenames, meanings,
grammar, common Anglicisations. V useful for translating many place
names in remote areas.

A Munro is a Scottish mountain over 3,000ft. There are 277. There must
be a vertical drop of 500ft between two peaks for them to both qualify
as Munros. A Top is a mountain over 3,000ft not separated by a vertical
drop of 500ft from a Munro. The name Munro comes from Munros tables
compiled by someone called Munro, but there have been some modifications
since the table was first compiled. A Corbett is a separate mountain
over 2,000ft
Scotland has its own legal system and its own laws.
You cannot at present buy alcohol from an off-license (including supermarkets)
on a Sunday, but this is likely to change soon.
Answers to most common Scottish consumer questions can be found in:
Your Rights and Responsibilities, A personal guide for Scottish Consumers.
published by HMSO and the Scottish Consumer Council.
ISBN 0 11 495205 1, 4 pounds 95p
Telephone orders: 071 873 9090

Contact:
Arthur Cormack
Feisean nan Gaidheal
5 Caolshra\id Mhicheil
Inbhir Nis (Inverness)
Scotland, IV2 3HQ
Tel: 0463 226472 Fax: 0463 237470

Comhairle nan Sgoiltean Araich (CNSA)
21A Castle Street
Inverness
IV2 3ER
Tel: 0463 225469
s about 100 pre-school playgroups throughout Scotland through the medium
of Gaelic

This is a term used to mean various things, but is considered mildly
offensive when referring to people - generally use "Scots" for people
and "Scottish" for everything else. Whisky is usually not referred to
as "Scotch" - see note on whisky.

Plaid (pronounced "plad") is the name of the material which is used for
making kilts. It isn't the name of the pattern on the material, this
is called "tartan". In the US, plaid is pronounced "plaid" and refers
to the material - plaid and tartan are interchangeable terms there, they
aren't in Scotland.

-- Ask on GAELIC-L
-- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum"
by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info
(1) Highly recommended newspaper is:
Am Braighe "A quarterly journal focusing on the oral traditions and history
of the North American Gaels. Interviews in Gaelic and English on
immigration, folklore, history, music and song"
It's about 95% in English
Subscriptions or FREE sample copy :
Am Braighe
PO Box 179
Mabou
Canada
Tel: (902) 945-2666
Fax: (902) 945 2723
Rates, (4 copies) 10 pounds (UK) ($20 Can) $14 (US), $12 Canada
Visa and Mastercard accepted
-- I think there are about 1,000 speakers of Gaelic left in Nova
Scotia, plus some on Prince Edward Island.
(2) Some info on Cape Breton Step Dancing:
This was published at the Cork Cape Breton Festival a couple of years ago.
CAPE BRETON STEP-DANCE:
AN IRISH OR SCOTTISH TRADITION?
Prepared by: Sheldon MacInnes, Program Director, Extension &
Community Affairs, University College of Cape Breton.
Introduction
Writing about Cape Breton step-dance is difficult; in fact, writing
about any dance is difficult. Most people enjoy "participating in" fun
activities rather than writing about them. Cape Breton step-dancing is
an excellent illustration of an activity which one would rather "do".
However, at the request of the organising committee for the Eigse Na
Laoi, I will attempt to write this short paper on Cape Breton step-
dance and its origins. Readers of this paper should simply view the
following observations and comments as one person's opinion.
Background
It is obvious to most people familiar with the dance culture of Cape
Breton Island that the art of step-dancing is alive and well, and,
like so many of our cultural treasures and initiatives, step- dance
has an impact on Cape Breton's cultural history and tradition, island
identity, social cohesion and the economy. Traditional dance provides
an instrument for exploring our unique heritage and may serve as a
means to attract outside attention to Cape Breton among students of
folklore and history and the general travelling public. Therefore, the
debate on the origins of step-dance has some relevance.
In the most extreme parochial sense, some people say step- dance has
its origins somewhere in Cape Breton, i.e. in an area like Inverness
County, or Victoria County. Some people may even argue that it began
in Waterford (as in New Waterford, Cape Breton, not to be mistaken for
Waterford, Ireland.) Documented discussions, however, among elders in
several Cape Breton communities, elders not far removed from the
generation of Scots who emigrated from Scotland, give some credence to
the notion that the dance originated in Scotland. A review of
literature by scholars who have taken the time to research the origins
of different traditional dance forms also gives some validity to this
view.
Early Research
In 1958, Frank Rhodes, a renowned scholar, visited Cape Breton and
spent considerable time in a number of rural communities chatting with
older people. As a result of his visit and subsequent research, he was
satisfied that his findings supported the notion that Cape Breton
step-dance has its roots in the highlands of Scotland. Works by other
researchers like George Emerson, Joan and Tom Flett, and Cape Breton's
own Allister MacGillivray would later support Rhodes' view. (Rhodes,
p. 9.)
Of particular interest to me, upon reviewing the literature, was
MacGillivray's interview with Flora MacNeil, well known ambassador of
Scottish culture and Gaelic singing especially. Flora, during her
early visits to Cape Breton from Scotland in the late 70's, would
often engage in the debate on the origins of Cape Breton step-dance
always doubting that the dance had its place in Scotland. This kind
of response from the Scots of the "old country" and other strong
advocates of the "old country's" music and Gaelic language may be
typical. In other words, if the proponents of the Scottish culture in
Scotland can not relate to the art of step-dancing, then surely this
form of dance is not part of the Scottish tradition. This may have
been the view that Flora held for some time. However, after many
visits to Cape Breton, and after many discussions about this lively
art form, Flora took it upon herself to do some research in her own
country and as a result, she was satisfied that step-dance was very
much a part of the traditional culture of the Scottish highlands.
(MacGillivray, p. 24.)
The Dancing Immigrants
The historical facts disclose that in the late 1700's and early
1800's, immigrants from all over the British Isles began to settle in
the eastern half of the island of Cape Breton. Between 1800 and 1820,
immigrants from the Scottish Highlands began to settle the western
side of the Island between Inverness County and the Grand Narrows
region. (Dunn, p. 19.) Among other things, these settlers handed
down to their children the memories of life in Scotland and the early
days of life on the Island of Cape Breton. MacGillivray's research
states that the publication, "A History of Inverness County" records
this information in detail, including stories and recollections about
the art of step-dancing.
"A History of Inverness" describes, for example, Alan MacMillan who
was born in Lochabar, Scotland in 1820. He settled in Rear Little
Judique in Inverness, Cape Breton. Alan MacMillan was a celebrated
dancer. After his arrival to the Judique community, he established
dance classes in Judique and Cregnish. From the same source, I learned
of Lauchlin MacDougall who settled in Broad Cove Banks and like his
father, as well as his son, was a noted dancer. In these accounts, I
learned that the style and the technique of the dance were similar to
the step-dance of today. (MacGillivray, p. 24.)
The early styles of step-dance, like today, featured the art of solo
dancing. Subsequently, early formations known as the four-handed reels
and the eight-handed reels evolved. In the 1920's and the 1930's, Cape
Breton captured a unique interest in various square dance styles from
Europe. Activity at the Gaelic College, beginning in 1939, emphasised
the more popular forms of dance including Scottish Country Dancing
which is now associated with Scotland. The latter included many of the
characteristics which were very much a part of any number of dance
styles found outside the Scottish tradition at that time.
The foregoing information reflects a preoccupation with the idea that
the step-dance as it is known in Cape Breton has its origins in the
highlands of Scotland. Cape Bretoners believe that the Gaelic language
of the Island has a place in the Outer Hebrides as is the case with
the Scottish violin music of Cape Breton. It should not come as any
surprise, therefore, that dance enthusiasts also want to be part of
this linkage with the "old country" despite the fact that many of the
traditional qualities of the Cape Breton music, song and dance are no
longer found in Scotland today. (MacMaster Video.)
It is interesting to note, however, that sometimes in researching the
place of culture and traditional art forms in society, one can fall
victim to 'inventing tradition.' Perhaps Cape Bretoners indulge in
this useful avocation from time to time. This is an issue which
requires a series of further reflection and research and cannot be
dealt with adequately in a brief paper. However, let me explore the
matter briefly in the context of traditional Cape Breton step-dance.
Close to the Floor
The work by Colin Quigley, well known researcher of traditional dance,
offers some interesting information. Quigley's research culminates in
his publication "Close to the Floor". Sound familiar? Of course! It is
the title of a traditional tune often played by Cape Breton fiddlers
for dancers. The tune often receives the same response as the lively
strathspey, "Welcome to Your Feet Again" which is a favourite in Cape
Breton. Quigley's publication describes, in detail, the formal
structuring of steps commonly used by step-dancers. He describes the
notion that the steps are presented in intricate detail and move in
rhythm to select music including jigs and reels. He describes the body
posture of the dancer with the emphasis on movement from the knees
down while the upper portion of the body is more relaxed and subtle
and not to be a distraction from the footwork. The dancer's main
objective is to gain equal co- ordination of both legs and feet, a
basic requirement of a good Cape Breton step-dancer.
According to Quigley, the art of good step-dancing requires a great
deal of individual style as well as an inclusion of some regional
variety in styles. Quigley learned that styles may differ in body
stance, arm use or in characteristic ways of using the feet. He
explains how most traditional step- dancers strive to achieve a light
and near-silent dance style. This describes two great Cape Breton
step-dancers rather nicely: Harvey Beaton and Willie Fraser.
Quigley goes on to describe how traditional step-dancers aspire to the
music played. Quigley could be describing step-dancing as it is known
in Cape Breton. But he is not! He is sharing his findings of
traditional step-dance in the province of Newfoundland which is
situated on the extreme East Coast of Atlantic Canada. His description
of the solo step-dance in Newfoundland appears to describe what is now
known as the Cape Breton step-dance. Quigley's research outlines the
similarity between Newfoundland step-dance and Irish step-dance in
terms of technique and the terminology applied to both dance and
music. Quigley makes a direct link between the traditional step-dance
of Newfoundland and Ireland. Cape Breton Island does not enter the
equation in Quigley's research. It is highly likely that Quigley had
never heard of Cape Breton step-dance while he was researching in
Newfoundland. (Quigley, pp. 54 - 83.)
Hugh Trevor Roper
Quigley may not change people's minds about the origins of Cape Breton
step-dance, unless people have spent some time reading the essays of
historian Hugh Trevor Roper. Trevor Roper presents an interesting case
in his essay "Invention of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of
Scotland". He writes out of particular concern for the place of the
tartan image among the Scots, but his work may have some implication
for how people view other aspects of the culture like music and
dancing.
As a result of his efforts, Roper has given cause for Highland
Scottish culture enthusiasts to do some serious reflection on the
origin of Highland Scottish tradition. Trevor Roper in his research
suggests that the Highlands of Scotland were culturally deprived
approaching the 16'th century and that the literature of the Highland
Scot was a crude echo of the Irish literature. Trevor Roper claims
also that the bards of the Scottish chieftains came from Ireland, and
that the Scottish bards were the "rubbish of Ireland" who were
periodically cleared from Ireland and deposited in that convenient
wasteland, Scotland. Also, according to Trevor Roper, while Ireland
remained culturally an historic nation, Scotland developed, at best,
as its poor sister. He further claims that Scotland did not develop an
independent Scottish tradition. (Roper, pp. 271 - 293.) Is it possible
that if Cape Bretoners were to pursue this matter in any serious
manner, that Cape Bretoners might plummet into some kind of identity
crisis?
Barbara LeBlanc
It might well be that this Cape Breton dance, "step-dance," does not
belong to the Scots after all. It might be an extension of the Irish
tradition. Barbara LeBlanc, a native Cape Bretoner is currently
conducting traditional dance research at graduate school. In her 1986
report on "Dance in Inverness County," for the Museum of Man in
Ottawa, she cites examples of conversations with members of the Cape
Breton Irish community who say that step-dance in Cape Breton is an
Irish dance. (LeBlanc, p. 13.) Some day, someone might invite Colin
Quigley and Barbara LeBlanc to do a comparative analysis between Cape
Breton step-dancing and the Newfoundland-Irish traditional
step-dancing.
Clearly, the cultural expressions of Cape Breton Island are well
entrenched in a global sense regardless of their traditional origins.
The traditional music, song and dance, perceived by people as having
evolved on the Island, are part of the unique Cape Breton identity.
Generally speaking, rightly or wrongly, the step-dance activity of
Cape Breton Island is such that it is recognised world-wide as being
unique to Cape Breton. To illustrate the level of interest in
traditional dance locally and to recognise its real and potential
impact, one needs only to visit any number of select communities in
Cape Breton and, in particular, rural communities like lona,
Washabuck, Glendale and, of course, Glencoe Mills.
Cape Breton Dance Activities
When one mentions the word "Glencoe" among the Scots outside of
Scotland, one would envision the notorious exchange between the
Campbells and the MacDonalds of Glencoe. The Scots in the Highlands of
Scotland, however, think of the ship "the Glencoe" that sailed the
waters of Scotland up to 1935 and served as a means of travel,
industry and commerce. (Cooper, p. 126.) In Cape Breton, however,
people know Glencoe to be a tiny rural community in Inverness County,
which boasts, among other things, of beautiful landscape, pastoral
farm settings, a church, a sandy road, and a small parish hall. The
hall, to many people, justifies the pride of Glencoe as it
accommodates one of the more popular dance sites on Cape Breton
Island. The "Glencoe dances" (as they are commonly known) have become
renowned to many people in various parts of the world. In addition to
many local activities promoting the dance tradition, Cape Breton step-
dancers are frequently called upon to demonstrate their unique dance
styles and techniques beyond the physical boundaries of Cape Breton
Island. Through the medium of television, in particular, and personal
appearances at major national and international festivals and
workshops, Cape Breton step-dancers are often seen on regional and
national programs in Canada as well as in the United States and
Britain (Scotland). There is a history of interest in Cape Breton
step-dance among the general public who already have an interest in
Celtic heritage.
Conclusion
Whether the origins of Cape Breton step-dance are within Cape Breton
itself or Scotland or Ireland or all three, the step-dance is a rich
component of the Cape Breton heritage. Furthermore, Cape Breton
step-dancers are perfectionists in their own right. In any initiatives
they engage, they are truly professional and committed to the
promotion and preservation of traditional step-dancing. Their dancing
is as important to them as music is important to the Cape Breton
fiddler. In this sense, they truly complement the efforts of Cape
Breton's greatest fiddlers. Allister MacGillivary's book, "Cape Breton
Ceilidh," highlights in excellent detail the stories, anecdotes and
traditions of many of Cape Breton's outstanding step-dancers.
References
Brown, Richard. "A History of Cape Breton Island."
Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Co., 1979.
Cooper, Derek. "Skye - Great Britain.": Morrison & Gibb
Ltd., 1977.
Dance Nova Scotia, ed. "Just Four on the Floor, A Guide to
Teaching Traditional Cape Breton Square Sets for Public
Schools," 1992.
Dunn, Chades W. "Highland Settler: A Portrait of the
Scottish Gael in Nova Scotia." Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1953
Emmerson, George S. "Rantin' Pipe and Tremblin' String: A
History of Scottish Dance Music." Montreal: McGill Queens
University Press, 1971.
