Contents
Foreword iii OCMH Contributors ix Preface v Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 What Is Military History? 1 Theory and Practice of War 4 The American Military System 13 2. THE BEGINNINGS 18 The European Heritage 18 Eighteenth Century European Wafrare 21 The Colonial Scene 26 Colonial Militia 28 The Colonies in teh World Conflict, 1689-1783 30 The American Rifle 38 The Colonial Heritage 39 3. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: FIRST PHASE 41 The Outbreak 42 Formation of the Continental Army 46 he Invasion of Canada and the Fall of Boston 50 The New Nation 52 Evolution of the Continental Army 55 The British Problem 58 Of Strategy 61 The British Offensive in 1776 62 Trenton and Princeton 67 4. THE WINNING OF INDEPENDENCE, 1777-1783 70 The Campaign of 1777 70 Valley Forge 79 First Fruits of the French Alliance 81 The New Conditions of the War 84 British Successes in the South 85 Nadir of the American Cause 88 Greene's Southern Campaign 90 Yorktown: The Final Act 93 The Summing Up: Reasons, lessons, and Meaning 98 5. 101 The Question of a Peacetime Army 101 Toward a More Perfect Union 105 The Militia 108 Military Realities in teh Federalist Period 109 The Indian Expeditions 110 The Perils of Neutrality 114 The Quasi War With France 115 Defense Under Jefferson 117 The Army and Westward Expansion 118 American Reaction to the Napoleonic Wars 120 6. 122 Origins of the War 122 The Opposing Forces 123 The Strategic Pattern 126 The First Campaigns 127 The Second Year, 1813 130 The Last Year of the War, 1814 140 New Orleans: The Final Battle 144 7. 148 Toward a Professional Army 148 The War Hatchet Raised in Florida 151 John C. Calhoun and the War Department 154 Pioneering in the West 157 The Second Seminole War 159 Westeward Expansion and the Texas Issue 161 8. 163 The Period of Watchful Waiting 163 The Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma 164 War Is Declared 166 The Monterrey Campaign 168 The Battle of Beuna Vista 171 The Landing at Vera Cruz 174 The Battle of Cerro Gordo 175 Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec 176 Occupation and Negotiation in Mexico City 178 The Army on the New Frontier 179 Increasing the Peacetime Army 180 Weapons and Tactics on the Eve of the Civil War 181 9. 184 Secession, Sumter, and Standing to Arms 184 The Opponents 192 Manassas (Bull Run) 196 The Second Uprising in 1861 202 10. 209 The Twin Rivers Campaign 209 The Capture of Forst Henry and Donelson 211 Confederate Counterattack at Shiloh 212 Perryville to Stones River 215 The Army of the Potomac Moves South 219 Jackson's Valley Campaign 220 The Peninsular Campaign: Fair Oaks 221 The Seven Days' Battle 223 Second Manassas 224 Lee Invades Maryland 227 Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 229 Fiasco at Fredericksburg 230 West of the Mississippi 232 11. 236 Confusion Over Clearing the Mississippi 236 Grant's Campaign Against Vicksburg 237 Hooker Crosses the Rappahannock 241 Chancellorsville: Lee's Finest Battle 245 Lee's Second Invasion of the North 246 Gettysburg 249 The Chickamauga Campaign 254 Grant at Chattanooga 257 12. 262 Strategy of Annihilation and Unity of Command 262 Lee Cornered at Richmond 266 Sherman's Great Wheel to the East 270 Thomas Protects the Nashville Base 274 Lee's Last 100 Days 275 Dimensions of the War 278 13. 281 Demobilization, Reorganization, and the French Threat in Mexico 281 Reconstruction 283 Domestic Disturbances 285 The National Guard Movement 287 Isolation and Professional Development 2 Line and Staff 2 Technical Development 2 Civil Accomplishment 2 14. 300 The Setting and the Challenge 300 The Bozeman Trail 306 The Southern Plains 308 The Northwest 311 The Southwest 313 The Northern Plains 315 15. 319 A New Manifest Destiny 319 Trouble in Cuba 320 Mobilizing for War 322 Victory at Sea: Naval Operations in the Caribbean and Pacific 326 Operations in the Caribbean 327 The Battle of Santiago 332 The Fall of Manila 335 The Philippine Insurrection, 1899-1902 337 The Boxer Uprising 339 16. TRANSITION AND CHANGE, 1902-1917 343 Modernizing the Armed Forces 343 Reorganization of the Army: Establishment of the General Staff 346 Reorganization of the Army: The Regular Army and the Militia 350 Caribbean Problems and Projects 352 The Army on the Mexican Border 354 17. 