COMMISSION
| |
Thomas H. Kean,
CHAIR |
Lee H. Hamilton,
VICE CHAIR |
Richard Ben-Veniste | Bob Kerrey |
Fred F. Fielding | John F. Lehman |
Jamie S. Gorelick | Timothy J. Roemer |
Slade Gorton | James R. Thompson |
COMMISSION
| |
Philip Zelikow, Executive Director | |
Christopher A. Kojm, Deputy Executive Director | |
Daniel Marcus, General Counsel | |
Joanne M. Accolla
Staff Assistant |
C. Michael Hurley
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
Alexis Albion
Professional Staff Member |
Dana J. Hyde
Counsel Professional |
Scott H. Allan, Jr.
Counsel |
John W. Ivicic
Security Officer |
John A. Azzarello
Counsel |
Michael N. Jacobson
Counsel |
Caroline Barnes
Professional Staff Member |
Hunter W. Jamerson
Intern |
Warren Bass
Professional Staff Member |
Bonnie D. Jenkins
Counsel |
Ann M. Bennett
Information Control Officer |
Reginald F. Johnson
Staff Assistant |
Mark S. Bittinger
Professional Staff Member |
R. William Johnstone
Professional Staff Member |
Madeleine Blot
Counsel |
Stephanie L. Kaplan
Special Assistant & Managing Editor |
Antwion M. Blount
Systems Engineer |
Miles L. Kara, Sr.
Professional Staff Member |
Sam Brinkley
Professional Staff Member |
Janice L. Kephart
Counsel |
Geoffrey Scott Brown
Research Assistant |
Hyon Kim
Counsel |
Daniel Byman
Professional Staff Member |
Katarzyna Kozaczuk
Financial Assistant |
Dianna Campagna
Manager of Operations |
Gordon Nathaniel Lederman
Counsel |
Samuel M. W. Caspersen
Counsel |
Daniel J. Leopold
Staff Assistant |
Melissa A. Coffey
Staff Assistant |
Sarah Webb Linden
Professional Staff Member |
Lance Cole
Consultant |
Douglas J. MacEachin
Professional Staff Member & Team Leader |
Marquittia L. Coleman
Staff Assistant |
Ernest R. May
Senior Adviser |
Marco A. Cordero
Professional Staff Member |
Joseph McBride
Intern |
Rajesh De
Counsel |
James Miller
Professional Staff Member |
George W. Delgrosso
Investigator |
Kelly Moore
Professional Staff Member |
Gerald L. Dillingham
Professional Staff Member |
Charles M. Pereira
Professional Staff Member |
Thomas E. Dowling
Professional Staff Member |
John Raidt
Professional Staff Member |
Steven M. Dunne
Deputy General Counsel |
John Roth
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
Thomas R. Eldridge
Counsel |
Peter Rundlet
Counsel |
Alice Falk
Editor |
Lloyd D. Salvetti
Professional Staff Member |
John J. Farmer, Jr.
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
Kevin J. Scheid
Staff Member & Team Leader |
Alvin S. Felzenberg
Deputy for Communications |
Kevin Shaeffer
Professional Staff Member |
Lorry M. Fenner
Professional Staff Member |
Tracy J. Shycoff
Deputy for Administration & Finance |
Susan Ginsburg
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
Dietrich L. Snell
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
T. Graham Giusti
Security Officer |
Jonathan DeWees Stull
Communications Assistant |
Nicole Marie Grandrimo
Professional Staff Member |
Lisa Marie Sullivan
Staff Assistant |
Douglas N. Greenburg
Counsel |
Quinn John Tamm, Jr.