Flett, J.P. and T.M. Flett. "Traditional Dancing in
Scotland." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964.
Garrison, Virginia. "Traditional and Non-Traditional
Teaching and Learning Practices in Folk Music: An
Ethnographic Field Study of Cape Breton Fiddling." Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1985
Hunter, James. "The Fiddle Music of Scotland Edinburgh."
T.A. Constable Ltd., 1979.
LeBlanc, Barbara and L. Sadousky. "Inverness County Dance
Project." Museum of Man, Ottawa, 1986.
MacDonald, Keith Norman. "The Skye Collection." 1987.
MacGillivray, Allister. "A Cape Breton Ceilidh". Sydney,
Nova Scotia: Sea Cape Music Limited, 1988.
MacInnes, Sheldon, "Folk Society in An Urban Setting." M.A.
Thesis (unpublished). Detroit, Michigan: The Merrill Palmer
Institute (Wayne State University), 1977.
"MacMaster Video," produced by Peter Murphy, Seabright
Productions, Antigonish, 1992.
Quigley, Colin. "Close to the Floor: Folk Dance in
Newfoundland." St. John's, Newfoundland: Memorial
University, 1985.
Rhodes, Frank. Appendix. "Dancing in Cape Breton Island,
Nova Scotia - Traditional Dancing in Scotland." By J. P.
Flett and T. M. Flett. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1964, pp. 267 285.
(3) Cape Breton Songs
Nova Scotia -- "Farewell To Nova Scotia"
The sun was setting in the west
The birds were singing on every tree
All nature seemed inclined to rest
But still there was no rest for me.
Chorus:
Farewell to Nova Scotia
The seabound coast
Let your mountains, dark and dreary, be
For when I am far away
On the briny ocean, tossed
Will you ever heave a sigh and a wish for me?
I grieve to leave my native land
I grieve to leave my comrades, all
And my parents, whom I've held so dear
And the bonnie, bonnie lass I do adore
Chorus
The drums, they do beat
The wars, they alarm
The captain calls, we must obey
So farewell, farewell to Nova Scotia's charms
For it's early in the morning and I'm far, far away (this should be the final
verse)
I have three brothers
They are at rest
Their arms are folded on their breast
And a poor old sailor such as me
Must be tossed and driven
On the deep blue sea.
Chorus
(I'm not sure about the "And a poor old sailor such as me" line
Cape Breton - "The Island"
Over an ocean and over a sea
Beyond these great waters, oh what do I see?
I see the great mountains rise from the coastline
The hills of Cape Breton, this new home of mine
Oh, we come from the countries all over the world
To hack at the forest, to plow the land down
Fishermen, farmers and sailors all come
To clear for the future this pioneer ground
Chorus:
We are an island, a rock in a stream
We are a people, as proud as there's been
In soft summer breeze or in wild winter wind
The home of my heart - Cape Breton
Over the rooftops and over the trees
Within these new townships, oh what do I see?
I see the black pit-head,
The coal wheels are turning,
The smoke-stacks are belching
And the blast furnace burning
Aw, the sweat on the back is no joy to behold
In the heat of the steelplant or mining the coal
And the foreign-owned companies force us to fight
For our survival and for our rights
Chorus:
Over the highways and over the roads
Over the causeway, stories are told
They tell of the coming and the going away
The cities of Ontario [I've also heard 'America'] draw me away
The companies come and the companies go
And the ways of the world we may never know
But we'll follow the footsteps of those on their way
And ask for the right to leave or to stay
Chorus:
I believe this song was written by a Cape Bretoner, Kenzie MacNeil
Other well known Cape Breton songs (Gaelic) are:
Oran do Cheap Breatuinn (song for Cape Breton) and
An Innis Aigh (The Happy Isle - the poetic name for Cape Breton)
(4) Cape Bretoner newspaper
The Cape Bretoner is a newsmagazine aimed at former Capers who've moved away
(P.O. Box 220, Sydney, NS, B1P 6H1 ).
The Cape Bretoner newsmagazine is a good source for local Canadian
Celtic music.
(5) History
Trust me, Craig, you'll never read a more wonderful description of the
Highland history of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia than the following from
the Author's Note of Hugh MacLennan's "Each Man's Son" (1951, Little,
Brown and Company. Boston):
"Continents are much alike, and a man can no more love a continent than
he can love a hundred million people. But all the islands of the world
are different. They are small enough to be known, they are vulnerable,
and men come to feel about them as they do about women.
Many men have loved the island of Cape Breton and a few may have hated
her. Ericson was probably the first to see her, Cabot landed on her,
and after Cabot came the French. She seemed harsh and frigid to the
first new-comers, but the moment the French saw her their imaginations
were touched and they called her the Royal Isle. After a while they
built on her eastern rim the master fortress of Louisbourg to dominate
Nova Scotia and guard the St. Lawrence (River).
When the wars began, the English and the New Englanders came up to Cape
Breton and for a time she was as famous as Gibraltar. Louisbourg fell,
the French were driven out, the English and Americans went home and for
a third of a century the island was vacant again.
Then across the ocean in the Highlands of Scotland a desperate and
poetic people there heard of her. They were a race of hunters,
shepherds and warriors who had discovered too late that their own
courage and pride had led them to catastrophe, since it had enabled
them to resist the Saxon civilization so long they had come to the end
of the eighteenth century knowing nothing of the foreman, the boss,
the politician, the policeman, the merchant, or the buyer-seller of
other men's work. When the English set out to destroy the clans of
Scotland, the most independent of the Highlanders left their homes with
the pipes playing laments on the decks of their ships. They crossed
the ocean and the pipes played again when they waded ashore on the
rocky coast of Cape Breton Island.
They rooted themselves, big men from the red-haired parts of the
Scottish main and dark-haired smaller men from the Hebrides, women
from the mainland with strong bones and Hebridean women with delicate
skins, accepting eyes and a musical sadness in their speech. For a
long time nothing but Gaelic was spoken in the island until they
gradually learned English from the handful of New England Loyalists who
came to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution.
To Cape Breton the Highlanders brought more than the quixotic gallantry
and softness of manner belonging to a Homeric people. They also
brought with them an ancient curse, intensified by John Calvin and
branded upon their souls by John Knox and his successors - the belief
that man has inherited from Adam a nature so sinful there is no hope
for him and that, furthermore, he lives and dies under the wrath of an
arbitrary God who will forgive only a handful of his Elect on the Day
of Judgement.
As no normal human being can exist in constant awareness that he is
sinful and doomed through no fault of his own, the Highlanders behaved
outwardly as other men do who have softened the curse or forgotten its
existence. But in Cape Breton they were lonely. They were no part of
the great outer world. So the curse remained alive with them, like a
sombre beast growling behind a locked door. It was felt even when they
were least conscious of it. To escape its cold breath some turned to
drink and others to the pursuit of knowledge. Still others, as the
Puritans of New England had done earlier, left their homes, and in
doing so found wider opportunities in the United States or in the empty
provinces of Western Canada.
But if the curse of God rested on the Highlanders' souls, the beauty of
God cherished the island where they lived. Inland were high hills and
a loch running in from the sea that looked like a sleeve of gold in the
afternoon sun. There were trout and salmon streams lined by
sweet-smelling alder, water meadows and valleys graced by elms as
stately as those in the shires of southern England. The coast was
rugged with grey granite or red sandstone cliffs, splendid with
promontories, fog-bound in the spring when the drift ice came down from
Newfoundland and Labrador, tranquil in summer, and in the autumns
thunderous with evidences of the power of the Lord.
So for several generations the Highlanders remained here untouched,
long enough for them to tranfer to Cape Breton the same passionate
loyalty their ancestors had felt for the hills of home. It was long
enough for them to love the island as a man loves a woman,
unreasonably, for her faults no less than for her virtuese s. But they
were still a fighting race with poetry in their hearts and a curse upon
their souls. Each man's son was driven by the daemon of his own hope
and imagination - by his energy or by his fear - to unknown
destinations. For those who stayed behind, the beast continued to
growl behind the unlocked door...."
And he goes on a little into more specifics about the actual characters
in the novel and their own "daemons". I'm not a religious man, but I
do like his talk of "the curse" and all that, kind of poetic I think.
Anyway, Dr. MacLennan had quite a storied academic career and ended up
teaching history at McGill Universtiy in Montreal for many years. He
wrote many novels and stories, is Nova Scotia's most renowned writer
and one of the most loved writers in Canadian literary history. He
died in November 1990. One editorial wrote, "MacLennan is one of
those writers whose personal goodness and decency shine through all his
works. His generousity of spirit is such that after a couple of hours
spent with one of his books, the world seems a better place."
FYI, his novels include: Each Man's Son; Barometer Rising; Two
Solitudes; The Watch That Ends The Night; The Return of The Sphinx.
Other books: Seven Rivers of Canada; and The Colour of Canada.
-- No info here at present,
-- Ask on WELSH-L
-- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum"
by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info
-- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for
more info -section a (Celtic), part 9

-- No info here at present,
-- Ask on WELSH-L
-- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum"
by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info
-- Some Welsh is spoken in Patagonia

[Thanks to Konrad A. Vasterman, Tony Killeen, Bill Grantham,
James G. Dilmore, Stephanie Schmidt, Liam Greenslade,
Phil Irwin, Barry Flanagan and Shawn Mehan
for welcome additions (whether they knew it or not).
The FAQ is now getting very unwieldy and will be
revamped next month - GN]
1. Please read this FAQ before posting to soc.culture.celtic
2. This FAQ is available through anonymous ftp from rtfm.mit.edu
3. This FAQ is a living document, if you have any suggestions
or additions that you would consider relevent then please
email one of the maintainers.
G.Nolan@bath.ac.uk
kelley@ede.sanders.lockheed.com
4. The FAQ is NOT a political document, the information is
offered, with no bias to any of the communities in Northern Ireland
or the Republic of Ireland.
5. Soc.culture.celtic is for discussion of related topics on Scotland,
Wales, Ireland as well as Manx, Cornish and Breton issues. This
section of the FAQ only deals with Ireland, with particular emphasis
on the Republic of Ireland.
Contents
7.1: General Information
Info from the CIA yearbook - Republic of Ireland ONLY. Also
What to call the Republic and the North (Ulster != NI).
Part 2. - Music & Art
Rec.music.celtic etc.
Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics
List of sessions
Part 3. - Tourism
Contact numbers
Places to visit in Ireland
Festivals
Part 4. - Gaeilge na hE/ireann (Irish Gaelic) Language
Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic
Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere
Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music
Part 5. - Politics
Political parties in Northen Ireland.
Contraception, Divorce, Abortion and Homosexuality in the Republic.
Part 6. - Sport
LOI soccer mailing list
GAA & Hurling
Part 7. - History
Why is Ireland divided?
Chronological list of dates of Irish History
Part 8. - Books & Papers
Subscriptions to newspapers
List of books
Part 9. - Tracing Irish Anscestors
Part 10. - Internet information services
ftp sites for the peace declaration, constitution,
opshal findings, RTE news etc
Part 11. - Mythology
Part 12. - Cuisine
Part 13. - Miscellaneous
Getting jobs in Ireland
Applying for Irish citizenship
What is the Claddagh ring?
Irish National Anthem
************************************************************************
************************************************************************
Part 1 - General Information
Information from the CIA yearbook (abridged) Republic of Ireland ONLY
---------------------------------
Area:
total area: 70,280 km2 land area: 68,890 km2
Climate:
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool
summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Terrain:
mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low
mountains; sea cliffs on west coast
Natural resources:
zinc, lead, natural gas, petroleum, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone,
dolomite, peat, silver
Population:
3,529,566 (July 1993 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Irishman(men), Irishwoman(men), Irish (collective plural)
adjective:
Irish
Ethnic divisions:
Celtic, English
Religions:
Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)
Languages:
Irish (Gaelic), spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard,
English is the language generally used. There is also a lot of Irish
speakers in the large cities (particularly Dublin), but they are less
concentrated in the cities than in the Gaeltachts.
Labour force:
1.37 million
by occupation:
services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry,
and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992)
Capital:
Dublin
Administrative divisions:
26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry,
Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath,
Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath,
Wexford, Wicklow
Independence:
6 December 1921 (from UK)
Constitution:
29 December 1937; adopted 1937
Legal system:
based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts;
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday:
Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Left, Proinsias DE ROSSA; Fianna Fa/il, Albert REYNOLDS; Labour
Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland,
Michael O'RIORDAN; Sinn Fe/in, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Mary
HARNEY
note:
Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fa/il and
the Labour Party
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Elections:
President:
last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - Mary
Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%
Senate:
last held on NA February 1992 (next to be held February 1997); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fa/il 26,
Fine Gael 16, Labour 9, Progressive Democrats 2, Democratic Left 1,
independents 6
House of Representatives:
last held on 25 November 1992 (next to be held by June 1995); results -
Fianna Fa/il 39.1%, Fine Gael 24.5%, Labour Party 19.3%,Progressive Democrats
4.7%, Democratic Left 2.8%, Sinn Fe/in 1.6%, Workers' Party 0.7%,
independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total) Fianna Fa/il 68, Fine Gael 45, Labour
Party 33, Progressive Democrats 10, Democratic Left 4, Greens 1,
independents 5
Executive branch:
president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate
(Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail
Eireann)
Leaders:
Chief of State:
President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990)
Head of Government:
Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992)
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Dermot A. GALLAGHER chancery:
2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 462-3939
consulates general:
Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
Flag:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar
to the flag of the Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and has the colors
reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag
of Italy, which is srter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and
red
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.5% (1992)
Unemployment rate: 22.7% (1992)
Industries:
food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal
Currency:
1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 pence
Ports:
Cork, Dublin, Waterford
Telecommunications:
modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000
telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarine
cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
What to call the Republic and the North
---------------------------------------
Regularly posters get flamed for calling the Republic of Ireland, Eire
or Southern Ireland. This is seen by some as pandering to the British
as the British Media insist on using the terms Eire or Southern Ireland,
as a way of differentiating between the North (the part inside the UK)
and the Republic. If you don't wish to offend use the term Republic of
Ireland when refering to the 26 counties.
In a similar vein use Northern Ireland when refering to the part
inside the UK as Ulster consists of nine counties, three of which
are in the Republic.
The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hEireann) states in Article 4.
`The name of the State is Eire, or in the English language, Ireland'
The total island of Ireland has 32 counties, 26 are in the Republic of Ireland
and the remaining 6 are in the North of Ireland. The island is historically
divided into the four provinces of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and Ulster.
The province of Ulster has 9 counties, of which 6 are in Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, and the remaining 26
counties make up the Republic of Ireland.
This is further confused by the fact that articles 2 & 3 in the constitution
claim the North as part of Ireland.
Article 2:
`The national territory consists of the whole of the island of Ireland,
its islands and the territorial seas.'
Article 3:
`Pending the re-integration of the national territory, and without prejudice
to the right of Parliament and Government established by the Constitution
to exercise jurisdiction over the whole of that territory, the laws
enacted by that Parliament shall have the like area and extent of Saorstat
Eireann and the like extra-territorial effect.'
More information can be found from various ftp and www sites given
in Part 10.
--
Craig Cockburn (pronounced "coburn"), Edinburgh, Scotland
Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e.
From craig@scot.demon.co.uk Thu Aug 25 17:08:39 1994
Received: from scot.demon.co.uk by augustus.physics.unc.edu (4.1/TAS/11-16-88)
id AB04741; Thu, 25 Aug 94 17:08:12 EDT
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 1994 21:55:41 GMT
From: craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn)
Reply-To: craig@scot.demon.co.uk
Message-Id: <12722@scot.demon.co.uk>
To: elessar@augustus.physics.unc.edu
Subject: faq4
X-Mailer: PCElm 1.10
Lines: 1261
Status: R
************************************************************************
Part 2. - Music & Art
(i) Rec.music.celtic etc.
(ii) Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics
(iii) List of sessions
(ii) Translation of Clannad/Enya/etc. lyrics
---------------------------------------------
Translations of Enya-lyrics can be found at:
ftp.uwp.edu:/pub/music/artists/e/enya/lyrics/translate.txt and at:
http://astrowww.astro.indiana.edu/personnel/link/enyaidx.html for WWW-users.
Discography can be found at:
ftp.uwp.edu:/pub/music/artists/e/enya/discog2 and at:
http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsdra/enya/dicography.html for WWW-users.
Enya faq can be found at:
rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/music/enya-faq
http://www.bath.ac.uk/~ccsdra/enya/faq.html for World Wide Web users.
this FAQ is updated monthly and very well kept by Dave Allum at Bath Univ.
[unlike this one :-)]
(iii) List of sessions
----------------------
Seisiu/n list
=======================================================================
IRELAND:
Dublin:
The Ferryman I was there on two Sir John
consecutive nights with Rogersons Quay
different musicians..
An Beal Bocht I think on Wednsedays.. On the banks
of the Grand Canal
o'Donoghue's Every night, 1st and Merrion Road near
if necessary 2nd floors St. Stephen's Green
Slattery's Different nights Capel Street off of
depending on schedule the quay, west of
o'Connell street
Don't stray northward!
Galway:
Flanagan's
Monroe's Tavern > Probably every night .. Domenick Street area
Taylor's Bar
Waterfront
The Quay > Probably every night .. Quay Street area
Naughton's
Also the Crane Bar and Club Ora na Galway which is hard to find.
Mayo:
Westport: Matt Molloy's .. probably every night I would guess.
Killarney:
Kerry: Buckley's .. every night I'd say .. friendly place
NORTHERN IRELAND:
BELFAST:
Maddens sessions on friday and sat nights off Castle Lane,
sometimes other nights. Popular with near Castlecourt Shopping
locals and German, Spanish, and Centre main car park,
American backpackers Good Guinness. Belfast City Centre
============================================================================
USA:
ILLINOIS:
Chicago:
Chicago, IL: The (Irish) Abbey Pub, 3420 W. Grace, has sessiuns
every Sunday night from 8pm on. Some of the best musicians in
Chicago play here regularly (Liz Carroll, Marty Fahy, Martin
Hayes--before he moved to Seattle). The noise is a little
more than desirable, though.
Brookfield: (western suburb of Chicago): Irish Times, 8869
Burlington, has open sessions every Wednesday night. The
attitude here is a little less formal than at the Abbey.
Last I was there, there was one other fiddle player, a
bodhran/harmonica player, a guitarist, and a whistle player
who considered themselves regulars. The drummer and guitarist
also play in the local band "Donnybrook".
Evanston: Tommy Nevin's Pub has sessiuns every Sunday afternoon at
around 2pm.. 1450 Sherman Ave. (708)-869-0450
MASSACHUSETTS:
Boston:
The Green Dragon Saturdays 4pm - 9pm+ Downtown
The Green Briar Mondays 9pm on.. Brighton
Mr. Dooley's Wednesdays 9pm on.. Downtown
Sundays 7pm on..
From: Seamus Keleher
WISCONSIN
Madison:
Mickey's Tavern, 1524 Williamson St., (608)251-9964 Wednesdays,
9:30-close. Small, redneck-looking bar, cheap (in both senses) beer.
Two extremes of setting: standing-only crowded, smoky, very noisy /
quiet, empty, laid-back. Musicians: several regulars of commendable
repertoire, plus 3-10 irregulars of various backgrounds. Very
friendly, low-pressure, but 95% Irish, 100% traditional.
Fiddle-heavy, wind-light, one banjo and one uillean piper always
there. From: Alan Ng
Ha ha Ha Ha Ha! This is a VERY funny description. I used to play there as
well. I can update for you- 9 fiddlers of various skill levels, and maximum
volumes is what I have heard lately from my friend Eric. Don't forget the
free beer!!
From: Edward A Beimborn
PENNSYLVANIA
Pittsburgh
Murphy's Pour House, 215 East Main, Carnegie. 279-0770.
Every Thursday from 9 PM - midnight.
About 5 - 10 players (mostly guitarists and fiddle players and
occasionally a dancer). Open to who wants to participate.
Friendly place with good atmosphere.
Mullaney's Harp and Fiddle, 2329 Penn Ave, Strip District. 642-6622.
The first and third Sundays of every month.
[Every Teusday there is Ce/ili/ dancing with instruction for beginners
and more advanced classes for those able to do them.]
Very friendly place.
===========================================================================
CANADA:
Vancouver, BC
--------------------
last Friday of the month at the CB Vets Legion at Broadway and Cambie,
contact Kevin Dooley.
From: David Dalton
Sunday jams 5--9 p.m. at the W.I.S.E. pub, 254-5858, usually mix
of celtic music, acoustic blues and folk, varies.
From: David Dalton
-- Might be worth popping into the Scottish Cultural Centre
(address in the phone book) to see if there's any events listed
there.
St. John's, Newfoundland
-------------------------
Wed. nights at Bridgett's Pub. St. John's Folk Arts Council.
From: David Dalton
************************************************************************
Part 3. - Tourism
(i) Contact numbers
(ii) Places to visit in Ireland
(iii) Festivals
(i) Contact numbers
-------------------
If you require a list of Hotel or Bed and Breakfast accommodation
then contact Bord Failte.
Bord Failte
The Irish Tourist Board
Head Office
Baggot Street Bridge
Dublin 2
Ireland
Tel + 353 1 676 5871
Tel + 353 1 661 6500
Tel in US 1-800-223-6470
also
+1-212-418 0800 +1-416-929 2777 +612-299 6177 +43-1 941351
+32-2 673 9940 +45 33 15 80 45 +358-0 646 006 +33 1 47 42 33 15
+49 69 23 33 41 +39 2 869 0543 +31 20 622 3101 +47 22 92 00 80
+351-1 386 2041 +34-1 577 5458 +46 8 662 8510 +411 401 5260
+44 71 493 3201
IRISH YOUTH HOSTEL ASSOCIATION
Membership required.
43 Hostels in Republic.
Write to : An Oige
Head Office
61 Mountjoy Street
Dublin 7
Ireland
Tel +353 1 830 4555
Fax +353 1 830 5808
Telex 32988 IYHA EI
YOUTH HOSTEL ASSOCIATION OF NORTHERN IRELAND
Membership required.
6 hostels in Northern Ireland
Write to YHIANI
56 Bradbury Place
Belfast BT7 1RU
Northern Ireland
Tel +44 232 324 733
Fax +44 232 439 699
IRISH BUDGET HOSTELS LTD.
No membership required.
26 hostels in Republic
Write to : Irish Budget Hostels Ltd.
Kinlay House
2-12 Lord Edward Street
Dublin 2
Ireland
Tel +353 1 269 7696
Fax +353 1 269 7704
INDEPENDENT HOSTEL ORGANISATION
No membership required.
97 hostels in the Republic and 3 in NI.
Write to Independent Hostel Organisation
Information Office
Dooey Hostel
Glencolmcille
Co Donegal
Ireland
Tel +353 73 30130
Also in Dublin Independent Hostel Organisation
Information Office
Avalon House
55 Aungier Street
Dublin 2
Ireland
Tel +353 1 475 0001
Fax +353 1 475 0303
Gulliver is a reservations database for Ireland run by the Tourist Board.
It covers hotels, guest houses, car hire etc. All Bord Failte international
offices are connected to Gulliver. Call toll free in Ireland on
1-800-600-800, or +353 1 284 1765 outside Ireland to make a reservation
using a credit card number to guarantee arrival. Gulliver is also accessible
via the major airline computer reservation systems (CRS).
[Thanks to Richard Barry for this information and Bord Failte numbers]
(iii) Festivals
---------------
Belfast Festival. Similar in format and style to the renowned Edinburgh
Festival, and second in size only to Edinburgh. It takes place in November
each year, mostly around the University area of Belfast, although some
large events are held in the city's main concert halls.
It hosts events of all types, Music, Theatre, Comedy, from all over
the world. The Royal Shakespeare Company have been regular visitors,
and Orchestras and Dance troupes from Eastern Europe have met with
a great acclaim.
Around the main festival, in smaller venues, halls, bars, is a lively
fringe festival offering folk music, poetry etc.
************************************************************************
Part 4. - Gaeilge na hE/ireann (Irish Gaelic) Language
(i) Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic
(ii) Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere
(iii) Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music
(i) Common greetings/sayings in Irish Gaelic
----------------------------------------
There are many greetings and responses in Irish. These
vary even among the dialects. I will provide a few
here as an example.
Dia duit (Lit. God to you)
Dia is Muire duit (Lit. God and Mary to you)
Go mbeannai/ Dia duit May God bless you
Go mbeannai/ Dia is Muire duit May God and Mary bless you
Bail o/ Dhia ort The blessing of God on you
Bail o/ Dhia is Muire duit The blessing of God and Mary on you
Go raibh maith agat Thanks (Lit. May there be good at you)
Go dtaga do ri/ocht May thy kingdom come
Na/r laga Dia do la/mh May God not weaken your hand
Gura sla/n an sce/alai/ May the bearer of the news be safe
Gurab amhlaidh duit The same to you
Ta/ fa/ilte romhat You are welcome
Cad e/ (Goide/) mar ta/ tu/? How are you? (Ti/r Chonaill)
Ce/n chaoi 'bhfuil tu/? How are you (Connacht)
Conas ata/ tu? How are you? (Mumhan)
Ta/ me/ go maith I'm doing well
An bhfuil aon rud u/r ag dul? What's new?
Aon sce/al 'ad? What's new? (Connacht)
Sla/n leat Good Bye (said to one going)
Sla/n agat Good Bye (said to one remaining)
Sla/inte chugat Good health to you
Gabhaim pardu/n agat I beg your pardon
Gabh mo leithsce/al Pardon me (Lit. Accept my excuse)
Ma/s e/ do thoil e/ If you please
Le do thoil Please
Saol fada chugat Long life to you
For the following greetings Gurab amhlaidh duit is a common answer:
Oi/che mhaith duit Good night
Codladh sa/mh duit A pleasant sleep
Nollaig shona duit Happy Christmas
Nollaig faoi she/an is faoi A prosperous and pleasant
mhaise duit Christmas
Athbhliain faoi mhaise duit A prosperous New Year
Terms of Endearment
a ghra/
a ru/n
a sto/r
a thaisce
a chroi/
a chuisle
my dear darling/love/treasure
muirni/n
leanna/n
ce/adsearc
sweetheart
a ghra/ mo chroi/
love of my heart!
Curses
Imeacht gan teacht ort
May you leave without returning
Titim gan e/iri/ ort
May you fall without rising
Fa/n fada ort
Long travels to you
Go n-ithe an cat thu/ is go n-ithe an diabhal an cat
May the cat eat you, and may the cat be eaten by the devil
(ii) Irish Gaelic courses in Ireland and elsewhere
---------------------------------------------
Introductory Courses to the Irish language
------------------------------------------
NOTE: Additional information is available in the file RPAYNE1 TYIG
via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with command GET RPAYNE1 TYIG
U/dar : Mi/chea/l O/ Siadhail
Teideal : LEARNING IRISH
Foilsitheoir : Yale University Press -New Haven and London
ISBN : 0-300-04224-8
For the tape set (four cassettes);
U/dar : Mi/chea/l O/ Siadhail
Teideal : LEARNING IRISH CASSETTES
Foilsitheoir : Yale University Press -New Haven and London
ISBN : 0-300-04340-6
NOTE: Irish lessons to be used with above texts are available in
the file IGSTENS1 TYIG via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with
the command GET IGSTENS1 TYIG
As a learner, you might consider a set of cassettes and booklet titled
BUNTU/S CAINTE. They come in three levels. This is convenient
as you don't have to purchase all three at once. It is recommended
that you use BUNTU/S CAINTE for pronunciation in combination with
PROGRESS IN IRISH.
U/dar : T. O/ Domhnallain
Teideal : BUNTU/S CAINTE Vol.(1, 2, or 3) Book and Cassettes
ISBN : X50153, X50154, X50155
U/dar : Ma/ire/ad Ni/ Ghra/da
Teideal : PROGRESS IN IRISH
ISBN : X71212
Conradh na Gaelige (The Gaelic League) welcomes all who are interested
in learning/preserving Irish.
12 Sillogue Rd. 6 Sra/id Fhearchair
Dublin 11 Dublin 2
+353-1-842-9372 +353-1-475-7401
[bookshop +353-1-478-3814]
Gaelic League, Pittsburgh Branch
P. O. Box 97742
Pittsburgh, PA 15227-0142
Contact:
Jim Dilmore
(412) 361-1757
Email: dilmore@bns.pitt.edu
Audio Tapes
-----------
Here is a list of audio tapes (excluding music) available from...
A/isi/nteacht Da/iliu/cha/n Leabhar
31 Sra/id na bhFini/ni/
Baile A/tha Cliath 2
E/ire
(Book Distribution Center)
(31 Fenian Street)
(Dublin 2)
(Ireland)
Prices are in Irish pounds but do not include postage (which can
be considerable for air mail orders). If you wish to order any
of this material you should first write, phone (Dublin 616522),
or fax (Dublin 616564), for a price quotation that includes
surface or air postage.
[Note: V.A.T. is Value Added Tax. It is applied to tapes but not
to books unless the books and tapes are sold as a unit. However
there seem to be exceptions to this generality. Purchasers
outside the European Union should be able to claim V.A.T. exemption]
Am Sce/alai/ochta I
Stories for young children:
Sici/n Lici/n; Na Tri/ Bhe/ar
Book and Tape 3.99 (no tax?)
Am Sce/alai/ochta II
Stories for young children:
Na Tri/ Mhuc Bheaga
An Circi/n Beag Rua
Book and Tape 3.99 (no tax?)
Foclo/ir Po/ca - Caise/ad
Phonetic Tape prepared to accompany Foclo/ir Po/ca, an
English-Irish/ Irish-English dictionary of the synthetic Standard
Irish dialect 4.00 + V.A.T.
I/osaga/n & Sce/alta Eile.
Collection of short stories by Pa/draig Pearse. 4.87 +
V.A.T. These stories are also available in print as "Short
Stories of Pa/draig Pearse" which can be obtained for 4.95 (no
tax).
Uair An Chloig Cois Teallaigh - AN HOUR BY THE HEARTH
Dual Language Book and Tape compendium of folk stories
10.00 (no tax?)
Educational Services Teaching Cassettes
Language/30
Irish/Gaelige
Two cassettes with a small phrase dictionary.
Educational Services Corporation
1725 K St., N.W., Suite 408
Washington, D.C. 20006
+1-(202) 298-8424
Review: This is a conversation course with minimal grammar (next to none).
I'm finding it very useful to start off with, as it teaches phrases,
which give me a useable foothold with the language, and it repeats the Gaelic
twice after the English is spoken.
Summer courses in Irish Gaelic
------------------------------
NOTE: Additional information is available in the file IGSGUSA CLAS
via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with the command GET IGSGUSA CLAS
Information concerning courses in spoken Irish (for adult learners) is
available from the contact numbers given below.If you are thinking
of visiting Ireland this summer, you might consider building into
your holiday plans one of these short, intensive courses in Irish
Gaelic. The division below is according to dialect:
(a) Gaeilge Chu/ige Uladh: 01-213566 or 073-3005 ("Oideas Gael")
for Ulster Irish
(b) Gaeilge Chu/ige Chonnacht: 091-95101 ("A/ras an Chadhnaigh")
for Connacht Irish
(c) Gaeilge Chu/ige Mumhan: 066-56100 ("Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne")
for Munster Irish
Here are three snailmail addresses to write to for info on those summer
courses:
(a) Gaeilge Chu/ige Uladh: Fo/n: 353-1-213566 or 353-073-3005
("Oideas Gael") if you wish to learn Ulster Irish.
Seoladh(address):
Oideas Gael,
Gleann Cholm Cille,
Contae Thi/r Chonaill,
E/ire(Ireland)
(b) Gaeilge Chu/ige Chonnacht: Fo/n: 353-091-95101
("A/ras Mha/irti/n Ui/ Chadhain") if you wish to learn Connacht Irish.
Seoladh(address):
A/ras Mha/irti/n Ui/ Chadhain,
An Cheathru/ Rua,
Contae na Gaillimhe,
E/ire(Ireland)
(c) Gaeilge Chu/ige Mumhan: Fo/n: 353-066-56100
("Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne") if you wish to learn Munster Irish.
Seoladh(address):
Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne,
Baile an Fheirte/araigh,
Contae Chiarrai/,
E/ire(Ireland)
(iii) Availability of Irish Gaelic books, videos and music
----------------------------------------------
NOTE: Additional information is available in the file IGJTM1 BIBL
and IGJTM2 BIBL via the LISTSERV@IRLEARN.UCD.IE with the
commands GET IGJTM1 BIBL
GET IGJTM2 BIBL
Name: Irish Books
Address: 580 Broadway, Room 1103,
New York, New York. 10012
USA
Phone: (212) 274-1923
Name: Schoenhof's Foreign Books
Address: 76A Mount Auburn Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts
02138
Phone: (617) 547 - 8855
Fax: (617) 547 - 8551
************************************************************************
Part 5. - Politics
(i) Political parties in Northen Ireland
(ii) Contraception, Divorce, Abortion and Homosexuality in the Republic.
Political parties in Northern Ireland
-------------------------------------
The terms used to describe the various groups in Northern Irish politics
are sometimes misunderstood, and misused.
The two major divisions are Nationlist and Unionist. Nationalist is
used to describe those people who wish to see Ireland as a single
independent Nation, whereas Unionist refers to those people wishing to
see the continuance of the Union between N. Ireland and Great Britain.
Current estimates of the population of N. Ireland put the split at
roughly 60% unionist, 40% nationalist.
(Note that there is sometimes a subtle difference in whether the word
is written with an initial capital or not, e.g. 'unionist' indicating a
general connection with the idea, 'Unionist' implying a more direct
political involvement especially relating to one of the Unionist
political parties.)
The terms 'Republican' and 'Loyalist' will also be heard. Republican
imples an extreme form of Nationalism, Loyalist an extreme form of
Unionism. The terms are usually used to describe groups who advocate
the use of violence to achieve political aims.
Within the two main groups are a number of smaller divisions, usually
defined by their representative political parties. This list offers a
spectrum of the major parties, from generally 'most pro-Irish' to 'most
pro-British"
[note, any more accurate voting figures are welcome, perhaps David
Boothroyd can help here?]
Sinn Fe/in. The political representatives of the Republican Movement.
This is the more extreme minority of the nationalist groups, generally
regarded as being in sympathy with the IRA's use of violence to achieve
political change. Supported by approximately 12% of the population in
Northern Ireland, 1.4% in the Irish Republic. Led by Gerry Adams.
The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). Regarded as the
representative of moderate nationalism, it is commited to the
establishment of a single Irish nation, but adamantly opposed to the
use of violence to force this on people. Its representatives are
forthright in their criticism of the IRA and its methods. Supported by
approximately 30% of the population in NI. Led by John Hume.
The Alliance party. A centrist party often viewed as unionist in its
leanings, but its stated aims are simply to bring people in NI together
as one community. Not well supported, it draws support from very
moderate unionists, and also from some catholics who feel their future
lies with the UK but who cannot support the outright bigotry of some
unionist parties or politicians. [voting %?]. Led by John Alderdice.
The Official Unionist Party (OUP). The larger of the two Unionist
parties, it is firmly committed to maintaining the links with Great
Britian. Not overtly religious in nature, but has close if indirect
links with the protestant Orange Order. Drawing support mainly
from moderate and middle-class unionists it opposes the use of
violence, condemning that from both IRA and Loyalist groups such
as the UVF and UFF. Led by James Molyneaux
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Formed in 1971 by Ian Paisley
as a breakaway group from the Unionist Party, because of fears that
the mainstream party was weak. As to be expected from its fundamentalist
leader, the DUP is fiercely protestant and pro-British in character.
It draws support from the moderate-to-extreme parts of the unionist
population. Although publicly opposed to violence, the same cannot be
said for a section of its supporters.
Contraception, Divorce, Abortion, Homosexuality in Ireland.
----------------------------------------------------------
Abortion
--------
[Note: As recommended in the "Welcome to talk.abortion" posting, I am
referring to the sides as prolife and prochoice. This is not intended
in anyway to reflect my personal feelings on the use of these terms].
Abortion has been illegal in Ireland since at least 1869.
The 1983 referendum added a clause which guarantees the `Right to
Life' to the Unborn from the moment of conception.
The general consensus among the prolife campaigners was
that there was now a constitutional prohibition on abortion, and abortion
would never be introduced into Ireland.
It is now illegal to give out names & addresses of abortion clinics
in Ireland. As a result no imported magazines or newspapers were
allowed to sell issues which advertise abortion clinics.
In 1992, the Attorney General placed an injunction against a 14 year
old rape victim (Ms. X) going to England to have an abortion. The family of
statutory rape victim X had approached the police and offered to let
the aborted foetus be used as evidence against the (alleged) rapist.
Police then approached the Attorney General who went to the High Court
as allowing X to go abroad would breach the "Right to Life" of X's foetus.
The High Court then granted the injunction.
In a state of near national hysteria, the Supreme Court overturned the ruling,
and declared that under the 1983 amendment, Ms. X was entitled to have an
abortion in Ireland as she was threatening to commit suicide.
The preliminary verdict was given on Friday, X had an abortion over
the weekend [presumably in the UK ?] and the full ruling followed
on Tuesday suggesting that X has a right to have an abortion in Ireland.
The government moved fairly quickly, and a second referendum was held in
November 1992, at the same time as a General election.
The referendum consisted of three questions, the Right to travel, the Right
to information and the Substansive Issue. While people voted
for the right to information and the right to travel, the results from
the vote on the Substantive issue were less conclusive, with both
sides claiming victory. However, the government has failed to
legislate on the basis of the ruling in X.
The governments case was not helped by the Irish Medical Council
ruling that any doctor who performs an abortion should be struck of
the register, a decision later endorsed by the Irish Medical
Organisation. Majority of the IMO regard abortion as unneccessary for
life-saving reasons & doctors can be struck off. The Medical Insurance
companies (for doctors) believe failure to peform abortion in life threatening
circumstance could result in neglience charges etc.
The whole situation is desperately confused and no one knows if abortion
is legal or illegal, constitutional or unconstitutional & that the
government is in no rush to deal with this hot potato.
[Note: Abortion is technically legal in the North, but rarely carried out.]
Divorce
-------
Divorce is not permitted in Ireland. It is however possible to get
an annulment under certain restricted circumstances.
Annulments only apply to religous marriages and not for civil ones.
[Does anyone know what legally happens if you remarry, is it considered
as bigamy ?]
A referundum on divorce was going to be held in Autumn 1994, but a
report in the Irish Times on Wednesday April 27th 1994 suggests that
the referundum will not be held until Spring 1995.
Contraception
-------------
Condom machines are commonplace throughout the country.
Homosexuality
-------------
Homosexual acts were illegal in Ireland up until the summer of 1993.
The offences against the person acted lifted the ban, and declared the
age of consent to be 17, the same as that for heterosexual sex.
************************************************************************
Part 6. - Sport
LOI soccer mailing list
GAA & Hurling
(i) LOI soccer mailing list
For discussion of League of Ireland and Irish league soccer
Email thomas@maths.tcd.ie [dwmalone@maths.tcd.ie during the summer]
************************************************************************
Part 7. - History
Why is Ireland divided?
Chronological list of dates of Irish History
(i) Why Ireland is divided into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ireland (all or part of it, at various times) was a colony of the
English (originally the Anglo-Normans) from the 12th century. From the
late middle ages it was a kingdom, under the same monarch as England,
but a separate country. In law and in practice, the Irish government
was usually subordinate to the English government.
The 17th century saw several wars in England and Ireland: civil wars,
colonial wars, and at least one war (c. 1690) that was part of a wider
European conflict. Following some of these disruptions, the winners
forcibly transferred ownership of large amounts of land to new
landlords, and sometimes new tenants: those who had supported the
winning side, and/or those who they felt would support them in the
future.
The net effect of this was to disenfranchise and alienate the
Gaelic/Catholic (Roman Catholic) majority population (aristocracy and
common people alike) and some of the older Anglo-Irish families, and
establish a new ruling elite of Anglo-Irish (people of English background,
and also anglicized Irish) members of the Church of Ireland
(Anglican/Episcopalian). This "Protestant Ascendancy" lasted well into the
19th century, with traces still in evidence today.
In addition, there was another transplant population in Ireland, mainly
in the north-east (part of the northern province of Ulster):
Presbyterians (historically know as Dissenters) from Scotland (also England
and even Germany), and other nonconformist Christians (especially Friends
(ie Quakers)). They started arriving in the 16th century,
and their numbers grew in the 17th. During this period they and the
Protestant Ascendancy were not close allies: there were significant
differences in background, social class and style of Protestantism.
Both the Catholic majority and the Presbyterians were the victims of
discriminatory laws favouring the Church of Ireland. Generally, though,
the discrimination against Catholics was worse than that against the
nonconformists.
In 1800, Ireland was technically made one with England, Scotland and
Wales, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In some
ways, this was a Good Thing for Ireland, as it led to electoral reform,
land reform, and the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and its
right to tax the whole population. But the colonial relationship
remained, and as freedoms grew without real equality with England and
the English, so did Irish nationalism develop and flourish. As the 19th
century moved on, independence became inevitable.
But there was a complicating factor. In the late 18th and early 19th
century, the Ascendancy and the Presbyterians had begun to become allies
on political and nationalistic issues. As Irish nationalism developed
(mainly among Catholics), so, in response, did unionism (the desire to
preserve the United Kingdom) develop and strengthen among both kinds of
Protestant. Several times, the unionists threatened insurrection
against their own government in order to stay under that government.
Fast forward to the First World War. The British Parliament had
passed an Irish Home Rule bill, but its implementation was delayed
because of the war. A small band of Irish Republicans, holding that
independence was Ireland's of right and not in England's gift, staged
an armed rebellion (the Easter Rising) in 1916, briefly taking over
a small part of central Dublin. The government acted harshly,
executing several of the rebels, and cracking down hard in general.
This led most of the country to side with the rebel cause.
It quickly became ungovernable by Britain.
But the unionists still held the north, and they would in turn rebel if
Britain cast them loose. To avoid a civil war, the government in late
1921 forced nationalist negotiators to accept partition. The Irish Free
State and Northern Ireland were born. Each had its own Parliament; each
was to be separate from Great Britain but under the Crown.
But it didn't work out like that. The South altered it's constitution in
1937 severing most of it's links with the UK. It then declared itself a
Republic in 1948/49 ending all links.
However, there were other ways in which the arrangement failed, too.
Firstly, civil war was not avoided; its focus was just shifted. Instead
of being between unionists and nationalists, it turned out to be between
those in the Free State who accepted partition and other conditions of
the peace treaty, and those who refused to accept it.
Secondly, the northern unionists, suddenly a majority in their new
state, discriminated against the nationalists, and in turn the
nationalists never fully accepted the legitimacy of the new
constitutional arrangements. Some of them, known as republicans,
continued a violent campaign against the London and Belfast governments;
in turn, the authorities continued to exercise extraordinary powers to
fight them. The community was divided. The fact that this division of
national identity was roughly along Protestant-Catholic lines only made
things worse.
Thirdly, the Boundary Commission which was set up as part of the Treaty
to examine a realignment of the Border failed. Instead of returning
Fermanagh, and parts of Derry, Armagh and Down to the South, the chairman
ruled that parts of the Free State be handed over to the North.
The Free State rejected this and there was no realignment. As a result
that areas that would have preferred to be in the South were denied that
opportunity. This exacerbated the problems mentioned in the previous paragraph.
In the 1960s, the republicans gave up violence and turned either to
politics or to retirement. But a new civil rights movement arose, to
protest and correct the discrimination against Catholics. This met a
hostile and violent response from sections of the Protestant population,
including sections of the police force. The Irish Republican Army was
revived, in a new and more vicious form. Civil disorder grew. The
Belfast government could not cope and was biased. The London government
put troops on the streets to keep the factions apart at the end of the
1960s, and abolished the Belfast government (known as Stormont, for the
place where it was based) a couple of years later.
The level of violence is now much less than it was in the early 1970s,
and Northern Ireland is actually a much safer place than the news makes
it seem, but it still has not achieved full and "normal" political and
social stability. The gun is still regarded by too many as a means
of political expression. Large parts of the population refuse to
accept the legitimacy of the political views and sense of national
identity of "the other sort."
For most of the century, the North has been more prosperous than the
South, but the gap has been closing. The South has become richer;
the Troubles have been a drag on the Northern economy in spite of
financial support from London. Common membership in the European
Union (formerly Community) has also served to lessen differences and
remove the customs and excise function of the border.
Another way in which differences are lessening is the religious makeup
of the population. Catholics, though still a minority in the North,
are now a larger proportion than earlier. In another few decades,
it's conceivable that they may hold the majority.
(ii) Chronological list of dates of Irish History
-------------------------------------------------
_Really_ brief outline of some important dates in Irish history
c.3000BC Megalithic tombs first constructed.
c.700BC Celts arrive from parts of Gaul and Britain. Ireland divided
into provinces. (This according to a contributor is reconstructed
folk history and not based on the archaeology.)
c.AD350 Christianity reaches Ireland.
432 Traditional date for the arrival of St. Patrick in Ireland.
700-800 Irish monasticism reaches its zenith.
795 Full-scale Viking invasion.
1014 Brian Boru/ defeats Vikings at Clontarf, but is murdered.
1169 Dermot MacMurrough, exiled king of Leinster, invites help
from 'Strongbow'.
1172 Pope decrees that Hery II of England is feudal lord of Ireland.
1366 Statues of Kilkenny belatedly forbid intermarriage of English and
Irish. Gaelic culture unsuccessfully suppressed.
1534-40 Failed insurrection by Lord Offaly.
1541 Henry VIII proclaimed king (rather than feudal lord) of Ireland
1558-1603 Reign of Elizabeth I. Policy of Plantation begins. System of
counties adopted.
1595-1603 Failed uprising of Hugh O'Neil.
1607 Flight of the Earls; leading Ulster families go into exile.
1641 Charles I's policies cause insurrection in Ulster and Civil War in
England.
1649 Cromwell invades Ireland.
1653 Under the Act of Settlement Cromwell's opponents stripped of land.
1689-90 Deposed James II flees to Ireland; defeated at the Battle of the
Boyne.
1704 Penal Code enacted; Catholics barred from voting, education and the
military.
1775 American War of Independence forments Irish unrest.
1782 Grattan's Parliament persuades British to declare Irish
independence, but in name only.
1795 Foundation of the Orange Order.
1798 Wolfe Tone's uprising crushed.
1801 Ireland becomes part of Britain under the Act of Union.
1829 Catholic Emancipation Act passed after Daniel O'Connell elected
as MP.
1845-48 The Great Famine.
1879-82 The Land War; Parnell encourages boycott of repressive landlords.
1914 Implementation of Home Rule postponed because of outbreak of World
War I.
1916 Easter Rising. After the leaders are executed public opinion backs
independence.
1920-21 War between Britain and Ireland; Irish Free State and Northern
Ireland created.
1922 Civil war breaks out.
1932 De Valera elected.
1969 Rioting between Catholics and Protestants. British troops called in.
1971 Provisional IRA begins campaign to oust British troops from Ireland.
1972 UK and Republic of Ireland join European Community. 'Bloody Sunday'
in Derry.
1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement signed.
************************************************************************
Part 8. - Books & Papers
(i) Subscriptions to newspapers
(ii) List of books
Subscriptions to newspapers
---------------------------
The Irish Times is currently offering 32 issues for the price of 26.
England, Scotland & Wales IR#28.60
Airmail Continental Europe IR#46.02
Airmail Outside Europe, Incl. US IR#72.02
The offer is open until 30 June, 1994.
Subscriptions Department +353-1-6792022 or Fax:+353-1-6791321
The Irish Times Newspapers Ltd.
P.O. Box 74
10/16 D'Olier St.
Dublin 2
Ireland
The Irish Times is available in NYC in "Hoatling's International News"
Hoatlings is on the south side of 42nd st.
Most Borders stores in the Mid-West (USA) also stock it.
The Bay Area is very good for Irish papers. In Berkeley, you can get the
Saturday edition of the Irish Times, the Sunday Independent and the Monday
edition of the Irish independent at Whelan's on Bancroft and Dave's Smoke
Shop in the shopping mall off Durant.
Harold International news stand in San Francisco is even better, offering
the above, plus the Sunday Press, Sunday World (!), Saturday's Cork Examiner
and most of the weekly provincial press, as well as Hot Press.
Book Soup on Sunset Boulevard in LA stocks the Sunday Independent.
Hot Press (music press) is currently charging the following
UK: UK#30
Ireland: Ir#30
Rest of Europe: Ir#45
US/Canada: $90
Rest of World: Ir#85
Hot Press Hot Press
13 Trinity Street Osnovina Ltd
Dublin 2 c/o Stanley Plitt
Ireland 230 East 44th Street
tel: (01) 6795077 Cheques made out to Osnovina Ltd.
'Fortnight' magazine: a monthly dealing with politics, arts and culture in
Ireland and beyond, with an emphasis on Northern Ireland. Non-partisan.
Editorial is slightly left-of-center and emphasizes internal political
solutions for Northern Ireland.
Fortnight Magazine, 11 issues per year
7 Lower Crescent, [So why is it called Fortnight ?]
Belfast BT7 1NR,
Northern Ireland.
UK: UK#23 unwaged/students/prisoners UK#15 IR18
Ireland: Ir#25.50
Rest of Europe: UK#26.50
Far East: UK#39
Rest of World: UK#32.50
'Northern Ireland Report': a newsletter on Northern Ireland politics. Its
banner states:
"NIR is an independent publication and is not affiliated with any political
party, group or organization in Northern Ireland or the United States"
Editorial is left/republican-leaning, but articles from all shades of political
opinion in Northern Ireland are printed.
Northern Ireland Report,
PO Box 9086,
Lowell, MA 01853.
Tel. +1 413 467 7860
Subscription: U.S. $20.00 (10 issues, 1/94 price)
(ii) List of books
------------------
FTP to ceolas.stanford.edu (/pub/misc/celtic.biblio) or
yeats.csufreson.edu for an extensive list of Celtic books.
Name: A Treasury of Irish Myth, Legend and Folklore
Name: Modern Ireland 1600-1972
Author: R.F.Foster
Publisher: Penguin
ISBN: 0-14-013250-3
Name: In Search of a State - Catholics in Northen Ireland
Author: Fionnuala O'Connor
Publisher: The Blackstaff Press
ISBN: 0-85640-509-4
Name: Ten Men Dead - The Story of the 1981 Hunger Strike
Author: David Beresford
Publisher: Grafton
ISBN: 0-586-06533-4
Name: The Druids
Author: Norah Chadwick
Publisher: Penguin
Name: The Celts
Author: Norah Chadwick
Publisher: Penguin
Name: The Celts
Author: Frank Delany
Name: Down by the Claddagh
Author: Peadar O'Dowd
Publisher: Kennys of Galway
Price: #17.95
Name: Classic Irish Recipes
Author: Gerogina Campbell
Publisher: Grafton Books
ISBN: 0-8069-8444-9
*The Great Famine: Studies in Irish History: 1845-53* ed D. Edwards & D.
Williams, 1956.
*The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849* Cecil Woodham-Smith. 1962.
Reprinted as Penguin ppbk 1991. Currently available in major book stores.
*History of the Great Irish Famine of 1847* J. O'Rourke. 1874. Reprinted
by Veritas 1989. 1st major book about Irish famine.
*The Famine in Ireland* Mary Daly. 1986. 138pp.
*The Great Irish Famine* Cormac O Grada. Repr. 1992. 87pp.
*The Visitation of God?: The Potato and the Great Irish Famine* Austin
Bourke. ed Jacqueline Hill, Cromac O Grada. 1993. 230 pp.
*Paddy's Lament: Ireland 1846-47* Thomas Gallagher. 1982. 345 pp.
American author. Currentyly available in ppk in major bookstores.
*Famine: The Irish Experience 900-1900 - Subsistence Crisis and Famines
in Ireland* ed E. Margaret Crawford. 1994.
"The History and Social Influence of the Potato* Redcliffe Salaman. 1949.
Repr 1987.
Fiction:-
The greats: James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, Jonathan Swift,
Flann O'Brien, Brendan Behan, Oscar Wilde
The modern: John McGahern, Brian Moore, Edna O'Brien, William Trevor
The contemporary: Dermot Bolger, Colm Tobin, Patrick McCabe, Roddy Doyle
John Banville
The playwrights:-
Synge, O'Casey, Shaw, Beckett
The poets:-
Yeats, Paddy Kavanagh, Seamus Heaney, Gogarty
************************************************************************
Part 10. - Internet information services (from Sean)
Ireland has an excellent weekly electronic news available from
Liam Ferrie at a yearly subscription rate of IR#25, STG#24 or $35.
Its free for academic sites.
Irish Emigrant (News from Ireland) list:
Subscribe: ferrie@iol.ie
The 8 a.m. RTE radio news is available by FTP, WWW, and Gopher
from sunsite.unc.edu.
Look for /pub/academic/languages/gaelic/rte
The files are sound files of about 2-3 Mbytes.
This area is an EXPERIMENTAL demonstration project. Its aim is to assess
the viability of making small segments of news broadcasts from RTE, the
Irish National Radio service, available on the internet via anonymous ftp
and the world wide web. There are currently two programs recorded: RTE
Radio 1 "Morning Ireland" 8AM News (7 minutes weekdays, 5 minutes
weekends) and RTE Radio 1 Nuacht (news in the Irish language, 3 minutes).
The latter will be available from July 28 on, barring technical problems,
and will have filenames prefixed with "nuacht_".
*** Users in the RTE listening area are asked to please use their
radios; the primary aim of this experiment is to make a little
bit of RTE broadcasting available to those of us who are out of
range and cannot pick up RTE directly. Your cooperation in
keeping the bandwidth on this server down is appreciated.
*** Australian users please note! The latest .au file can be obtained
from pell.anu.edu.au (150.203.33.4) in /pub/obrien/latest.au. It is
copied starting at 1845 Australian EST Monday-Friday and usually
takes 30 minutes to copy. Earlier files are *not* maintained there,
and the service is "as is"; please don't complain to Eamonn O'Brien
(who was kind enough to set this mirroring up) if the file has
problems.
Sunsite also offers information concerning Gaelic and Gaelic
Culture. The url address for WWW is:
http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic/gaelic.html
or
/pub/academic/languages/gaelic via ftp.
Sunsite contains information on/in irish gaelic,
scottish gaelic and hopefully soon manx gaelic. Lesson(s)
with accompanying audio files are available for scottish gaelic.
http:
----
Kennys Bookshop and Gallery (of Galway, Ireland) now have their entire book
catalog on the Web.
Site:http://www.iol.ie/resource/kennys/welcome.html
CURIA Project: Thesaurus Linguarum Hiberni?
Site: http://curia.ucc.ie/
Trinity College Dublin Home Page
Site: http://www.maths.tcd.ie/index.html
Site: http://www.bess.tcd.ie
Pat Murphy's maze of twisty little passages
Site: http://orangutan.cv.nrao.edu/
University Limerick ITDSRV1 Entry Point
Site: file://itdsrv1.ul.ie/pub/webac/home-page.html
Ireland: The Internet Collection
Site: file://itdsrv1.ul.ie/pub/webac/Information/Ireland.html
Ireland-On-Line
Site: http://www.iol.ie/IOL-HOME.html
Ireland's Web Servers
Site: http://itdsrv1.ul.ie/Information/ServerMapIreland
University College Dublin
Site: gopher://gopher.ucd.ie/
Irish Constitution
Site: http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/Constitution/index.html
Peace Declaration
Site: http://www.bess.tcd.ie/dclrtn.html
Ireland On-line
Site: http://www.iol.ie
gopher://gopher.iol.ie
GNN Home Page
Site: http://www.iol.ie/IOL-HOME.html
Broadcom
Site: http://www.broadcom.ie
Note: Choose option [1] from the home page to get to pointers
to other sites.
ftp:
Gaelic-L archive:
Site: YEATS.CSUFRESNO.EDU
Welsh-L archive:
Site: SUNSITE.UNC.EDU
Music archive:
Site: FTP.UWP.EDU
Celtic Music archive:
Site: CELTIC.STANFORD.EDU
Celtic GIF/JPEG archive:
Site: ORANGUTAN.CV.NRAO.EDU:/pub/images/pmurphy
/pub/images/celt
Irish Emmigrant archive:
Site: ftp.cs.cornell.edu in pub/irish-emigrant
[gopher.iol.ie has more up to date issues.]
lists: (Note if it's a listserv then just mail the command
SUB list_name your_name, otherwise you send a message to
the contact)
Celtic Linguist list: celtling@MIT.EDU
Contact: Andrew H Carnie
Subscribe: via above
Irish Studies list: irish-studies@CC.SWARTHMORE.EDU
Contact: Michael Durkan
Subscribe: Listserv@CC.SWARTHMORE.EDU
Celtic-L list: celtic-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
IrTrad-L (Irish traditional music) list: irtrad-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Irl-Pol (Irish politics) list: irl-pol@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Subscribe: Listserv@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Ireland (Mostly politics) list: ireland@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU
Subscribe: Listserv@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU
Irl-News (News and articles) list: Irl-News@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU
Subscribe: Listserv@RUTVM1.RUTGERS.EDU
Gaelic-M (Same as Gaelic-L except for MIME support)
Contact: kelley@ede.sanders.lockheed.com
Gaelic-L List: gaelic-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Language(s): Celtic, Goidelic; PB1201-PB1847
Irish, Scottish, & Manx Gaelic (GAELIC-L) (not restricted to
linguistics; also for learners; contributions in a Gaelic
language preferred)
Listserver:
listserv@irlearn.bitnet
listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie
listserv%irlearn.ucd.ie@uk.ac.earn-relay
For questions, contact:
mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie (Marion Gunn)
caoimhin@smo.ac.uk (Caoimhi/n O/ Donnai/le)
craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn)
Welsh-L List: welsh-l@IRLEARN.UCD.IE
Language(s): Celtic, Brittonic; PB2101-PB2849
Welsh (also Breton, Cornish) (WELSH-L) (not restricted to
linguistics; also for learners; contributions in a Brittonic
language preferred)
Listserver:
listserv@irlealearn.bitnet
listserv@irlearn.ucd.ie
listserv%irlearn.ucd.ie@uk.ac.earn-relay
For questions, contact:
everson@irlearn.ucd.ie (Michael Everson)
briony@cstr.ed.ac.uk (Briony Williams)
League of Ireland Mailing List: LOIsoccer@maths.tcd.ie
Mailing list for Irish - North & South - soccer discussions,
including LOI, ROI Internationals, Northern Ireland league etc.
Contact: thomas@maths.tcd.ie
--
Craig Cockburn (pronounced "coburn"), Edinburgh, Scotland
Sgri\obh thugam 'sa Ga\idhlig ma 'se do thoil e.
From craig@scot.demon.co.uk Thu Aug 25 17:09:17 1994
Received: from scot.demon.co.uk by augustus.physics.unc.edu (4.1/TAS/11-16-88)
id AB04741; Thu, 25 Aug 94 17:08:40 EDT
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 1994 21:55:56 GMT
From: craig@scot.demon.co.uk (Craig Cockburn)
Reply-To: craig@scot.demon.co.uk
Message-Id: <12723@scot.demon.co.uk>
To: elessar@augustus.physics.unc.edu
Subject: faq5
X-Mailer: PCElm 1.10
Lines: 1178
Status: R
TOPPSI's list of Irish bulletin boards
--------------------------------------
Name SysOp Speeds Times Phone No.
Connect- David Doyle V21/22/22bis/32/HST 24hrs +353-1-6711047
Ireland/ (Lines 2/3/4) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-6773547
aka TOPPSI Connect-Ireland is FidoNet node 2:263/151 and concentrates on
community, youth, education and social topics. Official Apogee
distribution site. GreenNet and K-12 links. Lines 2 to 4 are
'banked' on the same phone number. Internet Email access
as @toppsi.gn.apc.org
Infomatique Liam Murphy V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8721232
(Line 2) V21/22/22bis/HST 24hrs +353-1-8721239
Run on an AMIGA 3000 using DLG Professional - one of Ireland's
first BBS! Supports Amiga, Atari and PC.
SIX Stephen Kearon V21/22/22bis/32/32bis(4 lines)24hrs +353-1-6789000
McAfee Agents for Ireland. FidoNet node 2:263/167.
Alcom/ZyXEL/Gammafax/MegaHertz support.
Nemesis' Andy Mowatt V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST16K8 24hrs +353-1-324755
Dungeon (Line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/FAX 24hrs +353-1-326900
Amiga based, multi-computer support. FidoNet node 2:263/150
FrEd Mail Conor Mac Hale V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-1-2889783
(Free Educational Mail) Trans-Atlantic, European and Australian
penpals and inter-school projects are encouraged. Co-SysOps are
Tom O Briain and Damien Cox.
Electronic Keith Whyte V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-6611433
Media Net Specialises in MIDI, music and the music industry.
FidoNode 2:263/153
Alien Line Gavin McConnon V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-2800742
Mainly Amiga but also IBM support. Co-sysop is Christian
Hayden. Runs on Amiga 4000/030 using DLG Pro. Star Trek areas.
Quarterdeck George Hanratty V22/22bis/32 24hrs +353-1-284-4381
International Provides support for QDK products.
BBS. Many utilities available for DESQview and ported X-apps
for DESQview/X.
i-Com V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-1-679-8924
Commercial 'gateway' to USA - $25/hour. Enter 'o' (letter oh) when
connected; then enter 'i-com' to sign up. First time callers get
free demo.
CUGI-BBS Jamie Ruane V22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-2832829
Commodore Users Group of Ireland BBS, supporting all Commodore
computers and providing User Group information. Running on an
Amiga A1200 under DLG-PRO, online facilities include CD-ROM
and FidoNet (2:263/155.0). SysOps - Jamie Ruane and Colin Dalton.
DNA BBS Martin Shortall/Kieran Reilly V21-V32bis 24hrs +353-1-549029
Atari ST based BBS.
Yukon Ho! Mark Kerr V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-232-768163
(Line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-232-763639
Based in Belfast this is FidoNet node 2:443/59
Quasar! Dave Byrne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-846-693067
Dromore, Co. Down. This is FidoNet node 2:443/10
Starship Gerry Martin V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/HST 24hrs +44-232-763014
Enterprise Based in Belfast. This is FidoNet node 2:443/21
NIBBS John Marrow V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-662-247291
Based in Co. Tyrone. This is FidoNet node 2:443/70
The Village Harry Broadrick V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-232-602972
Based in Belfast. This is FidoNet node 2:443/509
Special John McCormac V21/22/22bis/HST 24hrs +353-51-50143
Projects Specialises in Ham Radio/TV/Satellite Communications both
European and American. FidoNode 2:263/402
Ireland Barry Flanagan V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/ZyXEL 24hrs +353-91-592711
On-line sales@iol.ie V21/22/22bis/32/32bis/ZyXEL 24hrs +353-1-285-2700
Commercial system based in Galway with lines in Dublin as
well. Several access options depending on subscription paid.
InfoNet Dairmaid O Cadhla V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-21-892582
Services (line 2) V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-21-294914
Commercial system based in Cork. FidoNode 2:263/201
CommCubed Tommy McCourt V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +44-????
A TOPPSI mirror system in Derry - currently being tested.
Connect Graham Lightfoot V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-61-????
West A TOPPSI mirror system in Clare - currently being tested.
STYX John McKeon V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-61-338228
PC based BBS based in Limerick. FidoNode 2:263/271
Reflex Richard Foley V21/22/22bis 24hrs +353-51-83771
AV-BBS Mainly concerned with virus and security issues. Fido 2:263/401
Digital Martin Browne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8208291
Paradise Supporting Amiga/IBM PC users.
EXEC Donal O Beirne V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-61-229998
Supporting a mix of Home/Games users
TechBase John Buswell V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-66-28929
BBS dedicated to Star Trek and especially Deep Space Nine. Also
online technical database. FidoNode 2:263/250
TheEnd! - Des Gibbons V21/22/22bis/32/32bis 24hrs +353-1-8321673
part two Concentrates on PC software and utilities. FidoNode 2:263/79
GameStorm Declan Lynch V21/22/22bis 21:00-11:00 +353-1-920224
Run by computer game rental company. Contains stock lists and
competition details. Fidonode 2:263/156
The Highway Iain Black V21/22/22bis 22:00-08:00 wk +353-1-8475217
To Hell Concentrates on Amiga and C64. 22:00-13:00 w/e
Online games. Fidonode 2:263/154
Compuserve: via a PAD (+353-1-676 8800 @ 2400 b.p.s.)
Eirpac: Call 1-801 + the baud rate you wish to use (eg 1-801 19200
for v32 or 1-801 2400 for 2400 bps service, etc.) Subscription required.
X.25 system
Genesis sales@gpl.com +44-232-231622
Internet access for Belfast and Cork +353-21-274141
Internet admin@internet-eireann.ie +353-1-278-1060
Eireann Internet access in Dublin
IEunet info@ieunet.ie +353-1-671-9361
main Irish backbone
************************************************************************
Part 12. - Cuisine
========================================================================
From: Stepanie de Silva
Corned Beef & Cabbage
=====================
1 3/4 lbs onions
2 1/2 lbs carrots
6 lb corned beef brisket or round, spiced or unspiced
1 cup malt vinegar
6 oz Irish stout
1 tablespoon mustard seed
1 tablespoon coriander seed
1/2 tablespoon black peppercorns
1/2 tablespoon dill seed
1/2 tablespoon whole allspice
2 bay leaves
3 lb cabbage, rinsed
2 1/2 lb small red potatoes
1/2 cup coarse grain mustard
1/2 cup dijon mustard
To serve 12, use a 14 to 20 quart pan.
Coarsely chop enugh onions and carrots to make 1 cup each. In pan, place
onions and carrots, corned beef with any liquid, vinegar, stout, mustard seed,
coriander, peppercorns, dill, allspice and bay leaves. Add water to barely
cover beef. Cover pan and bring to a boil over high heat. Simmer until
meat is tender when pierced, 2 1/2 to 3 hours.
Meanwhile, cut remaining onions into wedges. Cut remaining carrots into
2-inch lengths; halve them lengthwise if large. Cut cabbages in half through
cores, then into wedges. Scrub potatoes.
Add onions, carrots and potatoes to tender corned beef, place cabbage on top.
Cover and return to simmering over high heat; reduce heat and simmer until
cabbage is tender when pierced, 15 to 20 minutes.
With a slotted spoon scoop out vegetables onto warm serving dishes. Using
tongs and a slotted spoon, remove beef to a cutting board; cut off and
discard fat, slice meat across the grain and place on warm platters. Serve
meat and vegetables with coarse-grain and dijon mustards.
Colcannon
=========
4 lb russet potatoes
1 lb cabbage, cute into fine shreds
1/2 cup butter
1 1/4 cup milk
1 cup sliced green onions
salt and pepper
To serve 12, you'll need a 5 to 6 quart pan. Peel potatoes; rinse. Drain;
cute into 2 inch pieces. Place potatoes in pan; cover with water. Bring
to a boil, covered, over high heat. Reduce heat; simmer until tender when
pierced, about 15 minutes.
Drain; mash, part at a time, in a heavy-duty mixer or by hand in a large
bowl. As mashed, transfer to a very large bowl; cover.
Place cabbage and butter in pan sued for potatoes. Cover; steam cabbage over
medium-high heat until well wilted, stirring often. Meanwhile, stir milk and
onions often in a 3 to 4 quart pan over medium heat until simmering. Stir
milk mixture into potatoes until smooth, stir in cabbage. Season with salt
and pepper.
Irish Soda Bread
================
3 cups all-purpose flour
3 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon baking soda
3/4 teaspoon salt
9 tablespoons butter
1 tablespoon caraway seed
1/2 cup golden raisins
1/3 cup dried currants
1 cup buttermilk for dough
1 1/2 tablespoons buttermilk for brushing
In a large bowl, combine flour, sugar, soda and salt. Cut in butter
with a pastry blender or rub tih fingers until fine crumbs form. Mix in
caraway, raisins and currants; add buttermilk for dough. Stir until
evenly moistened.
Gather dough into a ball and knead about 16 turns on a lightly floured
board. Pat into a smooth ball, then into a falt 1 inch thick round.
Place on a greased 12 by 15 inch baking sheet.
Slash an X about 1/4 inch deep completely across each round; brush with
remaining buttermilk. Bake in a 375F oven until deep golden, 30 to 35
minutes. Serve warm or cool. Cut into wedges.
Elaine's Shortbread
===================
1 cup softened butter
1/2 cup + 1 tablespoon sugar
1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
1/2 cup white rice flour (or more all-purpose)
In a large mixing bowl, beat butter with the larger amount of sugar until
smooth.
Gradually add all-purpose and rice flours until well combined. Spread in
a 9 by 13 inch baking dish. Bake in a 275F oven until pale golden, 55
to 65 minutes. Place on racks and let cool for 10 minutes. Sprinkle
lightly with sugar, then cut into 24 bars. Let cool completely. Serve.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
From: Chuck Narad
Irish Cabbage Potatoes (Colcannon)
=================================-
8 large potatoes, peeled and cubed
1/2 head of cabbage
1 bunch scallions (green onions), chopped
milk
butter
dill (dried, or fresh chopped)
fresh ground black pepper
Shred the cabbage. Sautee it with a little butter,
then reduce heat and cover; let it steam. When it is
almost limp, add the scallions. (I'd probably add some
garlic and an onion if I made this).
Meanwhile, boil, drain, mash the potatoes, add some
milk and a little butter. Add the cabbage mixture, and
stir in the dill and pepper.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
From: Iain G Liddell
Scottish Shortbread
===================
As far as shortbread is concerned, I'm a great believer in simplicity.
The recipe for Balmoral Shortbread below is typical of this style.
However, with Scots cookery, one should never ignore Mistress Margaret
(Meg) Dods. Her "Cook's and Housewife's Manual" was promoted (ghosted?)
by Sir Walter Scott, who coined her pseudonym. The recipe for Petticoat
Tails is described by Catherine Brown (Scottish Regional Recipes) as
"a ladies' shortbread - men generally prefer thick fingers".
Other recipes call for additions such as rice flour, cornflour (cornstarch),
lemon peel, ground or slivered almonds (or almond essence) but these are
all just curlicues. As for the commercially produced Choc Chip Shortbread
and Cherry Shortbread ... they are about as Scots as the Taj Mahal.
Iain
Balmoral Shortbread
===================
375g plain flour
250g butter (nothing else will do)
125g sugar
salt
Note the 3:2:1 ratio - what could be simpler.
Preheat oven to 350F / 180C / Gas 4
Sift flour onto a board.
Put sugar in a separate pile on the board, and work in butter.
Gradually knead in flour: you should end up with a firm dough.
Flour the board and roll to a thickness of 3mm to 5mm.
Cut into circles and prick with a fork.
Bake on a greased tray for 30 minutes.
Petticoat Tails
===============
(based on Meg Dods' Manual - see preamble)
200 g plain flour
75 g butter
25 g lard
50 g icing sugar (powdered sugar)
2 tsp caraway seeds
Preheat oven to 350F / 180C / Gas 4
Sift flour and sugar into a bowl.
Add butter and lard, and rub in completely.
Add caraway seeds; turn out onto a board, and knead till firm.
Roll out to 5mm thickness into a circle (or cut out a circle).
Cut into wedges the size you want and bake for 20-30 minutes
until the shortbread is pale golden brown.
Dredge with caster sugar (superfine sugar?) while still hot.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
>From Deirdre Barr
Boxty
=====
Here's the recipe for boxty, as per the Monica Sheridan cookbook.
2 Large raw potatoes 1 teaspoon baking-soda
2 cups of mashed potatoes 2 tablespoons flour (approx)
1 teaspoon salt.
Grate the raw potatoes & squeeze out the liquid. Add to the mashed
potatoes & add salt. Mix the soda with the flour and add to the
potatoes. Roll out on a floured board to a circle of a 1/2"
thickness. Cut in 4 quarters & put on an ungreased griddle. Cook on a
gentle heat for 30 to 40 minutes, turning the bread at half-time. The
farls or quarters, should be well browned on bothe sides. Serves 4
You may add a teaspoon of caraway seeds, if you like.
Potato Cakes (1)
================
2 tablespoons butter
1 cup flour
1/2 teaspoon baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
3 cups freshly mashed potatoes.
Rub the butter into the flour. Add the baking powder and salt and mix
well. Add the potatoes and bind all together with your hand. Roll
out to quarter-inch thickness on a well floured board with a
well-floured rolling pin. Cut in squares or stamp out with a cutter.
Bake on an ungreased griddle until brown on both sides. Serve hot
with running butter. Yields 12 cakes. (Cold potato cakes are often
fried with the breakfast bacon)
Potato Cakes (2)
================
1 tablespoon flour
1/2 teaspoon salt
2 cups freshly mashed potatoes
2 teaspoons bacon drippings for the griddle.
Sprinkle the salted flour over the potatoes and knead lightly
together. Roll out on a floured board to quarter-inch thickness. Cut
in quarters or stamp out into rounds. Put on a greased griddle and
cook on an even heat until both sides are well browned. When cooked,
butter generously and eat at once. Yields 6-8 cakes. Major heart attack
food but extremely tasty.
===========================================================================
************************************************************************
Part 13 - Miscelleous
(i) Getting jobs in Ireland
(ii) Applying for Irish citizenship
(iii) What is a Claddagh ring?
(iv) Irish National Anthem
(i) Getting jobs in Ireland
---------------------------
INI, the International Network for Ireland will send you a monthly list
of jobs available in Ireland for #30 a year.
They also run a jobs fair every Christmas called the `High Skills Pool',
which has taken place in Buswell's Hotel for the past couple of years.
They are partly funded by the IDA and will give you information on
companies in Ireland for free if you have any queries. You can also
get an information pack on moving back to Ireland, e.g. what the tax rate
is, etc.
INI Phone:+353-1-668-7155 or Fax: +353-1-668-7945
Powerhouse
Pigeon House Harbour
Dublin 4
Ireland
As yet they do not have an email address.
Brent Irish Advisory Service produce a handy booklet called,
unsurprisingly, 'Moving to Ireland'. It details most of the
important information you might need to know (health, education,
housing, employment, etc.) about.
You can obtain a copy from them at Electric House, 296 Willesden
Lane, London England NW2 5HW
Tel +44 (0)81 459 6286
Fax +44 (0)81 451 8865
Several recruitment agenices have email addresses.
Skillbase: pschmitz@skillbase.ie
Computer Placement: anne@cpl.ie
As with all recruitment agencies, do not expect a reply unless
they are interested.
Friday's edition of the Irish Times is one of the best places to
see what is on offer in Ireland. Subsciption information can be found in
section 8(ii).
(ii) Applying for Irish citizenship
-----------------------------------
Anyone who has a parent or grandparent born in the Republic of Ireland
or Northern Ireland can get an Irish passport by applying to your local
embassy or consulate.
You need to have the following :-
1) For the Irish grandparent, birth certificate and marriage license to
whoever was the other grandparent of the applicant.
2) For the parent (child of the Irish grandparent) birth certificate and
marriage license to your other parent.
3) For you: birth certificate
ALL of the above documents must have complete details that prove the
connection. In other words, the birth certificate must show the names,
dates of birth and places of birth of both your parents, so that they can
be conclusively identified to be the same person mentioned on the marriage
license and their own birth certificate. Irish documents seem to include
these details automatically, but in the U.S., you may have to contact the
Vital Statistics Bureau in the state of birth to get an official copy
containing more details.
ALL of the documents must be official, i.e., must bear the raised stamp
of the issuing agency.
You have to fill out forms, attach photographs and have it all witnessed,
not by a notary public, but by a "clergyman, high school principal, lawyer
or bank manager".
It costs about $160 if you are claiming through your parent(s), in addition to
the cost of getting copies of the documents. If you are claiming citizenship
based on your grandparent(s) then you need to pay $270 for Registration of
Foreign Birth.
There's about a one-year backlog in processing applications.
(iii) What is a Claddagh ring?
--------------------------------
There are many stories about the Claddagh ring. Claddagh itself
refers to a small fishing village just near Galway city.
The Claddagh ring supposedly originated in this area. The ring has a
design of a heart being encircled by a pair of delicate hands with
a crown above the heart. In earlier times this design was the
symbol of the "Fishing Kings of Claddagh" meaning 'in love and friendship
let us reign'. In the 17th century the symbol was first depicted on a ring
which became the fashionable exchange of friends or lovers. In marriage the
heart was worn towards the wrist otherwise towards the fingertips. There are
many modern versions of the Claddagh Ring. Here are some folk legends
about the Claddagh:
(a)
Way back in the sandy mists of time, so the story went, it seemed as
there was this king. This king was madly in love with a peasant woman, but
as she was of a lower class the love had to go unrequited. In dread despair
the king killed himself and had his hands lopped off and placed around his
heart as a symbol of his undying love for the woman.
(b)
It symbolizes love (heart), friendship/faith (hands) and loyalty (crown).
Two hands Joined together in love and Crowned by the Glory of Christ.
(d)
There was a Dublin version of this Ring that appeared some 100 years back with
two hands and two Hearts but No Crown Some call this Version the Fenian
Claddagh.
(e)
The Crown to The Father, The Left hand to the Son, and the Right Hand the the
Holy Ghost. This Explanation is directly Correlative to the Shamrock, one of
the Earliest Symbols of the Holy Trinity among the Irish.
(f)
Some will say Beathauile is the Crown, Anu is the Left hand, and the
Dagda Mo/r is the Right hand and the Heart is the Hearts of all mankind
and that which gives the everlasting music to the Gael.
(g)
As legend has it, the town developed the ring (originally a sigil to be
painted on ships and sails) to be worn by sailors of Claddagh. When these
sailors would run into other fishermen in their waters, they would check for
the sigil, and if they did not find it, they would kill them.
(h)
The original Claddagh ring is generally attributed to one
Richard Joyce, a native of Galway, who while being transported
as a slave to the plantations of the West Indies was captured
by Mediterranean pirates and sold to a Moorish goldsmith who
trained him in his craft. In 1689 he was released and returned
to Galway and set up his shop in the Claddagh. (The Claddagh is said
to be the oldest fishing village in Ireland). By tradition the
ring is taken to signify the wish that Love and Friendship
should reign supreme. The hands signify friendship, the crown
loyalty, and the heart love. The ring has become popular
outside Connamera since the middle of the last century- its
spread being helped by the vast exodus from the West during
the great Famine in 1847-49. These rings were kept as
heirlooms with great pride and passed from mother to daughter.
Today, the ring is worn extensively across Ireland, either on
the right hand with the heart turned outwards showing that
the wearer is "fancy free" or with the heart turned inwards
to denote that he or she is "spoken for". The pride of place
is on the left hand, with the heart turned in, indicating that
the wearer is happily married.
(iv) Irish National Anthem
-----------------------------
As Gaeilge:
Seo dhibh a cha/irde duan O/glaigh,
Cathre/imeach briomhar ceolmhar,
A/r dtinte cna/mh go buacach ta/id,
'S an spe/ir go min re/altogach
Is fonnmhar faobhrach sinn chun gleo
'S go tiu/nmhar gle/ roimh thi/ocht do'n lo/
Fe/ chiu/nas chaomh na hoiche ar seol:
Seo libh canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann
Curfa/:
Sinne Firnna Fa/il
A ta/ fe/ gheall ag E/irinn,
buion da/r slua
Thar toinn do ra/inig chugainn,
Fe/ mho/id bheith saor.
Sean ti/r a/r sinsir feasta
Ni/ fhagfar fe/'n tiora/n na/ fe'/n tra/il
Anocht a the/am sa bhearna bhaoil,
Le gean ar Ghaeil chun ba/is no/ saoil
Le guna screach fe/ la/mhach na bpile/ar
Seo libh canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann.
Cois ba/nta re/idhe, ar a/rdaibh sle/ibhe,
Ba bhuachach a/r sinsir romhainn,
Ag la/mhach go tre/an fe/'n sa/r-bhrat se/in
Ta/ thuas sa ghaoith go seolta
Ba dhu/chas riamh d'a/r gcine cha/idh
Gan iompa/il siar o/ imirt a/ir,
'S ag siu/l mar iad i gcoinne na/mhad
Seo libh, canai/dh Amhra/n na bhFiann
Curfa/
A bhui/on na/ch fann d'fhuil Ghaeil is Gall,
Sin breacadh lae na saoirse,
Ta sce/imhle 's scanradh i gcroi/the namhad,
Roimh ranna laochra a/r dtire.
A/r dtinte is tre/ith gan spre/ach anois,
Sin luisne ghle/ san spe/ir anoir,
'S an bi/obha i raon na bpile/ar agaibh:
Seo libh, canai/dh Amhra/n na bh Fiann.
Curfa/
English translation
We'll sing song, a soldier's song,
With cheering rousing chorus,
As round our blazing fires we throng,
The starry heavens o'er us;
Impatient for the coming fight,
And as we wait the morning's light,
Here in the silence of the night,
We'll chant a soldier's song.
Chorus:
Soldiers are we
whose lives are pledged to Ireland;
Some have come
from a land beyond the wave.
Sworn to be free,
No more our ancient sire land
Shall shelter the despot or the slave.
Tonight we man the gap of danger
In Erin's cause, come woe or weal
'Mid cannons' roar and rifles peal,
We'll chant a soldier's song
In valley green, on towering crag,
Our fathers fought before us,
And conquered 'neath the same old flag
That's proudly floating o'er us.
We're children of a fighting race,
That never yet has known disgrace,
And as we march, the foe to face,
We'll chant a soldier's song
Chorus
Sons of the Gael! Men of the Pale!
The long watched day is breaking;
The serried ranks of Inisfail
Shall set the Tyrant quaking.
Our camp fires now are burning low;
See in the east a silv'ry glow,
Out yonder waits the Saxon foe,
So chant a soldier's song.
Chorus
Summer events: ( I realise many of these have passed, but they will be
a useful reminder for next year
JUNE:
11th-12th ULSTER'S SIXTH STORYTELLING FESTIVAL,
CULTRA, CO.DOWN.
Storytelling for adults and children, also music and
drama.
8th-19th THE MUSIC FESTIVAL IN GREAT IRISH HOUSES.
Major Irish and international classical musicians and
singers in some of the most splendid Irish houses,
including Castletown, Strokestown, Carton and
Russborough.
11th-19th AN TOSTAL, DRUMSHANBO, CO.LEITRIM.
This is the only continuous celebration of this
festival in the country and features feiseanna,
traditional bands, set dancing workshops and art
competitions for children.
17th-19th FLEADH AMHRAN AGUS RINCE, BALLYCASTLE,
CO.ANTRIM.
Traditional music, song and dance culminating in a
"Concert of Champions".
18th-29th ACHILL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SUMMER SCHOOL,
DOOAGH, ACHILL, CO.MAYO.
Excavations, field trips and lectures.
25th-JULY 2nd SYNGE SUMMER SCHOOL, RATHDRUM,
CO.WICKLOW.
"Irish Theatre and Cinema" is the theme this year,
with readings, theatre workshops, lectures and live
performances.
29th-JULY 3rd GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS
INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL,
MONASTEREVIN, CO.KILDARE.
On the 150th anniversary of the poet's birth the
programme includes guest speakers and performers from
Sweden, Russia and the US.
30th-JULY 2nd JONATHAN SWIFT SEMINAR,
ST. PATRICK'S COLLEGE,
MAYNOOTH, CO.KILDARE.
"The Legacy of Swift" will be examined by, among
others, John Banville, Mary McGuckian and Professor
Terence Brown.
30th-JULY 3rd THE BRAM STOKER INTERNATIONAL
SUMMER SCHOOL, CLONTARF, CO.DUBLIN.
The influences on Dracula, both literary and Irish,
are included in this year's theme "Gothic
Reflections".
JULY:
10th-17th KILTARTAN HEDGE SCHOOL, GORT, CO.GALWAY.
Of a different style, this school concentrates on the
works of Yeats and Lady Gregory in their natural
settings of Thoor Ballylee and Coole Park.
13th-24th GALWAY ARTS FESTIVAL.
This has the usual line-up of unusual and exotic acts
from abroad and the famous Macnas group's annual
parade is this year entitled "Tribes".
13th-18th GALWAY FILM FLEADH.
The fleadh runs a series of films (last year over 100)
at various venues around the city and is usually
attended by one or two famous "names".
14th-17th FESTIVAL FRANCAIS DE PORTARLINGTON, CO.LAOIS.
Art workshops, French and Cajun music and dance in a
celebration of the Huguenot influence on the town.
INTERNATIONAL BUSKING FESTIVAL, DERRY.
The prize fund of Stg 2#3,000 attracts contestants both
national and international.
17th-29th JAMES JOYCE SUMMER SCHOOL,
NEWMAN HOUSE, ST STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN 2.
The usual run of lectures is interspersed with outings
around Dublin, including the pubs, and a coach tour to
the Boyne Valley.
21st-24th DUN LAOGHAIRE FESTIVAL.
Features arts and entertainment for adults and
children, including a song contest.
22nd-24th TEMPLE BAR BLUES FESTIVAL.
Free live music in 18 pubs and locations in the area
with a free open-air concert in College Green.
23rd-24th ULSTER FLEADH CHEOIL, ARMAGH.
Competition for traditional musicians with the usual
sessions inside and outside bars.
25th-30th JOHN HEWITT INTERNATIONAL
SUMMER SCHOOL, CARNLOUGH,
CO.ANTRIM.
This year's school focuses on the literature, culture
and politics of the city in general, and the Northern
Irish city in particular. Music and excursions will
also be included.
25th-AUG 6th BOYLE ARTS FESTIVAL, CO.ROSCOMMON.
This major arts festival includes poetry readings,
classical music and operatic recitals, traditional
music and a literary exhibition.
29th-31st ATHY BLUEGRASS FESTIVAL, ATHY, CO.KILDARE.
Bluegrass bands from Ireland, Europe and the US.
29th-AUG 1st BALLYSHANNON INTERNATIONAL FOLK FESTIVAL,
CO.DONEGAL.
Top traditional and folk banks take over the town for
the weekend.
29th-AUG 7th O'CAROLAN TRADITIONAL IRISH HARP MUSIC
FESTIVAL, KEADUE, CO.ROSCOMMON.
Harp recitals and competitions with peripheral dancing
activities.
30th-31st FEILE '94, SEMPLE STADIUM, THURLES, CO.TIPPERARY.
Probably the last, (though I seem to remember the same
being said last year), this year's line-up includes
The Cranberries, Elvis Costelloe and the Attractions,
Crash Test Dummies, Primal Scream and The Stunning.
AUGUST:
2nd-11th KERRY INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL OF LIVING IRISH
AUTHORS, TRALEE.
As the title suggests, this school concentrates on
those writers who are still with us, and further
enlivens the proceedings with excursions.
5th-7th LETTERKENNY INTERNATIONAL FOLK FESTIVAL, CO.DONEGAL.
Macnas will also be featured in this festival, which
includes singers and dancers from Ireland, the UK and
Europe.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC WEEKEND FESTIVAL, FEAKLE, CO.CLARE.
The town is completely taken over each year by the
musicians who include, this year, Liam O'Flynn, Noel
Hill and singer Sean Tyrell.
6th-20th YEATS INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL, SLIGO.
This year is its 35th and the topics to be covered
include "Yeats, Eliot and the Mythical Method", "The
(Other) View from the Tower: George Yeats" and "Yeats
and Beckett".
8th-14th WILLIAM CARLETON SUMMER SCHOOL,
CLOGHER, CO.TYRONE.
The theme for this year, the bicentenary of Carleton's
birth, is "William Carleton and the Irish Literary
Tradition".
BELFAST FOLK FESTIVAL.
Over 50 events are promised, mostly held in pubs, with
a line-up including artists from Australia, Russia,
Bolivia and the US.
9th-14th BELFAST HARP FESTIVAL, ULSTER FOLK &
TRANSPORT MUSEUM, BELFAST.
Workshops, lectures and performances focused on
teaching the harp.
10th-12th PUCK FAIR, KILLORGLIN, CO.KERRY.
Apart from the ritual crowning of the goat,
participants will be entertained by traditional and
other musicians and a busking competition.
11th-20th COOTEHILL ARTS FESTIVAL, CO.CAVAN.
Various bands, and a street parade are among the items
listed so far for this festival.
14th-19th THE PATRICK MACGILL INTERNATIONAL SUMMER SCHOOL,
GLENTIES, CO.DONEGAL.
The author's daughters, both writers, will be in
attendance this year, and events include several art
exhibitions.
14th-21st PARNELL SUMMER SCHOOL, AVONDALE, CO.WICKLOW.
"Gender, Class and Politics" will be discussed by John
Hume, Gemma Hussey, Emily O'Reilly, Bernadette
McAliskey, Brian Lenihan and several more. There will
also be a Percy French evening.
18th-21st THE GENERAL HUMBERT SUMMER SCHOOL, BALLINA AND
KILLALA, CO.MAYO.
Political, economic and cultural topics will be
discussed by speakers from the US and Europe under the
title "Bridging the Atlantic".
20th-27th MERRIMAN SUMMER SCHOOL, BALLYVAUGHAN, CO.CLARE.
The examination of rural Ireland is the topic for this
year, in conjunction with the usual activities, from
set-dancing to Irish classes.
20th-28th KILKENNY ARTS WEEK.
A concentration on classical music is the hallmark of
this event, though it also includes theatre and
readings.
26th-28th FLEADH CHEOIL NA H-EIREANN, CLONMEL, CO.TIPPERARY.
The culmination of the county and regional
competitions, the fleadh also includes many impromptu
sessions in pubs or on the street (weather
permitting).
SEPTEMBER:
2nd-4th CLIFDEN COUNTRY BLUES FESTIVAL, CLIFDEN, CO.GALWAY.