358 How War Came in Europe 358 The Early Campaigns 359 The Impact of the War on the United States 364 The National Defense Act of 1916 366 The War in 1916 368 An End to Neutrality 369 A Year of Crisis in Europe 370 The United States Prepares for War 372 Changes in the Army High Command 379 18. 381 Training and Organizing U.S. Troops 381 Pressure From French and British 383 The German Offensive, March 1918 384 Unity of Command 387 The Lys Offensive, April 1918 388 The Aisne Offensive, May 1918 389 The German Offensive, June 1918 391 A Growing American Force 391 The Last German Offensive, July 1918 392 Allied Counteroffensive 393 A Separate American Army 394 The Somme Offensive 396 The St. Mihiel Offensive 396 The Meuse-Argonne Offensive 398 The German Surrender 403 19. 405 Demobilization 405 Immediate Duties 406 Reorganization Under the National Defense Act of 1920 407 Regular Army Strength and Support 409 Civilian Components 411 Domestic Employment 412 National and Military Policy 414 The Army Strengthened 415 The Beginnings of World War II 417 The Prewar Mobilization 418 Toward War 420 20. WORLD WAR II: THE DEFENSIVE PHASE 423 The Outbreak of War: Action and Reaction 423 Fall of th22e Philippines 4 Deploying American Military Strength 435 Planning for a Cross-Channel Invasion 440 Torch Replaces Sledgehammer-Roundup 443 End of the Defensive Stage 444 21. GRAND STRATEGY AND THE WASHINGTON HIGH COMMAND 446 Strategic Planning for Offensive Warfare: Midwar 446 Completing54 the Strategic Patterns 4 Expansion and Distribution of the Wartime Army 458 Balancing Means and Ends 467 22. WORLD WAR II: THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY AND ITALY 473 The North African Campaign, november 1942-May 1943 473 The Tunisia Campaign 476 The Sicily Campaign, July-August 1943 478 The Surrender of Italy 480 The Italian Campaign, September 1943-May 1945 480 Cross-Channel Attack 483 Build-up and Breakout 488 Invasion of Southern France 490 Pursuit to the Frontier 490 The Ardennes Counteroffensive 493 The Russian Campaigns 495 The Final Offensive 495 The Situation on V-E Day 497 23. WORLD WAR II: THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN 499 Japan's Strategy 499 Guadalcanal and Papua: The First Offensives 503 Search for a Strategy 506 Cartwheel: The Encirclement of Rabaul 509 The Central Pacific Drive Begins 510 Acceleration of the Pacific Drive 512 The Decision To Invade Luzon 51 The Philippines Campaign 516 Iwo Jima and Okinawa 521 The American Effort in China, Burma, and India 522 The Japanese Surrender 525 Retrospect 526 24. 529 Demobilization 530 Unification 531 Occupation 533 The Rise of a New Opponent 535 The Trends of Military Policy 538 The Army of 1950 540 The Cold War Intensifies 542 25. 545 The Decision for War 545 South to the Naktong 548 North to the Parallel 553 North to the Yalu 555 The New War 559 The Static War 565 The Aftermath 569 26. 572 Massive Retaliation and the New Look 527 The NATO Build-up 574 Continental Defense 575 The Missile Era 576 Challenges and Responses 578 The Miltary Budget 581 Defense Reorganization 582 The Dual Capability Army 583 The Reserve Forces 588 27. 591 The Changing Face of the Cold War 591 Cuba and Berlin 593 Detente in Europe 596 The Growing Commitment in Underdeveloped Areas 598 Trouble in the Caribbean 599 Civil Rights and Civil Disturbances 600 Secretary mcNamara and the New Management System 603 Army Reorganization 606 Tactical Readjustment for Flexible Response 608 The Reserve Forces and the Draft 612 Problems and Prospects 616 28. 619 Role of the United States Through the Geneva Accords 619 Early Growth of the Insurgency 622 Limited Increase in U.S. Commitment 624 Growing U.S. Commitment 628 Logistical Build-up 629 Early U.S. Operations 631 The Nature of the War 633 The Military Campaign 636 The Pacification Program 639 The Military Campaign in 1967 641 The Tet Offensive--1968 643 Invasions of Cambodia and Laos 645 649 Maps
No. Page 1. 30 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustrations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All illustrations are from Department of Defense files except the following: the picture on page 36 was obtained from the Wisconsin Historical Society, and the National Archives furnished the pictures on pages 145, 190, 191, 210, 226, 259, 278, 312, 314, 329, 356, 378, 394, 395, and 397.