Professional Staff Member |
Barbara A. Grewe
Senior Counsel, Special Projects |
Catharine S. Taylor
Staff Assistant |
Elinore Flynn Hartz
Family Liaison |
Yoel Tobin
Counsel |
Leonard R. Hawley
Professional Staff Member |
Emily Landis Walker
Professional Staff Member & Family Liaison |
L. Christine Healey
Senior Counsel & Team Leader |
Garth Wermter
Senior IT Consultant |
Karen Heitkotter
Executive Secretary |
Serena B. Wille
Counsel |
Walter T. Hempel II
Professional Staff Member |
Peter Yerkes
Public Affairs Assistant |
Public Statement | |||
Executive Summary | |||
Preface | xv | ||
1. | "WE HAVE SOME PLANES" | 1 | |
1.1 | Inside the Four Flights | 1 | |
1.2 | Improvising a Homeland Defense | 14 | |
1.3 | National Crisis Management | 35 | |
2. | THE FOUNDATION OF THE NEW TERRORISM | 47 | |
2.1 | A Declaration of War | 47 | |
2.2 | Bin Ladin's Appeal in the Islamic World | 48 | |
2.3 | The Rise of Bin Ladin and al Qaeda (1988-1992) | 55 | |
2.4 | Building an Organization, Declaring War on the United States (1992-1996) | 59 | |
2.5 | Al Qaeda's Renewal in Afghanistan (1996-1998) | 63 | |
3. | COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES | 71 | |
3.1 | From the Old Terrorism to the New: The First World Trade Center Bombing | 71 | |
3.2 | Adaptation--and Nonadaptation--in the Law Enforcement Community | 73 | |
3.3 | . . . and in the Federal Aviation Administration | 82 | |
3.4 | . . . and in the Intelligence Community | 86 | |
3.5 | . . . and in the State Department and the Defense Department | 93 | |
3.6 | . . . and in the White House | 98 | |
3.7 | . . . and in the Congress | 102 | |
4. | RESPONSES TO AL QAEDA'S INITIAL ASSAULTS | 108 | |
4.1 | Before the Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania | 108 | |
4.2 | Crisis: August 1998 | 115 | |
4.3 | Diplomacy | 121 | |
4.4 | Covert Action | 126 | |
4.5 | Searching for Fresh Options | 134 | |
5. | AL QAEDA AIMS AT THE AMERICAN HOMELAND | 145 | |
5.1 | Terrorist Entrepreneurs | 145 | |
5.2 | The "Planes Operation" | 153 | |
5.3 | The Hamburg Contingent | 160 | |
5.4 | A Money Trail? | 169 | |
6. | FROM THREAT TO THREAT | 174 | |
6.1 | The Millennium Crisis | 174 | |
6.2 | Post-Crisis Reflection: Agenda for 2000 | 182 | |
6.3 | The Attack on the USS Cole | 190 | |
6.4 | Change and Continuity | 198 | |
6.5 | The New Administration's Approach | 203 | |
7. | THE ATTACK LOOMS | 215 | |
7.1 | First Arrivals in California | 215 | |
7.2 | The 9/11 Pilots in the United States | 223 | |
7.3 | Assembling the Teams | 231 | |
7.4 | Final Strategies and Tactics | 241 | |
8. | "THE SYSTEM WAS BLINKING RED" | 254 | |
8.1 | The Summer of Threat | 254 | |
8.2 | Late Leads--Mihdhar, Moussaoui, and KSM | 266 | |
9. | HEROISM AND HORROR | 278 | |
9.1 | Preparedness as of September 11 | 278 | |
9.2 | September 11, 2001 | 285 | |
9.3 | Emergency Response at the Pentagon | 311 | |
9.4 | Analysis | 315 | |
10. | WARTIME | 325 | |
10.1 | Immediate Responses at Home | 326 | |
10.2 | Planning for War | 330 | |
10.3 | "Phase Two" and the Question of Iraq | 334 | |
11. | FORESIGHT--AND HINDSIGHT | 339 | |
11.1 | Imagination | 339 | |
11.2 | Policy | 348 | |
11.3 | Capabilities | 350 | |
11.4 | Management | 353 | |
12. | WHAT TO DO? A GLOBAL STRATEGY | 361 | |
12.1 | Reflecting on a Generational Challenge | 361 | |
12.2 | Attack Terrorists and Their Organizations | 365 | |
12.3 | Prevent the Continued Growth of Islamist Terrorism | 374 | |
12.4 | Protect against and Prepare for Terrorist Attacks | 383 | |
13. | HOW TO DO IT? A DIFFERENT WAY OF ORGANIZING THE GOVERNMENT | 399 | |
13.1 | Unity of Effort across the Foreign-Domestic Divide | 400 | |
13.2 | Unity of Effort in the Intelligence Community | 407 | |
13.3 | Unity of Effort in Sharing Information | 416 | |
13.4 | Unity of Effort in the Congress | 419 | |
13.5 | Organizing America's Defenses in the United States | 423 | |
Appendix A: Common Abbreviations | 429 | ||
Appendix B: Table of Names | 431 | ||
Appendix C: Commission Hearings | 439 | ||
Guide to Notes | 449 |
Transcribed and formatted for HTML by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation