Part Two
The War Department and the Army

[See also: U.S. Government Manual, 1945--War Department]

NOTE: The location information given in this publication is obsolete. Although copies of some documents may have been retained in the various commands, the vast majority of documents have been transferred to the National Archives, primarily the Modern Military Records Branch at College Park, MD. Additional records may be located at the various branches of the Archives. --HyperWar

[130] Of all the Federal agencies in World War II, the War Department with its field establishment was probably the largest in terms of money spent, uniformed personnel and civilian employees involved, organizations and installations operating in the field, and quantities and types of records created. From 1939 to December 7, 1941, the War Department's traditional responsibilities for organizing, training, equipping, and maintaining the Army were largely directed toward the Federal-wide emergency task of mobilizing the Nation's resources, both to aid potential allies already at war with the Axis powers and to prepare United States forces for combat. The War Department participated in virtually all phases of this broad program--mobilizing manpower and material resources, preparing war plans for air, ground, and service operations, and developing and testing combat tactics and troop units both in the continental United States and in the overseas territorial departments. During the combat period, from December 7, 1941, to September 2, 1945, all these precombat functions were continued, while the Army's air and ground combat operations were launched and extended globally until they reached a successful conclusion with the end of the fighting war.

The many War Department and Army headquarters, field commands and agencies, troop units, and installations or stations that performed these combat and precombat functions and created records of their activities and experiences during the war were organized according to several major echelons or levels of administration. They were headed by the civilian Secretary of War and the military Chief of Staff, each with his immediate headquarters (after about January 1, 1943) in the Pentagon Building, in the Military District of Washington. These levels or echelons are described in this volume as constituting the following major groups: The Office of the Secretary of War and its constituent offices and divisions; the War Department General Staff and its constituent general-staff and special-staff divisions, with a few schools and other General Staff activities outside of Washington; the three major Army commands in Washington and the continental United States--the Army Air Forces, the Army Ground Forces, and the Army Service Forces; and the o verseas commands, under six major theaters of operations--American.

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European, Mediterranean, Africa-Middle East, China-Burma-India, and Pacific.

Records administration.--Records were created during the war at virtually all echelons of the War Department and the Army, both in Washington and in the domestic and overseas military establishment, and were administered primarily according to regulations and records practices prescribed by The Adjutant General. About 1.6 million feet of wartime records of War Department and Army agencies, appraised as having continuing value, are being indefinitely retained by the Department of the Army. Normally the records of a given War Department or Army agency were kept by that unit's adjutant section or an equivalent office of record and were filed according to a decimal scheme or system set forth in a volume entitled War Department Decimal File System (1918 and 1943 editions) issued by The Adjutant General. Each adjutant or file supervisor, in applying this scheme to his records, was likely to introduce many deviations from the standard scheme. At the same time records were frequently kept in offices other than the central office of record, usually because a given office needed to have its own records or certain parts of them close at hand for information, control, or other administrative purposes related to its current operations. In many cases, such records were filed according to systems other than that prescribed by The Adjutant General, again because of the special needs of the individual office.

The official records of any World War II unit of the War Department or the Army are subject to the appraisal, retention, and destruction procedures prescribed for the entire military establishment in the War Department's Technical Manual entitled "Records Administration: Disposition of Records" (TM 12-259, July 1945 ed. and subsequent revisions, especially the edition of Mar. 15, 1949, which is a "Special Regulation," called SR 345-920-1), compiled by the Records Management Branch, Office of The Adjutant General. In accordance with this manual, all records of War Department and Army agencies in Washington and in the field that are worth permanent or long-term preservation are scheduled for orderly transfer, when they become noncurrent, to one of several Army records depositories (which also handle Army Air Forces and United States Air Force records) in the continental United States and overseas. From these depositories the records of permanent value will ultimately be transferred to the National Archives. The "Special Regulation" cited above calls for the transfer to Army records depositories by June 30, 1949, of all such World War II records of both domestic and overseas Army agencies but it does not apply to Air Forces records. Exceptions to this formula (as approved by The Adjutant General) as well as the normal transfers of records are noted throughout the entries that follow.

Guides to the records.--The wartime records are under varying degrees of reference control, as far as lists, indexes, and other finding aids or guides are concerned. Many of the. records are briefly listed, by organization and by series title, in the Records Disposition Schedules or Filing Control Schedules prepared during the war throughout the military

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establishment in connection with the records administration program supervised by The Adjutant General. Insofar as these schedules describe records of continuing value, the pertinent information is summarized in appropriate entries in this volume. In addition, most of the field records, when they are transferred to one of the Army records depositories, are briefly described on record-group control cards and series control sheets (called processing work sheets), filed in the particular depository; much of this information has been summarized in this volume. For some groups of records, furthermore, there are indexes and other finding aids prepared as the records themselves were originally filed; these are with the records. For all records that are filed according to the War Department Decimal File System, this volume provides a general reference tool.

For undertaking research in the records of a particular Army organization, another useful type of guide may often be found in the form of an official, unpublished history of that organization, prepared during the war as part of the Army historical program supervised by the Historical Branch, G-2, now the Historical Division, Department of the Army (see entry 182). Many of these histories, especially those for agencies at the higher echelons, con tain footnotes and bibliographies that refer to and describe especially important individual files in the organization's records. At present the histories of ground units or ground-related units are divided between the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; the Army's Historical Division; and the historical sections of the various arms and services. Most histories of air units or air-related units are in the Air Historical Group of the Air University, located at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. In addition, a duplicate copy of its history is likely to be filed among an organization's records (usually under file 314.7 Military History), although for the higher commands such copies frequently do not exist.

Central Records of the War Department [131]

Although record keeping in the War Department in Washington was largely decentralized during the war among the major offices and commands in that area, which are separately described in the entries that follow, there are several voluminous series of records that were filed in the Adjutant General's Office in Washington according to the War Department Decimal File System and that, for convenience of reference throughout this volume, are called the "central records of the War Department, in the AGO." These central records, more familiarly known as AG files, constitute probably the most comprehensive single body of important documentation of the activities of the War Department and the Army during the war. They are in two major groups. One group may be described as security-classified files, that is, records that were "classified" for security purposes as "top secret," "secret," "confidential," or "restricted"; these were originally filed by the Operations Branch, AGO, and are now partly in that Branch's custody and partly in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The other group consists of records that were not given security classification; these were originally filed by the Office Service Branch, AGO, and are now in the

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Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Each group consists of series covering major chronological periods, such as 1926-39, 1940-42, and 1943-45; within each of these series there are thousands of individual subject cases or folders of correspondence and related papers, arranged according to the War Department Decimal File System; and within each case or folder the papers are normally in chronological order. Bulky enclosures are filed separately in an extensive series of "bulk" files.

In addition to the records mentioned above, there are more than a thousand separate subseries or "projects." Each of them is a separate and complete decimal subseries in itself and relates, for example, to a particular field command (such as the European Theater of Operations, the Second Service Command in New York City, or the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation), a particular post or station (such as Fort Knox, Ky., or Wright Field, Ohio), a particular State or city, a particular foreign country, area, or agency, or some other functional, institutional, or geographical subject for which a separate sequence of decimal files seemed necessary. The main military and naval organizational "project" files are separately noted throughout this volume; a complete list of the types of project titles used from January 1940 to June 1947, but without inclusive dates, is in the "AGO Supplement to the Revised War Department Decimal File System" [July 1, 1947], p. 75-93.

Also in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, are hundreds of thousands of cross-reference sheets, called "index sheets," which are either interfiled among the individual cases or kept separately in the form of microfilm copies in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; some of these are mentioned throughout this volume, not only as a guide to these records, but also as clues to the whereabouts of related papers in other decentralized groups of records. The subject matter of these records is as broad and varied as were the functions, activities, and interests of the War Department and the Army during the war. No attempt is made here to analyze the content of these records except to note that the "subjects" of the cases and of the index sheets include not only topical subjects (of which there are thousands), but also organizational subjects (such as the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and many other interservice agencies, Army commands and troop units, Navy units, civilian Federal agencies, and foreign agencies of the war period); private institutional subjects (such as particular industrial corporations and educational institutions); personal name subjects (not only for Army personnel but also for many of the thousands of other persons who corresponded with the War Department); and geographical subjects (such as enemy countries and other foreign areas or place names).

An important characteristic of these central records is that they contain a number of small, separately organized series that represent, in effect, intact bodies of records (especially of ad hoc committees and boards, but sometimes of small staff sections) that were sent to the central-files units of the Adjutant General's Office rather than to (or, more commonly, before the establishment of) noncurrent records depositories, such as the AGO Departmental Records Branch. (The central files of other headquarters agencies, especially Headquarters Army Air Forces and the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, contain

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similar bodies of records.) In the central records of the War Department, these small groups are usually in the "bulk" files. They are always cross-referenced, usually under the agency names, in the "straight" decimal files mentioned earlier. No complete survey of the "bulk" files has been made for purposes of this volume, but several of the known groups of this kind are separately entered elsewhere, in the appropriate agency entries.

Other General Records of the War Department [132]

In addition to the central records of the War Department, in the AGO. there are several other series of records that are general or cental to the entire War Department and Army for the war period. Notable among these are the following major series, which are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis, and which for the most part represent a postwar. Army-wide consolidation and integration, by the AGO, of records that were originally filed separately by particular headquarters agencies and the many operating commands and units that make up the Army: (1) Military "201" files, or personnel folders, for the approximately 12 million demobilized officers and enlisted men of the Army, including the regular Army, the Reserve Components, and certain other categories; (2) civilian "201" files, or personnel folders, for about 9.3 million former civilian employees of War Department agencies in the continental United States and overseas, from 1939 on; (3) morning reports (M/R's) of all command headquarters and troop units; (4) clinical case files (individual medical records) for officers and enlisted men; and (5) wartime contract and procurement case files, except those for the Army Air Forces contracts, for individual contracts on which final payments have been made. Each case file in the last-named group contains in addition to the contract or other instrument of agreement, such documents as contract-termination correspondence, renegotiation papers, company-pricing agreements, and audit records. Case files relating to Army Air Forces contracts are in the custody of the Air Matériel Command, Wright Field, Ohio.

Other major bodies of consolidated files are the Army's disbursement accounts files, in the custody of the Army Finance Center, St. Louis; the Army's files of still photographs, in the Army, Pictorial Service Division, Washington; the Army's motion-picture files, in the Signal Corps Photographic Center, Long Island City, N.Y.; the Army's record and reference files of medical publications, in the Army Medical Library, Washington; and the Army's record and reference files of maps and other cartographic materials, in the Army Map Service, Washington. Additional details as to some of the specific types of documents in these consolidated files are given in Technical manual 12-259 (July 1945) and Special Regulation 345-920-1 (Mar. 15, 1949), passim.

[132a] Printed or processed documents.--Importantly documenting the activities of the War Department and the Army are the many series of printed and processed orders, informational memoranda, training literature, and other documents that were distributed throughout the Army during the war. Most of these documents originated in particular commands and are

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separately noted elsewhere, under the appropriate command. Others were issued by the War Department in Washington, usually through the Adjutant General's Office; and of these, a number of series contain general information on the Department in Washington or the Army. The major series of orders and directives include Army Regulations (AR's), 1939-45; War Department Bulletins, 1939-45; War Department Circulars, 1939-45; and War Department Circulars and Orders, 1939-45. Two other series--War Department General Orders, 1942-45, and War Department Special Orders, 1944-45-- were limited in subject matter to the War Department in Washington. All these documents were issued separately and some of them were published in the Federal Register, 1939-45.

Another category of directives, overlapping in part the several series named above, are the many "block letters," such as War Department Memoranda, that were distributed generally to Departmental and Army organizations in Washington and in the field. For a guide to such letters, see index sheets in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, filed under AG 020 War Department Bureaus [Block Letters to], 1940-45; AG 029 War Department Bureaus [Block Letters to], Jan. 1940-May 1943; AG 321 Arms of Service . . . [Block Letters to] 1940-45; AG 323.36 [Block Letters to the Field], 1940-45; and AG 323.36 Commanders and Staffs [Block Letters to], 1940-45 (10 linear feet).

Other printed or processed documents that were issued centrally by the War Department are the various directories of officers, installations, commands, and troop units of the Army. Among these were the "War Department Telephone Directory" (providing the names of agencies and key personnel in Washington), in about 40 editions, 1939-45; the Official Army Register, in annual editions, 1939-45; the "Army Directory," and the "Army List and Directory," covering organizations and officers, in various editions, Apr. 1939-Apr. 1943; the "Directory [of Organizations] of the Army of the United States . . .," in various monthly editions, some for the continental United States, others for overseas areas, 1943-45; and the quarterly lists, "Officers of the Army Stationed in or Near the District of Columbia," Jan. 1939-July 1943. Also of interest on the Army as a whole are the many different series of recurring statistical summaries of the strength of the Army, compiled and issued by the Machine Records Branch, Adjutant General's Office, 1941-45.

The major series of wartime training literature are the Field Manuals (FM's), 1939-45; the Technical Manuals (TM's), 1940-45; an "E" (for enemy) series of Technical Manuals (TM-E's), for enemy equipment, training, and tactics, 1943-45; War Department Training Circulars, 1940-45; War Department Pamphlets, 1943-45; and Technical Bulletins, 1944-45. Another lengthy series, the United States Army Specifications, 1939-45, covers materials and equipment procured by the Army from industry. A series of Contract Summaries, Oct. 1941-Nov. 1941, was published in the Federal Register. Also common to the entire Army were the various tables or schedules outlining the categories and numbers of personnel and equipment assigned to each of the many types of Army troop units during the war; these

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tables consisted of tables of organization (T/O's), 1939-42; tables of equipment (T/E's), 1942-43; tables of organization and equipment (T/OE's), which replaced T/O's and T/E's, 1943-45; tables of allowances (T/A's), 1939-45; and tables of basic allowances (T/BA's), 1941-45. Many of these printed series are indexed in variously titled indexes, digests, and lists that were issued monthly, annually, and at other times during the war by the Adjutant General's Office. For each document in each series, furthermore, there is likely to be background correspondence, filed in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO. The printed documents themselves are filed in a number of places, notably in the AGO Army Publications Service Branch, the Army Library, the central records of the War Department (in the AGO), the library of the Government Printing Office, and the library of the National Archives.

In addition to the above series of documents, which were issued for general distribution by the War Department headquarters agencies through the Adjutant General's Office, many staff divisions in Washington and most of the commands and troop units in the field each also originated and issued its own series of orders, bulletins, circulars, memoranda, and other issuances, sometimes to supplement the general War Department document that was involved but, more usually, to provide direction or information on local functional problems within the particular agency. The basic recurring pattern of issuances of field commands and troop units during the war is described in TM 12-256 (Nov. 1944. 30 p.), entitled "Orders, Bulletins, Circulars, and Memoranda"; but many other series might be issued by a given agency. Since many staff divisions and field agencies, especially the larger and more complex ones, frequently issued series that deviated (in both their titles and functions,) from this pattern, and since a record set of each series is regarded as of permanent value by the Army (see TM 12-259, July 1945), all the known wartime series of such issuances, as well as all known important series of statistical, narrative, and pictorial reports, are separately noted throughout this volume, in each appropriate entry. Whether a complete record set of each series exists cannot, however, always be indicated.

The problem of handling the great masses of records created by the War Department and the Army during the war and the manner in which this problem was solved are discussed in Wayne C. Grover, War Department Records Administration Program, published by the Adjutant General's Office (1948. 281 p., processed). For an overall official history of the Department and the Army during the war see Historical Division, Department of the Army, United States Army in World War II (about 90 vols, in preparation; 4 vols, published, 1947-49). There is an extensive and wide variety of unofficially published literature of the War Department and the Army during the war, and many items are particularly useful in connection with research in the unpublished records. Critical bibliographies of this literature are outside the scope of this volume, but some noteworthy records-related items are mentioned in the appropriate entries that follow, and many others are noted in the Historical Division's series, mentioned above. Useful general bibliographical surveys of selected portions of this material appeared regularly during the war and afterward in Military Review, published by the Command and General Staff School, and Military Affairs, published by the American Military Institute.

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OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR [133]

During World War II the Secretary of War and his Office (known also as OS/W) had two major functions. The first was to determine general policy for the military establishment as a whole and policy with respect to special military problems as they arose; the Secretary's decisions, transmitted as directives by the Chief of Staff to his subordinates at the appropriate levels of command, were translated into action throughout the War Department and the Army. The other major function was to supervise the procurement of weapons, equipment, and supplies for the Army; this responsibility was vested primarily in the Assistant Secretary of War, 1939-December 1940, and the successor Under Secretary of War, December 1940-September 1945. The Office of the Secretary of War, like the rest of the War Department and the Army, changed considerably between 1939 and 1945. In 1939 and 1940 the Office was enlarged greatly both in size and in the scope of its activities; but in March 1942, as the result of a reorganization of the entire War Department, many of the operational duties that had been attached to the Office and the administrative units that performed these duties were transferred elsewhere, especially to the Services of Supply.

Records.--The wartime central records of the Office of the Secretary of War are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, in two series, one for the period 1932-42 (100 feet), and the other, 1943-46 (100 feet). More voluminous are the records that were kept separately in the several divisions, offices, and committees of OS/W; of these records, which are separately described below, 3,500 feet are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, and 2 feet are in the National Archives. Other records bearing on the activities of the Office are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 020 Secretary of War, 1940-45 (5 linear inches); AG 020.1 Secretary's Office, Jan. 1940-May 1943 (18 linear inches); and AG 020.4 Divisions [of OS/W], Jan. 1940-Jan. 1943 (1 linear inch). An unpublished history of OS/W, July 1940-Dec. 1941, prepared by the Army's Historical Division, is filed in that Division.

Secretary of War [134]

The wartime Secretaries of War were successively Harry H. Woodring, September 1936-June 1940, Henry L. Stimson, July 1940-September 1945, and Robert P. Patterson, September 1945-July 1947. The Secretary, appointed by the President and serving as a member of his Cabinet, was the executive head of the War Department and the principal adviser to the President on all matters relating to the military establishment. He was charged with supervising, in person or by delegation, all the activities of the War Department and the Army, including their finances, equipment, training, and operations; with the execution of the National Defense Act of 1920; with the protection of the Nation's seacoasts, harbors, and cities; and with the policy control of the United States Military Academy. In addition to these responsibilities pertaining specifically to the military establishment.

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the Secretary of War was charged with certain "civil functions" in accordance with law or by direction of the President, such as civil-works projects administered by the Corps of Engineers and the Army's interests in the Civilian Conservation Corps, which was disbanded in 1943. The Secretary of War was also a member of several major interdepartmental boards, such as the National Munitions Control Board, the War Production Board, and the Contract Settlement Advisory Board.

The Secretary of War was assisted by the Under Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, the Administrative Assistant, the policy staffs and operational units that made up the offices of these officials, special assistants and consultants on radar and other scientific problems affecting combat operations; and a Special Consultant for Biological Warfare. In military matters the Secretary of War was advised by the Chief of Staff, and through the latter his policies and directives were implemented throughout the military establishment.

Records.--The wartime correspondence addressed to the Secretary of War was frequently routed directly to various War Department agencies for action and much of it was ultimately filed in the central records of the Department, in the AGO. The chief records kept in the Secretary's immediate office were "convenience copies" of correspondence, together with "tally cards," "tally sheets," and "briefs" that indicate the nature of the correspondence and the action taken by appropriate War Department agencies. "Tally cards," 1932-41, are in the National Archives; "tally cards," 1941-42, and "briefs," 1943-46, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Also in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are a series of copies of reports or minutes of meetings in which the Secretary of War was interested, 1940-45; records kept by expert consultants to the Secretary of War, 1942-46 (15 feet); and correspondence, reports, and messages relating to activities of the Advisory Specialists Group. Headquarters United States Strategic Air Force, concerning radar and H2X radar targets, 1939-May 1945. Other files of the special assistants and expert consultants were, in 1947, in the Coordination and Records Section, Office of the Secretary of the Army. Secretary Stimson's personal papers, which presumably contain copies of his official wartime papers, are in the Yale University Library.

See Secretary of War, Annual Reports, 1939-41; and Henry L. Stimson, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York, 1948. 698 p.). Selections from Stimson's diary pertaining to policy decisions relating to atomic warfare, 1940-45, appeared in Harper's Magazine (Mar. 1945).

War Council [135]

In the War Council, the origins of which date from 1916, problems and recommendations were presented to or discussed with the Secretary of War in order to enable him to reach the decisions that constituted official War Department policy. The Council usually consisted of the Secretary of War himself, the Under Secretary of War, the two Assistant Secretaries, the Chief of Staff, and the Deputy Chief of Staff.

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Records.--The minutes, which were not systematically kept, and other records of the Council were in 1947 in the Coordination and Records Section, Office of the Secretary of the Army.

Army Specialist Corps [136]

This organization was established, in accordance with the provisions of an Executive order of February 26, 1942, to recruit scientists, business specialists, and other experts and to assign them to the Army as civilian specialists wearing uniforms but not serving as members of the combat forces.

From March to June 1942 the Director General of the Corps was engaged in studying problems of organization and policy. Between June and October 1942 he was aided by the Planning and Policy Board (made up of key personnel of the Corps and such other persons as were directed to attend meetings) and by a representative of the Surgeon General's Office; and in October 1942, by the Board to Investigate the Appointment of Specially Qualified Personnel from Civil Life. The Corps' Bureau of Engineering and Technical Personnel and its Bureau of Commercial and Business Personnel were engaged in personnel procurement. The Army Specialist Corps, among other activities, undertook studies concerning military needs for and the utilization of key specialists. It was abolished in October 1942, when the Officer Procurement Service was established in Headquarters Services of Supply to supervise the selection of civilian specialists and noncommissioned military personnel for commissioning as Army officers.

Records.--The "Final Report" of the Army Specialist Corps (Dec. 1942. xvii, 144 p., typed, with 28 appendixes totaling 18 linear inches) is in the National Archives; another set (with 29 appendixes) is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The report contains copies of administrative and procedural directives, forms developed by the Corps, its initial studies in the field of specialists' qualifications and requirements, minutes of the Planning and Policy Board, and related materials (but little correspondence). Other records of the Corps were transferred to the Officer Procurement Service; a small series of these, 1942-43 (2 feet), is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Some related papers are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AGO 029 Army Specialist Corps, June-Nov. 1942. A set of the Regulations of the Corps was in 1947 among the records of the Administrative Office, Personnel and Administration Division, General Staff.

Office of the Under Secretary of War [137]

The Under Secretary of War (US/W), who also served as Acting Secretary of War, occupied a position created by an act of December 16, 1940 (54 Stat. 1224), and carried on the duties, formerly vested in the Assistant Secretary of War (AS/W), of the highest matériel procurement officer of the War Department. This position was held by Louis Johnson

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from June 1937 to July 1940. His successor, Robert P. Patterson, became Under Secretary when that position was created and continued in office until September 1945. The function of matériel procurement included policy direction of the following activities: Research, development, and standardization of equipment; acquisition and use of patent rights by the War Department; study and analysis of legislation affecting the Department's procurement programs; industrial mobilization and demobilization; supervision of the Department's manufacturing facilities, including Federal arsenals; acquisition of new factories and industrial facilities for the Department and their lease to private contractors; administration of the "educational orders" program in 1938 and 1939; and determination of policies and procedures governing the letting of contracts (by bid after advertising or, beginning in July 1940, by negotiated contracts on either a lump-sum or a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis).

Even before March 1942 procurement operations of the War Department were decentralized among the General Staff and in the various procurement "services" (described under Army Service Forces and Army Air Forces), except it that matters involving the use of Reconstruction Finance Corporation funds or those requiring large expenditures were technically reviewed for approval in the Office of the Under Secretary of War. After March 1942 procurement operations were decentralized further to the Army Service Forces and the Army Air Forces. All these lower-echelon agencies reported directly to the Under Secretary on procurement matters and his Office served as the top coordinator and expediter for them all.

As a part of his statutory procurement responsibilities, the Under Secretary had the duty of maintaining liaison with (and in some cases sitting as a member of) the President's Liaison Committee, the Interdepartmental Committee on Strategic Materials (which dated from 1939), the War Production Board, the Joint Contract Termination Board, the Contract Settlement Advisory Board, the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion, the War Manpower Commission, the Surplus Property Board, the Foreign Economic Administration, and the Federal Specifications Board and the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department. The Under Secretary was a member of the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board. Besides his primary procurement functions the Under Secretary of War had various duties that were delegated to him from time to time by the Secretary. These duties included the planning and supervision of sales of surplus equipment, supplies, plants, and lands, the temporary leasing of lands controlled by the War Department, the general direction of the War Department's real-estate procurement and disposal program, the granting of clemency to military prisoners, the handling of claims entered against the Department, the supervision of the "civil" activities of the War Department carried out by the Corps of Engineers, and the supervision of the Army Industrial College and the War Department's interests in the National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice.

[137a] Organization, 1939-March 1942.--From 1939 to March 1942 the Assistant Secretary's Office and the Under Secretary's Office functioned

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through several units known in March 1942 as the Resources Branch, the Procurement Branch, and the Administrative Branch (each subdivided into divisions), and a separate Statistics Division. In March 1942 these units, together with their personnel and many of their records, were transferred to the new Services of Supply (see Army Service Forces).

The Resources Branch (before February 1942 the Planning Branch) prepared over-all mobilization plans such as the "M" Plans; supervised the procuring of new industrial facilities for manufacturers under War Department contract; and served as the Army staff of the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board. It became the Resources Division of the Services of Supply in March 1942.

"Current" procurement (as distinct from planning) was supervised by the Procurement Branch. It supervised the negotiation and letting of contracts and operated a plant-protection service. In March 1942 the work of this Branch was transferred to the new Procurement and Distribution Division and to the International Division of Headquarters Services of Supply, except that plant protection and related activities were transferred to the Office of the Provost Marshal General.

The Administrative Branch performed various "housekeeping" functions and was also responsible for the "delegated duties" assigned to the Under Secretary, 1939-42. It handled various financial activities (especially tax amortization and accounting), determined requirements for military supplies, and served as a clearinghouse for information about the War Department's procurement programs. Although some of the administrative functions of the Branch remained in the Office of the Under Secretary after March 1942, others were transferred to the Office of The Adjutant General, the Director of Personnel, and the Fiscal Director of the Services of Supply (later the Army Service Forces). The informational activities relating to contracts and their status were transferred to the Bureau of Public Relations; and the matériel procurement and distribution functions were turned over to the Procurement and Distribution Division of Headquarters Services of Supply.

The Statistics Division collected and compiled statistical and other data on the progress of procurement and production; issued regular weekly reports for the information of the Secretary of War and the Office of Production Management; and prepared other studies and reports, especially on specific production delays and bottlenecks. In March 1942 the Division was transferred to Headquarters Services of Supply.

[137b] Organization, March 1942-September 1945.--Between March 1942 and September 1945 the Office of the Under Secretary of War was much smaller and less complex in organization than before, and it was concerned primarily with procurement planning and general supervision of the matériel programs of the War Department. During these years the Under Secretary was aided by a varying number of expert and special consultants in the fields of construction, economic warfare, military justice, transportation and distribution, and liaison with Congress. By September

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1945 these experts were grouped in the Office of Special Assistants and Advisers.

The Office of the Under Secretary included the following three operating divisions. The Administrative and Delegated Duties Division, renamed the Office of the Administrative Officer in 1944, handled the routine management of the Under Secretary's Office and the "delegated duties" of the Under Secretary. In collaboration with the Legislative and Liaison Division of the War Department Special Staff, the Special Legal and Liaison Division, renamed the Legislative Division in 1944, handled the over-all legal and legislative aspects of procurement activities. The Contracts and Facilities Division, established late in 1941, prepared plans for reconversion and the release of industrial plants under War Department contract.

Beginning in January 1942, the Office of the Under Secretary had as its Director of Production, William S. Knudsen, the former Director General of the Office of Production Management. He was given the military rank of Lieutenant General and assigned to US/W to expedite and coordinate the procurement and production activities of the entire War Department. He represented the Under Secretary on many occasions, was a member of the Aircraft Production Board, and dealt closely and frequently with all War Department and War Production Board agencies concerned with quantity production. His office was discontinued in 1944 when Knudsen returned to civilian life.

[137c] Records.--The following records of the Office of the Under Secretary are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: General files 1943-45 (94 feet), in two major series (security-classified and unclassified); miscellaneous subject files," 1941-43 (32 feet); name files containing correspondence with individuals and firms, 1941-43 (36 feet); "bulky package" file of statistical reports and other documents, 1941-48 (6 feet); geographically arranged records relating to the acquisition and use of land for military purposes, 1941-43 (12 feet); speeches and other public statements by Under Secretary Robert P. Patterson, 1940-45; press-conference transcripts, speeches, and other public statements by officials in the Under Secretary's Office, 1940-43; statistical reports of the Army's various procurement "services" and other agencies, mostly concerning the production and supply of matériel and services, 1939-42 (23 feet); and records of Special Assistants to the Under Secretary, consisting of requests from civilian and military personnel for positions in the War Department, commissions in the Army, and promotions, 1942-Oct. 1943 (8 feet), transcripts of testimony on defense matters that was given before congressional committees, 1941-43 (8 feet), and records relating to transportation matters, 1942-43. Many of the records of the units in the Office of the Under Secretary that were shifted to Headquarters Services of Supply in 1942 are among the records of the latter's successor, Headquarters Army Service Forces, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

In the National Archives are some fragmentary and incomplete series of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War and of its Resources Branch, 1939-42, including lists of manufacturing facilities and other procurement

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information; these records are described in National Archives, Preliminary Checklist of the Records of the Planning Branch, Procurement Division, Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, 1921-41 (1943. 86 p.).