Previous visitors to this festival have included Van
Morrison and Eric Clapton, the latter actually joining
in one of the sessions.
9th-11th CORK FOLK FESTIVAL, CORK CITY.
Events both large and small will be augmented this
year by a special Sean O'Riada commemorative concert.
14th-18th OSCAR WILDE SUMMER SCHOOL, BRAY, CO.WICKLOW.
In its inaugural year the event will include lectures,
workshops, tours, theatre outings and social events.

-- Ask on WELSH-L
-- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum"
by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info
-- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for
more info -section a (Celtic), part 9
Additional information by Sean Kelley : kelley@marsha.sanders.lockheed.com
First of all here a couple of addresses for those of you interested in
the Cornish language, Kernewek:
1. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language Fellowship)
Colin Ellis
Chi Ashley (Ashley House)
Stret Deghow (South Street)
Fordh Ponsmeur (Grampound Road)
Truru
Kernow
UK
Tel: 0276 882500
2. Kernewek Dre Lyther (Cornish Correspondence Course)
Ray Edwards
6 Halton Road
Sutton Coldfield
West Midlands
B73 6NP
UK
Tel: 021 354 6249
Those of you who are interested in traditional Cornish music and dance
might like to get in touch with
Merv & Alison Davey
Meneghyjy
Withiel
Bodmin
Kernow
UK
They are our leading authority on traditional Cornish dance and are able to
supply various books, videos and cassettes, including the recent
Ilow Hengov ha Koth a Gernow
(The Ancient and Traditional Music of Cornwall)
by the group PYBA. This cassettes features Cornish bagpipes, Cornish
Krowd (a sort of three stringed fiddle), organ, flute, bombarde, harp,
kroeder kroghan and vocals in Kernewek.
Another interesting cassette is
Poll Pri
available from
Graham Sandercock
Trewynn
Bre an Loja (Lodge Hill)
Lyskerrys (Liskeard)
Kernow
UK
This is more up-beat, and features some superb contemporary songs written by
Graham Sandercock in Kernewek.
Additional info be Kev Robinson:
Cornwall is a county in the southwestern extremity of England. It is a
peninsula bounded by the English Channel on the south and the Atlantic
Ocean on the north and west, terminating at Land's End. Cornwall's
population is 469,300 (1991 est.), and it covers 3,564 km sq (1,376 mi
sq). Although Bodmin is the county seat, Truro is the administrative
centre. Most of Cornwall consists of rugged moorland that gradually
declines in elevation to the heavily indented coastline. The SCILLY
ISLANDS, located just offshore, are part of Cornwall. Some agriculture
is engaged in; dairy cattle are raised and fruits and vegetables
grown. Tin and clay mining is also important. The port towns of
Falmouth, Fowey, and Penzance are industrial centers. Tourism is
important, and much of the scenic coast is protected from commercial
development. Cornwall was occupied by Romans, Saxons, and Celts before
the Norman Conquest in 1066, after which it became an Earldom. Since
1337 the heir to the British crown has held the title of Duke of
Cornwall.

-- No info here at present
-- Ask on GAELIC-L
-- see the list of references in "Da Mihi Manum"
by Marion Gunn, email: mgunn@irlearn.ucd.ie for more info
-- See also the LACE guide. Search this document for (LACE) for
more info -section a (Celtic), part 9
-- also "Manx Language Officer", Rheynn Ynsee, Murray House,
Mount Havelock, Doolish, Isle of Man IM1 2Q
*********************************************************************
Note the country is usually referred to as Mann and the island as Isle
of Man (note alternative spelling of Man) for the anglicised version of
Ellan Vannin. This is obviously not as confusing as the current
discussion regarding Eire/Ireland since Mann/Isle of Man are used
interchangably.

(1) London
(2) North America
any others?
-----------
(1) London
The Scottish Tourist Board in London should be able to tell
you what's on, ask them for the "De tha dol" list. This is a list I
started but which is now maintained by Arthur Findlay does,
tel: 081-852 3589
Highlands and Islands society of London (ceilidhs)
Ceilidhs with music, dancing and singing in the London area. Usually
very good and well attended. Contact for more info:
Marybelle Morrisey 081 445 7939; Catherine Cook 081 440 0832
London Gaelic choir. Founded 1892 and the oldest surviving Gaelic
choir in the world. Meets each Tuesday 7:30pm-9:30pm in Covent Garden.
Contact: Arthur Findlay, 6 Hamlea Close, Eltham Rd, Lee, London SE12 8EU
Tel: 081 852 3589. Arthur also has copies of "De tha dol"
Gaelic society of London. Founded 1777 and the oldest Gaelic society in
the world. Contact: Cliff Castle, 14 Poulton Av, Sutton, Surrey, SM1 3PY
Tel: 081 644 7303. Has monthly meetings; social nights; campaigns etc.
John Angus Macleod, 5 Berkeley Crescent, Lydney, Gloucestershire, GL15 5SH
Coordinates a lot of Gaelic activities in England and Wales. Knows about
everything going on! Well known bard and Gaelic teacher, very helpful.
The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces
a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around
the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's
of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales,
Cornwall and Brittany
Contact:
Roger Casement Irish Centre, Eastgate Building, 131 St John's Way,
London N19 3RQ. Tel: 071- 281 3225
(2) North America
An Comunn Gaidhealach has an America branch. Contact:
An Comunn Gaidhealach (Ameireaga) Inc.,
P.O. Box 5288, Takoma Park, Maryland, 20912, USA
List of Highland Games
Note: Although many of these days have passed, they are still likely
to be relevant if you are interested in Highland Games in your area
and think you might go along next year.
>From green@bigbird.csd.scarolina.edu Fri Aug 12 17:50:52 1994
From: "James W. Green III"
Subject: Games Schedule
WARNING: This list may contain errors. If you are actually going to
one of these Gatherings-Games-Festivals, please contact me
Green@Bigbird.CSD.SCarolina.Edu & see if we can get you the address of
the games so you can snail a letter for a folder & thereby get
verification of the date & place of the chosen gathering. The best
place to check is to go to a library & look for the Highlander Magazine
& look at the schedule in the back then look thru it for an article &
an ad on the said games. Likewise you can check the Scottish Banner
newspaper & with your clan & its newsletter. Please give me
Green@Bigbird.CSD.SCarolina.Edu corrections of any errors & the source
of the correction, e.g.: games folder, Highlander issue, clan X
newsletter issue. We should start a list of E-mail addresses for the
games. I have E-mail addresses for people with 3 games here in the SE
USA.
1994
Mar 4-6 - NY South Fallsburg / Pines 1)
Mar 5 --- FL Key Biscane, Crandon Gardens / So.East Florida 1)
Apr 2 --- CA Pozo / Pozo Whiskey Highland Games 2)
Apr 2-3 - HI Honolulu,Bishop Museum Grds / Hawaiian Scottish Festival & Games 2)
Apr 15-17 NC Charlotte / Loch Norman Highland Games 2)
Apr 16 -- FL Dunedin / Dunedin Highland Games 2)
Apr 22-24 BC Vancouver / The British Show 2)
Apr 22-24 AR Batesville, Arkansas College / Ozark Scottish Festival 2)
Apr 30 -- CA San Diego, Balboa Park / Celtic Festival 1)
Apr 30 -- MD St.Leonard, Jefferson Park / Southern Maryland Celtic Festival 1)
Apr 30 -- OH Findlay / Northwest Ohio Celtic-Am. Festival 1)
Apr 30 -1 CA Roseville / Sacramento Valley Games 2)
May 7 --- PA Edinboro, University of Pa / Spring Ceilidh & Festival 1)
May 7 --- TX Houston / Houston Highland Games 2)
May 7 --- MN St.Paul, Macalester College / Scottish Country Fair 1,2)
May 12-15 GA Savannah,Old Fort Jackson / Savannah Scot. Games & Highland G. 1,2)
May 13-15 KY Carrollton,Gen.Butler State Park / Kentucky Scottish Weekend 1,2)
May 14-15 TX Longview / Old Country School of East Mountain Celtic Fest. 1)
May 14 -- NM Albuquerque / Rio Grande Valley Festival & Highland Games 2)
May 14 -- CA Corte Madera, Country Day School / Marin Highland Games 1)
May 20-22 TN Gatlinburg, Mills Park / Gatlinburg Scottish Festival & Games 1,2)
May 21 -- MD Fair Hill, Fair Hill Race Track / Colonial Highland Gathering 1,2)
May 27-28 VA Beaverdam, Scotchtown / Central Virginia Scottish Festival 1,2)
May 27-29 MI Alma, Alma College Campus / Alma Highland Festival & Games 1,2)
May 28-29 CA Costa Mesa, Orange County Fairgrounds / Costa Mesa Games 1,2)
Jun 2-5 - KY Lucas, Barren River State Park / Glasgow Highland Games 1)
Jun 3-5 - TX Arlington / Texas Scottish Festival & Highland Games 1,2)
Jun 4 --- CA Modesto / Modesto Gathering & Games 2)
Jun 4 --- MD McHenry,Garrett County Fairgrounds / McHenry Highland Festival 1,2)
Jun 4 --- WA*Ferndale / Bellingham Highland Games 1)
Jun 4 --- WI Milwaukee / Milwaukee Highland Games 1,2)
Jun 4-5 - OH Rio Grande / 3rd annual Celtic Fest 1)
Jun 11 -- KS Kansas City, Barstow School / Kansas City Highland Games 1)
Jun 11-12 CA*Ferndale / Ferndale Highland Games 2)
Jun 18 -- CA San Diego, Rancho Santa Fe Park / San Diego Highland Games 1,2)
Jun 18 -- IL Oakbrook / Illinois St. Andrews Society Highland Games 2)
Jun 18 -- PA Devon / Delco Scottish Games 1,2)
Jun 18-19 VA Leesburg, Oatlands Plantation / 1st ann. Celtic Fest 1)
Jun 23-25 OH Oberlin, Oberlin College / Ohio Sciottish Games 1,2)
Jun 25 -- WA Graham,Frontier Park / Tacoma-Pierce County Highland Games 1)
Jun 25 -- BC Coquitlam / United Scottish Highland Games 2)
Jun 25 -- CA Concord / Concord Scottish Highland Games 2)
Jun 25-26 CA Big Bear / Big Bear Scottish Festival 2)
Jul 1 --- ON Embro / Zorra Highland Games 2)
Jul 2 --- ON Collingwood / Collingwood Scottish Festival 2)
Jul 2 --- CT Darien / Round Hill Highland Games 2)
Jul 9 --- CA Oakland / Dunsmuir House Scottish Fair 2)
Jul 9 --- ON Haliburton / Haliburton Highland Games 2)
Jul 9 --- UT Payson, City Park / Scottish Fest 1)
Jul 7-10 NC Linville / 39th Grandfather Mountain Highland Games 1,2,4,5)
Jul 9-10 OR Athena,City Park / Caledonian Games 1)
Jul 15-16 VT Wilmington,Mount Snow Resort / Southern Vermont Highland Games 1,2)
Jul 16 -- OR Gresham / Portland Highland Games 2)
Jul 16 -- CO Colorado Springs / Pikes Peak Highland Games & Celtic Festival 2)
Jul 22-24 NB Fredericton / New Brunswick Highland Games 1,2)
Jul 23 -- MA Warren / Quaboag Scottish Festival 2)
Jul 23 -- IN Fort Wayne / Indiana Highland Games 2)
Jul 23-24 VA Alexandria,Episcopal High School/21st ann.Va.Scot.Games & Gat. 1,2)
Jul 29-30 ON Maxville / Glengarry Highland Games 1,2)
Jul 30 -- MA Blanford / Scottish Fest. 1)
Jul 31 -- PQ St. Lambert / Montreal Highland Games 2)
Aug 5-6 - CA Monterey / Monterey Scottish Festival 2)
Aug 6 --- MA Easton / Tam O'Shanter Highland Games 2)
Aug 12-14 ON Fergus, Victoria Park / Fergus Highland Games & Scottish Fest. 1,2)
Aug 12-13 NY Liverpool, Long Branch Park / Central New York Scottish Games 1,2)
Aug 13-14 IN Columbus, City Park / Columbus Scottish Festival 1,2)
Aug 13-14 CO Highlands Ranch, Heritage Park / Colorado Scottish Festival 1,2)
Aug 14-S3 SCOTLAND Edinburgh / Scotland / International Festival 1)
Aug 20 -- ME Brunswick, Thamas Point Beach / Maine Highland Games 1,2)
Aug 20 -- CA Campbell / Campbell Highland Games 2)
Aug 27 -- VT Quechee, Polo Field / Quechee Scottish Festival 1,2)
Aug 27-28 OR Myrtle Creek / Celtic Highland Games 2)
Sep 3-5 - MO Bethel / Mo Heritage Fest 1)
Sep 8-11 CO Estes Park / Longs Peak Scottish Highland Festival 1,2)
Sep 10 -- PA Ligonier / Ligonier Highland Games 2)
Sep 16-18 NH Lincoln / New Hampshire Highland Games 2)
Sep 17 -- CA Fresno / Fresno Highland Games & Gathering 2)
Sep 17 -- SC Mt. Pleasant / Charleston Scottish Games & Gathering 2)
Sep 17 -- NY Amherst / Amherst Museum Scottish Festival 2)
Sep 17 -- OK Tulsa / Oklahoma Scottish Games & Gathering 2)
Sep 30 O2 PA Bethlehem / Chevrolet Celtic Classic Highland Games 2)
Oct 1 --- CT Goshen / St. Andrews Society of Connecticut Festival 2)
Oct 1 --- NC Red Springs / Flora McDonald Highland Games 5)
Oct 1-2 - TN Nashville / Nashville Highland Games 2)
Oct 1-2 - CA Yuba City / Yuba Sutter Scottish Festival 2)
Oct 8 --- CA Glendale / Glendale Celtic Gathering 2)
Oct 13-16 GA Atlanta / 22nd Stone Mt. Scottish Festival & Highland Games 3)
Oct 15-16 CA Chino / Loch Prado Highland Games 2)
Oct 22-23 CA Cupertino / Cupertino Celtic Faire 2)
Oct 29 -- AZ Tucson / Tucson Highland Games 2)
Oct 29 -- NC Waxhaw / Waxhaw Highland Games 5)
Nov 11-13 TX Salado / Salado Scottish Games 2)
Sources:NB
1) Eleanor McCallum's transcription from the Highlander posted 18 Feb & 10 Mar
1994 to clan server & rearranged by James Green 21 Apr. 1994.
2) James Green's transcription from The Scottish Banner April 1994 page 12.
3) flyer James Green picked up (at Loch Norman Games) on Stone Mt. Games.
4) flyer James Green picked up (at Loch Norman Games) on Grandfather Mt. Games
5) "Future NC Highland Games" printed on back of Loch Norman Games ticket
If there was a conflict between sources, the later source was used.
* Jun 4 WA Ferndale could be moved to Jun 11-12 (see "Jun 11-12 CA Ferndale")
* No Ferndale CA found in Hammond Atlas, but there is one in Washington (see
"Jun 4 WA Ferndale".
To the Gaelic homepage