Related correspondence is in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 020 Under Secretary of War, 1942-45 (3 linear inches). A typed history of the Under Secretary's wartime activities is on file in the Army's Historical Division; and a typed report on "Coordination of Procurement Between the War and Navy Departments" (3 vols. Feb. 1945), issued jointly by the Under Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, is in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Some wartime documents of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War, 1939-40, and the Office of the Under Secretary of War, 1940-45, were printed or processed, primarily for Army distribution. These included revisions of the prewar Mobilization Regulations (MR's) series, 1939-41, dealing with personnel, organization and training, matériel, construction, transportation, and hospitalization; the Procurement Circulars series, 1939-Apr. 1942 (replaced after Apr. by the Procurement Regulations of the Army Service Forces); the "Army Purchase Information Bulletin" (Nov. 1940 and Nov. 1941 eds.); and the Planning Branch's "Army Specifications Guide," 1941. The AS/W's annual reports for 1939-41 were published in the Annual Reports of the Secretary of War.

Army Industrial College [138]

The Army Industrial College, known also as AIC, was a general staff school of the Army, established in 1924. It operated during the war under the Assistant Secretary (1939-40) and the Under Secretary (1940--45) in accordance with AR (Army Regulation) 350-110 and in accordance with general training doctrines set forth by the Organization and Training Division, G-3, of the War Department General Staff. Between 1939 and 1942 the College offered instruction in the form of lectures and seminars, and research assignments were undertaken by committees of officer students covering the procurement experiences of the United States during and after World War I. In 1943 the College was inactive; later it functioned through two departments. The Department of Instruction gave short courses for Army and Navy officers on contract termination and renegotiation; later, a course on economic warfare, matériel mobilization, logistics, contractual problems, and property disposal was given. The Department of Research undertook studies of subjects pertaining to the general work of the College and sponsored numerous seminars at which visiting authorities discussed their specialties. It was organized into several study groups: Historical studies, war organization and administration studies, industry studies, raw-materials studies, economic studies, civilian requirements, military requirements, and foreign resources.

The College and the Under Secretary were advised by two boards: The Army Industrial College Advisory Board, March 1944-July 1946; and the

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Board on Post-War Army-Navy Training in Industrial Mobilization, which was established in April 1945 and represented the Navy Department, the Army Service Forces, the Army Air Forces, and the Special Planning Division of the War Department General Staff.

In 1946 the Army Industrial College became a joint Army-Navy enterprise and was renamed the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.

Records.--The records of the Army Industrial College, 1938-45, including its administrative records, its files of research materials gathered for planning and study purposes, its research reports, its course lectures and seminar reports, and its academic catalogs, are in the custody of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Among the documents that it prepared for limited distribution (copies of many of which are in the Army Library and the National Archives Library) are mimeographed course lectures and committee reports, 1938-41, on procurement problems not only of the War Department but also of the Navy Department and the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board; and a series of mimeographed pamphlets containing transcripts of lectures and discussions at seminars sponsored by the College's Department of Research, 1944-45, and covering many subjects related to the development, production, and distribution of matériel, to the economic potential of other nations, and to research (including historical research) in these fields. A Summary Digest of [the College's] Reports (9 p.) was issued by the College in Oct. 1946.

See J. M. Scammell, "The Industrial College of the Armed Forces: Twenty Years of Army-Navy Cooperation," in United States Naval Institute, Proceedings, 73:295-301 (Mar. 1947).

Office of the Assistant Secretary of War [139]

The name Assistant Secretary of War (AS/W) represented two different and successive positions in the War Department between 1939 and 1945. In 1939 and 1940 the AS/W served as Acting Secretary in the absence of the Secretary and performed various duties, chiefly with respect to matériel procurement; and in December 1940 the name of his office was changed to that of the Under Secretary of War. At the same time a new position of Assistant Secretary was established with responsibility for general administrative functions and for special tasks assigned from time to time by the Secretary. This position was held by John J. McCloy from April 1941 to November 1945. In effect the Assistant Secretary became the top-level adviser to the Secretary on matters other than matériel procurement, including matters relating to civil affairs, war crimes, Negro troops, and the Japanese exclusion program on the west coast.

The Assistant Secretary was aided by special assistants and consultants and by research workers, some of whom in 1942 were detached from his office to serve with the Office of the Chief of Staff and with the Western Defense Command. In 1944 he inherited a liaison office for contact with the Veterans' Administration. In March 1945 he was given general administrative

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direction over military personnel assigned to assist in preparing and prosecuting charges of atrocities and war crimes filed against European Axis leaders and their principal agents. Among the interagency committees of which the Assistant Secretary was a member were a special British-United States Army committee to prepare a "consolidated balance sheet of production [capacities]," July 1941; the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas, from October 1943; and the Far. East Advisory Commission, from about November 1944.

Records.--The records of the AS/W that pertain to matériel procurement, 1939-40, are among the records of the Office of the Under Secretary of War and of certain staff divisions of Headquarters Army Service Forces. The records for 1941-45 are in the custody of the Coordination and Records Division, Office of the Secretary of the Army. Correspondence pertaining to applicants for positions as instructors in officer candidate schools and for civilian positions in the Office of the Secretary of War, 1940-43, is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A copy of the Assistant Secretary's report of a conference of Service Command representatives on universal military training, Dec. 1944, is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Papers bearing on the AS/W's wartime activities are also in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 020 Assistant Secretary of War, 1942-45, AG 020.2 Assistant Secretary of War, 1940-43, and AG 334 American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas, 1943-47 (2 linear inches).

Civilian Aide to the Secretary of War [140]

The Civilian Aide, attached administratively to the Office of the Assistant Secretary, served between 1940 and 1945, as well as afterward, as the top War Department adviser and coordinator for all matters relating to Negro troops and racial problems in the Army. All policy matters on this subject were referred to him for review before official decisions were made. He was assisted by various consultants and by an Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies, July 1942-May 1945 (also known as the Advisory Committee on Special Troops Policies, May 1943-May 1944), which represented the Assistant Secretary, G-1, G-3, the headquarters of the three major commands (Air, Ground, and Service Forces), and the Inspector General's Office.

Records.--Records of the Civilian Aide's office, 1940-47, which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include correspondence, reports (some by units of Headquarters Army Service Forces), radio scripts and broadcasts, and other papers relating to Negro soldiers and Negro civilian employees of the War Department. Papers relating to the origins and activities of the Advisory Committee are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under both of the Committee's names.

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War Department Library [141]

This unit was created in February 1944 as the Pentagon Library to coordinate the library activities of the War Department head-quarters agencies and to consolidate some of the collections. Before that time each of the major components of the Department had independently collected reference books and other library materials required in the performance its duties. The War Department Library consolidated most of the existing libraries of the headquarters components of the War Department within the Military District of Washington. The purchasing, cataloging, and reference use of library materials were thereafter made the responsibility of the Assistant Secretary of War through the Coordinator of War Department Libraries. Security-classified documents and some other materials were separately maintained, however, especially in the Intelligence Library of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, War Department General Staff. In 1947 the War Department Library was renamed the Army Library.

Records.--The small body of records of the War Department Library, consisting chiefly of correspondence and policy papers, is in the Office of the Coordinator. The Library's extensive holdings of printed materials include copies of many War Department publications and copies of some of the publication of Army commands in the continental United States and in the overseas theaters of operations.

Office of the Assistant Secretary of War for Air [142]

The position of Assistant Secretary of War (Air), established in 1916, was vacant during the early months of World War II. Early in 1941, it was filled by Robert A. Lovett, who was officially designated the Assistant Secretary of War for Air (AS/W Air). This official had direct authority over Army Air Forces activities in the procurement of matériel and real estate, in which he collaborated with the Office of the Under Secretary of War. He advised and assisted the Secretary of War on military aeronautics generally, and he represented the Secretary in handling special public relations problems of the Army Air Forces. The AS/W Air was member of the War Aviation Council and he was represented on the Joint Army-Navy Air Transport Committee. In September 1947, the functions of his office transferred to the newly created Office of the Secretary of the Air Force.

Records.--The following records of the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, 1941--45 (94 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: General files; project files: minutes of committee meetings, chiefly relating to matériel procurement; and records relating to air-base agreements with foreign countries, to the Assistant Secretary's testimony before congressional committees, and to Army-Navy "duplication." A few of the records are for 1940.

Office of the Administrative Assistant [143]

The Chief Clerk of the War Department, 1939-42, and the successor Administrative Assistant, 1942-45, functioned as the chief executive officer of the Office of the Secretary of War. He supervised several operating

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divisions and offices that not only performed "housekeeping" functions for the Office of the Secretary but also handled certain general War Department administrative, policy, and procedural matters, notably those relating to civilian personnel and nonmatériel supplies and accounts. In the Administrative Assistant's immediate office the Coordination and Records Division kept the central files of the Office of the Secretary of War and recorded the flow of policy papers in the Office. The Administrative Assistant also supervised the Office of the Personnel Manager, which handled internal civilian personnel matters for the Office of the Secretary of War; the Civilian Medical Division, which gave first-aid treatment to civilian employees of War Department agencies in Washington; and the two divisions that are separately described below.

Records.--The Administrative Assistant's correspondence pertaining to "policy, precedent, and procedures cases" that originated in major offices of the War Department, 1943-45, is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; and similar records for 1939 (and earlier) are in the National Archives. Records in the office of the Administrative Assistant in 1947 included minutes and reports of the War Department Housing Board, 1945-46; records of the Community Activities Branch, including correspondence, a history of the Branch, and summaries of meetings of the War Department Community Activities Council, 1944-45; and papers on Negro housing problems in Washington, 1944. The records of the Civilian Medical Division were in the custody of that Division in 1947. Correspondence relating to the Administrative Assistant's office is in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 020.3 [Administrative] Assistant and Chief Clerk, Jan. 1940-Feb. 1942 (1 linear inch).

Civilian Personnel Division [144]

This Division (CPD) was established in 1938 to implement within the War Department the provisions of an Executive order of June 24, 1938, whereby the Department was charged with formulating over-all policies and procedures relating to its civilian employees. Between October 1939 and February 1940 the Division, in cooperation with the War Department General Staff, prepared mobilization plans indicating the number and types of civilian employees that would be required by the Department in case of war. In March 1942, as a result of the general reorganization of the War Department, many functions of the Division were transferred to the three major commands (Air, Ground, and Service Forces). During the rest of the war the Division nevertheless exercised general policy supervision over the recruiting, training, classification, promotion, transfer, and administration of all civilian employees, both in the headquarters at Washington and in field establishments and installations.

The Civilian Personnel Division was headed by a civilian Director of Personnel and Training. The Director also served as Chairman of the Secretary of War's Council on Civilian Personnel, represented the War Department on the interdepartmental Council of Personnel Administration, and directed the work of the War Department Civilian Personnel Procedures

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Committee. The Director was aided in 1944 by an adviser on the employment of women.

The Division included various branches and offices, the designations and individual functions of which varied during the war period. The Research and Policy Branch, divided into a Personnel Research Branch and a Policy mad Regulations Branch in 1945, prepared statistical and other reports on the utilization of civilian employees by the War Department; determined policies and rules affecting employees; and appraised the effectiveness with which such regulations were carried out. The Training Branch planned and supervised the War Department's in-service training and other programs designed to prepare civilians for better positions or to fill critical vacancies. The Placement Branch formulated policies and procedures to insure that the right people were placed in the right positions, and it apparently inherited functions formerly handled by the Manpower Utilization Branch, 1942-43, by the Employee Utilization Branch. 1943, and by the Departmental Appointment Specialist Division, 1943. The Employee Relations Branch was concerned with policies and with consideration of grievances and potential grievances of Departmental civilian employees. The Inspection Branch formulated recruiting policies and supervised the Nation-wide War Department recruiting program by checking on its progress and status in each of the major headquarters and field commands of the Army in the continental United States.

Two branches of the Civilian Personnel Division were concerned with civilian employee matters that were, strictly speaking, outside the War Department. The Salary and Wage Administration Branch was responsible for policies with respect to wages and salaries paid civilian employees of Department-controlled industrial plants, primarily those leased to Army contractors. The Overseas Branch, 1943-45, handled all policy and procedural matters affecting civilian employees hired by the Department to be attached to various Army commands in the overseas theaters of operations.

Records.--Among the records of the Civilian Personnel Division, 1940-45, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are the following: Central files, to 1945; administrative memoranda, personnel letters, field-service weekly bulletins, and orders emanating from the Division; records pertaining to job descriptions, job-classification surveys, and wage or salary rates and adjustments at Army-operated facilities and at privately operated Army facilities; and requisitions for civilian personnel in overseas commands, together with related papers, 1944-45. Other records that relate to the Division's activities are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 020.42 [Civilian] Appointment, 1940-43, and AG 321 Civilian Personnel Division, 1942-45 (6 linear inches). The inactive "201" files (or individual personnel folders) for former War Department civilian employees and the pay rolls for civilian employees, 1939-45, are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.

Some of the Division's wartime documents were printed or processed for Army circulation. Among the procedural items are the "Civilian Personnel Regulations" (CPR's), 1942-45; "Civilian Personnel Pamphlets," 1943-45;

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"Correspondence Manual," 1940; a manual entitled "Administrative Planning Agencies in the Federal Government." 1942: and one entitled "Job Classification," 1943. A comprehensive series of CPD reports entitled "Inspection of Civilian Personnel Administration," Jan.-Sept. 1945, covers matters of placement, pay, employee relations, and training in various Army field organizations and installations in the continental United States; a partial set is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

See Donald A. Rutledge, "Civilian Personnel Administration in the War Department," in Public Administration Review, 7: 49-59 (winter 1947).

Procurement and Accounting Division [145]

This Division (P and A), which succeeded the Supplies and Accounts Division, 1939-41, was the War Department's agency for the expenditure of contingent funds and for the procurement of general supplies and services. It did not procure military equipment, war matériel, and related technical supplies, all of which were procured by the major "technical services" of the Army Service Forces and the Army Air Forces. The Division also was responsible for the accounting methods and the control of forms used throughout the Department, and in 1943 it inherited from the former Printing and Advertising Division, 1939-43, the responsibility for printing done for the Department by the Government Printing Office, the Adjutant General's Office, and contract printers. The Division was renamed the Procurement and Supply Division in December 1948.

Records.--Some records of this Division and its predecessor that relate to printing, binding, and advertising, 1939-44, are in the National Archives. Records of the Accounting Branch and correspondence with and reports to the congressional Joint Committee on Printing are with other records of the Division in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Other wartime records are in the custody of the Procurement and Supply Division.

Bureau of Public Relations [146]

This Bureau (BPR), which was established in the Office of the Secretary of War in February 1941, inherited functions previously vested in the Public Relations Branch of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, War Department General Staff. The Bureau served as the central War Department agency to determine policies and procedures for disseminating military information to the public. After August 1942, it also directed, coordinated, and reviewed the public-relations activities of the Army Air Forces, the Army Service Forces, the Army Ground Forces, and their respective subordinate commands, in each of which there normally existed an Office (later a Division) of Technical Information or a Public Relations Office.

The Bureau itself conducted a variety of public relations activities. It collected, edited, and disseminated news and pictures relating to the activities of the War Department and the Army, including official communiques and other statements concerning military operations and casualties; supervised

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the accrediting of journalists, photographers, and reporters to be sent to the theaters of operations by private news agencies; reviewed writings and lectures prepared by military personnel; furnished technical assistance to writers and to radio and film producers and passed on their completed products; and developed a large-scale program designed to inform both industry and labor about their contributions to the prosecution of the war. Between January and July 1942 it planned and supervised the information and orientation program for military personnel, a program that was transferred later in 1942 to the Services of Supply (see entry 401). As part of this troop information program, the Bureau published two general volumes on the Army: The New Army . . . (Field Manual 100-105, Aug. 1941); and a Graphic History of the War (1942).

The work of the Bureau of Public Relations involved much collaboration with other agencies. Its clearance of security-classified information for public release was based on policies of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, War Department General Staff, and of other agencies; for a brief period, from July 1942 to February 1943, G-2 took over the functions of the Bureau's Committee for the Protection of Information, which had been organized to pass on releases where security problems were involved. The Bureau collaborated with the War Manpower Commission and the War Production Board in sponsoring the organization of joint program information committees in industrial communities to discourage worker absenteeism and to raise the morale of factory employees. Within the Bureau itself there were several reviewing boards, including the War Department Motion Picture Board of Review (from 1941), the War Department Photonews Board (from 1942), and the War Department Manuscripts Board (from 1942).

The Bureau of Public Relations, headed by a Director, had an elaborate headquarters organization in Washington. In 1941 it had several sections, most of which were redesignated as branches in 1942 and as divisions in 1943. In addition to these divisions, which are separately described below, there were three Assistants to the Director, one for each of the three major Army commands (Air, Ground, and Service Forces). For a time in 1944 an assistant to the Director was in charge of coordinating all public relations activities of the War Department and the Army.

In the fall of 1945 the Bureau of Public Relations was transferred to the War Department General Staff, where it was reorganized for postwar activities as the Public Relations Division and in April 1947 was renamed the Public Information Division.

Records.--The central files of the Bureau of Public Relations, 1941-45, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A few records of the various Assistants to the Director were kept separately; those of the Assistants for the Army Air Forces and the Army Service Forces are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; those for the Assistant for the Army Ground Forces are in the custody of the successor Public Information Division. Some sound recordings produced by BPR. 1942, are in the National Archives; others are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO (see News Division and Industrial Services Division, below).

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The Bureau's activities are also documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 029 Public Relations Division, G-2, June-Aug. 1942, AG 020.4 Bureau of Public Relations, June 1941-May 1943, AG 321 Bureau of Public Relations, Apr. 1941-45, AG 020 Office of Technical Information, Apr. 1943-Dec. 1944, AG 021.1 Office of Technical Information, Mar.-May 1943, and AG 322 "This Is the Army" Unit [a traveling show sponsored by BPR], 1942-43 (2 linear feet). BPR's weekly activity summaries, 1942-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167). Among the records of the many domestic and overseas commands of the Army there usually are record sets of local public-relations offices' written and pictorial releases, radio scripts, and speeches and other records that are regarded by the Army as permanent public relations records (see TM 12-259, July 1945, section on such records).

Executive Division [147]

This Division of the Bureau of Public Relations was responsible for the Bureau's administrative or "housekeeping" functions, including the maintenance of its central files. In 1942 and 1943 the Division included a unit responsible for preparing and handling War Department publicity exhibits; later this function was transferred to the Adjutant General's Office.

Records.--See central records of the Bureau of Public Relations, described above.

News Division [148]

This Division collected and disseminated news items, including still pictures, and arranged for radio broadcasts of interest to the War Department. In 1945 it had five major operating branches. The Analysis Branch had general responsibility for research, collection, and compilation activities and for providing a central source of current news and information in the War Department. This Branch's Radio (or Radio Intelligence) Section issued the "Daily Radio Digest" and the "Foreign Broadcast Digest," based on propaganda broadcasts of the Axis nations that had been intercepted and translated by the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service and other agencies. Its Research (later Information) Section compiled for War Department use three daily news bulletins based on the wire services of member organizations of the National Press Association. Its Press Intelligence Section operated a clipping bureau and prepared a daily "Press Digest" for dissemination within the War Department.

The Publications Branch and the Press Branch dealt with book and magazine publishers and with newspaper editors and press bureaus. The Radio Branch, with offices in Los Angeles and New York City, as well as in Washington, handled relations with radio broadcasters, planned special radio programs such as "The Army Hour" and "Command Performance," and sponsored the Army Hour Planning Board. The Pictorial Branch handled

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contracts with motion-picture producers and users of still pictures and maintained a library of photographs useful for publicity purposes. Records.--Records of the News Division in the Departmental Records Branch. AGO, include the following: (1) Portions of the records of the Analysis Branch containing digests of news, reports, studies, maps, and analyses of public and editorial opinion on a variety of subjects, 1940-47; (2) records of the Pictorial Branch, 1943-46, including correspondence with the motion-picture industry relating to film scripts submitted for approval to the War Department Motion Picture Board of Review, papers on Signal Corps films released to the "newsreel pool," scripts of motion-pictures, and War Department clearances for films as to security, propriety, and detail; and (3) records of the Radio Branch, including scripts and sound recordings of "The Army Hour," "Command Performance," and "Yanks in the Orient," together with publicity and other related materials; scripts for Army Service Forces broadcasts, 1943-May 1945; and sound recordings of selected radio addresses by the President, the Chief of Staff, and the Assistant Secretary of War, of specially recorded combat events (such as some of the landings in Europe and in the Pacific), and of ceremonies of returning theater commanders in 1945 and 1946.

Other wartime records of this Division are in the custody of the Public Information Division. General Staff, including the records of the New York Office and some records of the West Coast Office of the Radio Branch. Other records of the latter office are believed to be still in Los Angeles. Copies of some of the documents and sound recordings produced by the Analysis Branch are in the Library of Congress.

War Intelligence Division [149]

This Division was responsible for disseminating information about combat operations and the current conduct of the war, for clearing correspondents, and for otherwise arranging coverage of the war in the theaters of operations by news agencies and other information agencies. The Division's Liaison Branch, known in 1943 as the Foreign Liaison Branch, was responsible for accrediting and maintaining liaison with war correspondents and other reporters overseas and for giving out information about current operations. The Review Branch was responsible for reviewing for policy, security, and propriety all textual and pictorial materials released to the public and for approving all speeches and writings of military personnel on duty. The War Branch was responsible for advising and assisting the Chief of the Division in briefing press and radio representatives, for compiling information and statements for release concerning overseas activities and operations, and for serving as a clearinghouse and a source of information concerning combat operations.

Records.--Records of the Division, 1942-44, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include correspondence, requests, and agreements relating to clearances for the visits of writers to military installations; publicity articles and photographs of Army personnel submitted for review and clearance; printed documents and other materials on public relations policy; monthly

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reports from public relations officers in the field; personnel security questionnaires and other papers relating to individual journalists and reporters; "master lists" of casualties released to the press, May 1943-June 1945; and a card file, 1941-45, covering important events, operations, areas, personalities, and dates having news value. Records in the Public Information Division in Aug. 1947 included correspondence of the Liaison Branch with Army field agencies regarding public relations policies and a file of that Branch's "Liaison Bulletin" (containing instructions and information to public relations officers); and correspondence of the Review Branch relating to the security clearance of manuscripts of articles and books.

Industrial Services Division [150]

This Division, which originated as the Special Labor Information Section in September 1941, functioned under the general policy direction of both the Director of the Bureau of Public Relations and the Under Secretary of War. It was responsible for publicity and similar activities designed to improve labor morale, provide work incentives, and discourage absenteeism in war plants by stimulating labor's enthusiasm for the war effort. The Services of Supply, which was organized in March 1942, gradually took on more and more responsibility for handling labor relations in the United States.

In September 1945 and earlier the Industrial Services Division functioned chiefly through four branches. The Planning Branch, which inherited functions previously handled by the Labor Branch and the Programs Branch, was responsible for planning programs for industrial morale. Its work was performed by the Industrial News, the Show-Rally-Radio, the Pictorial, the Exhibits, the Graphics, and the Research Sections. The Operations Branch, known before 1943 as the Field Operations Section, was responsible for the general informational and other activities of the Division and functioned through the Production Information Section, which made studies and collected data that were used by the entire Division; the Motion Picture Section; and the Speakers Branch, which arranged for combat veterans of the Army, preferably those who had been wounded, to speak before important meetings of civic, industrial, and labor groups throughout the Nation. The Awards Branch planned and supervised the ceremonies at which the production "E" awards, made by the Army-Navy Board for Production Awards, were presented to industrial contractors. The War Times Branch, between 1943 and 1945, edited and published War Times--a weekly newspaper of news, comment, and other morale-building information for civilian employees of the War Department.

Records.--The wartime records of the Division, all in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include (1) minutes of meetings, reports, orders, and miscellaneous correspondence of the Division and its predecessor, 1941-July 1945; (2) records of the Planning Branch, consisting of general correspondence, background material, copies of speeches and information regarding labor activities, scripts for programs, releases, films and film strips, and the original art work prepared for posters and other items of publicity, 1942-Nov.

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1945; (3) records of the Field Operations Section and the successor Operations Branch, comprising biweekly activity reports, reports of special programs within the Service Commands, and publicity reports and scrapbooks of newspaper clippings and photographs, 1943-45; (4) correspondence, directives on operating procedures, circulars, reports, scrapbooks and photographs, and copies of contracts and related papers of the Motion Picture Section of the Operations Branch, 1942-Nov. 1945; (5) correspondence, press releases, reports on the improvement of production and labor morale. and recordings and transcripts of production-incentive radio broadcasts, all originating in the Production Information Section and its predecessor, 1942-Oct. 1945; (6) Awards Branch records relating to the Army-Navy Board for Production Awards, including reports, comments on recommendations for "E" awards, correspondence, and supporting data, 1942-Oct. 1945; and (7) record copies of War Times, 1943-Oct. 1945, and related correspondence. An unpublished history of the Division and its branches (4 vols.), with related research materials (6 feet), is also in the Departmental Records

Boards and Committees [151]

The Secretary, the Under Secretary, and the Assistant Secretary of War were severally members of or were represented on a number of wartime boards and committees. Some of these boards were interdepartmental or even international agencies, largely civilian in composition, and are described in the volume for civilian agencies. Other committees, discussed elsewhere in this volume, were essentially Army-Navy in character, and some of them included the Secretary's representatives. Several internal War Department committees that functioned during the war in advisory, regulatory. or fact-finding capacities within the Office of the Secretary of War are described below.

Secretary of War's Personnel Board [152]

This Board was established, apparently in 1941, as the War Department Personnel Board and was renamed in November 1942. It reviewed cases that involved the granting of commissions and promotions in the Army of the United States and it approved or rejected recommendations made in individual cases by the Officer Procurement Service of the Army Service Forces and by other agencies engaged in nominating candidates for commissions. In 1946 this Board took over the work of the Secretary of War's Separations Board.

Records.--The wartime records of the Board, which consist of correspondence and files on individual cases reviewed, are in its custody. Copies of policy papers relating to the Board are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under both Board names. Papers on individual cases, if the individual is now out of service, are among the consolidated "201" files (personnel folders) of military personnel in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.

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Army Emergency Relief [153]

This nonprofit corporation, known also as AER, was organized in the District of Columbia as an integral part of the War Department in February 1942. It assumed on an enlarged scale the functions of the Army Relief Society, founded in 1900, and the Army Air Forces Aid Society, founded in 1941. AER administered a welfare fund and made loans from it to persons in the Army in need of money and to their dependents. Money for this fund was obtained from voluntary contributions, from the profits of "This Is the Army" and other Army-produced shows, and from surplus funds transferred to AER by War Department organizations such as the Army Central Welfare Fund. Between 1942 and 1944, AER functioned as part of the Army Service Forces, first in the Office of The Adjutant General and later in the Office of the Director of Military Personnel; and in July 1944 it was transferred to the Office of the Secretary of War, where it was administered under the general supervision of the Assistant Secretary of War.

In addition to its national headquarters, AER supervised at one time or another more than 600 operating sections in the Service Commands, the Military District of Washington, and other Army commands in the Western Hemisphere. The Army Air Forces field sections of AER were administered separately from those serving personnel of the other major commands. Army Emergency Relief entered into joint agreements with the American National Red Cross in 1942 and in 1944, whereby the Red Cross was made responsible for handling all military-welfare activities in civilian communities, while AER restricted its activities to Army installations.

Records.--The wartime records of Army Emergency Relief, including correspondence, financial and loan records, and receipts, are in the custody of that organization. A one-volume unpublished history of AER, prepared in its headquarters, is on file in the Army's Historical Division.

Army Board for Production Awards [154]

This Board, known also as the Army-A Award Board, was established in May 1942 to formulate and conduct a program of granting awards, called "Army A" awards, to Army industrial contractors for outstanding performance in war production of matériel and supplies. This program was discontinued in July 1942 and was replaced by a joint Army-Navy program of "E" awards (see entry 101). The Army Board apparently continued to function, however, at least on paper, until November 1945, when it was formally discontinued. Its members in 1942 represented the Under Secretary of War, including the Director of Production; the Procurement and Distribution Division, Headquarters Services of Supply; and the Matériel Command, Headquarters Army Air Forces.

Records.--The whereabouts of the records of this Board is not known. Some copies of the Board's charters, papers on its personnel, and other papers relating to the Board are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets, May 1942-Nov. 1945, filed under AG 334. A one-volume "History, Army-Navy 'E' Award" is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

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War Department Board of Contract Appeals [155]

The Contract Appeals and Adjustment Board was established by the Under Secretary of War in November 1941 to consider disputes about the administration and adjustment of contracts of the various Technical Services (known then as Supply Services). Its members were named by the Under Secretary of War and by the head of the subordinate Purchase and Contract Branch. In August 1942 the Board was renamed the War Department Board of Contract Appeals. Its members included representatives of the Purchases Division, Headquarters Services of Supply (which took over the above Branch and provided administrative services for the Board), and of Headquarters Army Air Forces. The Board, with the Under Secretary of War as Chairman, heard appeals made by War Department contractors against decisions of the Army Air Forces, the Army Service forces, and the Technical Services with respect to a given contractor's performance and obligations under a particular procurement contract. Legal assistance was provided by the Judge Advocate General's Office. After the in September 1947, the Board was redesignated the Army Board of Contract Appeals.

Records.--The wartime records of the Board, including correspondence, transcripts of hearings, and supporting documents, are in the custody of the Board.

War Department Central Deferment Board [156]

This Board was established in April 1943 to implement, within the War Department, the provisions of an Executive order of March 6, 1943. that set forth a standard procedure for requesting occupational deferments for Government employees who had been selected for induction into the armed forces through the Selective Service System. Similar functions had been performed in 1942 and early 1943 by the predecessor Central War Department Deferment Reviewing Board, which with its 200 local deferment reviewing boards was transferred to the new Central Deferment Board. The latter Board operated through 27 regional deferment committees located in major cities throughout the United States where War Department civilian employees were concentrated. The regional deferment committees were in close touch with each other and forwarded monthly reports concerning their activities to the central Board. The Board and the committees were dissolved in August 1945.

Records.--The records of the Central Deferment Board and some records of its committees are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. They include correspondence between the Board and the committees and correspondence with other agencies relating to deferment matters, 1942-43; personnel-replacement schedules for the headquarters agencies and for certain field agencies of the War Department and the Army, 1944; and miscellaneous reports, schedules, correspondence, lists of essential occupations, and other papers pertaining to the general subject of the deferment of Government employees for occupational reasons. An unpublished study, "Occupational

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Deferment of Civilian Employees of the War Department, November 1942-November 1945" (38 p.), prepared in 1946 in the Office of the Secretary of War, is filed in the Army's Historical Division. Records of various regional deferment committees (among them No. 50, Military District of Washington; No. 55, Baltimore; No. 63, Seattle; and No. 64, San Francisco) are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Monthly statistical reports on the Central Deferment Board, Dec. 1943-May 1945, compiled by the Machine Records Branch, AGO, are among the records of that Branch.

War Department Board on Civilian Awards [157]

This Board, established in June 1943, was directed by the Secretary of War to develop a program for increasing the efficiency and raising the morale of civilian employees in the War Department. The Board offered monetary prizes and meritorious promotions as rewards for employees' suggestions that were expected to result in savings or increased efficiency, service ribbons to be worn by employees of more than 6 months' service, and other incentives. Its program extended to Departmental offices in Washington and to Army installations throughout the country. The Chairman of the Board was the Director of Personnel and Training for the War Department. The Board was assisted by local committees, which were established in every Army organization that employed more than 500 civilians and were authorized to grant cash awards ranging in value from $5 to $250. Suggestions deserving greater recompense were forwarded to the Board in Washington for review and award.

Records.--Most of the wartime records of the Board, which consist of policy and planning papers, correspondence on awards, and records of awards made, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; a few are in the custody of the Board. Incorporated in the Board's records are many papers pertaining to the civilian-awards program of the Army Service Forces. An unpublished "History of the War Department Suggestion and Awards Program, June 1943-December 1945" (37 p. and appendixes), prepared in 1946 in the Office of the Secretary of War, is filed in the Army's Historical Division.

Records of the local civilian-awards committee that was established for the Office of the Secretary of War, 1943-45, consisting of accepted and rejected suggestions submitted by civilian personnel of that Office, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records of local committees in other major offices and commands of the War Department and the Army are normally filed among the records of those offices and commands, described elsewhere in this volume.

Secretary of War's Separations Board [158]

This Board was established in January 1944. by direction of the Secretary of War, to review and make final decisions in all cases involving the resignation (honorable or otherwise), retirement, discharge, demotion, and reclassification of all commissioned officers except those of "general" grade, warrant and flight officers, and nurses, insofar as such cases

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were submitted to the Board through channels by the Adjutant General's Office. The Board consisted of general officers. Besides studying and reviewing individual cases, it prepared, for the Secretary of War and other interested War Department officials, regular monthly reports summarizing its work and it issued special reports analyzing the first group and subsequent groups of 10,000 cases on which it acted. The Board was discontinued in January 1946 after acting on more than 46,000 cases, and its personnel and functions were transferred to the Secretary of War's Personnel Board.

Records.--The records of the Board, which include case histories and supporting evidence and papers relating to the cases handled, were in 1947 in the custody of the Secretary of War's Personnel Board. An unpublished official history, "Separations Board" (1946. 6 p. and appendixes), prepared in the Office of the Secretary of War, is filed in the Army's Historical Division. Related records are among the central records of Headquarters Army Service Forces (see file 334), in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 334), and among the statistical reports of the Machine Records Branch, AGO.

Secretary of War's Discharge Review Board [159]

This Board was established within the War Department, under an act of June 22, 1944 (58 Stat. 286), to review the type and nature of discharge certificates of former military personnel (except certificates issued as a result of the action of a general court martial), on the appeal of recipients or on the motion of the Board itself. The Board was not empowered to revoke any discharge that had been given or to recall any discharged person to active duty, but after reviewing individual cases it made recommendations as to the validity of discharge certificates to The Adjutant General for appropriate action. The Board consisted of five or more officers, appointed by the Secretary of War. It convened in Washington, while panels met concurrently (at least in 1945) in St. Louis and in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In September 1947 the Board was renamed the Army Discharge Review Board.

Records.--The records of the Board, including correspondence, reports of the results of examinations, and case histories, are in the custody of the recorder of the Board.

Secretary of War's Disability Review Board [160]

This Board was established in the War Department, under an act of June 22, 1944 (58 Stat. 287), amended December 28, 1945 (59 Stat. 623), to review the cases of officers who had been retired or released from service for disability without pay as the result of action by an Army disposition board or retiring board. At the request of officers concerned, cases were forwarded to the Board through the Adjutant General's Office, which assembled all records and made arrangements for hearings. The Board, consisting of from five to seven officers, determined whether or not the disability leading to retirement or release was incurred in line of duty or as an incident of the service, and it presented its findings and recommendations

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to The Adjutant General to be forwarded to the President for final action.

Records.--The war-time records of the Board, including correspondence, reports of exam nations, and case histories, were in 1947 in its custody. Related correspondence is in the central files of Headquarters Army Service Forces (see file 334, 1945-46) and in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets Sled under AG 334, Sept. 1944-Dec. 1945, and later).

War Department Army Retiring Board [161]

This Board was established in July 1944 to act for the Secretary of War as the central agency to review the cases of all officers not of "general" grade who had been relieved from active duty by other Army retiring boards for disability found not incident to service. (There were similar boards earlier in the war, notably the War Department Removal Board, or Craig Board, about September 1941, and the Army Retiring Board, about September 1942, but their records have not been located, except for incidental correspondence in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO.) The membership of the new Army Retiring Board in 1944 was identical with that of the Surgeon General's Review Board, which was created at the same time. The Board was provided with legal assistance by the Office of the Judge Advocate General. It was dissolved in October 1945 after having passed on more than 7,500 retirement cases.

Records.--The records of the Board, which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include the files for individual cases appealed to the Board, the "precedent file" of actions taken by the Board, and decisions and opinions of the Judge Advocate General on the retirement of officers, July 1944-Nov. 1945. A 3-page history of the Board is on file in the Army's Historical Division.

Advisory Board on Clemency [162]

A Board of Consultants was established by the Under Secretary of War in October 1944, in accordance with a suggestion made by the Correction Division of the Office of The Adjutant General. The Board advised the War Department on problems involving the discipline and rehabilitation of military prisoners, was responsible to the Under Secretary of War, and consisted of 13 civilian experts in penology. One of these members was Chairman, two others were members at large, and the other nine were assigned to the various Service Commands to furnish assistance and guidance on penology. The entire Board met only occasionally, as, for example, at the Under Secretary of War's Conference on the Rehabilitation of Military Prisoners, at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., in November 1944. The Board appears to have been reorganized in May 1945 as the Advisory Board on Clemency and empowered to consider military-prisoner court-martial cases referred to it. The new Board consisted of two members from private

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life; representatives of the Personnel Division. G-1, War Department General Staff, and of the Judge Advocate General's Office; and a recorder from the Correction Division of the Adjutant General's Office. After the war the Board was discontinued and its work was absorbed by the Clemency and Parole Board, which in 1947 was placed in the Office of the Secretary of the Army.

Records.--Records relating to individual cases considered by this Board are among the records of the Correction Division, mentioned above. The Board's policy records and other administrative records are in the central records of the Office of the Secretary of War; and copies of its administrative records are among the records of the Clemency and Parole Board. Related records are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334, then under names of the Board.

Other Boards and Committees [163]

Some committees and ad hoc administrative units, appointed by the Secretary's Office and apparently not represented by separate groups of records, are only mentioned here, as follows: War Department Contract Board, about April-May 1941; Board for Review of Medical Service in Combat Areas, about May 1941; Evacuation Board (for civilian defense), about February 1942; Board of Officers to Develop Chemical Spray for High Altitudes, about March 1942: War Department Parking Control Board, about April 1942; Board on Military Utilization of United States Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, about July 1942; Air Raid Warning Signal Board, about October 1942; War Department Dependency Board, from about October 1942; Board . . . to Survey . . . [Army] Activities That May Be Unnecessary or Not Required, about January 1943; Board for Disposition of Pictorial Records, from about October 1943; Board for the Selection of Honor Military Schools (that is, educational institutions where Reserve Officer Training Corps training was conducted), from about March 1944; War Department Housing Board (for civilian housing matters in the Military District of Washington), about April 1944-46; the War Department Community Activities Council, 1944-45; Coordinator of Soldier Voting, about April-November 1944; Royalty Adjustment Board at Wright Field, Ohio, about October 1944: Board for Appointment of ROTC Honor Graduates in the Regular Army, about October 1944; War Department Safety Council, about 1945; and the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Military Justice, about 1945-46.

Records.--No separately organized records of any of these boards and Committees are known to exist. Some records bearing on their activities are. however, filed among other records of the Office of the Secretary of War that have been previously described. Others are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see, for example (on the Coordinator of Soldier Voting), index sheets and papers filed under AG 014.35 Voting (1 linear foot), 1940-45, and AG 020 Coordinator of Soldier Voting.

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WAR DEPARTMENT GENERAL STAFF [164]

The General Staff, in 1939 as in 1903 when it was first established in the War Department, was concerned with policy-making and planning on the highest level and with supervising all aspects of the military establishment, including the training, organization, and employment of personnel, the matériel and supply system, and the intelligence system. These major functions continued through the defense, war, and postwar periods.

In theory the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, was concerned only with "staff work" pertaining to all these military functions, but in practice it had many operational responsibilities as well. In 1939 it exercised command jurisdiction, in effect, over all the major top echelons of the military establishment, that is, over the chiefs of the various arms and services in the War Department and over the commanders of the major components of the Army in the field, including the four Armies, the General Headquarters Air Force, the nine Corps Areas, and the several overseas territorial departments. After 1939 the jurisdiction of the General Staff, known also as WDGS, was extended to major commands newly established in the Army, notably General Headquarters United States Army, from July 1940 to March 1942; Headquarters Army Air Forces, from June 1941 to the end of the war; and Headquarters Army Ground Forces and Headquarters Services of Supply (later renamed Headquarters Army Service Forces), from March 1942 to the end of the war. The establishment of the Air, Ground, and Service Forces, however, curtailed the extent of the General Staff's detailed responsibilities, especially with respect to the many arms and services that were realigned under those three commands. Consequently the General Staff was reduced in size in 1942 from more than 500 to fewer than 100 officers.

In other fields the wartime responsibilities of the General Staff grew greater after 1941. This was especially true as regards its relations with the overseas departments of the Army, which were reorganized and expanded into theaters of operations, each normally under a unified Army-Navy or Army-Navy-Allied command. The General Staff also had an active part in the work of the many committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, which, with the President of the United States as Commander in Chief, planned and controlled the ultimate strategic direction of the war effort of the United States. This participation in interservice matters was not entirely new, for between 1939 and 1941, as well as earlier, the General Staff had been represented on several important Army-Navy boards and committees, especially on those dealing with personnel, matériel, tactical doctrine, and war planning. But between 1942 and 1945 its preoccupation with joint Army-Navy matters was vastly more extensive than before and its collaboration with the British at the headquarters staff level was probably unprecedented. The General Staff participated in such interservice matters both through the Chief of Staff, who was one of the two Army members of both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and through other General Staff officers who were members of the many subcommittees of these interservice staffs.

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During the war the policy, planning, and supervisory functions within the General Staff were divided among the Office of the Chief of Staff, five major or "general" staff divisions, and several "special" staff divisions. Each of these offices and divisions is described below.

Records.--The Adjutant General's Office was the office of record for the General Staff during the war, and many of the General Staff's wartime activities are documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO. Most of the staff offices and divisions of the General Staff, nevertheless, kept separately their own files of records, described below, which were not integrated with the central records. The total quantity of these divisional records for the war period is not known, but about 6,400 feet have been transferred as noncurrent records to the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Only a few have been transferred to the National Archives.

See Otto L. Nelson, Jr., National Security and the General Staff (Washington, 1946. 608 p.).

Office of the Chief of Staff [165]

Gen. George C. Marshall succeeded Gen. Malin Craig as Chief of Staff on September 1, 1939, and served in that capacity during the entire war. The Office of the Chief of Staff (OC/S) included the Chief and his principal assistants. The Chief of Staff was the immediate adviser to the Secretary of War on all matters pertaining to the military establishment, and he was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Combined Chiefs of Staff. He was assisted by the Deputy Chief of Staff (DC/S), who acted for him in his absence and was responsible to him for general supervision over the General and Special Staff divisions; by the Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff, a position established in 1942 (later redesignated Assistant Deputy); by the Secretary of the General Staff (S/GS); and by two "Additional" Deputy Chiefs of Staff (one for the Armored Force, from July 1940 to March 1942, and one for Air, from July 1940 to June 1941), whose functions were absorbed by the Army Ground Forces and the Army Air Forces, respectively. In addition to the subordinate units described below, there were others that existed briefly in the Office of the Chief of Staff before being transferred elsewhere. Such a one was the Budget and Legislative Planning Branch, 1939-42, the budget functions of which were transferred to the Services of Supply in March 1942 and the other functions of which were taken over by the Legislative and Liaison Division in the War Department Special Staff.

Records.--The records of this Office were kept in its Coordination and Record Section. Of these records, the following are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: General files, 1921-42 and 1942-45; record cards for documents seen by or acted on by the OC/S, 1921-42; papers relating to the State-War-Navy interdepartmental committee known as the Standing Liaison Committee, Feb. 1938-June 1943 (a forerunner but not an immediate predecessor of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee [SWNCC]); shorthand notebooks of General Marshall's secretary, 1942-45; transcripts of the Chief of Staff's telephone conversations, 1941-42; records pertaining

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to the proposed Department of National Defense, 1943-46; records of the Deputy Chief of Staff on the planning and development of the military program, 1941-43; and copies of minutes and other wartime records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and their committees. A logbook of policy actions and transactions, kept for the Chief of Staff, 1939-45, is in the Office of the Chief of Staff. Many of the activities of this Office are also documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under appropriate policy subject headings and under AG 321 Chief of Staff, 1940-45 (18 linear inches), and AG 321 Deputy Chief of Staff, 1942-45 (1 linear inch).

See Chief of Staff, Annual Report, 1939; Report on the Army . . ., 1939-43; and biennial reports to the Secretary of War, 1939-45. Many of the statements of the Chief of Staff at hearings of congressional committees and his speeches have been collected and republished in Selected Speeches and Statements of General of the Army George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff, United States Army (1945. 263 p.).
[See also Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations, a volume in the U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II series.]

Secretariat [166]

The Office of the Secretary of the General Staff, frequently called the Secretariat, was responsible for the administration of the Chief's immediate office, the maintenance of temporary records, and the performance of other duties as assigned by the Chief or Deputy Chief of Staff. After December 1941 it also served as liaison between the General Staff, on the one hand, and the White House and the secretariats of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff, on the other. It was also responsible for providing a member of the Secretariat of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

In February 1943, as part of the decentralization of War Department civilian personnel administration, the Civilian Personnel Branch was established within the Secretariat to deal with administrative and regulatory matters affecting all General Staff civilian employees. In the fall of 1944, however, this function was transferred to the Personnel and Administration Branch of the Office, which is discussed below. The Statistics Branch of the Secretariat was designed to serve as a central office for the preparation of statistics and statistical reports for the General Staff and to supervise the reporting systems of other Army agencies. (See Strength Accounting and Reporting Office, in which the Statistics Branch was merged in 1944.) Two other staff services, the War Department Classified Message Center and the Overseas Conference Service, also functioned within the Secretariat during most of the war--after the fall of 1944 as parts of the Staff Communications Branch. The Message Center maintained files of security-classified messages and the Overseas Conference Service handled teletype and similar conferences with overseas commanders and filed transcripts of these conferences.

Records.--Certain informal records kept by the Secretariat, such as records of telephone conversations and briefs of memoranda addressed to the Chief of Staff, 1940-45, and records of the liaison office between the General Staff and the White House, 1944-45 (2 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Whether any other wartime records of the Secretariat are in the Office of the Chief of Staff is not known.

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The Message Center's central wartime message files, on two sets of microfilm, contain copies of all incoming and outgoing, domestic and overseas signal messages for War Department and Army agencies in Washington, Apr. 1942-Dec. 1945. One set consists of copies of two chronological series, one incoming and the other outgoing; the other set is a copy of a series arranged geographically, the incoming messages by source and the outgoing by destination. These microfilms are in the Staff Communications Branch, Office of the Chief of Staff. Also in that Branch are transcripts (on microfilm) of telephone conversations between officers in Washington and officers in overseas command headquarters, 1943-45, arranged chronologically; and messages about each of the major interallied military-diplomatic conferences, 1943-45.

War Department General Council [167]

This Council, established in 1936, served during the war as an agency for the regular discussion and review of all major War Department activities and plans. With the Deputy Chief of Staff as its president and the Secretary of the General Staff as its secretary, the Council was composed during the war of the Assistant Chiefs of Staff, the directors of the Special Stall divisions, the commanding generals of the three major commands (Air, Ground, and Service Forces), and various other officers from time to time. The Council met every Monday. After its discussions of high-level problems and current and projected policies, the Council presented recommendations to the Chief of Staff or to the War Council of the Secretary of War.

Records.--The General Council's activities are recorded in its weekly minutes. The record set, kept in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Other sets are in the records of the Army's Historical Division; the central records of Headquarters Army Air Forces; and the records of the Air Historical Office. Related papers, including memoranda on problems to be presented to the Council and memoranda on matters to be followed up, are scattered among the records of the Army agencies that participated in the Council's deliberations. Some related papers are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334 General Council.

Personnel and Administration Branch [168]

In the fall of 1944 the functions of the Civilian Personnel Branch were transferred from the Secretariat to the new Personnel and Administration Branch, which was responsible to the Deputy Chief of Staff. This new Branch was concerned with matters relating to both civilian and military personnel of the General Staff, as well as with organization planning, records administration, and other office services within the General Staff. In the War Department reorganization of 1946 the Branch was renamed the Management Branch.

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Records.--The records of the Branch, consisting of correspondence, reports, and personnel files, are in the custody of its successor, the Management Branch.

Strength Accounting and Reporting Office [169]

This Office, known also as SARO, was established in the Office of the Chief of Staff and was made responsible to the Assistant Deputy in May 1944. Merged with SARO, also in 1944, was the Statistics Branch of the Secretariat. SARO was responsible for developing a procedure whereby the over-all strength reports of the Army might be standardized, compiled more rapidly, and made more usable. After some experimentation it worked out, in close conjunction with the Machine Records Branch of the Adjutant General's Office, a technique combining machine-accounting methods with direct radio reporting of unit strengths throughout the Army. In addition to issuing studies on methods, the Office published periodic strength reports, and its files became the central repository for current information concerning the mobilization, activation, organization, reactivation, and reorganization of Army units and for data on bulk allotments of troops within the Army. In January 1946 SARO was reorganized and renamed the Strength Accounting and Statistical Office (SASO), under the Deputy Chief of Staff, and in August 1946 the Office was renamed the Central Statistical Office.

Records.--The main body of records of the Strength Accounting and Reporting Office are the basic files of data on the unit strength of the Army during the war. These records, together with related correspondence and reports, were in 1947 in the custody of the Central Statistical Office. Copies of some of the reports are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, as follows: Monthly "Strength Report of the Army," Sept. 1944-Sept. 1945 and later; monthly "Analysis of the Present Status of the War Department Troop Basis," Oct. 1944-Oct. 1945; monthly "Troop List for Operations and Supply," Apr.-Oct. 1945; semimonthly statistical report on Army personnel, 1945; parts of the "Special Reports" series, 1944; and daily radiogram reports received from the field, showing personnel strength, changes in command and location, and troop movements, 1944-45. Some of SARO's wartime activities are also documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 321 Statistics Branch, Office of the Chief of Staff.

Personnel Division, G-1 [170]

The Personnel Division, G-1, headed by an Assistant Chief of Staff, was charged "with those duties of the War Department General Staff relating to the personnel of the Army as individuals." More specifically, it formulated plans and policies for the procurement, classification, assignment, promotion, transfer, pay and finances, and separation of all officer and enlisted personnel of the Regular Army and the Army of the United States. It also prepared general rules and regulations for uniforms, decorations, the morale and well-being of troops, enemy aliens, prisoners of war, and conscientious

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objectors. It was concerned with law enforcement at Army installations, including both martial law and relations between military and civil law-enforcement agencies, and with the application of the rules of war and the provisions of international conventions insofar as they pertained to military personnel. In March 1942 most of the personnel functions concerned especially with Air, Ground, and Service Forces were transferred to those three new commands.

G-1 was concerned primarily with military personnel as individuals, while G3 was concerned with bulk allotments of personnel, the establishment of quotas for replacement training centers, and the allocation of trained combat and service units to the theaters of operations. There was not always a clear division between these two aspects of manpower, however, especially in the latter part of the war, when the pressure for replacements and the increasing shortages of manpower made it necessary to reappraise the existing personnel strength of the Army and comb the ranks for men, already trained, who might be reassigned and retrained for duties in other combat and service units. Consequently, in July 1945 the personnel functions of G-1 were enlarged to include "matters relating to manpower as a whole."

G-1's functions were internally realigned and regrouped several times during the war. In April 1945 G-1 consisted of the Personnel Group, five policy branches, and the Administrative Branch, which was responsible for "housekeeping" matters assigned to the Executive of the Division. With the exception of the Administrative Branch, these units as they were set up in April 1945 are described below.

Records.--Many of the policy and planning activities of G-1 are documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see cases filed under particular personnel-related subjects and index sheets filed under AG 321 G-1. The actions of G-1 with respect to officer and enlisted personnel as individuals are recorded in the consolidated "201" files (personnel folders) maintained by the Adjutant General's Office and now, if inactive, in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis. Records that were kept separately by G-1 include general files, which document the activities of all of the Division's component units, 1921-46; chronological files of incoming and outgoing messages, 1942-46; "mobilization books" of the G-1 Planning Branch, 1921-42; "Office Memoranda" of G-1, 1941-45; various editions of G-1 organization charts: files concerning Congressmen and private citizens of interest to G-1 ("095" and "032" files); and an unpublished wartime history of G-1, prepared by G-1. Some of these records, including the general files, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; others were in May 1947 in the custody of the successor Personnel and Administration Division. G-1's weekly activity summaries, 1942-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167).

Personnel Group [171]

This Group, as the policy staff for G-1, determined the manpower needs of the Army on the basis of the plans of G-3 and of the Operations Division and in accordance with the recommendations of the War Department Manpower Board; and it made the necessary demands on the

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Selective Service System to fill these needs. It also prepared the regulations by which incoming men were originally classified and allotted throughout the Army; it was responsible for determining personnel policies for mobilization, demobilization, and the postwar military establishment; and it fixed the policies of the Personnel Division respecting the classification and status of all military personnel except general officers. Much of the work of planning mobilization was vested in the Planning Branch of G-1 during the period 1939-March 1942.

Records.--The separately maintained records of this Group and of its predecessors, 1939-45, are probably in the custody of the successor Manpower Control Group, Personnel and Administration Division. The Manpower Control Group's "working and reference file" and "policy file," 1944-47 (25 feet), contain policy documents on selective service, recruiting, demobilization, separation, and other wartime personnel matters handled by the Personnel Group.

Miscellaneous Branch [172]

This Branch performed G-1's functions relating to the personal welfare and morale of the soldiers--their pay, promotion, uniforms, individual assignments, and the like. As a part of its morale duties it exercised general policy supervision over the Army Exchange Service and the Army's relations with the American National Red Cross.

Records.--Whether the Branch kept any records separate from the general records of G-1, described above, is not known.

Legislative Branch [173]

This Branch, known before 1945 as the Legislative and Special Branch, reviewed proposed and enacted legislation affecting the Army's personnel programs and served as the War Department clearinghouse for information on such legislation.

Records.--See especially "name" files for Congressmen among the general records of G-1, described above.

Special Projects Branch [174]

This Branch, which before 1945 was a part of the Legislative and Special Branch, performed G-1's functions relating to prisoners of war, rules of war, and law enforcement. It worked in close consultation with the Judge Advocate General's Office on these affairs.

Records.--Some separately maintained records of the Branch were in May 1947 in the custody of the Special Projects Section, Military Personnel Management Group, Personnel and Administration Division.

Statistical Branch [175]

This Branch was responsible for the preparation of statistical studies and reports on manpower needs, losses, and utilization and for clearing such information for release to other War Department agencies and to the public.

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Records.--Whether this Branch kept any records separate from the general records of G-1, described above, is not known.

General Officers Branch [176]

This Branch was charged with formulating policies for recruitment, assignment, transfer, separation, and other personnel matters as they applied to officers of general rank.

Records.--The separately maintained wartime records of this Branch include a card record of general officers of World War II and a file of notes and drafts of memoranda relating to general officers, containing notations made by the Chief of Staff. These records were in May 1947 in the custody of the General Officers Branch, Military Personnel Management Group, Personnel and Administration Division.

Replacement Adviser's Office [177]

In the April 1945 reorganization of G-1, the office of the Replacement Adviser was established within G-1. It was concerned with studying the problem of a better replacement system at a time when replacement matters were still divided between G-1 and G-3. The changes of July 1945 clarified the situation (see entry 170), and as a result the office of the Replacement Adviser was abolished.

Records.--Whether this unit kept any records separate from the general records of G-1, described above, is not known.

Office of the Director of the Women's Army Corps [178]

The Headquarters of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), May 1942-June 1943, and the successor Office of the Director of the Women's Army Corps (WAC), July 1943-September 1945 and later, served as the War Department's top staff office for the recruitment, enlistment, and training of women volunteers for military service with the Army. The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps was authorized by an act of May 14, 1942 (56 Stat. 278), and was renamed the Women's Army Corps and made an integral component of the Army by an act of July 1, 1943 (57 Stat. 371). Its personnel ultimately served in a wide variety of noncombatant positions in virtually every major command in the continental United States and overseas. The women of the WAAC and WAC were not as a rule organized separately from male personnel for any given type of noncombat duty in the field, but much of their training was conducted separately, and after September 1943 each command using WAC personnel normally had a WAC Staff Director in its command headquarters. The WAAC and WAC training organizations included training centers at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, Daytona Beach, Fla., Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., Fort Devens, Mass., and Camp Ruston, La. (with sections at Camp Polk, La., and Camp Monticello, Ark.); an officer candidate school at Fort Des Moines, July 1942-- September 1943 and March-November 1945, and at Fort Oglethorpe, September 1943-March 1945; and the School for Personnel Administration for WAC officers, at Purdue University, April-October 1945.

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This headquarters Office for the WAAC and the WAC served as part of Headquarters Army Service Forces, May 1942-September 1943, and as part of G-1, September 1943-September 1945 and later. During the earlier period this Office had both staff responsibilities in Washington and command supervision over the training organization mentioned above. Later, these command responsibilities were decentralized among the Army Service Forces, the Army Air Forces, and the Army Ground Forces.

Records.--The following records of this Office are in the custody of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Central files of the headquarters of the WAAC, 1941-Sept. 1943, and of the Office of the Director of the WAC, Sept. 1943-46; correspondence, reports, and other records of the special civilian assistant to the Director, relating to the recruiting, planning, and utilization of WAAC and WAC personnel, 1942-43; minutes and other papers pertaining to the National Civilian Advisory Committee on the WAC, 1944-45; publicity scrapbooks, copies of advertisements, and studies prepared in connection with recruiting drives, 1943-44; and a "historical file," consisting chiefly of correspondence, photographs, press releases, and information about legislation affecting the Corps, 1942--44. The above files are relatively few for the WAAC period, since much of the original group of WAAC records was dispersed among records of Army Service Forces Headquarters, especially the Military Personnel Division and the Mobilization Division.

In May 1947 the following records were in the WAC Director's Office: Later portions of some of the above series of records; a set of WAAC Circulars, WAAC Regulations, and WAC Regulations (all numbered), 1942-15; WAC budget data, 1944-45; and reports and other papers pertaining to public opinion polls on the WAAC and the WAC.

The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain a separate subseries (or "project" file) of records relating to the WAAC and the WAC, 1942-45 (35 feet), and four sets of index sheets filed under 029 WAAC, 020 WAC, 322 WAC Training Commands, and AG 341 Women's Army Corps (3 linear feet), that refer not only to the above records but also to other folders in the central records. Important policy correspondence is among the records of the respective headquarters of the Army Air Forces, the Army Ground Forces, and the Army Service Forces.

The records of the various training centers of the WAAC and the WAC are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. They include general correspondence, reports, records of curricula, and records of students. The operational activities of WAAC and WAC personnel in the field are documented in the records of the particular commands and units in which such personnel served. A survey of WAC activities in the European Theater of Operations constitutes vols. 12-14 of the reports of the General Board, United States Forces in the European Theater (USFET), about 1945-46, copies of which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

See Mattie E. Treadwell, "Establishment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps," in Military Review, vol. 28, no. 11, p. 3-16 (Feb. 1949).

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Military Intelligence Division, G-2 [179]

This Division was responsible for "the collection, evaluation, and determination of military information," and its major staff duties from 1939 to 1945 included the supervision of United States military attachés and military missions abroad, liaison with military attachés and missions in Washington from accredited foreign countries, negative (or counterintelligence as well as positive intelligence work, the supervision of the War Department's map and photographic intelligence collections, the operation of a sen ice for War Department agencies, participation in joint intelligence collection activities with the Navy and with other agencies of the Federal Government, and the supervision of propaganda and psychological-warfare activities for the War Department.

These functions were carried on between 1942, when the War Department was reorganized, and 1945, when the war ended, by the units described below. Three other functions were performed by G-2 for a relatively short time. Its Public Relations Branch was in charge of public relations work until 1941, when that work was taken over by the Bureau of Public Relations in the the Secretary of War. Throughout the war period, however, G-2 continued to clear security-classified information for public release through that Bureau. The Information Control Branch of G-2 was engaged in preparing censorship plans from 1939 until the Office of Censorship was established soon after war was declared; for a while it carried on censorship operations for the Office of Censorship; after that G-2's censorship work was confined to activities in occupied areas overseas and the supervision of strictly military correspondence and the correspondence of prisoners of war in the United States (until 1944). In about August 1945 G-2 took over the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service from the Federal Communications Commission. In 1946 G-2 was renamed the Intelligence Division.

[179a] Membership on committees.--G-2 was represented on a number of interagency committees during the war, notably the following (listed chronologically): Interdepartmental Intelligence Committee, also called the Interdepartmental Intelligence Conference, June 1939-September 1941, established by the President; the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps, about 1939-40; the Interdepartmental Visa and Passport Committee, November 1941-March 1944; the Joint Security Control, the Joint Intelligence Committee, and other committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942--45; the Combined Intelligence Committee, 1942-45; the Censorship Operating Board and the Censorship Policy Board, 1942; the Postal Censorship Board, 1942; the Joint Army-Navy Flight Information Security Committee, August 1942-November 1945; the Joint Army-Navy [Foreign] Uniform Identification Board, 1943; the Security of Information Committee, about 1943; the Security Advisory Board of the Office of War Information, about 1943-44; and the Working Security Committee, about June 1944, concerned with captured enemy records. G-2 was also represented on a number of intra-Army committees during the war.

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[179b] Records.--Some of the general files of G-2 for the early war years are among a larger body of G-2 records dating from 1917 to about 1941 (1,730 feet), in the National Archives. Of the records of G-2 for the later war years, the general files, 1941-45, are in the Intelligence Division, and the following are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Files arranged under particular domestic and overseas commands, troop units, and installations, 1941-45; files arranged under each U.S. Military Attaché station, 1941--45; files arranged by country, 1941-45; incoming and outgoing overseas radio messages, arranged by country or station, 1939-45 (320 feet); incoming and outgoing domestic teletype messages, arranged by Bomber Command, Interceptor or Fighter Command, Service Command, airfield, and post, camp, or station, 1942-46 (80 feet); and records pertaining to visits by Allied representatives to industrial plants under War Department contract, 1941-45 (52 feet).

Although most of the above G-2 files, which are preponderantly administrative in character, also contain some intelligence data on foreign countries, the major body of intelligence material (called "information" documents in G-2 parlance) is in the holdings of the so-called G-2 Library (in the Military Intelligence Service), which was renamed the Document File Section of the Intelligence Division after the war. These documents, more than 8,000 linear feet for the war period, form parts of larger series extending from 1938 that are organized in several series according to country, date, and agency of origin. Other smaller series of wartime intelligence material are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Card file on key German officers, 1939-45; and records pertaining to captured Japanese airplanes, chiefly translations of manufacturers' plates removed from components of captured airplanes and similar materials originally used in formulating intelligence estimates, 1942-45 (4 feet). Other series are parts of records of particular groups and branches of G-2, separately described later in this volume.

Copies of many of G-2's wartime reports were sent to other agencies within and outside the War Department and are therefore in other groups of records, such as the records of the Office of Naval Intelligence; the records of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Headquarters Army Air Forces; the reference collection of the Historical Division, Department of the Army; the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; and the records of the Office of Censorship in the National Archives. The following series are notable: "Information Bulletins," monthly, 1942; "Intelligence Bulletins," monthly, 1942-46; "Order of Battle" series, chiefly for enemy armed forces, 1942-45; "Tactical and Technical Trends" (in enemy and Allied countries), monthly, 1942-45; the "Special Series" of reports on German, Italian, British, and other foreign weapons, tactics, and other military subjects, 1942-44; the "Special Bulletin" series on particular campaigns, about 1941; the "Combat Estimates" series, 1942; "Military Reports from the United Nations" (later, "Military Reports"), 1943-46; the "Campaign Studies" series, 1942-43; the "Ratel" series of reports based on radio and radar intelligence data, 1945; and special compilations, such as a biographical directory of Japanese officials, 1937-45, and a glossary of German military

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Other series of G-2 reports include "Weekly Intelligence Summaries." about 1942-43; "Intelligence Notes," numbered, about 1943; "Weekly Summaries of World Events," about 1943; "Comments on Current numbered, about 1943; "Technical Intelligence Summaries," numbered, about 1943; "Security Summaries," numbered, about 1945; various "Surveys" on foreign areas, 1941-42; and the "Geographical Handbook Series," on foreign areas, about 1942-43. A few of these series are listed and indexed in G-2's printed "Index to Intelligence Publications" (1944. 112 p.), a copy of which is on file in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Important correspondence relating to G-2's intelligence activities is in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see especially index sheets filed under AG 321 Director of Intelligence, 1941-45 (2 feet), and under AG 322 Military Intelligence Service, 1942-45 (2 linear inches). G-2's weekly intelligence summaries, 1942--45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167). An unpublished history of G-2's wartime activities is filed in the Historical Division, Department of the Army.

See Sherman Kent, Strategic Intelligence for American World Policy (Princeton, N.J., 1949. 226 p.), which is a discussion by a former OSS officer of some of the problems of organization, documentary control, and research in wartime military intelligence work.

Policy Staff [180]

Before March 1942 the function of evaluating and coordinating material from intelligence reports and studies for the use of the War Department and the General Staff in military planning had been the responsibility of G-2 as a whole. In March 1942 this function was made the responsibility of the Policy Staff, consisting originally of 12 officers. Early in 1943 the Policy Staff was made up of 4 sections--the Policy Section, the Evaluation and Dissemination Section, the Administration Section, and the Joint Intelligence Committees Section. This last Section engaged in coordinating Army intelligence activities with the work of the intelligence committees of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff. The Policy Staff, in turn, delegated much of the actual work of evaluating intelligence, for staff as well as for operational purposes, to the Dissemination Branch of the Military Intelligence Service, which is discussed below.

The Policy Staff was discontinued in the fall of 1943 during a temporary merger of the Military Intelligence Service and the Military Intelligence Division, but at the time of the 1944 reorganization of the Military Intelligence Service, the Policy Staff was reconstituted. From that time until the end of hostilities it was divided into four groups designated merely by Roman numerals. Group I was responsible for determining plans and policies relating to the collection of military information and to its use and distribution by the War Department. It also represented the Department in planning such activities undertaken by the Army jointly with the Navy, the Allied nations, the Office of Strategic Services, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. Group II was charged with formulating

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plans and policies for the interrogation of enemy and other persons possessing useful specialized knowledge. It also established policies relating to the protection of sources of military information and to escape and evasion activities, and it exercised general policy jurisdiction over the language and intelligence schools operated by the Training Branch of G-2. Group III was responsible, for the War Department, for plans and policies respecting censorship of all military correspondence and of other correspondence in occupied areas, for safeguarding military information, and for counterintelligence and loyalty investigations. Group IV determined plans and policies relating to the security of Army signal facilities, the use and distribution of cryptographic materials, Signal Corps intelligence work, and related security matters.

Records.--Some records of this Staff, kept separate from G-2's general records, described above, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Propaganda Branch [181]

The General Staff's interests in the propaganda of enemy, Allied, and neutral countries and in psychological-warfare activities of the United States were handled successively by the Psychological Warfare Branch of G-2 from about June to December 1941, the Special Study Group from about January to March 1942, the Psychological Branch of the Operations Group of the Military Intelligence Service from March to December 1942, the Foreign Press Section of the Intelligence Group of the Military Intelligence Service from December 1942 to November 1943, and the Propaganda Branch of the Military Intelligence Division from November 1943 to the end of the war.

The Psychological Warfare Branch, assisted by an advisory board of consulting psychologists, was originally concerned not only with foreign propaganda but also with various aspects of the morale of United States troops. The latter activity, by general agreement and after some newspaper publicity, was transferred to the Morale Branch in the Office of the Chief of Staff (see Special Services Division and Information and Education Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces); and the foreign-propaganda functions were transferred to the newly designated Psychological Branch of the Military Intelligence Service. The latter Branch published a daily summary and special studies of foreign propaganda and helped plan the leaflet-dropping campaign carried out over enemy territory by the overseas commands. The Branch also prepared plans and an instruction manual for Combat Propaganda Teams and supervised the activation of one such team in December 1942. Almost immediately thereafter the Combat Propaganda Teams were transferred to the Office of Strategic Services, but in March 1943 they were retransferred to the War Department, where they were placed under the general supervision of the Organization and Training Division, G-3. The Psychological Branch was dissolved on December 31, 1942, on the assumption that its activity duplicated that of the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee, which had been established in March 1942 as a subcommittee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. From December 1942 to November 1943 the

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of preparing daily and other summaries of foreign propaganda was continued by some of the staff of the Psychological Branch temporarily transferred to the Intelligence Group of the Military Intelligence Service and known there as the Foreign Press Section. In November 1943 the Propaganda Branch was established to serve as the coordinator of all War Department propaganda activities. It prepared plans for the use of the Office of War Information and the Office of Strategic Services; coordinated the propaganda plans of those two agencies with those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and coordinated its work with a similar office of the Navy, with the State Department, with the Office of Strategic Services, and with other interested Federal agencies. The Chief of the Propaganda Branch was the Army member of the Joint Psychological Warfare Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

In 1944 the Propaganda Branch functioned through the Operations Section and the Research and Analysis Section. The Operations Section, in addition to handling administrative and personnel matters for the Branch, prepared special weekly and other reports on foreign propaganda, furnished information to the Office of War Information and the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, and in general was responsible for the liaison and coodinating activities of the Branch. The Research and Analysis Section analyzed foreign propaganda, including foreign radio broadcasts monitored by the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service, and prepared daily and periodical studies of it. In addition the Section undertook studies to determine the effectiveness of Allied propaganda. In the field, each major overseas command headquarters normally had a staff section concerned with psychological warfare. Such sections, although not supervised directly by G-2 in Washington, worked in collaboration with G-2's Propaganda Branch and with the Office of War Information.

Records.--Copies of periodic and special reports made by the Propaganda Branch are presumably among the general records of G-2, described above. Whether this Branch kept any permanent records separate from G-2's general records is not known. The activities of the psychological-warfare organization in Europe are described in vol. 135 of the reports of the General Board, d States Forces in the European Theater (USFET), 1945-46; copies are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Historical Branch [182]

In 1939 the historical research and writing activities of the War Department and the Army were largely concerned with World War I operations and were centered in the Historical Section of the Army War College, established about 1920. In August 1943 the Historical Branch was established within G-2 to supervise World War II historical activities

throughout the War Department and the Army. The Branch Chief was assisted by a chief civilian historian, a staff of historians and other specialists, and an advisory group of civilians from the historical profession. The Branch assisted the theater commands in setting up units to collect and forward historical materials for its use, and in addition to its coordinating and supervising activities it undertook certain historical writings of its own.

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especially the preparation of chronologies, a military history of World War II, and other historical studies for which no historical agency at a lower level could properly be held responsible. In November 1945 the functions and personnel of the Historical Branch were transferred from the jurisdiction of G-2 and were established as the Historical Division of the War Department General Staff. Its organization was enlarged, primarily for the purpose of preparing a comprehensive, documented official history of the Army's activities, both combat and noncombat, in World War II. This history was planned to include about one hundred published volumes, of which three volumes had appeared by early 1949. The Division also prepared brief histories of particular battles and campaigns and provided historical reference service to staff units of the War Department.

Records.--The records of this Branch are mostly in the custody of its postwar successor, the Historical Division, Department of the Army. A small body of administrative records documents the development of the Army's historical program in Washington and the field, but the major holdings are about 900 unpublished histories (some 3,000 vols.) that cover comprehensively the wartime activities of most of the units at the top echelons of the War Department and the Army, except the Army Air Forces. Most of these histories were prepared outside the Historical Division and are listed in the Division's "Accession List" (1946-47. 3 parts). (Other unit histories, especially those received from lower echelons, are filed elsewhere, chiefly in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; AAF histories are on file in the Air Historical Group, United States Air Force; fragmentary records of the Historical Sections of field commands are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.) Also in the Historical Division are the files of research notes, drafts, and manuscripts of studies in preparation by the Division's historians for the series "United States Army in World War II"; copies of its historical series entitled "Armed Forces in Action" and "Fighting Forces"; work sheets and other files relating to the "Order of Battle" compilations (some of these have been transferred to the Departmental Records Branch, AGO); special studies by the Historical Section, European Command, and interrogations of prisoners of war by that Section (about 400 feet); copies of selected operations reports and other records (on microfilm) of units of the French Army participating in the Allied campaigns in Europe, 1943-45; a collection of selected printed and processed documents pertaining to the war (about 100 feet), including about 10 series of G-2 reports, several series of Navy intelligence reports, and a set of the Joint Intelligence Committee's "Daily Summary"; a map collection; a collection of photographs; and a descriptive list of wartime and postwar records of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC) and the successor State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee (SANAC) that were transferred to the State Department in 1949.

See Victor Gondos, "Army Historiography in the Second World War," and Thurman S. Wilkins, "The War Department Historical Program," in Military Affairs, 7:60-63 (Spring 1943) and 9 (no. 3): 39-41 (Fall 1946).

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Security Branch [183]

Security investigations from 1939 to 1942 were handled by the Counterintelligence Branch of G-2 and from March 1942 through 1943 by the Counterintelligence Group of the Military Intelligence Service. From about January to July 1944 such matters were decentralized entirely from G-2 to the nine Service Commands; in July 1944 they were reestablished in the General Staff, in a new Security Section established in the Source Control Unit of the Military Intelligence Service. This Section became the Security Branch of the Military Intelligence Division in December 1944. The Security Branch and its predecessors made plans pertaining to security and determined and standardized the methods employed in making individual loyalty investigations and other investigations of "great delicacy or importance." In 1944 the Chief of the Branch represented the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, on the Security Advisory Board of the Office of War Information and served as the security officer for the Military Intelligence Division. One of the special concerns of the Branch in 1944 was to investigate the Japanese balloon "invasion" of the west coast of the United States in that year.

Records.--Records relating to the War Department security program affecting persons of Japanese ancestry in the United States, 1942-48 (488 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. They include general files, personnel files, and "social data registration" files. Security-intelligence files on individual, military, and civilian personnel, and certain personnel at Army contractors' plants are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.

Training Branch [184]

Staff functions concerned with planning intelligence training and with supervising the operations of the various G-2 schools were handled successively by the Plans and Training Section, G-2, from 1941 to early 1942; the Training Branch of the Operations Group, Military Intelligence Service, from March to November 1942; the Assistant Chief of Military Intelligence Service for Training, from November 1942 to April 1943; the Training Group, Military Intelligence Service, from April to September 1943; the Training Group under the Deputy for Administration, G-2, from September 1943 to about June 1944; and the Training Branch of the Military Intelligence Division, from about June 1944 to the end of the war.

Records.--Whether this Branch and its predecessors kept any permanent records separate from the general records of G-2, described above, is not known.

Military Intelligence Service [185]

The Military Intelligence Service, known also as MIS, was established in March 1942 as the operational unit of G-2, as distinct from the policy-making unit (the Policy Staff). In addition to a branch and a section then attached to the Executive's office to administer affairs relating

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to military attachés, the Service consisted of the Administrative Group, the Intelligence Group, the Counterintelligence Group, and the Operations Group. The last named Group, which functioned for a brief time and then was discontinued, consisted of the Psychological Branch (later the Propaganda Branch), the Training Branch, and the Dissemination Branch. These branches were soon absorbed by other groups in the Military Intelligence Service and are described elsewhere. In addition to its headquarters in Washington and various subsidiary units, mentioned below, that performed special work elsewhere in the United States or overseas, MIS operated four branch offices, where the collection of information and security investigation work, as well as research, were carried on. These offices were located as follows: New York, from July 1940 to December 1944; San Francisco, from July 1941 to June 1944; Miami, from April 1942 until the end of hostilities; and New Orleans, from April 1942 to February 1943. A sub-office of the New York Branch, in Chicago, existed from January to about March 1943.

In the fall of 1942 the Chief of the Military Intelligence Service was made the Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, and four Assistant Chiefs of Military Intelligence Service were named (for Intelligence, Training, Administration, and Security) to head the operating groups. In the fall of 1943 the Military Intelligence Service was discontinued, and from then until June 1944 its functions were exercised by three Deputy G-2's for Administration, Intelligence, and Air. Finally, in June 1944 the Military Intelligence Service was reconstituted and was organized into the Information Group, the Intelligence Group, and the Administrative Group. This arrangement persisted until 1946. These major groups established in 1944, as well as certain other components that were at other times a part of the Military Intelligence Service, are individually described below.

Records.--The extensive holdings of intelligence data maintained by the. G-2 Library of MIS have been noted earlier (see entry 179b). Other records of MIS are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Whether MIS kept any other permanent records separate from the general records of G-2, described above, is not known. The whereabouts of the records of the four branch offices is not known, but copies of their intelligence reports are among records of other offices, such as the records of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Headquarters Army Air Forces (see the "Daily Accession Lists," of this office, 1942-45, passim). A 1-volume history of the New York office of MIS, Apr. 21, 1943, is in the central "bulk" files of Headquarters AAF, under file 321.

Information Group [186]

This group, established at the time of the June 1944 reorganization of the Military Intelligence Service, was responsible for the collection and distribution of intelligence documents. From 1939 to March 1942 this work had been done by the Intelligence Branch of G-2 through a Contact and Dissemination Section. When the Military Intelligence Service

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was established, a Dissemination Branch of the short-lived Operations Group performed these functions. In the fall of 1942 and in early 1943 collection and distribution were handled by the Intelligence Group, through its Dissemination Branch, which later became the Evaluation and Dissemination Branch. Later in 1943 these functions were transferred to the newly formed Information Group, which in June 1944 operated through the Source Control Unit and the Distribution Unit.

The Source Control Unit of the Information Group selected and trained information-gathering agents, including military attachés, and supervised their work, to insure that the intelligence needs of G-2 were both understood and filled by its agents. The Unit had five branches: (1) The Maps and Photographs Branch; (2) the Washington Liaison Branch; (3) the Special Branch, which worked on certain specialized projects assigned by the Chief of the Information Group until June 1944, when that work was assumed by the research branches of the Intelligence Group; (4) the Captured Personnel and Matériel Branch, formerly the Prisoner of War Branch of the Intelligence Group; and (5) the Foreign Branch. This last-named Branch supervised the collection and reporting activities of the military attachés; and after December 1942 its Microfilm Section maintained files of the War Department's copies of films produced by the Interdepartmental Committee for the Acquisition of Foreign Publications.

The Distribution Unit of the Information Group recorded and distributed incoming intelligence documents. It consisted of the Cable Branch; the Message Center Branch; the Reading Panel Branch, which disseminated to Army, Navy, and civilian agencies incoming intelligence materials classified at a level below "top secret"; the Reproduction Branch; the Special Distribution Branch, which disseminated "top secret" and various other highly classified documents; and the Analysis Branch, which kept analytical records, including machine records, of incoming materials and their distribution and which undertook to establish and report to the originators the value of reports they had sent.

Records.--Whether this Group and its units kept any permanent records separate from the general records of G-2, described above, is not known.

Intelligence Group [187]

This Group and its predecessors studied and analyzed information and put it into usable form for military purposes by means of reports and otherwise. From 1941 until at least 1944 it also collected and disseminated intelligence, and from mid-1942 to mid-1944 it evaluated intelligence for staff as well as for operational purposes. Between 1939 and 1945 the Group had the following designations: Intelligence Branch, G-2, from 1939 to 1941; Intelligence Group of the Military Intelligence Service, in March 1942; the office of Assistant Chief of Military Intelligence Service for Intelligence, in November 1942; Intelligence Group of G-2, in April 1943; the office of the Deputy for Intelligence, G-2, in September 1943; and Intelligence Group of the Military Intelligence Service, from about April 1944 until after September 1945.

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Organization, 1942.--As established in March 1942, the Intelligence Group had an Administration Branch, a Situation and Planning Branch, and research sections arranged by theaters (14 in number, since there were 2 parallel sections for each theater, one for air and the other for ground intelligence). Later in 1942, when the Chief of the Military Intelligence Service became also Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, the Group acquired a Dissemination Branch and an Evaluation Board (later combined into an Evaluation and Dissemination Branch) and was divided into two major subdivisions called commands. The North American and Foreign Intelligence Command, also known as NAFIC, processed intelligence concerning nations of all the world except Latin America. It comprised 4 branches: European and African, North American, Far Eastern, and Air. The American Intelligence Command, also known as AIC, was an outgrowth of the former Latin American Section of the prewar Intelligence Branch, G-2, and of the early-war Intelligence Group. It processed intelligence concerning Latin America and studied Axis subversive activities there. In 1943 it was moved to Miami.

[187b] Organization, 1943.--In April 1943 the Intelligence Group reverted to a more familiar organization. The North American and Foreign Intelligence Command, as such, disappeared, and its staff continued its functions within the Intelligence Group. The American Intelligence Command was renamed the American Intelligence Service (AIS) and functioned as one of the research units of the Intelligence Group. At that time the collecting and disseminating activities, which had previously been handled together, were made separate activities by the establishment of the Collection Unit and the Dissemination Unit. There was also created at that time the Evaluation and Dissemination Staff. The former Air Unit reappeared as a component of the group.

In the fall of 1943 the Intelligence Group was subdivided into a Planning and Strategy Group, a Collection Group, an Order of Battle Branch, a Prisoner of War Branch, and a Theater Group. The Theater Group was divided into the following units: American Unit, which was still in its reports frequently and semiofficially called by its former name (American Intelligence Service); European Unit; Pacific Unit; Intelligence Liaison Section; and Foreign Press Section, which, with staff and functions temporarily transferred from the dissolved Psychological Branch, prepared summaries of Axis propaganda.

[187c] Reorganization, 1944.--In June 1944 the Intelligence Group lost by transfer to the Information Group, discussed above, its Collection Group, Dissemination Group, and Prisoner of War Branch, the name of which was changed to Captured Personnel and Matériel Branch. At the time of this reorganization, the Intelligence Group gave up handling intelligence on a geographical basis. Instead, it instituted a system by which area and regional specialists served as the top advisers and consultants in intelligence matters and the research sections were organized to perform their work according to functions or subjects involved. (After the war, in 1946, the Group returned to the processing of information on the basis

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of areas, by means of various "specialists' desks" not unlike those in the State Department for similar purposes.)

[187d] Functions.--Between June 1944 and the end of the war the Intelligence Group consisted of specialists, the Research Unit, and the Reports Unit. The specialists, who were experts on particular areas or countries, served as the chief coordinators and interpreters of intelligence materials. There were specialists on Germany, Japan, the Western Hemisphere, and the United States, as well as other areas of interest. The Research Unit digested and compiled intelligence data based on all available sources of information. It had the following six branches: The Military Branch, the Topographical Branch, the Political Branch, the Sociological Branch, the Who's Who Branch (for biographical information), and the Intelligence Library (not a research unit but G-2's central reference depository for security-classified documents and other information used by the other branches). The Research Unit's reports, called Military Intelligence Research Service reports (MIRS, for Europe, and PACMIRS, for the Pacific), were based largely on materials derived from captured German and Japanese documents. The Reports Unit prepared and issued periodical and other reports on many political, military, and economic topics. This Unit originated late in 1942 as the Order of Battle Branch in the Intelligence Group; it dealt with German (and later Japanese) order of battle and with related subjects either too large in scope or too specialized to be within the purview of the Military Branch of the Research Unit. In 1944 it was expanded and renamed the Reports Unit, with four branches: The Japanese Military Reports Branch, the German Military Reports Branch, the Political and Economic Reports Branch, and the Publications Branch.

[187e] Records--The record holdings of the G-2 Library are noted in entry 179b. The following records of the Far Eastern specialists (about 168 feet) are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Reference cards containing personal data on Japanese officers and data on the activation and organization of Japanese army units, 1939-45; and copies of "Japanese Army Transfer Lists" and other documents relating to the promotion of Japanese officers, 1942-45. A name file of "Who's Who" data cards on German army, air force, and SS officers, 1941-45 (17 linear feet), probably assembled by the Who's Who Branch, and other records of that Branch, are also in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Whether other units of the Intelligence Group kept any permanent records separate from the general records of G-2, described above, is not known.

The German records used by the Research Unit, as well as other seized German records in the custody of the Department of the Army, are described in Adjutant General's Office, "Guide to Captured German Records in the Custody of Department of the Army Agencies in Washington, D.C., and Vicinity" (Apr. 1950. 40 p., processed).

Copies of reports of the American Intelligence Command are among the records of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Headquarters Army Air Forces; see its "Daily Accession Lists," 1943, passim. Copies of some of that Command's correspondence are in the central records of the War Department,

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in the AGO; see index sheets, 1942-44. filed under AG 322. Copies of some of the MIRS and PACMIRS reports. 1944-45, are in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch. AGO. in the following series: Monthly "Accession List," 1945; "Intelligence Research Projects," 1944; "Weekly Report," 1945; "Bulletin," 1945-46: "Translations," "Technical Service Translations," and "Special Translations." 1945-46; and "War Crimes Information Series," 1945-46.

Administrative Group [188]

This Group handled "housekeeping" matters for the Military Intelligence Service, operated G-2's language-translation service for the War Department, and after April 1943 administered affairs pertaining to military attachés. In the fall of 1942 the Administrative Group included the Psychological Warfare Branch, the Prisoner of War Branch, and the Geographical Branch, all of which were later transferred elsewhere. In 1944 and 1945 the Administrative Group was organized into the Finance Branch, the Administrative Records Branch, the Office Management and Supply Branch, the Personnel Branch, the Orientation and Instruction Branch, and the Translation Branch.

Records.--A series of reports on saboteur suspects. 1939-41 (3 feet), kept by the Administrative Records Branch, is in the National Archives. Whether any other permanent records of that Branch or of other brandies in this Group were kept separate from the general records of G-2, described above, is not known.

Counterintelligence Group [189]

This Group was responsible for the "negative" side of G-2's work. It investigated breaches of security, announced policies for safeguarding military information, supervised loyalty checks and screenings, and formulated over-all policies and procedures for these and other phases of noncombat intelligence work. As the result of an agreement with the Office of Naval Intelligence and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, made in 1940 by direction of the President and reinterpreted in 1942, the responsibility of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, was limited to counter-intelligence work in the military establishment (including its civilian personnel) in the United States, the Panama Canal Zone, the Philippine Islands, the Alaskan Department, and the Aleutian Islands.

In 1939-42 these staff functions were handled by the Counterintelligence Branch, G-2, redesignated as the Counterintelligence Group of Military Intelligence Service in March 1942 and for a short time thereafter organized in parallel air and ground sections. In the fall of 1942 the Grasp was briefly under the supervision of the Assistant Chief of the Military Intelligence Service for Security. In January 1944 counterintelligence work in the Zone of the Interior was decentralized to the several Service Commands and was made the staff responsibility of the Intelligence Division of Headquarters

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Army Service Forces. Between 1941 and the end of 1943 the Counterintelligence Group and its predecessor included, at one time or another, the following branches: The Counterintelligence Situation and Evaluation (or simply Evaluation) Branch, the Communications Branch, the Domestic Intelligence Branch, the Investigations and Investigations Review Branches, the Military Censorship (or simply Censorship) Branch, the Plant Intelligence (or Plant Protection) Branch, the Security Control (or Security) Branch, the Special Assignments Branch, and the Visa-Passport Control Branch.

As a part of its work, the Counterintelligence Group exercised general supervision over the Counterintelligence Corps (CIC), with headquarters at Baltimore beginning in 1943, and operated both a Counterintelligence Corps Local Office, which served the Office of the Secretary of War and the General and Special Staffs, and a Counterintelligence Branch, which determined policy, did other counterintelligence work on a staff level, and provided counterintelligence training for both domestic and overseas service. Known before January 1942 as the Corps of Intelligence Police (CIP), the Counterintelligence Corps was under the direction of G-2, but its representatives in the Zone of the Interior were normally attached for duty first to the Corps Areas and later to the Service Commands that took the place of the Corps Areas. Counterintelligence activities were carried out by these representatives with the assistance of the Office of the Provost Marshal General. The Counterintelligence Corps was decentralized at the same time that counterintelligence activities as a whole were decentralized, and the Military Intelligence Service personnel assigned to it was transferred to the major commands and the Service Commands and was made responsible to the Intelligence Division of Headquarters Army Service Forces. G-2 retained only general policy supervision. The Army Air Forces, the Army Service Forces, and the Manhattan Engineer District continued to be served by the Counterintelligence Corps. In the Service Commands the functions of the Counterintelligence Corps were performed by the Security Intelligence Corps (SIC), under the Provost Marshal General. In the overseas commands, CIC work was normally performed, at the staff level, by CIC staff sections, and, in the field, by CIC Detachments and by Censorship Detachments.

Records.--No information about the headquarters records of the Counterintelligence Group and the Counterintelligence Corps is available. Records of CIC staff units attached to field commands are normally among the headquarters records of such commands, in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis. Also at St. Louis are the wartime records of CIC Detachments; for a guide to them, see lists of series of their records (about 8 linear inches), a set of which is on file in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Unpublished unit histories of CIC Detachments serving with Infantry and Armored Divisions are also in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A survey of CIC wartime activities in Europe is contained in volume 16 of the reports of the General Board, United States Forces in the European Theater (USFET); copies are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

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Alsos Mission [189a]

The Alsos Mission was established in the fall of 1943 by the Secretary of War as a cooperative venture of the War Department General Staff, the Manhattan District, the Army Service Forces, the Navy, and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Its primary purpose was to learn what progress German scientists had made in nuclear physics. Its name was the Greek word for "grove," a code name chosen because of the relation of the Mission to the Manhattan District, which was headed by Maj. Gen. Leslie R. Groves.

The first Alsos team of American military men and scientists was sent to Italy in December 1943. After this team returned to the United States in February 1944, the Alsos Mission was formally placed under the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2. Civilian technical personnel was furnished by the Office of Field Service of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. The Navy furnished technical personnel until the fall and winter of 1944 when it set up its own Navy Technical Mission in Europe. Alsos followed the invading armies into France and Germany. When Strasbourg was captured in November 1944, it was learned that German progress in nuclear physics had been slight; thereafter, Alsos broadened its field of investigation to include enemy developments in subsonic and supersonic air travel, gas turbines, precision optics, malarial research, radar, proximity fuzes, and biological warfare. Alsos was discontinued in October 1945.

Records.--Copies of some of the Mission's interim reports, 1944, are in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Administrative records relating to the Mission are among the records of the Office of Scientific Res?arch and Development in the National Archives. Reports relating to German progress in nuclear physics and in the other sciences are with the records of the Manhattan District in the custody of the Atomic Energy Commission.

See Lincoln R. Thiesmeyer and John E. Burchard, Combat Scientists (Boston, 1947. 412 p.); and Samuel A. Goudsmit, Alsos (New York, 1947. 259 p.).

Organization and Training Division, G-3 [190]

The G-3 functions of the General Staff in 1939 were those concerned with "the organization, training, and operation of the military forces." Of these functions, training and organization normally included the military training of personnel as individuals and their training and organization into combat and service units, while operations included the allocation and commitment of men, units, matériel, and equipment to the operational theaters and commands. From 1939 to March 9, 1942, these functions were centralized in a single staff division--the Operations and Training Division, G-3. From March 9, 1942, until after September 1945, they were divided between two major staff divisions--the Organization and Training Division, G-3, and the Operations Division (see entry 197).

The training and organizational functions of the Organization and Training Division and its predecessor included the preparation of tables of

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organization (T/O's), tables of basic allowances (T/BA's), tables of allowances (T/A's), and tables of equipment (T/E's), which governed the allotment of categories of personnel and types of equipment to typical Army combat and service units. The Division's supervision of training covered military training throughout the Army; the training programs for the National Guard, the Organized Reserves, and the Reserve Officers Training Corps; and training at the United States Military Academy, the service schools of the arms and services of the Army, the Command and General Staff School, and the Army War College. G-3 also supervised the preparation of the War Department's training and tactical publications; determined plans and policies for the assignment of troop units to the major operational theaters and commands (called "allotments in bulk") and fixed the priorities for assigning replacements, both of men and equipment, in cooperation with G-4 and the War Plans Division; supervised, through the Office of the Provost Marshal General, the military police of the Army; and made policies with respect to the use of troops for civilian ceremonies. It handled mobilization planning, an activity that before 1942 had been a function of the General Staff as a whole and not of any particular staff division.

In 1944 the Organization and Training Division, G-3, was organized into two Groups, each of which is separately described below. G-3 was also concerned, during the war, with aspects of the postwar Army and military establishment.

Records.--Records of the Division that are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include the following: The central files, Mar. 1942-45 (40 feet), which document the activities of all of the Division's subordinate units; correspondence pertaining to mobilization, training, and organization of the military forces, 1941-Mar. 1942 (2 feet); a file of wartime planning documents, 1942-46 (6 feet), including "Mobilization and Training Plans," "Protective Mobilization Plans," and "War Department Mobilization Plans. 1942"; copies of reports from theater commands, including histories and selected Army units; and records of the Division's Civil Defense Branch relating to its Civil Defense Mission to England in 1941, containing papers on British civil-defense measures for transportation, public utilities, and sanitary engineering facilities. Other wartime records of G-3 were in May 1947 in the custody of the successor Organization and Training Division. They included record copies of speeches made by key officials, copies; reports and other papers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and copies of papers of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (SWNCC).

Copies of the following G-3 reports are in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Monthly "Troop Basis," July 1944-Feb. 1946; "Master [Troop Unit] Activation Schedule," various editions, 1944; "Deployment of the [Troops of the] Post-War Army," Nov. 1944; and "War Department Redeployment Troop Basis," Mar. and June 1945 editions.

Records relating to G-3 are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, in which copies of much of G-3's correspondence are filed by

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subject. A useful index to G-3 papers in those records consists of the index sheets filed under AG 321 Organization and Training Division. 1940-45 (2 linear feet). G-3's weekly activity summaries, 1942-45. were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167). The various tactical-doctrine statements, training literature, and organizational and supply tables reviewed and approved by G-3 were normally printed and distributed throughout the Army by the Adjutant General's Office.

The records of the many training commands in the field are described elsewhere in this volume, under the parent arm of service concerned, and most of these records contain some documents reflecting G-3's staff supervision. Records relating to such military training activities fall in general into two types: (1) Records of individual students, containing information as to courses attended, length of each, whether or not completed, and grades attained; and (2) records that document the history of the training at particular agencies, including such records as faculty reports, class records and school rosters, school publications, technical instructional materials and training aids, and training schedules.

Organization-Mobilization Group [191]

This Group, which was charged with the nontraining functions of G-3, operated through three branches. The Mobilization Branch determined the over-all allotments of personnel to the major commands of the Army, prepared the War Department's "Troop Basis" and other schedules previously noted, and established the number of troop units of a given type that were to be made available for combat at a given time. The Allocations Branch determined the size of induction calls, allocated personnel in bulk to the major commands, established replacement training capacities, represented G-3 on personnel-replacement matters, and determined the priorities for issues of controlled items in bulk to troop units of the Army. These functions, insofar as they pertained to the allotment of personnel in bulk and to the establishment of retraining capacities, were transferred to the Personnel Division, G-1, in July 1945. The third branch, the Organization Branch, formulated basic policies governing the organization of units and standardized and approved tables of organization (T/O's), tables of organization and equipment (T/OE's), and other tables governing the supply and organization of typical Army troop units. Its work in this respect involved the review not only of the standard types of T/O's, but also, after 1940, of the organizational tables of a cellular type, which provided for troop units easily combined for special military purposes.

Records.--The following separately maintained records of this Group were in May 1947 in the custody of the Troop Control Section, Organization-Mobilization Group, Organization and Training Division: Chronological file, including messages as well as copies of troop-control directives of Headquarters Army Ground Forces, the Adjutant General's Office, and the National Guard Bureau; and a card record of Army troop units.

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Training Group [192]

With the changing concepts as to the type of training program that the Army needed, this Group underwent many internal reorganizations during the war. In 1942 training was organized separately for the three major commands of the Army. Later there was greater emphasis on the various phases of training (individual, unit, and joint training) carried on for the Army as a whole. In 1944 the group was organized into the Air Force, Ground Force, Service Force, and Miscellaneous Branches. The first three had similar functions of determining general plans and policies for the training (including joint Army-Navy training) of interest to the three major commands concerned. In addition, the Ground Force Branch represented G-3 on the Joint Amphibious Warfare Committee and shared with the Navy the supervision of the Joint Army-Navy Experimental and Testing Board. The Service Force Branch had responsibility for liaison with the Communications Coordination Committee (see entry 574). The Miscellaneous Branch allocated training ammunition, supervised the preparation and dissemination of training literature, and established general training standards. As a part of this last-named function, it exercised policy supervision over the Women's Army Corps, the National Guard and the State Guards, the Reserve organizations, the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), and pre-induction and military rehabilitation training schools. The Miscellaneous Branch also supervised the curricula of the Command and General Staff School and the United States Military Academy, and it shared jurisdiction, with the Office of the Under Secretary of War, over the Army Industrial College.

Records.--This Group's activities are documented in the general records of G-3, described above. A series relating to officer candidate schools (4 feet), presumably kept by the Training Group, was in May 1947 in the custody of the Manpower Control Group, Personnel and Administration Division, General Staff.

Supply Division, G-4 [193]

The Supply Division, G-4, exercised staff supervision over matters "relating to the supply of the Army." Specifically the Division was charged with making plans and policies for the fixing of supply requirements; with the determination of matériel needs in terms of the characteristics and the quantities of weapons and equipment and their transportation; with the procurement and production of supplies throughout the Army; with eventual salvage, reclamation, and disposal of matériel; and with accountability for all matériel. As a part of its allocation function, G-4 reviewed and approved tables of basic allowances (T/BA's) and tables of equipment (T/E's) in cooperation with G-3 and the Operations Division. As part of its transportation function, G-4 planned the movements of service troops and supplies for noncombat purposes, the control of traffic along military routes, and the hospitalization and evacuation of personnel. G-4 also handled the War Department's interests in inventions offered by private

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individuals, and it supervised the acquisition of real estate, the construction of installations and facilities for the Department or its contractors, and the disposal of the Department's facilities.

During the war the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4, was represented on the Munitions Assignments Board, the President's Soviet Protocol Committee, and some of the committees of the Joint Army and Navy Munitions Board. From March 1943 he was a member (later ex officio Chairman) of the Army Pictorial Board, which was concerned with such policies with respect to motion-pictures as the distribution of functions within the Army, the allocation of equipment and personnel, and production priorities. He served as War Department Mileage Administrator; and he supervised the War Department Printing Board and the Department's interests on the Joint Army-Navy Ammunition Storage Board. The Deputy Chief, G-4, served as the senior Army member of the Joint Advisory Board on American Republics. Late in the war, about August 1945, G-4 established the War Department Equipment Board (the Stilwell Board, headed by Gen. J. W. Stilwell) to make studies and recommendations on the development of matériel and equipment for the postwar Army.

From 1939 to March 1942, G-4 was divided into five major branches, the Fiscal, Construction and Real Estate, Development, Transportation, and Planning Branches. All of them were engaged in both planning and operational work for the Army, but in March 1942 most of their operational responsibilities were transferred to the Services of Supply, later the Army Service Forces. As a result, G-4 was left with only a small fraction of its former responsibilities and personnel. In January 1944, after a study of the supply system of the Army by the so-called McCoy Board (the War Department Procurement Review Board, which is discussed below) and on recommendations implemented by the Richards Committee (the War Department Special Committee for the Restudy of Reserves, which is also discussed below), the responsibility for planning the Army Supply Program was transferred from the Operations Division to G-4. The latter then enlarged its planning to include all of what were by then known as the "logistical" factors and problems, that is, matters related to supply and the movement of supplies, in the broadest sense of those terms. In 1946 the Supply Division, G-4, was renamed the Service, Supply, and Procurement Division. Between 1942 and 1945 many internal changes were made in G-4, but the three branches described below remained relatively constant.

Records.--All the important records known to have been kept during the war by G-4 are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. They include the following: General Files, 1939-45; "top secret" files, 1943-46; inspection and special investigation reports by the Inspector General's Office and the Office of the Quartermaster General, 1941, on construction at various posts, camps, and stations; a G-4 daily journal, Dec. 1941-Feb. 1942; copies of correspondence, reports of telephone conversations, "G-4 Conference Notes," and other documents relating to the distribution of supplies through Corps Areas, Aug. 1940-Jan. 1942; copies of minutes and other papers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, 1942-46; records

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of bilateral staff conversations between War Department officers and military staffs of Latin-American countries, 1944-45, relating to Western Hemisphere defense (4 feet); records of the G-4 Transportation Branch, 1940-42, and copies of its "Status of [Water] Transportation Report," 1941. Also in the Departmental Records Branch are the records of the War Department Equipment Board, June 1945-Jan. 1946, consisting of correspondence, data used by the Board, and a set of its studies (4 feet).

Records relating to G-4 are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets, 1940-45, filed under AG 321 G-4 (2 linear feet), and AG 334 Army Pictorial Board, 1943-46. The Division's weekly activity summaries, 1942-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167), and some of its documents, especially the supply tables (TB/A's, etc.), were printed by the Adjutant General's Office for distribution throughout the Army. Published records include prepared testimony and other documents of G-4 and of its Construction and Real Estate Branch in the Hearings (parts 1, 2, and 7) of the Special Senate Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program. These include correspondence, memoranda, and statistical tabulations on such matters as the Army's use of Work Projects Administration funds for camp construction, 1938-39, and the selection of training sites and the administration of training centers, 1941.

Planning Branch [194]

This Branch of G-4 was charged with determining over-all plans and policies for the review of tables of basic allowances (TB/A's) and tables of allowances (T/A's) and with carrying out G-4's primary staff functions relating to logistical problems. Early in 1943 it absorbed the Supply Branch, which had been established in G-4 shortly after March 1942, and thereafter it performed the latter's functions pertaining to evacuation and hospitalization.

Records.--Some wartime records of the Planning Branch, 1943-45, including reports and correspondence relating to logistical planning, procedures, doctrines, and organization and to special subjects such as Arctic and Antarctic expeditions and amphibious warfare, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, as parts of a series continued until 1948 by the successor Logistics Division, General Staff.

Policy Branch [195]

This Branch of G-4 was concerned with the distribution of lend-lease matériel and supplies to other nations participating in the Allied war effort; the formulation of plans and policies for the development and the industrial resources of the United States; the allocation of supplies to liberated and occupied areas; and the handling of such other supply problems as were not the responsibility of any other branch of G-4.

In 1945 the Branch functioned through five sections. The Distribution Section determined the policies to be used in distributing, storing, issuing.

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and maintaining levels of supplies and equipment in the combat theaters and in the continental United States: made policies respecting the salvage and disposal of surplus and damaged equipment; and coordinated policies regarding the collection and distribution of captured enemy equipment and supplies. The Property Section made plans and recommendations for the acquisition and disposition of lands and facilities and the maintenance of buildings and installations; made studies and issued directives to implement the recommendations of the Joint Army-Navy Ammunition Storage Board; and determined policies concerning property claims against the Army. The Civil and Foreign Affairs Section formulated the War Department's policies for the allocation of munitions to other countries for distribution under the lend-lease program, the disposition of lend-lease and reverse lend-lease surpluses, and the disposition of captured enemy matériel and supplies. This Section also maintained liaison with the Civil Affairs Division of the War Department Special Staff as to supply requirements in occupied and liberated areas and reviewed policies in effect in such areas while under military occupation. The Logistics Reports Section, established in 1945, reviewed, studied, and standardized logistical reports, such as "G-4 Periodic Reports," prepared in the overseas theaters and in the continental United States. The War Reserve and Surplus Equipment Section was created in May 1945, to formulate policies for the disposal of surplus equipment and supplies and to serve as a clearinghouse for information on the subject.

Records.--Whether this Branch kept any permanent records separate from those filed among the general records of G-4, described above, is not known.

Program Branch [196]

This Branch of G-4, established in 1944. was concerned with the military characteristics, the determination of quantity requirements, and the production and procurement of matériel. Its field of interest included also research and development activities concerning matériel. It took over logistical staff functions previously handled by the Operations Division, which is discussed below. Its Equipment Section, concerned with the development and employment of equipment, made studies based on operational reports to determine equipment needs for future operations. The Requirements Section was responsible for assembling and issuing the "Victory Program Troop Basis" and the "Army Supply Program." The Allowances Section and its predecessor, the Organization Section of the Planning Branch, reviewed tables of basic allowances (TB/A's), tables of allowances (T/A's), and tables of equipment (T/E's). The Army Installations Section was concerned with the current and future size of Army installations, their maintenance, their fixed equipment, and the disposal of existing installations and the acquisition of new ones.

Records.--A small quantity of correspondence and memoranda of the Program Branch, 1944-45 (1 foot), relating to the testing and issuing of certain special types of equipment and to training in its use is in the Departmental

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Records Branch, AGO. Important papers on the "Victory Program Troop Basis" are in the central files of G-4.

Operations Division [197]

The War Plans Division (WPD), renamed the Operations Division (OPD) in March 1942, was responsible for preparing the Army's strategic, logistical, and operational plans and for assisting the Chief of Staff in the coordination and direction of operations in the overseas departments, 1939-42, and the theaters of operation, 1942-45. According to peacetime Army Regulations, the War Plans Division was intended, in case of war, to provide the nucleus of a general staff for field operations. Between 1940 and 1942, during the existence of the General Headquarters United States Army, the Division did furnish a part of the staff for that organization. The reorganization of the War Department in 1942 nullified this arrangement, and the War Plans Division, renamed the Operations Division, came to serve as the wartime command post of the Chief of Staff in directing the theaters. Its officers were normally rotated between the theaters and the Division in Washington.

The Operations Division was the largest component of the General Staff in the number of General Staff Corps officers assigned to it, and it coordinated, planned, and developed current and future operations in conjunction with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, on whose committees it was usually represented. The Division was also represented on the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, United States and Canada, and on the Communications Coordination Committee, the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee, and other committees and boards, as indicated in greater detail below. It provided a working member within the Civil Affairs Division of the War Department Special Staff, and was responsible for all War Department relations with Latin-American countries except in the field of intelligence work.

Late in 1943, when the supply systems of the Army were being reappraised, certain supply planning work of the Operations Division was transferred to the Supply Division, G-4. This transfer involved primarily the change of responsibility for the preparation of the "Victory Program Troop Basis," the "Overseas Troop Basis," and the "Army Supply Program" from the Operations Division to the Supply Division, G-4. The latter Division thereafter had a larger interest in and responsibility for logistics of the Army, although the former retained its interest as the over-all coordinating and planning agency. In 1946, when the War Department was reorganized, the Operations Division was renamed the Plans and Operations Division.

Records.--The following wartime records of the Operations Division and its predecessor are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: The central files of WPD, 1939-42, and OPD, 1942-45, containing correspondence, studies, war plans, operational plans, and reports relating to formulation of plans (part of a larger series, 720 feet, dating from 1921); chronological files of incoming and outgoing radio and cable messages, 1941--45 (390

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feet); daily and weekly summaries of the war situation prepared by WPD and OPD, 1941-45; a series of "Situation maps"; a series of records relating to joint Army-Navy and interallied affairs, 1940-46 (also called the "ABC files"), containing copies of papers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, their respective committees, and the State Department (132 feet); copies of "201" files (personnel folders) for OPD officers, 1942-46; periodical reports of the Office of the Chief of Transportation on the departure and arrival of troop-transport vessels, 1944-45; and card records of troop movements and of code words (3 linear feet). Other OPD records are in the custody of the successor Plans and Operations Division. Documents closely related to OPD's activities are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 321 War Plans Division, Jan.-Mar. 1942, and Operations Division, Mar. 1942-Sept. 1945 (18 linear inches).
[See also
Washington Command Post: The Operations Division, a volume in the [U.S. Army in World War II series.]

Executive Group [198]

This Group was the final coordinating authority in all matters pertaining to the Operations Division's work, and in addition it provided administrative and personnel services, security-control services, and a central filing unit to maintain the general records of the entire Division.

Records.--See the records of the Operations Division, described above.

Strategy and Policy Group [199]

This Group reviewed all directives destined for the theaters of operations, worked closely with the appropriate agencies of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, gave strategic guidance to other units of the War Department General Staff and to the three major commands, recommended action to be taken on action papers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and in other ways served as the major planning unit of the Operations Division. The Group furnished officers for duty with the Joint Staff Planners, the Combined Staff Planners, the Joint War Plans Committee, the Aeronautical Board, the Munitions Assignments Committee (Air), and other Army-Navy and Army-Navy-Allied committees and subcommittees.

Three sections made up the Group. The Strategy Section prepared estimates of the current war situation, initiated or reviewed strategic plans, reviewed operational plans, advised on demobilization and postwar plans, and--in connection with this last function--served on the Joint Post-War Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Policy Section prepared staff studies and analyses of policy, reviewed all papers referred by the Chief of Staff to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and served as the clearinghouse and forwarding agency for all papers on strategy and tactical operations submitted by War Department agencies to the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee and to the Air Coordinating Committee. The Army Section of the Joint War Plans Committee, the third Section of this Group, prepared war plans, studies, and estimates (other than those on strategy) as directed.

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Records.--A file of plans for theater operations in World War II, with related papers. 1943-45, arranged by code names (7 feet), is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. See also the records of the Operations Division, described above.

Theater Group [200]

This Group was, in effect, the command post of the Chief of Staff for directing the theaters of operations. It exercised ultimate planning control over all overseas troop movements and determined the War Department's over-all policy in matters relating to military strength and the movements of men and supplies within the theaters. After April 1943, it shared with the Civil Affairs Division (of the War Department Special Staff) staff responsibility for civilian affairs in liberated and occupied areas overseas.

The Theater Group was subdivided into the Liaison Section, the Troop Control Section, and various theater sections. The Liaison Section maintained daily contact with the State Department, the Navy Department, the Air Transport Command, and other agencies; and it was represented on the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee. It made studies, maintained liaison, and acted for the theaters of operations in all matters that cut across jurisdictional lines, such as soldier voting, crime, and relations with the Air Transport Command; and it performed the functions of a theater section for the defense commands in the continental United States. The Troop Control Section determined and directed the publication of orders for unit and redeployment movements to overseas theaters and to the defense commands; and it prepared and issued the monthly "War Department Troop Deployment," the "Six Months Forecast of Unit Requirements," various "Preparations for Overseas Replacement" (POR) documents, and other reports and schedules relating to the current and future troop and replacement needs of all theaters.

The theater sections attended to matters of over-all planning and policy regarding troop movements, troop training, logistics, and civil affairs, one section working for each theater of operations. In the fall of 1944 there were six such sections: The American Theater Section (which became the Pan-American Group in 1945), the Asiatic Theater Section, the European Theater Section (which in addition to its other duties had supervision over the military missions to the Soviet Union and to Iran and over the United States representatives on the Allied Control Commissions in Rumania, Bulgaria, and Hungary), the Mediterranean Theater Section, the Pacific Theater Section, and the Southwest Pacific Section. By 1945 these theater sections had been consolidated into three: The Asiatic Theater, the European Theater, and the Pacific Theater Sections.

Records.--The following separately maintained records of the Theater Group are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Signal messages containing daily and weekly cumulative situation reports on each theater, 1942-45 (86 feet); map files, chiefly Order of Battle maps for campaigns in each area, with photographic negatives of maps of each area, 1942-45

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(25 feet); troop movement orders and supporting papers of the Troop Control Section, 1942-July 1945 (45 feet); 6 months' forecasts of unit requirements, redeployment forecasts, and unit schedules for various theaters of operations, Oct. 1944-Aug. 1945 (4 feet); and miscellaneous records of the Southwest Pacific Section, including reports, photographs, terrain studies, and airport directories, 1942-44.

Logistics Group [201]

This Group represented the Operations Division in the formulation (by G-4 and by the Army Air and Service Forces) of the Army's logistical plans (that is, matériel distribution and transportation plans) and plans that included the requirements of the other Allies. The Group was represented on various committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, including the Combined Administrative Committee and the Joint Logistics Committee; and the Chief of the Group also served on the War Department Budget Advisory Committee. The Group functioned through three sections. The Projected Logistics Section analyzed, studied, and prepared recommendations on the logistical aspects of projected strategic plans. It furnished a representative on the Joint Logistics Plans Committee (the working committee of the Joint Logistics Committee), the Joint Amphibious Warfare Committee, and other committees and boards as required. The Operational Logistics Section performed functions similar to those of the Projected Logistics Section, except that its interest was primarily in current logistical plans. The Reports Section prepared periodical and other reports showing the status and deployment of the Army's combat divisions; drew up the "weekly status map" showing the over-all situation, current and projected, of troops and troop units; and was generally responsible for assembling reports on logistical and supply matters for the use of the Operations Division.

Records.--Part of the records of the Logistics Group, pertaining to troop requisitioning, allocations, and other matters related to the supplying of overseas commands, 1942-44 (2 feet), and copies of the Group's monthly "Overseas Troop Basis" report, May 1943-Jan. 1944, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Current Group [202]

This Group received, analyzed, and prepared reports on current military operations, and it operated, in the Operations Division, a school for the special training of task-force and other commanders. The assistant to the Chief of the Group was responsible for presenting a summary of activities in each theater of operations and other reports at the daily conference of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1944 the Group consisted of three sections. The Coordination and Reports Section prepared and distributed reports on military operations, including one that was reproduced in the minutes of the General Council. It also represented the Operations Division at the daily conferences of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, and at the Secretary of War's press conferences. The Combat Analysis

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Section received and reviewed incoming operational reports and prepared from them the "OPD Information Bulletin" (semimonthly), "Combat Lessons" (bimonthly), "Battle Experiences," and similar documents for staff distribution. The School, Code, and Biennial Report Section operated the OPD school, previously mentioned, supervised the assignment and use of code words, and assisted in the preparation of the Chief of Staff's biennial report to the Secretary of War. By May 1945 this Section had been abolished, its functions having been either discontinued (as in the case of the OPD school) or distributed among the other sections.

Records.--The following records of the Current Group are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Copies of records used by the War Department as exhibits during the congressional investigation of the Pearl Harbor disaster (1 foot); "military training" files, i.e., correspondence, reports, studies, programs, and procedural documents relating to the Operations Division's school for staff officers, 1942-44 (3 feet); a set of the "Daily Summary, WD OPD Decisions and Actions," Dec. 1941-Dec. 1942 and the later "WD Daily Operational Summary," Jan. 1943-Feb. 1946 (sent primarily to the Chief of Staff and the White House); a set of "OPD Diary," Mar. 1942-May 1946; special summaries, such as the "Monday Summary," and "Tuesday Summary," Sept. 1942-Nov. 1943; and a set of "Daily Situation Summary"; and copies of "Combat Lessons" and "Battle Experiences," 1944-45. OPD's weekly summaries of overseas combat operations, 1942-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167).

Pan-American Group [203]

This Group was established in April 1945 as an enlargement of the older American Theater Section in the Theater Group, and it served as the central agency within the War Department for determining the Army's plans and policies relating to the defense of the Latin-American republics. It coordinated and supervised the allocation of troops and supplies, reviewed or initiated defense measures involving the Latin-American countries, monitored all War Department and Joint Chiefs of Staff actions relating to Latin America, and was represented at various meetings pertaining to Western Hemisphere defense and related subjects. The chief of the Group was a member of the Joint Army-Navy Advisory Board on American Republics.

Records.--Some correspondence and reports of predecessors of the Group in the War Plans Division, relating to the Western Hemisphere problems of the General Headquarters United States Army, 1941-42, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

SPECIAL STAFF [203a]

In addition to the major divisions of the General Staff, discussed above, there were several other divisions that during the war came to known as the Special Staff. They were responsible directly to the Chief of Staff. These divisions are discussed below.

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Office of the Inspector General [204]

The Inspector General (known also as IG, or TIG, or TIGO) was charged, in war as in peace, with "the inquiry into, and the report upon, all matters which affect the efficiency and economy of the Army of the United States," and with making "such inspections, investigations, and reports as may be prescribed by law or directed by the Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff, or requested by the chiefs of the combat arms and technical services." For example, the Inspector General investigated the fairness of fees and payments provided for in War Department procurement and construction contracts; reviewed activities and records of military establishments to prevent wasteful use of funds, personnel, or equipment; and heard the grievances of military personnel. Regular inspections were usually conducted annually and extended throughout the military establishment. Special inspections were undertaken when the affairs of a specific military organization, or a specific activity, such as the letting of contracts, appeared to warrant special attention. Investigations were made when inspections revealed what seemed to be irregularities or deviations from the normal.

Throughout the military establishment in the continental United States and overseas, an inspector, inspector general, or inspection section was attached to the staff of virtually every command, major troop unit, and installation. These inspectors (called Air Inspectors in Army Air Forces organizations) served as special staff officers of field organizations, were collectively regarded as the Inspector General's Department, and frequently were trained by and made reports to the Office of the Inspector General. Beginning in February 1942, the Inspector General's Office was regarded as a special-staff division.

Records.--The wartime central records of the Office of the Inspector General are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, as part of a larger body of records, 1935-48 (380 feet), that consist of general files and annual inspection reports. A few inspection reports of f942 and earlier years are in the National Archives.

Other papers relating to the Inspector General's Office are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 027 Inspector General's Office, Jan. 1940-Aug. 1943 (2 linear feet); under AG 321 Inspector General's Department, Mar. 1941-Sept. 1945 (5 linear inches); and under specific names or topics. The records of inspection units attached to field commands, troop units, and installations constitute parts of the records of those organizations, which (if noncurrent and permanent) are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis, or in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. A survey of the wartime activities of the Inspector General's organization in Europe is volume 81 of the reports of the General Board, United States Forces in the European Theater (USFET), in the AGO.

Some documents of the Inspector General's Office were reproduced and distributed throughout the Army during the War, among them the monthly

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"Information Circular," Jan. 1941-Aug. 1945; the successor "Bulletin of The Inspector General of the Army," Sept. 1945-Dec. 1946; "Practical Check Lists" (monthly) to accompany the "Circulars" and "Bulletins," June 1945-Dec. 1946; and the widely used inspection manual, "Preparation for Overseas Movement" (POM), issued in various editions during the war.

Legislative and Liaison Division [205]

This Division, established in March 1942, absorbed the legislative functions of the discontinued Budget and Legislative Branch of the Office of the Chief of Staff. The Division supervised the preparation and reviewing of drafts of all legislation, except fiscal legislation, affecting the War. Department and the Army, and it served as the center where all War Department reports and other communications to congressional committees and Congressmen were coordinated and prepared for the signature of the Secretary of War or the Chief of Staff. The Division's activities with respect to such congressional matters were performed by four branches: The Legislative Branch, for pending and enacted legislation affecting the War Department; the Congressional Investigations Branch, for investigations of War Department activities by Senate or House committees; the Military Justice Branch, for courts martial and other judicial actions involving individuals in whom particular Congressmen were interested; and the Liaison Branch, for assisting the above branches in liaison with individual Congressmen and congressional committees and for providing central clearance for communications to Congress and hearings before its committees. A fifth Branch, the Federal Agencies Branch, is separately described below.

Records.--The records of the Division consist of studies, reports on legislative activities in which the War Department was interested, and voluminous files of correspondence, largely with congressional committees and individual Congressmen, on War Department legislative matters. The Division's general files, 1944-45, records relating to the appointment of officers in the Army Specialist Corps, 1942-44, and records pertaining to legislation before the Seventy-eighth and Seventy-ninth Congresses, 1943-46, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Sound recordings of War Department testimony before the House Select Committee on Post-war Military Policy (the Woodrum Committee on Compulsory Military Training), May-June 1945 (9 disks), are in the National Archives. Other wartime records are in the custody of the Division. Records closely related to the Division's activities are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 321 Legislative and Liaison Division, 1942-45 (5 linear inches).

Federal Agencies Branch [206]

This Branch, 1944-45, and its predecessor the Federal Agencies Liaison Branch, 1942-44, were responsible for coordinating the Division's activities with those of other Federal agencies (particularly, in the early stages of the war, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Federal

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Works Agency) in connection with legislation for the construction of airports and for other matters of common interest to the Department and such other agencies. Before March 1942 these activities had been handled in G-4.

Records.--The following records of the Branch are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Records pertaining to the construction and repair of various airports of value for the Army Air Forces (AAF), undertaken jointly by the Work Projects Administration (to 1942), the Civil Aeronautics Administration, and the Army Air Forces, 1936-45 (31 feet); records relating to Federal Works Agency construction projects, chiefly community facilities, at Army installations and at industrial plants under Army contract, 1940-45 (45 feet); and copies of survey reports, program statements, and other documents of the Office of Community War Services and the Office of Defense Health and Welfare Services, all relating to educational, recreational, housing, health, or transportation problems of war workers, 1942-44 (3 feet).

Civil Affairs Division [207]

This Division, known also as CAD, was established on March 1, 1943, to formulate and coordinate United States military policy concerning the administration and government of captured or liberated countries, to advise and assist the commanders engaged in such occupation or civil-affairs activities, to train and supply personnel for such activities, and to study, assess, and report on the extent to which United States occupation plans were being carried out. To perform these tasks, the Division exercised policy control over the selection and training of civil-affairs personnel by the Provost Marshal General's Office, served as the central office and clearinghouse where occupation plans (including surrender and related documents) were drawn up, and submitted all United States civil-affairs plans and policies to the appropriate committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (when Army and Navy cooperation was involved) and of the Combined Chiefs of Staff (when interallied cooperation was involved).

The Civil Affairs Division was represented on the Combined Civil Affairs Committee in Washington, at the latter's office in London, on the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee, and on numerous other related civilian and military boards. It cooperated closely with the Navy's Office of Island Governments and Island Bases. Within the War Department both the Operations Division of the General Staff, through which the Civil Affairs Division cleared all its direct communications to commanders overseas, and the Army Service Forces detailed liaison officers for full-time duty with the Civil Affairs Division.

The Division consisted of several branches, described below as they existed at the end of the war, and one field agency--the Civil Affairs Holding and Staging Area (see entry 254). The War Crimes Office of the

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Judge Advocate General's Office was moved to the jurisdiction of the Civil Affairs Division in March 1946, where it became the War Crimes Branch.

Records.--The following general records of the Civil Affairs Division are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: General files, 1943-49 (72 feet); "bulky enclosures" in those files (32 feet); drafts of outgoing radio messages, 1943-46 (8 feet); a record set of documents issued by the Division and by military-government authorities in the field, 1943-49 (8 feet); records of the Director's office relating to civil-affairs plans and operations, 1943-46, including clippings relating to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (18 feet); historical reports of Civil Affairs Detachments and other troop units; and the Division's report, "Field Operations of Military Government [Troop] Units" (Jan. 1949. 217 p.), in which excerpts from some of these historical reports from both European and Far Eastern areas have been reproduced. Also in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are the wartime case files and other records of the Military Permit Section of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1944-45.

Some of the Division's documents, notably the "Civil Affairs Handbook" series and the "Civil Affairs Guide" series, were printed for distribution within the armed forces. Copies are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, and in the Army's Historical Division.

Many of the Division's activities are documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO (see index sheets filed under AG 321 Civil Affairs Division, 1943-45, 6 linear inches); and in the records of the military-government authorities in Europe and the Far East.

Planners [208]

The Planners acted as chief aides and advisers to the Director of the Civil Affairs Division, correlated the work of the branches, prepared the Division's directives (including surrender documents), proposed adjustments of policy differences between the United States and Britain, and represented the War Department on the Working Security Committee in Washington (the advisory body to the European Advisory Commission).

Records.--Case files relating to the planning of military-government operations in occupied areas, 1943-47 (29 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Economics and Relief Branch [209]

This Branch (a consolidation in 1944 of the Civilian Relief and the Economics Branches, both organized in 1943 when the Civil Affairs Division was established) made studies and formulated policies relating to agriculture, public utilities, transportation and power systems, civilian welfare and health, budgetary and financial affairs (including the preparation and distribution of "occupation money"), and the operation of industrial and other enterprises in occupied areas.

Records.--See entry 207.

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Government Branch [210]

This Branch, called the Military Government Branch before 1944, was charged with making plans and policies for the governmental structure and administration of occupied countries. It formulated policies on relations between occupation and provisional or indigenous governments, domestic laws and courts, censorship, the preservation and safeguarding of property, intelligence work in areas under military control, and the preservation of libraries, archives, and other intellectual and cultural institutions and materials.

Records.--See entries 207 and 208.

Personnel and Training Branch [211]

This Branch planned" general and special training programs for civil-affairs officers (including the curricula of schools administered by the Provost Marshal General), formulated procedures for the selection of personnel, maintained personnel and assignment records, and prepared and kept records of authorized tables of organization (T/O's) for overseas civil-affairs units.

Records.--Policy and planning files pertaining to the organization and procedures of the Civil Affairs Division and civil-affairs organizations overseas, 1943-45 (8 feet), and applications (with related papers) of civilian personnel for duty in occupied areas, 1943--47 (69 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. See also entry 207.

War Department Manpower Board [212]

The War Department Manpower Board (also known as WDMB and as the Gasser Board, after its President, Maj. Gen. L. D. Gasser) was established early in 1943 as a Special Staff division. Its function was to study the Army's needs for and utilization of civilian and military manpower in the continental United States for the purpose of insuring that Army organizations and installations were adequately manned but not overstaffed. The Manpower Board made appraisals of personnel requirements, prepared inventories of personnel, and recommended ceilings for personnel strength in particular organizations. In 1944 it was called upon to study also the utilization of civilian personnel in the zones of communication of the North African and European Theaters of Operations. The Board prepared reports and recommendations for action by the Chief of Staff.

The five-member Manpower Board directed the work of its staff sections and field sections. As reorganized in August 1944, the staff sections corresponded to the major commands and agencies of the War Department and the Army, with each section charged with coordinating, standardizing, and ruling on the requests for personnel from particular commands and classes of installations. The staff sections were the Army Air Forces Section (for Army Air Forces Headquarters and installations), the Ground Forces and Service Command Section (for Army Ground Forces Headquarters and installations, and

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the several Service Command headquarters and their installations), and the Technical Services Section (for Headquarters Army Service Forces, the headquarters of the Technical Services of the Army Service Forces, and "Class IV" field installations). The Executive Section was responsible for explaining and defending to the Bureau of the Budget recommendations for civilian personnel allotments. A field section was established adjacent to the headquarters of each of the nine Service Commands and a tenth section was set up for the Military District of Washington. Identified by Roman numerals--I through X--these operating sections undertook surveys and studies as directed by the War Department Manpower Board and reported to the staff sections their findings and suggestions on manpower needs.

Records.--The central records of the Board, 1943-45, with related papers dating from 1940 (70 feet), and statistical survey reports on manpower recruitment and training at Army Air Forces field agencies in the United States, 1943-45 (16 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The Board's activities are also documented in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see documents on the origin and expansion of the Board, Jan. 1943-Jan. 1944, filed under AG 334, and index sheets referring to particular manpower projects, 1943-45, filed under AG 321 (5 linear inches). The Board's weekly activity summaries, 1943-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167).

See George W. Peak, "The War Department Manpower Board," in American Political Science Review, 40:1-26 (Feb. 1946).

Budget Division [213]

The Budget Division was charged with formulating and supervising all budgetary and fiscal plans for the entire War Department and Army, both in the continental United States and overseas. The Division received and consolidated all estimates of necessary funds from War Department agencies, defended requests for appropriations before the Bureau of the Budget and congressional committees, and allocated the appropriated funds throughout the War Department.

In September 1944 the Budget Division, the Director of which was also the War Department Budget Officer, had five branches. The Appropriation Language Branch reviewed and interpreted all proposed or enacted congressional legislation, Executive orders, and the like that financially affected the War Department; and it reviewed the technical language appearing in drafts of proposed appropriation legislation. The Budget Liaison Branch assisted the major commands and agencies of the War Department in drawing up their fiscal programs, consolidated and passed on their requests, and advised the Budget Officer with regard to them. The Foreign Financial Branch formulated and supervised the carrying out of the War Department's policies for lend lease, reverse lend lease, and similar activities involving the transfer to or from foreign interests, of matériel and other property purchased with War Department funds. The Allocations Branch exercised general supervision and control over all War Department funds and allocated them

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to all component agencies. The Budget Program Branch checked and studied budget estimates, kept records of those estimates and of changes made in them, and arranged for hearings before the Bureau of the Budget and congressional committees. It also prepared reports based on its studies and findings and served as the center for information regarding the War Department's budgets.

Records.--The following records of the Budget Division and its predecessors are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: General records, 1942-46 (17 feet); records relating to "protective and unit mobilization plans," data on personnel requirements, budget estimates, records concerning the expediting of production, and related papers, f93f-41 (8 feet; another set of estimates, 1939-42, is in the National Archives); case files on legislation, 1942-43; files relating to justifications of budget estimates, 1942-43, statistical and other reports and analyses of War Department expenditures, 1932-46; correspondence relating to the Emergency Fund for the President, to the "task force" or "theater" funds, and to other special sources of income used by the War Department, 1939-42 (1 foot); and selected records of the Budget Officer, 1941-44 (8 feet).

The following records of the Budget Program Branch of the Division are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Requisitions and other data on the apportionment of lend-lease aid to various countries, f941-42 (2 feet); correspondence concerning exceptions to orders governing the strength ceilings and work hours of civilian personnel, 1941-43 (2 feet); and reports on appropriations and allocations of funds for civilian personnel, 1943 (6 feet).

The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, include copies of much of the Division's correspondence, as well as other documents relating to the Division; see index sheets filed under AG 321 Budget Officer, 1941-45, and AG 321 Budget Division, 1943-45 (2 linear inches).

See Elias Huzar, "Military Appropriations, 1933-42," in Military Affairs, 7: 141-151 (fall 1943).

Budget Advisory Committee [214]

This Committee, of which the Director of the Budget Division was ex officio Chairman, was established before 1939 as an agency for the discussion and review of policies relating to the War Department's budgets. In 1942, when the Fiscal Division of the Services of Supply was made responsible for such matters, the Committee was placed under the commanding general of that command. When the Budget Division was established as a Special Staff division in 1943, the Budget Advisory Committee was moved with it to the jurisdiction of the War Department General Staff.

Records.--The Committee's records are part of the general records of the Budget Division, described above.

Army Central Welfare Fund [215]

This office was established in June 1944 under the supervision of the Budget Officer, to receive all excess funds accumulated by the Army Exchange Service, the Army Motion Picture Service, and similar

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activities at Army stations, as well as the funds of demobilized Army units, and to distribute these funds for the general benefit of military personnel. The Fund was also authorized to transfer excess funds to the Army Emergency Relief. The Fund's Recorder served as adviser on the "War Department Welfare Fund," which was managed by the Procurement and Accounting Division of the Office of the Secretary of War.

Records.--In 1946 the records of the Fund, redesignated later as the Army-Air Force Central Welfare Fund, were in its custody. They included financial reports, correspondence, and records of loans. Some papers relating to the Fund are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 123 Army Central Welfare Fund, 1944-45 (1 linear inch).

Special Planning Division [216]

This Division, known also as SPD, was established in 1943 to study and formulate plans for military demobilization, related industrial demobilization, and the postwar military establishment as affected by demobilization. The Division's primary task was to discover and state the problems involved, to assign them for study to appropriate Army agencies, to coordinate the recommendations made, and to develop a broad policy for approval by the War Department. In matters relating to industrial demobilization and kindred subjects, the Chief of the Division reported to the Secretary of War through the Office of the Under Secretary. In all other matters the Division was responsible to the Chief of Staff. Planning offices were established in all major War Department echelons to assist the Division in its work.

The Division studied current and proposed legislation in relation to its fields of interest, and it worked on plans and policies for the organization of tactical and service units of the postwar military establishment (monitoring the work of the National Guard and Reserve Policy Committees); for personnel demobilization, including procedures for and timing of discharges, and transportation of men being demobilized; for the postwar disposal or retention of industrial plants and military installations, the curtailment of matériel production, and the storage and disposal of surplus property; and for the financial aspects of the postwar military establishment.

In September 1945 the Special Planning Division was discontinued and its demobilization functions were transferred elsewhere--the industrial aspects to the Office of the Under Secretary of War and the military aspects to appropriate divisions of the War Department General Staff.

Records.--All the known records of the Division are in the Departmental rds Branch, AGO. They include correspondence, memoranda, circulars, staff studies, a copy of the "War Department Basic Plan for the Post War Military Establishment" (Nov. 1945), and papers relating to personnel planning problems. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, include papers bearing on the Division's work; see index sheets filed under

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AG 321 Special Planning Division. 1943-45 (1 linear inch). The Division's weekly activity summaries, 1943-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167).

New Developments Division [217]

This Division, known also as NDD, was established in October 1943 to coordinate the preparation of studies and plans, among Army and other agencies, for research and the development in the field of military equipment. The Division originated as a result of studies prepared by groups that had investigated special combat problems, primarily in amphibious and jungle warfare, in Europe and the Pacific during 1943 and 1944. One of its important later functions was to obtain priorities for nonstandard equipment needed for experiments.

The Chief of the Division served as a member of the National Inventors Council and as a member of the Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and members of the Division's staff served on other Joint Chiefs of Staff and interservice committees. The Division also participated in the work of the Research Board for National Security, established in February 1945. On several occasions the Division sponsored missions to combat areas to accumulate information for its purposes. Among these missions were the New Weapons Board (or the Eddy Mission), which was sent to the European Theater of Operations in 1944 and made its final report in April 1945, and the Roberts Mission (named for Col. C. H. M. Roberts) which was sent to the Pacific Theaters in March 1944.

In 1944 the Division functioned through the several sections described below. In 1946 it was abolished and its functions, personnel, and records were transferred to the newly established Research and Development Division of the General Staff.

Records.--The Division's general files, 1943-46, the records kept in the Director's office, relating mostly to ordnance research, 1943-46, and records kept by the Director of the War Research Service of the Federal Security Agency (apparently transferred to NDD), 1942-45, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO (38 feet). The general files contain correspondence, directives, planning and working papers, reports and studies of the Division's own activities and its relations with other agencies, copies of reports on research projects, correspondence relating to the National Inventors Council, 194C-46, and other records originating in the Division's sections that are described below. There is no records disposition schedule to indicate whether these sections kept separate files that were to be preserved after the war. Testimony prepared by the Division on its wartime organization is published in Hearings of the House Military Affairs Committee on H. R. 2946 (May 1945, p. 31-42 passim).

Other records relating to the Division are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 321 New Developments Division, Oct. 1943-Jan. 1946 (2 linear inches), AG 334 Eddy Mission, Mar.-Sept. 1944, and AG 334 Mission to Pacific Theaters.

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Jan.-July 1944. A copy of a report of the New Weapons Board (Apr. 1944 edition) and copies of various reports (Mar.-June 1944) of the Roberts Mission are in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Planning Section [218]

This Section of the New Developments Division was concerned with postwar planning of military research and development. It also reviewed the reports of the General Council and various operational and intelligence reports and was in charge of ordnance problems not handled elsewhere in the Division.

Records.--See entry 217.

Air Section [219]

This Section investigated barrage balloons and other defensive air equipment.

Records.--See entry 217.

Electronics Section [220]

This Section was responsible for the New Developments Division's work in the field of signal equipment, sonic equipment, radio and radar countermeasures, and the like. It was represented on the Joint Communications Board and the Joint Electronics Information Agency.

Records.--See entry 217.

Infantry Weapons Section [221]

This Section was especially concerned with jungle-fighting equip- ment, mortars, and the classification of infantry equipment. Records.--See entry 217.

Special Weapons and Fire Control Section [222]

This Section was interested in the problems of jet propulsion, guided missiles, and fire control. It was represented on the Rocket Propellant Subcommittee and on the Guided Missiles Subcommittee, both of the Joint Committee on New Weapons and Equipment.

Records.--See entry 217.

Artillery and Combat Vehicle Section [223]

This Section was concerned with field artillery, tanks, armored vehicles, and cavalry equipment and was represented on the Navy Department's Continuing Board for Development of Landing Vehicles Tracked.

Records.--See entry 217. Correspondence and organizational papers relating to this Section's ad hoc Committee on Reduction of Artillery Ammunition Types, Oct. 1944-Mar. 1945, together with its three interim reports

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and final report, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO.

Engineer and Transportation Section [224]

This Section was concerned with engineer and transportation equipment, infrared devices, and mines and mine-clearance methods. In connection with the last phase of its work the Section collaborated with the Joint Army-Navy Experimental and Testing Board. It also administered the Army Technical Detachment, described below.

Records.--See entry 217.

Scientific and Technical Section [225]

This Section was responsible for budgetary matters for the Division, action on patents and inventions in which the Division was interested, and problems involving ammunition (except rockets), coast artillery, and recoilless weapons.

Records.--See entry 217.

Quartermaster, Chemical Warfare, and Medical Section [226]

This Section was concerned with medical projects and with military technical missions sent overseas to investigate problems bearing on the improvement of items of equipment and supply for the Medical Department, the Chemical Warfare Service, and the Quartermaster Corps.

Records.--See entry 217.

Special Projects Section [227]

This Section was interested in civilian scientific and technical missions sent to the theaters of operations. It had liaison with the Office of Field Service of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and it promoted the Army's Work Simplification Program, which was concerned with studies and courses designed to increase the efficiency of personnel throughout the Army. The first of these courses was given within the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, in the fall and winter, 1944-45. In September 1945 the Work Simplification Program was delegated to the operating agencies of the major Army commands.

Records.--See entry 217.

Army Technical Detachment [228]

The Army Technical Detachment of the New Developments Division was activated in September 1944 in order to intercept men of special scientific or technical training who were being inducted into the Army by regular Selective Service procedures and send them directly to assignments in the military establishment where their special talents might be used to advantage. The Detachment operated at first by acting on each individual

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case. When it was advised of the impending induction of a man with special qualifications, it immediately took steps to divert him from the usual induction channels into the Technical Detachment. Soon after the establishment of the Detachment, the New Developments Division sponsored the formation of the Committee on the Assignment of Scientific and Technical Personnel in the Army, with a membership made up of representatives of the Personnel Division, G-1, the New Developments Division, the Army Air Forces, the Army Ground Forces, and the Army Service Forces. The Committee was given authority to take action in individual cases to reassign to the Technical Detachment or to one of the technical services men already in the Army. In April 1945 the Technical Detachment obtained permission for classification officers at reception centers, using their own discretion, to classify inductees as Technical Detachment "potentials." In June 1945 the work of the Detachment was transferred to the three major commands (Air, Ground, and Service Forces), with the New Developments Division retaining control over the general policy for the use of scientists in the Army.

Records.--Copies of the Detachment's personnel records, arranged by name and containing data from 1942 to 1946, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. See also entry 217.

Office of the Executive for Reserve and ROTC Affairs [229]

The Executive for Reserve and ROTC Affairs, f941-45, and the preceding Executive for Reserve Affairs, 1939-41, served as the adviser to the Chief of Staff on all affairs related to the Organized Reserves, the Officers' Reserve Corps (ORC), the Enlisted Reserve Corps (ERC), and the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). This office made plans and formulated policies concerning the procurement of personnel for and the allocation of funds to those organizations; it also served as a center of information about the reserves and their activities. The office was relatively inactive during the war, although it engaged in limited postwar planning. In 1939 the office was under the immediate jurisdiction of the Chief of Staff; in March 1942 it was assigned to the Services of Supply; and in May 1945 it was made a Special Staff division.

Records.--The wartime records of the Executive for Reserve and ROTC Affairs include correspondence, reports on reserve affairs, and working and policy papers, primarily on postwar planning. Most of the records are in the custody of the office. In the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are data used in a statistical study of the ROTC program, consisting of various listings of Reserve officers, 1940-45, and copies of charts and discussions of the proposed postwar reorganization of the ROTC, 1945 (3 feet). Documents relating to this office are also in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 326, then under "Enlisted Reserve Corps," "Officers' Reserve Corps," "Organized Reserves," and "Reserve Officers' Training Corps."

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National Guard Bureau [230]

The National Guard Bureau, so designated in 1933 and also known as the NG Bureau, functioned as the War Department's agency to assist the States in the administration and development of National Guard units while these units were not in the service of the Federal Government. From 1940 on, as National Guard units were called to active duty, the Bureau's activities diminished in extent and importance. The chief activity of the Bureau during the war was handling the wartime records of the National Guard and formulating postwar policies. The Bureau also represented the War Department in policy matters pertaining to the State Guards, authorized by an act of October 21, 1940 (54 Stat. 1206), to provide an organization within the States to take the place of the National Guard in emergencies. Such State Guard units were established in 44 States and the Territory of Hawaii. The National Guard Bureau was assigned to the Adjutant General in March 1942, was made one of the "administrative services" of the Services of Supply in April 1942, and was shifted to the General Staff as a Special Staff division in May 1945. By the fall of 1945 the Bureau had five functional branches, separately described below.

Records.--The wartime records of this Bureau, 1939-45, form parts of a larger group of its records covering the periods 1924-46 (2,000 feet), in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Included are general files, a series relating to the State Guard, 1942-45, inspection reports, reports of State Guard units, training records, maneuver reports, and, for each national guard unit, "Monthly National Guard Strength Return and Report of Duty Performed," 1926-41. Published records include the Bureau's Tables of Organization (T/O NG), 1939-41 (about 100 items); and the Official National Guard Register (1939 and 1943 eds.). Related records are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 321 National Guard Bureau, AG 324.5 State Guard, and AG 325 National Guard.

See the Bureau's Annual Reports for the fiscal years 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1946 (the last covering comprehensively the period 1940-45).

Budget, Fiscal, and Construction Branch [231]

This Branch was established in March 1942 by the consolidation of two earlier administrative units of the Bureau, the Budget and Fiscal Division and the Construction Division. The Branch and its predecessors made plans for the allocation of funds to the National Guard and the procurement, maintenance, and development of buildings and other facilities for National Guard training and other uses.

Records.--See entry 230.

Personnel Branch [232]

This Branch developed plans and policies for keeping personnel records, processing applications of officer candidates, and handling promotions and status of members of the National Guard. It also kept the

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wartime records of activities of National Guard units and members and of awards and citations conferred on them. In peacetime the Branch had published the yearly Official National Guard Register. Although during the war only one edition was published, the Branch kept records for use when normal publication could be resumed.

Records.--See entry 230.

Regulations Branch [233]

This Branch was responsible for preparing the regulations by which the National Guard was governed while not on Federal duty and under Army Regulations. It was also responsible for assembling historical information about the National and State Guards, for providing a public-relations service and a center for information about Guard activities, and for studying pertinent legislation.

Records.--See entry 230. A record set of the National Guard Regulations is in the Administrative Office, Personnel and Administrative Division, General Staff.

Planning Branch [234]

This Branch was charged with preparing studies and formulating policies and plans relating to the postwar National Guard. It surveyed current legislation, studies, and directives and made its own studies of the position of the National Guard in the over-all postwar plans of the War Department. The Branch also analyzed organizational changes planned by the War Department and their effect on individual National Guard units, and it made recommendations relating to the utilization and development of training camps, armories, and other facilities in the States.

Records.--See entry 230.

Organization, Training, and Supply Branch [235]

This Branch made plans and formulated policies for the organization (including recommended tables of organization) of National Guard and State Guard troop units and for the allocation and allotment of supplies to such units.

Records.--See entry 230.

Intra-Staff Boards and Committees [236]

Each of the committees and boards described below functioned within the War Department General Staff or was controlled by one of the staff divisions. They are arranged in the order of their establishment.

War Department Dependency Board [237]

This Board was established about October 1942, under the terms of the Missing Persons Act of March 7, 1942 (56 Stat. 143), and was responsible for policies governing the release of casualty information to

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next-of-kin. G-1 and the Adjutant General's Office were the major agencies represented on the Board.

Records.--The general records of the Board, which contain data on the study, development, and supervision of plans and basic policies for the "casualty clearance project," and its alphabetical (name) files, 1942-46 (7 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Board to Investigate Communications [238]

This Board was established in May 1943 to investigate the Army Communications Board and other War Department agencies concerned with the procurement of radio and radar equipment and to make recommendations for the coordination and control of such procurement both within the Army and between Army and Navy agencies. The members represented the General Staff's Military Intelligence Division, G-2, Supply Division, G-4, and Operations Division, and the Inspector General's Office.

Records.--Transcripts of the Board's proceedings and hearings, May-June 1943, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, filed under AG 311 (5-10-43).

Army Communications Committee [239]

This Committee was established in July 1943 by the Deputy Chief of Staff to "formulate methods of determining and coordinating policy in communications and electronics," and to make recommendations on the reorganization of the Army Communications Board and the Army's membership on the Joint Communications Board. The members of the Committee represented the General Staff, the Army Service Forces, the Army Air Forces, the Army Ground Forces, and the office of the Expert Consultant to the Secretary of War.

Records.--Records relating to the Committee are among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334 Army Communications Committee.

War Department Procurement Review Board [240]

This Board was known also as the McCoy Board because it was headed by Maj. Gen. F. R. McCoy. It was established in July 1943 to survey the War Department's entire wartime procurement program and organization in terms of progress made and difficulties encountered, especially with reference to the relationships between the Army Service Forces and the Army Air Forces, between Army procurement for its own needs and Army-sponsored lend-lease procurement, and between the Army and the War Production Board. The Board included a representative of the Under Secretary of War and a nonvoting member from the Office of War Mobilization. It heard about 75 witnesses and on August 31, 1943, submitted its report.

Records.--Testimony, minutes, and the report of the Board, July-Aug. 1943 (8 vols.), are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, filed under AG 334 War Department Procurement Review Board (July 2.

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1943). Other records of the Board, consisting of correspondence, reports, charts, and other papers, 1943 (4 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Related correspondence is among the records of the Control, Production, and Requirements Divisions of Headquarters Army Service Forces, and a volume entitled "Notes used by the Requirements Division" in connection with the Board's work is in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Airborne Operations Board [241]

This Board, known also as the Swing Board because Maj. Gen. Joseph M. Swing was its presiding officer, was directed in August 1943 to study and make recommendations on troop-carrier requirements for a typical airborne division, including requirements for replacement crews, the proportion of troop-carrier groups to airborne units, and the revision of training doctrines. The Board members represented the Organization and Training Division, G-3, the Operations Division of the General Staff, Headquarters Army Air Forces, and Headquarters Army Ground Forces.

Records.--A few papers relating to the Board, Aug.-Oct. 1943, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

War Department Special Committee for the Restudy of Reserves [242]

This Committee, headed by Brig. Gen. G. J. Richards and also known as the Richards Committee, was established in the fall of 1943. It made a "preliminary interim report" and a "final report," the latter about December 15, 1943, on the Reserve personnel components of the Army.

Records.--The whereabouts of the Committee's records is not known. A few related papers are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334. Summaries of testimony before the Committee are in the records of the Planning Division, Headquarters Army Service Forces.

Army Pearl Harbor Board [243]

Pursuant to a joint resolution of Congress, June 14, 1944 (58 Stat. 276), this Board inquired into the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Its members were detailed from (but not as representatives of) various Army commands, and the Recorder and his staff were supplied by the Judge Advocate General's Office. The Board completed most of its hearings by October 1944 and reported in late 1944 and early 1945.

Records.--The records of the Board (40 feet), which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include transcripts and shorthand notes of proceedings, reports and exhibits, correspondence, personnel records, and certain records (dated 1941) segregated from the files of the Inspector General's Section, Hawaiian Department. The Board's Report (2 vols.) was published in 1944 and 1945 and was republished as part 39 of the Hearings of the

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Congressional Joint Committee on Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack (1946); its proceedings were published as parts 27-31 of the same Hearings. Many of the Board's organizational and administrative papers and letters from the public, July 1944-Dec. 1945, are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

Field Organizations Directly Under the General Staff [244]

Throughout the continental United States and overseas there were a number of agencies that were "exempt" activities, that is, they operated not as field commands of the arms and services but directly under one or more divisions of the War Department General Staff. Administrative services for each of these agencies were usually provided by the appropriate Army command where the agency operated, but technical and policy direction derived from the General Staff.

Intelligence Schools [245]

The schools administered during the war by the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, were of two types. Functionally there were those that provided general and special instruction in intelligence methods and subjects (including some incidental language work) and those that specialized primarily in language study for translation, interrogation, and similar purposes. Administratively some schools were operated at Army installations and some were operated under contract by civilian educational institutions. Within G-2 these training programs were administered and supervised by the Counterintelligence Group (for counterintelligence, censorship, and related instruction until mid-1944), and by the Training Branch (for all other instruction and after mid-1944 for counterintelligence training) Training included both the training of individuals and the organization and training of field units or troop units. Among such units were Intelligence Detachments, Counterintelligence Detachments, Censorship Companies, Censor or Censorship Detachments, a Press Censorship Detachment, a Prisoner of War Censorship Detachment, Interrogation Teams, Language Detachments, Photo Interpreter Teams, and Order of Battle Teams.

Records.--Records of the separate schools are described below.

Counterintelligence Corps Advanced Training School [245a]

From November 1941 to January 1944 counterintelligence training activities were centralized at this School in Chicago. It was the direct successor to the Corps of Intelligence Police Investigators Training School, which had been operated by G-2 at the Army War College, February-November 1941. The students were drawn from the major commands and the Service Commands, and until 1943 they were trained primarily for work in the Zone of the Interior. In 1943 an effort was made to adapt the courses to meet the needs of the overseas theaters of operations. After November 1942, when all Service Commands and Departments established Counterintelligence Corps Preliminary Training Schools, the Chicago School became in

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practice as well as in theory a postgraduate school. Between April and June 1942 an officer candidate school functioned in the Chicago School; it graduated one class. This was the only time during the war that the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, sponsored an officer-training course.

Records--No information is available about the records kept by this School. Records relating to the School are among the records of the G-2 agencies that had jurisdiction over it.

Schools Under the Training Section of the Counterintelligence Corps [245b]

Diminishing Zone of the Interior requirements for counterintelli- gence personnel and increasing demands from the overseas theaters of operations led to the establishment of the Training Section in the Office of the Chief of the Counterintelligence Corps, at Baltimore, which functioned from June 1943 to February 1944. Under that Section was the Counterintelligence Corps Staging Area, located first at Logan Field, Md., July-August 1943, and later at the Holabird Ordnance Depot, Md., August 1943-February 1944. The last 2 weeks of the 6 weeks' Staging Area course were given at Camp Ritchie, Md. Other counterintelligence instruction was offered by G-2 at Fort Hunt, Va., where certain types of interrogation and related work were taught, about 1943-44; at Fort Belvoir, Va., where practical courses on booby traps and other obstacles encountered in the field were given, October 1943-January 1944; and in Special Air Mechanics Schools at Middletown Air Depot, Pa., Chanute Field, Ill., and Hill Field, Utah, July 1943-February 1944, where Counterintelligence Corps personnel was trained in those aspects of aircraft maintenance inspection that were related to security. The Counterintelligence Corps Overseas Pool (the CIC Casual Detachment) at Fort George G. Meade, Md., December 1943-April 1944, had charge of Army Ground Force CIC men awaiting shipment.

From September 1944 to May 1945 all Counterintelligence Corps training was centralized at Camp Ritchie, Md., under the direction of the Intelligence Division of the Army Service Forces in collaboration with the Commandant of Camp Ritchie and under the over-all policy supervision of G-2. In May 1945, while basic CIC training continued to be given at Camp Ritchie, the Army Service Forces established a Counterintelligence Center at Fort Meade to provide advanced training to those who had completed basic courses at Camp Ritchie. Additional counterintelligence courses, mainly for the study of French and German, were given by the Berlitz School of Languages under contract with G-2, September-December 1943, at New York, Chicago, Baltimore, and San Francisco. All this training given in the United States was supplemented in the overseas theaters of operations by various courses, in many cases given by the Allies of the United States.

Records.--The wartime records of the schools at Camp Ritchie, Md., were transferred to the Intelligence Division, General Staff, shortly after the war. Some records of the Counterintelligence Center are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Records relating to the schools are among the records of the G-2 agencies that had jurisdiction over them.

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Censorship Training [245c]

From 1941 to 1944 training for military censorship at staging areas and ports of embarkation was a responsibility of G-2. To carry out this task G-2 operated the Censorship School, offering a 4 weeks' course, at Fort Washington, Md. In connection with the School the Military Censorship Officers Pool was organized. The School ceased to function and the Officers Pool was transferred from G-2 in March 1944, when both the training of censorship personnel and censorship operations in the Zone of the Interior were transferred to the Army Service Forces. The last activity of this sort in which the Military Intelligence Service participated was a series of Nation-wide conferences on military censorship policies and procedures, February-April 1944.

Records.--No information is available about the records of the Censorship School. Records relating to censorship training are among the records of the G-2 agencies that were responsible for it.

General Intelligence Schools [245d]

General intelligence training, as distinguished from counterintelligence and censorship training, was not a significant function of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, until 1942. During 1941 four groups of officers were sent overseas by the War Department as students enrolled in British intelligence courses, since there were no facilities for such training in the United States. In November 1941 the Fourth Army organized a language school at the Presidio, San Francisco. Calif., to train selected Nisei in the military use of the Japanese language. The school was taken over by the Western Defense Command when the latter was created. In January 1942 courses for interrogators of prisoners of war were instituted at Camp Blanding, Fla. In June 1942 the Military Intelligence Training Center (MITC) was activated at Camp Ritchie, Md. This was the first of a group of intelligence schools supervised by the Training Branch of the Operations Group, Military Intelligence Service. They included the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS). discussed below, contract language schools at California, Michigan, Cornell, Indiana, and Yale Universities, and various special courses given at the Pentagon Building in Washington for personnel on duty with Military Intelligence Service.

Records.--No information is available about the records kept by these schools. Records relating to them are among the records of the G-2 agencies that had jurisdiction over them.

Language Schools [245e]

Several Japanese-language schools were managed by G-2. The Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), originally called the Military Intelligence Service Japanese Language School, was the successor to the School for Nisei established in 194f at the Presidio. It was moved to Camp Savage, Minn., in 1942 (when it was taken over by G-2) and to Fort Snelling, Minn., in 1944. The School was charged with training

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not only individual students, but also teams made up of interpreters, interrogators, and translators working together. The Army Intensive Japanese Language Course given at the University of Michigan, October 1942-December 1945, was administratively associated with the Military Intelligence Service Language School in Minnesota, for which it served at first as a preparatory school. When the school at the University of Michigan was abandoned its military personnel and its functions were turned over to the school at Fort Snelling.

G-2 also supervised other language schools. Training in the Chinese language was given from 1943 to September 1945 at the University of California to officer personnel and at Yale University to enlisted personnel. A Russian language course was given for the Army at Indiana and Cornell Universities, May-July 1945. Special courses arranged and administered by the Training Branch were given at the Pentagon Building in Washington for personnel attached to the Military Intelligence Service. These courses, usually short and intensive, were designed to turn out specialists in various phases of the work done by G-2.

Records.--Records of the Language School at Fort Snelling. Minn., are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. No information is available about the records of the other schools, but related records are among the records of the G-2 agencies that had jurisdiction over them.

Military Attachés [246]

Military attachés (M/A's) served long before World War II as War Department representatives attached to State Department diplomatic missions abroad for the purpose of sending regular and special reports on foreign military establishments to G-2, War Department General Staff. The attaché system was continued and expanded during the war. Attachés received advice from the Information Group of the Military Intelligence Service as to the content and value of their reports and were informed of special intelligence needs by means of Periodical Intelligence Questionnaires. During the war the military attachés were under the general administrative jurisdiction of the chiefs of the diplomatic missions to which they were attached, but they were under the immediate supervision of the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, which relied on reports of the attachés as its main source of information on foreign military trends in the years 1939-41.

Before being sent to their duty stations, military attachés were given special training in Washington by the Orientation and Instruction Branch of the Military Intelligence Service. The courses included such topics as the finances of a military-attaché office, German order of battle (later also other nations' order of battle), and codes and ciphers and the study of languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, German, French, Japanese, and Russian.

The locations (sometimes changing) of the many military attaché offices during the war, and the names of the incumbents of these offices, are given in the semiannual "Army List and Directory," 1939, and the "Army Directory,"

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1940-42, but not in the successor "Directory of the Army . . . ," 1943-- 45. Military attachés were supplemented as reporting agents by military observers (MO's), who were assigned to localities where there was no attaché office, and by various military missions (see below).

Records.--The major wartime records of each military attaché are the reports that were sent to Washington and filed in G-2 and other War Department agencies. These reports were forwarded in the form of master copies, from which the necessary number of copies could be reproduced in Washington. They were written and indexed by the writers in accordance with a G-2 manual that was issued in various editions successively entitled "Standing Instructions to Military Attachés" (SIMA), 1939-43, "Standing Instructions of Military Intelligence Service" (SIMIS), 1943-44, and "Basic Intelligence Directive" (BID), from 1944 until the end of the war. The consolidated files of the military-attaché reports are in the custody of the Intelligence Division, General Staff. Copies of some, at least, of the reports are also in the records of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence, Headquarters Army Air Forces, in the records of the intelligence unit in each other major command and technical service of the Army in Washington, and in the records of the Office of Naval Intelligence.

Each wartime military-attaché office abroad currently kept its own set of its reports, as well as correspondence, radio messages, logs of reports sent, and reference materials such as copies of maps and reports of foreign origin. Many of these records, when they became noncurrent, were destroyed by the office that had filed them. Some of them, however, have survived as separate bodies of records. For example, the central files of the office of the military attaché in London (in the custody of that office in 1947) include copies of outgoing correspondence, 1941-45; intelligence and other reports from United States and British sources for the war period; and administrative papers of the office (100 feet). Records of a few attaché offices (for example, Paris, 1945-46; 2 feet) were transferred to the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis. As to the files of messages kept overseas by the military attachés, most of those that were exchanged with Washington, especially those on administrative (nonintelligence) matters, are duplicated in G-2's records. A set of messages exchanged between the military-attaché offices and the headquarters agencies of the War Department is in the extensive master files of messages (now on microfilm), kept in the Office of the Chief of Staff (see entry 166). Of special interest are those messages that are filed (in separate incoming sets, Apr. 1942-45, and outgoing sets, Apr. 1942-Mar. 1944, each chronologically arranged) under the locations of military-attaché offices.

Military Missions [247]

Military missions overseas, including training missions to Latin America and the Middle East, were under the direction of various staff divisions, according to the particular subject matter involved. The missions were usually sent abroad by arrangement between the Chief of Staff

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of the United States and the Chief of Staff of the nation to be visited and were usually composed of officers listed either as military instructors or military observers. The missions lacked diplomatic status and did not necessarily go to the capitals of foreign countries concerned.

United States Military Missions to Latin America [248]

Army missions were sent to virtually all the nations of Latin America between 1941 and 1945, to assist their military establishments in integrating their forces in Western Hemisphere defense, and in particular to assist in training those forces in the use of United States matériel and tactics. Some of these missions were concerned primarily with ground equipment and were variously called United States Military Missions or United States Ground Missions; others were concerned with air training and were called United States Military Air Missions or United States Military Aviation Missions. Most of these missions were controlled by the General Staff, although late in the war some of them were responsible to the United States Army Forces in the South Atlantic. The Caribbean Defense Command provided services for the missions. The missions operated under "Standing Instructions," such as the edition of January 17, 1945. Many of these missions were continued after the war ended in September 1945, when jurisdiction over them was transferred to the Caribbean Defense Command.

Records.--In Oct. 1945 the noncurrent wartime records of at least some of the missions were transferred to the Military Missions Division, Headquarters Caribbean Defense Command. Copies of monthly reports, special reports, correspondence, and "histories" or "final reports" of the missions are among the records of the General Staff and other War Department agencies in Washington.
[See The Framework of Hemisphere Defense and Guarding the Unied States and Its Outposts, two volumes in the U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II series.]

United States Military Mission to the U.S.S.R. [249]

This mission (known also as AMRUS), November 1941-May 1942, assisted the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in handling the receipt of United States war matériel and equipment being transferred under the lend-lease program and advised Soviet Union agencies regarding the training of troops to use the matériel. The Mission was located first in Washington, November-December 1941, and later in Tehran, January-May 1942. After the Mission was discontinued, some of its personnel was reassigned to the United States Military Mission With the Iranian Army (see below).

Records.--The Mission's general files, 1942, radio messages and memoranda, 1942, and Special Orders, 1941-42, were in June 1947 in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis. A few related papers pertaining to the organization, personnel, and work of the Mission are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334 (8 folders, 1941-46).

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United States Military Mission With the Iranian Army [250]

This Mission (known also as AMSIR) was established about May 1942 to assist the Iranian Army in handling its problems of organization, training, and equipment and to help in the transfer of military equipment to Iran under the lend-lease program. The Mission, with headquarters in Tehran, functioned through the war and in the early postwar period.

Records.--A few papers pertaining to the organization, personnel, and supply and training operations of the Mission are in the central records of the War Department, in the ACO; see index sheets filed under AC 334, United States Military Mission With the Iranian Army, 1941-45 (6 folders). No information is available on the Mission's own records.
[See The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia, a volume in the

U.S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II series.]

United States Military Academy [251]

The United States Military Academy (USMA), at West Point, N.Y., operated during the war under the general policy and curriculum supervision of the Organization and Training Division, G-3. The function of the Academy, in war as in peace, is to prepare qualified cadets for duty with the Army as junior officers. The principal effect of the war on the institution was the increase of its student body after 1941 from about 1,800 to some 2,400 and the shortening of its course from 4 years to 3. In order to obtain qualified cadets a preparatory course for the Academy was instituted as a part of the Army Specialized Training Program and a system of competitive examinations was worked out to enable members of the Army of the United States to obtain appointments. When the 3-year course was introduced, the Academy named a faculty Postwar Curriculum Committee (originally the Four-Year Committee) to make general and specific recommendations concerning the curriculum for peacetime instruction. The Committee's recommendations were presented in August 1945. After the end of hostilities and a period of readjustment, the Academy reverted to its 4-year course.

Records.--The wartime records of the United States Military Academy are in its custody. Among the major series of printed documents originating in the Academy during the war are the following: Official Register of Officers and Cadets . . . (annual vols., f939-45); Information Relative to Appointment and Admission (annual eds., 1939-45, entitled Information Pamphlet in 1945); various series of numbered administrative regulations, 1939-45, including General Orders, Special Orders, General Court Martial Orders, Special Court Martial Orders, and Memorandums; "Blue Book"-- or "Orders, U.S. Corps of Cadets"--(looseleaf eds., 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942); and Post Regulations (June 19, 1940 ed., and "Changes," 1940-45). Copies of instructional materials compiled by the Academy's Department of Military Art and Engineering, 1939-45 (1 foot), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Related to the Academy's records are papers among the central records of the War Department, in the AGO, which include an entire separate "project" series pertaining to the Academy, 1940-45 (20 feet).

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Command and General Staff School [252]

This general service school at Fort Leavenworth, Kans., the origins of which antedate the war, was administered by the Army Service Forces under the policy direction of the Organization and Training Division, G-3. During the war the School trained officers in basic command and staff doctrine for duty as general-staff officers of divisions, corps, and analogous air components of the Army. A subsidiary function was to publish an official magazine on command and staff affairs, based largely on research by the faculty and graduates of the school.

Although the School's major function remained unchanged during the war, there were internal changes during the period. In 1939, as in earlier years, the School offered a 1-year course of study, training officers in the individual needs of the divisions of the General Staff. Beginning late in 1940, however, a 4-month curriculum was adopted (later reduced to about 10 weeks), and various new courses were introduced. After numerous modifications, the instructional program as developed by 1944 consisted of seven courses given concurrently, two for Army Air Force officers (AAF Staff Course, Air Staff Service Course), three for Army Ground Force officers (Infantry Course, Armored Course, Antiaircraft Course), and two for Army Service Forces officers (Service Staff Course, Zone of Interior Course).

In addition to these courses several special programs were offered by the School from time to time. A New Divisions Course was designed to give final training to the officers and cadre of divisions just before their activation. Two courses dealing with industrial procurement in the War Department were given to civilians in key positions. During 1943-45 the School also gave training to classes of the Army and Navy Staff College. Courses in the organization and methods of the Army of the United States were offered to Brazilian officers at the request of the Joint Brazil-United States Defense Commission, and a pre-General Staff Course was given for other Latin-American officers. After VE-day a Philippine Postgraduate Course, dealing with the differences between the Army of the United States and that of the Philippines, was introduced.

In 1944 the library of the School included the Historical Map Section and the Archives Section (established in 1943 to care for the classified documents flowing in from theaters of operations and retained for instructional and research purposes).

Records.--The wartime records of the Command and General Staff School include correspondence, policy and working papers, documents collected, and studies prepared during the war. These records are in the custody of the School, except for a few miscellaneous maps, charts, and memoranda of the School's Artillery Branch (1944), a draft of a field manual entitled "Administration" (Jan. 1946), and an interim report, "Logistic Corps" (Apr. 1945), which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Documents issued by the School include General Orders, Special Orders, and Memoranda; Instruction Circulars, July 1939-Sept. 1943; "Schedule . . . Governing Regular and Special Classes," in various editions, 1939-43; course data on antimechanized defense, field-service regulations, the triangular infantry division.

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and other subjects; and the School's official magazine, successively entitled the Quarterly Review of Military Literature, 1939-Mar. 1943, and the monthly Military Review, since Apr. 1943.

Army War College [253]

Before the war, this long-established general service school in Washington, under the policy direction of G3, trained officers for command and staff duties with field armies. After the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939 the College suspended instruction, and its faculty was used to help staff the General Headquarters, United States Army, 1940-42, and for similar staff purposes thereafter. Peacetime functions of the Army War College that continued during the war included its library service (operated primarily for the benefit of the Army Ground Forces, the headquarters of which made use of the College buildings) and the work of its Historical Section.

The Historical Section, established shortly after World War I, was the central agency for War Department and Army historical activities between 1939 and 1943, and all components of the War Department and the Army were required to submit historical information and records of their activities to it. The main activity of the Section during World War II was to compile historical studies relating to World War I and to American experience in military government between 1846 and 1920. Its jurisdiction over historical activities pertaining to World War II was transferred to the Historical Branch established in 1943 in the Military Intelligence Division, G-2. The Historical Section continued to do some work related to World War II, however, such as the preparation of chronologies. Shortly after the war ended, this activity was transferred to the Historical Division, War Department General Staff (successor to the Historical Branch), and the Historical Section was abolished.

Records.--Most of the wartime records of the Army War College are in its custody. The Historical Section's administrative correspondence and its histories of individual units are in the Army's Historical Division; copies of its studies on World War I and the postwar period, 1917-20, prepared in 1942-43, are in the National Archives Library. The College's Library published two wartime bulletins of general interest: The Library Bulletin (monthly), listing accessions to the Library; and Abstracts of Selected Periodical Articles of Military Interest (monthly), Apr. 1944-Dec. 1945.

Civil Affairs Holding and Staging Area [254]

This organization (known also as CASA) served as the final advanced training center where teams made up of civil-affairs personnel were organized and given instruction just before shipment to the Far East. Authorized by War Department directive in June 1944 and activated in July at Fort Ord, Calif., the Area was moved in February 1945 to the Presidio of Monterey, Calif. The Area was directly under the supervision of the Civil Affairs Division, with administrative services furnished by the

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Ninth Service Command. Students were received from other civil-affairs schools, directly from civilian life, or from other Army assignments. In October 1944 the Naval CASA was established in conjunction with the Army CASA, and thereafter the venture was conducted jointly. The Area's function for the Far East was analogous to that of a similar establishment operated by the European Theater of Operations in Shrivenham, England, where civil-affairs personnel for Europe were given final training.

As the Civil Affairs Holding and Staging Area expanded, it went through many reorganizations until it reached an organizational pattern like that of the War Department General Staff, with a special staff to serve its own needs. Four divisions of CASA's general staff were analogous to the "G" divisions of the War Department General Staff--the Personnel, S-1, Intelligence, S-2, Operations and Training, S-3, and Supply, S-4, Divisions. The fifth division, established in December 1944, bore the name of Theater Planning and Research Division, S-5, and represented a consolidation and expansion of the activities of the former Functional Division and of parts of the Operations and Training Division, S-3. S-5 thus came to be responsible for most of the training and indoctrination for which CASA was primarily responsible, and the other general-staff divisions apparently came to perform, each within its own field, work relating to the administration and operation of the organization as a whole. Most of the special-staff divisions in CASA between the fall of 1944 and September 1945 had functions analogous to those of the Technical Services of Army Service Forces. CASA was discontinued in February 1946.

Records.--The wartime records of the Civil Affairs Holding and Staging Area and of its predecessor at Fort Ord, 1942-46, are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Related papers are among the records of the Civil Affairs Division, described in entry 207. A copy of CASA's military-government technical manual, "Administration of Japanese Public and Private Finance" (Aug. 1945), is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

ARMY AIR FORCES [255]

Although the Army's air arm was not formally designated as the Army Air Forces until June 1941, its fundamental functions pertaining to the development and employment of military aviation had been basically established earlier, during a long period of rapid technological development and slow administrative growth that began in 1907 when the Aeronautical Division was established in the War Department and assigned to the Signal Corps. In 1918 air matters were delegated to the new Air Service, established separately from the Signal Corps and confirmed by an act of June 4, 1920; and under an act of July 2, 1926, the air arm was renamed the Air Corps. This name was used until June 1941, when the Air Corps was renamed the Army Air Forces (AAF), the designation that continued through the war. After the war, late in 1947, the Army Air Forces became the Department of the Air Force. The various wartime staff agencies of AAF in

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Washington, the AAF commands in the continental United States, and typical AAF combat and service units in the field are separately described below.

Records.--Records were created during the war by AAF organizations at virtually all echelons in Washington and in the field. The activities of the Army Air Forces were also extensively documented in the records of higher and parallel headquarters within the War Department. Records of wartime AAF organizations were administered in accordance with regulations and practices prescribed by The Adjutant General, and in 1944 and 1945, in accordance with supplementary directives prepared by the Records Administration Office, Office of the Air Adjutant General, AAF Headquarters. A comprehensive directive of this sort is Records Administration: Disposition of Records (AAF Manual 80-0-1, March 1946. 69 p.).

Besides the records kept separately by the many AAF agencies in Washington and the field, which are individually described below, there are certain specialized types of AAF records, chiefly field records, that have been centralized by the postwar United States Air Force (USAF) in the following special Air Force records depositories: The Air Force Contract Records Depository, the Air Force Matériel Engineering. Research, and Development Records Depository, and the Air Force Motion Picture Film Depository, all at Wright Field, Ohio; the Air Force Weather Records Depository, in New Orleans, La.; and the Air Force Still Photography Depository and the Air Force Aeronautical Charts Depository, both in Washington. Records of another specialized type--individual records of trainees in the AAF--have been integrated, along with other individual personnel records, in the consolidated "201" files (personnel folders) for demobilized military personnel, in the Records Administration Center. AGO. St. Louis; individual flight records (form AAF 5) are at Langley Field, Va.

See Air Historical Group. United States Air Force, The Army Air Forces in World War II (2 vols. published, 1948-49; 5 other vols. in preparation); Army Air Forces, AAF, the Official Guide to the Army Air Forces (Pocket Books, 1944, 380 p.) which is complete in coverage; H. H. Arnold. Global Mission (New York, 1949. 626 p.); and George E. Stratemeyer, "Administrative History of U.S. Army Air Forces," in Air Affairs, an International Quarterly, 1: 510-525 (Summer 1947), which emphasizes the organizational status of AAF in World War II. Important articles on AAF in World War II have been published in the monthly magazine Air Force, 1943-45, and the Air University Quarterly Review, Spring 1947-date. Monthly listings of all major field commands, subordinate administrative units, troop units, and airfields and bases of AAF in the United States, 1943-45 are in the AAF section (averaging about 175 p.) of the monthly "Directory of the Army . . .," issued by the Adjutant General's Office.

Headquarters Army Air Forces [256]

In 1939 the headquarters functions of the Air Corps in the continental United States were divided between the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps (OCAC), which was concerned with matériel, training, and related noncombat air matters, and the General Headquarters Air Force, which was established at Langley Field in 1935 for unit training and tactical employment. The General Headquarters Air Force became increasingly

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independent after 1939. except for the interval between July 1940 and June 1941, when combat air units in the continental United States reverted to the nominal jurisdiction of the newly created, ground-controlled General Headquarters, United States Army. In November 1940 Maj. Gen. H. H. Arnold, Chief of the Air Corps, was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff for Air, and in June 1941 he was appointed to the newly created position of Chief of the Army Air Forces, with control over both the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps and the General Headquarters Air Force. The latter was renamed at the same time the Air Force Combat Command and was located at Boiling Field, D.C.

Shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Chief of the Army Air Forces was appointed a member of both the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff. The higher status of AAF Headquarters was confirmed in February and March 1942 when a general reorganization of the War Department was put into effect. By this reorganization AAF was placed directly under the Secretary of War and the War Department General Staff and was made coordinate with the Army Ground Forces and the Services of Supply (later the Army Service Forces). By the same move, the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps and the General Headquarters Air Force were merged into the single Headquarters Army Air Forces, which was given centralized staff control over all Air Corps organizations and installations in the continental United States. By 1942 a few overseas functions had also been placed under the staff control of AAF Headquarters, a deviation from the traditional Army pattern of delegating overseas operations to autonomous theater commands.

Thus AAF, through its representation on the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, was directly concerned with the over-all strategic direction of the war, including the commitment of men and matériel to the air forces in the combat theaters. Most of the staff divisions of AAF Headquarters were also constantly concerned with preparing policy studies for the Commanding General and serving on the many subcommittees of the joint and combined staffs on behalf of AAF. By 1942 certain global organizations were under the staff supervision of AAF Headquarters, notably the Air Transport Command, the AAF Weather Service, and the Army Airways Communications System, each of which had a network of organizations operating with substantial autonomy in the several theaters of operations (see Global Air Services). In November 1944 another major function was transferred to AAF Headquarters--the responsibility (previously exercised by the Signal Corps) for the development, procurement, and installation of air-related radio and radar equipment and for the related electronics personnel and training functions.

[256a] Staff organization.--Command responsibility for these air ma- teriel, training, service, and operational planning functions was exercised concurrently by the Chief of the Air Corps and the Commanding General, General Headquarters Air Force, 1939-June 1941; by the Chief of the Army Air Forces, June 1941-March 1942; and by the Commanding General, Army Air Forces, 1942-45.

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In 1939 the activities of Headquarters were handled by 7 major divisions, which in June 1941 were made subordinate to several Assistant Chiefs of the Air Staff. In March 1942 these staff offices and divisions, and certain functions and personnel shifted from the staff sections of the discontinued Air Force Combat Command at Boiling Field, D. C, were reorganized. In March 1943, as a result of another reorganization, 6 air staff offices were established, with the remaining field commands--14 in number--decentralized outside of Washington except for the Air Transport Command. These 6 staff offices, together with several special-staff offices organized in 1942 and later, persisted until the end of August 1945. Their functions and records, together with those of their predecessors, are separately described below.

[256b] Records.--Most of the central records of AAF Headquarters, 1939-45, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The records for 1939-45 are in several major series that usually antedate 1939 and extend beyond 1945. The two chief ones are the security-classified central files and the unclassified central files, each of which is organized first by several major chronological periods and next under several hundred decimal numbers corresponding (with many consolidations and deviations, however) to the War Department Decimal File System.Other major series include: An extensive "foreign file," arranged by foreign areas or overseas commands, which contains correspondence and other papers bearing not only on AAF's relations with foreign countries but also on AAF operations in them; "201" files (personnel folders) for Women Air Service Pilots (WASP) personnel; name files on civilian employees in AAF or employed by AAF contractors about whom there were employee-relations problems and questions of transfers to military service, 1942-47; several small series of miscellaneous wartime papers kept in AAF Headquarters by key officers; the central files of the General Headquarters Air Force and its successor Air Force Combat Command, 1934-42; and an extensive body of so-called "bulk" files, originally kept by the central records unit of AAF Headquarters, which consist of many subseries of narrative reports, statistical reports, documentary compilations, and selected accumulations of office files that remain intact and separate from the main series.

These central records are a massive and comprehensive record of the Army Air Forces. They contain correspondence, intra-Headquarters memoranda, daily and weekly "diaries" of staff offices, minutes of staff meetings, staff studies, tables of organization and manning tables for AAF field organizations and troop units, narrative and statistical reports, and other papers that in subject matter cover the whole range of AAF interests and activities during the war. Also in these records, especially in the "bulk" files, are copies of documents (frequently in series) that originated in other agencies. For example, in the "bulk" files are selected State Department dispatches, Feb.--Apr. 1941 (filed under 311.22); copies of some of the documents of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, and their committees, 1942-45 (filed under 313.3, 319.1, 350.06); bulletins of the National Research

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Council's Committee on Aviation Medicine, 1940-42 (filed under 300.5); copies of unpublished research reports of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (filed under 400.112); copies of the War Production Board's "Official Munitions Production of the United States," 1943 (the monthly statistical summary, also called "OMPUS," filed under 400.17); copies of monthly progress reports and research reports of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, 1941-45 (filed under 319.1 and 400.112); and partial sets of some of the documents issued by the Royal Air Force, for example, the monthly "Coastal Command Review," Dec. 1942-May 1943 (filed under 322).

Records that were kept separately in the several offices of AAF Headquarters are described below. Further information about some of them (including data on the types of papers kept only temporarily in particular offices) is in the Records Disposition Schedules prepared by the various offices about May-June 1946 for the Records Administration Office of AAF Headquarters; these schedules are on file in the National Archives and in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Of all these wartime records, about 14,000 feet are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO; about 8,000 feet are in the Air Historical Group; and a small but undetermined quantity of records are in the successor offices of Headquarters, United States Air Force.

In addition to the above-mentioned bodies of records of the Army Air Forces, there are several series of related records that contain important data on AAF Headquarters. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain many AAF-related items, some of which (but by no means all) are duplicated in AAF's central records. As a guide to these AGO materials, there are index sheets for each subject as well as lengthy series of index sheets for AAF as a whole; the latter are filed under AG 020 Chief of the Army Air Forces (6 linear feet, 1940-45), AG 029 Air Corps (12 linear feet, 1940-43), AG 029 Army Air Forces (6 linear feet, 1941-43), AG 322 Army Air Forces (6 linear feet, 1941-45), and AG 322 Air Force Combat Command (including predecessor General Headquarters Air Force, 3 linear feet, 1940-42). There is also a lengthy "project" series in those central records, arranged alphabetically by AAF organization. Weekly activity summaries by AAF Headquarters, 1942-45, were reproduced in the minutes of the General Council (see entry 167).

Office of the Commanding General [257]

The Commanding General of the Army Air Forces and his predecessors were responsible to the Chief of Staff and (for matériel procurement) to the Undersecretary of War for all activities of AAF Headquarters, the AAF commands and air forces in the continental United States, and the four AAF global service organizations. In practice, however, the Commanding General was at the same time directly responsible to the Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, and (by virtue of his membership on the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff)

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the President of the United States as Commander in Chief. The Commanding General also served as Chairman of the Joint Aircraft Committee and as a member of the Aeronautical Board.

The Commanding General's immediate staff included the Chief of the Air Staff (C/AS), 1941-45--an official who was known also after 1943 as the Deputy Commanding General, AAF--and from one to three officers entitled Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DC/AS). Various operating units were attached from time to time to the Office of the Commanding General or its predecessors. Between 1939 and 1941 the Medical, Buildings and Grounds, Fiscal, and Legal Divisions were directly responsible to the Executive, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps. Between June 1941 and March 1942 the Budget Section, the Statistics Section, and the Office of the Air Adjutant General were directly under the Chief of the Air Staff. In 1944 and 1945 the Office of the Secretary of the Air Staff was a unit in the Office of the Commanding General. In 1945 the Scientific Advisory Group was set up in the Office. Three other units that were in the Office of the Commanding General when the war ended, Management Control and its Statistical Control Division, and the Air Historical Office, are separately described below.

Records.--Most of the activities of the Commanding General and his immediate office are extensively documented in the central records of AAF Headquarters, mentioned above, and in the records of various units that are described below. Among the central records are General Arnold's monthly letters to the senior air commanders overseas, about 1942-45. Some records that were kept for the Commanding General, the Chief of the Air Staff, and the Deputy Chief, 1941-45 (34 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The radio messages of AAF Headquarters, 1941-45, consisting of copies of virtually all incoming and outgoing radio messages of the War Department that dealt with AAF and AAF-related matters, are in two groups. One group consists of the top-secret messages, including "limited distribution" messages, which were in the Message and Cable Division, AAF Headquarters, early in 1947. The other group consists of two sets of the other messages, slightly different in coverage and arrangement, which are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. These are all duplicated, item for item if not in exact arrangement, in the master files of War Department messages in the Office of the Chief of Staff. Copies of 11 of the studies of the Scientific Advisory Group, dealing with aviation medicine, guided missiles, fuels, aircraft power plants, radar, explosives, and weather, are in the custody of the Air Historical Group.

Management Control[257a]

This office appears to have inherited functions and records of the Administrative Division of about the period 1940-42, and it was known for a part of the period 1942-43 as the Directorate of Management Control. In 1945 the office had five divisions. The Organizational Planning Division controlled changes in functional assignments, jurisdictions, and responsibilities within AAF Headquarters and, in part, in AAF field commands;

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and it also controlled the issuance of AAF administrative publications. The Operations Analysis Division, 1944-45, was concerned with the recruitment, selection, training, and overseas assignment of operations analysts, who were usually organized into Operations Analysis Sections in overseas air commands. These analysts were experts who, like the official historians throughout AAF and the experts attached to the United States Strategic Bombing Survey in Europe and the Pacific, were concerned with preparing comprehensive studies of the effectiveness of air power in the war. The Manpower Division in 1943 received from the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Personnel, certain functions with respect to bulk allotments and authorizations of AAF military and civilian personnel throughout the continental United States, and it represented AAF on the War Department Manpower Board. The Administrative Services Division handled office space, supplies, communications, and other "housekeeping" services for AAF Headquarters. It controlled AAF printing and publishing in the continental United States, through the AAF Printing Control Board and the Area Printing Control Offices, one of which was located adjacent to each of the 12 regional Air Technical Service Commands; and it was responsible for the selection and procurement of field technical libraries for AAF installations. The Statistical Control Division is separately described below.

After the war Management Control was broken up and most of its divisions and other units were transferred with their records to the Office of the Air Adjutant General.

Records.--Records of Management Control are intermingled with those of the Office of the Air Adjutant General in that Office. Among the records of the two offices are Special Orders, General Orders, and letter orders to military personnel issued by AAF Headquarters; a card record of officers stationed at AAF Headquarters; the Records Administrator's correspondence with records administrators in the Adjutant General's Office, in AAF Headquarters, and in AAF field commands; the Publications Division's record copies of forms and administrative publications of AAF Headquarters and field commands; copies of periodicals and newspapers issued by AAF installations and organizations; and an unpublished card index to theAir Corps News Letter(to 1942, when theLetterwas discontinued). The following records are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: The Air Adjutant General's reading file of correspondence, 1942-45 (14 feet); Records Disposition Schedules for AAF Headquarters agencies and field commands and reports on records destroyed, 1944-45; and records of the AAF Printing Control Board and of five regional Area Printing Control Offices, 1943-45 (14 feet). The diaries of operating units of Management Control and of the Air Adjutant General, 1942-45, a history of the Air Adjutant General's Office, 1941-43, various studies on AAF organization and administrative control (prepared by the AAF Historical Office), a set of Management Control's "Organization of the Army Air Forces," about 1942-45, reports and other records of the Operations Analysis Division, 1944-45, are in the custody of the Air Historical Group.

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Statistical Control Division [257b]

This Division, 1942-45, which originated in the Research and Statistics Section of the Administrative Division, had control over the statistical reporting system throughout the Army Air Forces, with responsibilities for the organization and training of statistical control units (SCU's) for field duty, the use of machine tabulating and teletype services for statistical reporting, and the preparation of statistical analyses on aircraft and equipment, personnel and training, combat operations, and the strength, trends, and disposition of foreign air forces. The Division was placed under the office of Air Controller in 1946.

Records.--Most of the records of the Division are in its custody. They consist of record copies, some of them microfilm copies, of most of its reports, analyses, and tabulations. These records cover comprehensively the matériel, training, and combat operations and other activities of AAF during the war and are arranged primarily according to the Division's "Statistical Digest, World War II" (1945) and its "List of Recurring Reports" (various eds., 1942-45). Other records of the Division include administrative correspondence on AAF statistical and machine-records activities in Washington, in the continental United States, and overseas; records of statistical-training activities, including applications of persons graduated from the AAF Statistical School at Harvard University and rosters and "201" personnel folders for AAF statistical personnel, both military and civilian; "organization status files" with a related card index to AAF units in the continental United States and overseas; and copies of published and unpublished reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, 1945-46. Records of the Statistical Control Division in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include copies of movement orders and related papers, 1942-45; weekly status and operations reports (form 34) for all overseas Air Forces except the XX Air Force, for the air commands at Atlantic bases, and for the French Air Force in the Mediterranean, 1942-45 (104 feet). Another set of these weekly reports and some of the other recurring and special reports are in the custody of the Air Historical Group.

Air Historical Office [258]

The Historical Division, established in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence, in July 1942, was renamed the Air Historical Office and assigned to the Secretary of the Air Staff in August 1945. It performed supervisory, writing, and records-preservation functions relating to the preparation of official histories of AAF units in World War II. It supervised the historical program, which extended to AAF commands and air forces both in the continental United States and overseas; reviewed, accessioned, and filed organization histories and supporting documents received from air historical officers in the field; prepared about 100 unpublished monographs on phases or areas of precombat and combat operations

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of the AAF; and planned the postwar program for a comprehensive 7-volume history, Army Air Forces in World War II, of which 2 volumes (covering the early war years) had been published by the end of 1949. The division also maintained a historical reference service for the air staff and other War Department offices concerned with air matters and a biographical information service on key AAF personnel; and it prepared various chronologies of AAF activities for the period 1909-44. After the war the Office was renamed the Air Historical Group and made a part of the Air University, and in September 1949 it was moved to the University's headquarters at Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.

Records.--The records of the Air Historical Office, in the custody of the successor Air Historical Group, consist of its small body of administrative records, which contain documents on the evolution of the wartime historical program of the AAF, and its large Historical Collection (8,000 feet). The latter group consists chiefly of official, unpublished histories of AAF air forces, commands, subordinate commands, airfields and air bases, and troop units and extensive quantities of supporting documents that were assembled by the historical officers chiefly in the overseas air forces and commands and were forwarded to AAF Headquarters, mostly from 1943 to 1947. These documents, together with the series of "AAF Historical Studies" and "Reference Histories" prepared in the Office and the diaries, historical summaries, and related historical documents prepared or assembled by offices within AAF Headquarters, are listed in a shelf-list catalog and are being described and arranged according to echelon and organization under the following major categories: AAF Headquarters, AAF Commands in the Zone of the Interior, Global Air Services, Western Hemisphere Theater, European Theater, Mediterranean Theater, Pacific Theaters, China-Burma-India Theater, and Lower-Echelon Units (groups, squadrons, and other troop units that were common in type to more than one major AAF command or theater). Some of the major items or categories of material in this collection are listed in the periodic "Accession Lists" (Nos. 1-29, Jan. 1945-July 1949) of the Historical Division and its successors, a set of which is on file in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Also in the custody of the Air Historical Group are records of the historical sections of some of the overseas Air Forces, interfiled in the above collection; a series of "project books" kept in AAF Headquarters, June-Dec. 1941, on a program for developing military air routes to the Philippine Islands; and several other series of records that represent parts of the records of AAF or related agencies (for example, the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Plans; the Air Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces; and the Anti-Submarine Command). Such series are usually separately mentioned elsewhere in this volume, in the appropriate agency entry.

See "The AAF Tells Its Story," in Air Force, 29: 20 (May 1946); and Army Industrial College, Historical Program of the Army Air Forces (1945. 30 p.), which contains statements on the historical program by representatives of the Historical Division.

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Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Personnel [259]

The personnel functions of AAF Headquarters were performed by two units (one for military and one for civilian personnel), 1939-41; by the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff, A-1, and its subdivisions, 1941-43; and by the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Personnel (AC/AS Personnel), and its subdivisions, 1943-45.

From 1939 to June 1941 the Personnel Division of the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, renamed the Military Personnel Division in March 1941, was concerned with commissioned officers, enlisted men, aviation cadets, and personnel in Reserve and National Guard aviation. It had responsibility also for air medical personnel until this responsibility was transferred about November 1940 to the Medical Division (see entry 305). At the same time the Civilian Personnel Section (later Division) of the Administrative Division was concerned not only with personnel matters in Headquarters but also with the recruitment, training, and use of civilians in the growing field establishment for technical training, supply maintenance, and other air specialties. In June 1941 the position of Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-1, was established and superimposed on these divisions, an arrangement that continued until March 1943.

In March 1943 staff functions concerning personnel were redistributed within the new Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Personnel, which remained in existence until after the end of the war. It continued the major military and civilian personnel programs; expanded others, notably programs for personal welfare, decorations, and awards; and in late 1943 and early 1944 undertook planning for the demobilization of personnel and for the postwar air force. AC/AS Personnel represented the Army Air Forces on the Joint Army and Navy Personnel Board during the war; had line authority over the Redistribution Center (later renamed the Personnel Distribution Command), 1943-45; and served as personnel director for Headquarters XX Air Force. The staff work and headquarters operations involved in these personnel functions were handled between 1943 and 1945 by the divisions described below.

Records.--The records of the Office and of its divisions that are scheduled for permanent or indefinite retention include policy correspondence, memoranda, and studies pertaining to officer selection, efficiency ratings, flying status, the pay of enlisted men, military manpower in the AAF, the naming of airfields, and personnel organization and administration in headquarters and in the field. Among these records also are reports from AAF installations on civilian personnel inspections, audits, and manpower surveys; copies of "exact manning tables"; card files on overseas shipments of personnel; and reports on missing aircrews and indexes of individual military casualties. Most of these records in Dec. 1946 were in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-1.

Records now in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include correspondence relating to accident and life insurance for Air Corps military personnel, 1937-41; correspondence relating to the commissioning of civilians

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as AAF officers, Jan.-Sept. 1942; records relating to surveys of civilian and military manpower, of manpower requirements, and personnel utilization in field commands and agencies, 1943-48; movement orders assigning AAF personnel overseas, 1943-46 (32 feet); "exact manning tables" and related correspondence and statistical summaries on the reduction of the civilian strength in AAF Headquarters, 1945-46 (1 foot); record cards for individual trainees, 1922-44, and for officers (Reserve, National Guard, and Army of the United States) formerly on active duty, 1943-47; and several series of name files pertaining to various programs of civilian awards from 1943, notably the Emblem for Exceptional Civilian Service, the Certificate for Meritorious Civilian Service, and the Ideas for Victory award.

Many other records that document the activities of AC/AS Personnel are in the central records of AAF Headquarters, the cable and radio messages of AAF Headquarters, and the consolidated "201" files (individual personnel folders) in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis. Copies of selected correspondence and reports of AC/AS Personnel, about 1939-45, daily diaries of virtually all its divisions and branches, 1943-45, several personnel studies by the Air Historical Office, 1943-46, and a 1-volume unpublished history of "The WAC Program in the Army Air Forces" (about 1946), are in the Air Historical Group.

Military Personnel Division [260]

Personnel matters concerning officers and enlisted men were handled by this Division. In 1945 it consisted of the following eight branches: Officers Branch, Enlisted Branch, Aviation Cadet Branch, Requirements and Resources Branch, Analysis and Selection Branch, Classification and Separations Branch (in which all except aircrew tests were handled), Foreign Assignments Branch (with a section for each of the theaters of operations), and Demobilization and Personnel Readjustment Branch. In addition, AC/AS Personnel provided the recording and administrative services for the Officers Selection Board of the Army Air Forces and maintained the Unit Personnel Office, which served as the personnel adjutant for AAF Headquarters.

Records.--See entry 259.

Civilian Personnel Division [261]

This Division supervised civilian personnel and training throughout AAF and handled AAF staff relations with the Civilian Personnel Division of the Office of the Secretary of War and with the Civil Service Commission. By 1945 the Division consisted of seven branches: Classification and Wage Administration Branch; Standards Branch (with a Deferment Section); Training Branch; Employee Relations Branch; Pay Roll Audit and Survey Branch; Placement Branch; and Time and Pay Roll Branch. The last two were concerned only with AAF Headquarters civilian personnel.

Records.--Among the Division's records in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are its central files, 1941-46 (77 feet); a chronological series

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of correspondence about officers assigned to civilian-personnel work, 1943-46; a series on the use of uniforms by shop employees, guards, and other civilian employees in the field, 1943-46; and records of the Classification and Wage Administration Branch on local wage problems of ungraded positions in the field (arranged by AAF field command), 1942-46. See also entry 259.

Air Chaplain Division [262]

This Division, known also as the Air Chaplain's Office, was responsible for AAF interests in chaplain personnel and services. It dealt with the Office of the Chief of Chaplains; prepared and submitted requirements for chaplain personnel and services throughout the Army Air Forces; made recommendations for the improvement of chaplain personnel, training, and services; and conducted inspections of the activities of chaplains in the field.

Records.--See entry 259.

Air WAC Division [263]

Established in March 1943 as the Air WAC Office in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution and transferred to AC/AS Personnel about October 1943, this Division represented AAF needs and interests to the Director of the Women's Army Corps; engaged in research and planning for the procurement, utilization, and welfare of WAC personnel in the Army Air Forces; and inspected WAC personnel and units in AAF organizations in the field.

Records.--See entry 259.

Air Provost Marshal Division [264]

The interests of the Army Air Forces in military police units in the field were handled by this Division, June 1944-August 1945. It had functioned earlier as the Air Provost Marshal's Office, first under the Director of Base Services, March 1942-March 1943, and later under the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution, March 1943-June 1944. The Division dealt with the Provost Marshal General's Office on such matters as AAF personnel and training requirements for guard squadrons and military police units; the protection of industrial facilities under contract to AAF; security enforcement at AAF installations; and the rehabilitation of garrison prisoners at AAF installations.

Records.--Among the Division's records in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are records of investigations of trainees and officer candidates, 1941-43 (103 feet); reports of security violations in AAF Headquarters and papers on the clearance of foreign nationals to visit AAF field installations, 1943-44; and correspondence and reports about the rehabilitation of garrison prisoners, 1944-47, arranged by AAF field command. See also entry 259.

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Personnel Services and Personal Affairs Divisions [265]

Morale activities for Army Air Forces military personnel were handled by the Special Services Division, established in March 1943 and later divided into the Personnel Services and the Personal Affairs Divisions. The Personnel Services Division was concerned with the various morale, orientation, and educational services available to AAF military personnel through the "special services" and the "information and education" programs of the Army Service Forces and of the Personnel Division, G-1, War Department General Staff. In August 1945 the Personnel Services Division functioned through the Information and Education Branch (including a Library and Hostess Section); and the Special Services Branch (with sections for Army Exchange Liaison, Bands and Music, Entertainment and Recreation, and Insignia and Uniform). The Personal Affairs Division was concerned with the staff aspects of various types of personal assistance to AAF military personnel and their dependents, including financial guidance, family-welfare assistance, veterans' assistance and help given by the Army Emergency Relief, the AAF Aid Society, and the American National Red Cross; and it handled directly the notifications and condolences to next-of-kin of AAF personnel who were missing, wounded, or killed in action. The Division also administered the Personal Affairs School in New York City.

Records.--See entry 259.

Awards Division [266]

Awards to military personnel throughout the AAF, and to civilian personnel in Headquarters, were handled by this Division, established in 1944 as a division separate from the Military Personnel Division and the Civilian Personnel Division, which previously had handled awards functions. The Awards Division provided the recording and administrative services for the AAF Board on Military Awards and the AAF Board on Civilian Awards; prepared citations; and processed, reviewed, recorded, and otherwise handled decorations and awards.

Records.--See entry 259.

Ground Safety Division [267]

Established in 1944, this Division had staff functions pertaining to the elimination of nonflying hazards and accidents and the prevention of injury and loss of life by AAF military and civilian personnel while on the ground. The Division was small, without any subdivisions, and confined its safety activities primarily to AAF operations at depots, training centers, and other AAF installations in the continental United States.

Records.--Much of this Division's wartime correspondence and its other records were currently interfiled in the central records of AAF Headquarters (see entry 256b) and in the general records of AC/AS Personnel (see entry 259). The following records, separately kept by this Division, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Correspondence, manuals, and other papers on ground-safety courses given for AAF at various civilian colleges.

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and minutes of and other papers relating to meetings of the AAF Safety Council, the War Department Safety Council, and the National Safety Congress, 1943-46.

Plans and Liaison Division [268]

In 1944 planning for the demobilization of AAF military personnel at the end of the war and the personnel aspects of the postwar air force was provided for by the establishment of this Division.

Records.--See entry 259.

Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence [269]

The air intelligence functions of Army Air Forces Headquarters included the collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information about AAF combat activities and about the strength, vulnerability, and tactical and technical trends of foreign air forces and foreign military powers-- Allied, enemy, and neutral; the analysis of the effect of Allied air attacks on the enemy's military and economic strength; counterintelligence activities; and training activities related to the above functions. From 1939 to November 1940 some of these functions were performed by the Intelligence Section of the Information Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps. In November 1940 this Section became the Intelligence Division, on which there was superimposed in June 1941 the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-2 (AC/AS A-2). Certain additional air intelligence responsibilities were subsequently transferred to AC/AS A-2 from the Military Intelligence Division, G-2, War Department General Staff. In March 1943 the office was renamed AC/AS Intelligence, and it bore this name until the end of August 1945, when it became AC/AS-2.

The staff functions of the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence, included certain activities outside AAF Headquarters. The Office had line authority over the Air Intelligence School at Harrisburg, Pa., 1942-43, and the Arctic, Desert, and Tropic Information Center, 1943-44; represented the Army Air Forces on the Combined Intelligence Committee and the Joint Intelligence Committee, 1943-45; provided the Director and part of the staff of the interallied, interdepartmental Joint Target Group, which prepared target data for use in the war against the Japanese, 1944-45; and participated, with staff personnel and other facilities, in the work of the joint Army-Navy Technical Air Intelligence Center at Anacostia, D.C., 1944-45.

Various nonintelligence matters were handled from time to time by AC/AS Intelligence and its predecessors. The Information Division, 1939-Novem-ber 1940, had a Public Relations Section, which later became a special staff office for public information, and a Map, Photo, and Library Section, the three aspects of which ultimately were absorbed in the Aeronautical Chart Service, the Photographic Division of AC/AS Intelligence, and the War Department Library, respectively. The Historical Division, first under AC/AS A-2 and later under AC/AS Intelligence, July 1942-August 1945.

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was concerned with the AAF historical program and not primarily with current combat intelligence and enemy intelligence; it was transferred in August 1945 to the Secretary of the Air Staff in the Office of the Commanding General.

In August 1945 AC/AS Intelligence had a Plans and Policy Staff and six major divisions, each of which is described below.

Records.--The major body of records of AC/AS Intelligence are the holdings of the Air Intelligence Library (see entry 271). Among the important series of reports originating in or reproduced and disseminated by AC/AS Intelligence are the following: "Air Forces General Information Bulletin" (AFGIB), monthly, about 1942-44; "Informational Intelligence Summary," semimonthly, about 1943-44; "Impact," 1943-45; "Photo Intelligence Reports" (PIR's) on European and Far Eastern bombing targets, about 1943-45; "Technical Air Intelligence Summaries," monthly, about 1942-45; "Counter Intelligence Bulletins," semimonthly, about 1942-43; "Air Objective Folders" on particular European and Far Eastern bombardment targets, numbered, 1942-44; "Airport Directories" and "Air Route Guides" for selected foreign countries and areas, 1942-44; and reports of the Survey of Foreign Experts, 1943, describing the economic, social, and psychological situation in enemy, enemy-occupied, and neutral countries. Extra sets of many of these reports are in the "bulk" central records of AAF Headquarters and in 1945 were among the records of the Office of Strategic Services.

Other records of AC/AS Intelligence are the administrative records of the Office Services Section, pertaining mostly to budgets and to personnel, both civilian and military, assigned to intelligence duties in AAF Headquarters; comprehensive estimates of air capabilities and strategic vulnerability of enemy nations and coalitions; reports on the capture of enemy equipment and records; and copies of reports of counterintelligence units in the continental United States and related administrative correspondence on such matters. Some of these records have been transferred to the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Copies of some of the intelligence studies prepared by AC/AS Intelligence, 1940-45, selected copies of its correspondence, copies of aeronautical correspondence censored by the Counterintelligence Division, 1942-45, and a set of virtually all diaries kept by AC/AS Intelligence and its divisions and branches, 1942-45, are in the Air Historical Group. A file of historical data on the Air Intelligence School, Harrisburg, about 1942-43 (6 vols.), is in the central records of AAF Headquarters (filed in the "bulk" files under 352).

See Assistant Chief of Air Staff, <>Intelligence, Mission Accomplished: Interrogations of Japanese Industrial, Military, and Civil Leaders of World War II (1946. 110 p.), which contains (p. 1-42) a history of AAF's interrogation and related intelligence work.

Plans and Policy Staff [270]

This organization and its predecessors handled AAF intelligence interests in the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff; served as part of a permanent working subcommittee of the Joint

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Intelligence Committee; and prepared and revised the Policy Manual governing such matters as organization and personnel within AC/AS Intelligence. Under this Staff was an Administrative Control Office, which not only provided administrative services (chiefly personnel and records services) for AC/AS Intelligence but also was concerned with recruiting, training, and assigning air intelligence officers in the field. This Office also prepared intelligence curricula for the AAF School of Applied Tactics after March 1944.

Records.--See entry 269.

Collection Division [271]

This Division and its predecessor managed the Air Intelligence Library and performed related staff and operational functions concerned with extending the sources of intelligence information, such as interviewing Army Air Forces personnel returned from combat theaters, analyzing captured enemy documents, and stimulating the exchange of data with other collecting organizations. The Division also handled AAF interests regarding the clearance of foreign visitors to AAF installations, the release of military air information to foreign nationals, the assignment and supervision of American military air attachés abroad, and the control over AAF personnel and aircraft flying over or interned in neutral countries. Staff members of the Division represented the AAF on the Joint Electronics Information Agency and the Weekly Summary Editorial Board, which operated under the Joint Intelligence Committee.

Records.--The holdings of the Air Intelligence Library include printed, typewritten, and photostatic copies of documents dealing comprehensively with the air power, the tactical and technical trends, and the organization and administration of the Army Air Forces and the air establishments of the Navy, the allies of the United States, and enemy and neutral countries; transcripts of interviews obtained by AC/AS Intelligence; target data and analyses; reports originating in AC/AS Intelligence; and intelligence reports of the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Office of Strategic Services, and intelligence units of other overseas and domestic commands and agencies. Most of this material is organized under the 4-digit system of the "Index-Guide for Military Information," and most of the significant items are listed and described in the "Daily Accession Lists" of AC/AS Intelligence (and of its predecessors), 1942-45. Some segments of the Library's holdings are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, and a small quantity of materials has been transferred to the Air Force Matériel Engineering, Research, and Development Records Depository at Wright Field, Ohio.

Analysis Division [272]

This Division and its predecessors prepared, in relation to air warfare, analytical reports on all enemy countries and air forces, except that after mid-1944 the target work on Japan was transferred to the Joint Target Group. These reports included descriptions of strategic targets;

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estimates of the effect of Allied air attacks on the enemy's industrial, naval, and air strength; information about "Tactical and Technical Trends"; analyses of maps and other intelligence documents providing information about foreign airfields; and "radar intelligence" studies, involving the interpretation of radar-scope photographs. The Division also prepared air intelligence reports on Allied and neutral countries and represented the Army Air Forces on the Joint Intelligence Studies Publishing Board, under the Joint Intelligence Committee. Records.--See entry 269.

Photographic Division [273]

This Division and its predecessors collected photographs and made them available both for air intelligence and for public relations purposes. The Division managed the Photographic Library of AAF and conducted a photographic reproduction service for AAF Headquarters.

Records.--The Photographic Library's holdings, in the custody of the Air Force Still Photography Depository, consist of negatives and prints of AAF, Navy, and Allied air activities, mapping and charting photographs, reconnaissance-mission survey sheets, bomb-damage photographs, and photo-interpretation reports. The following AAF wartime photographs have been transferred to the National Archives: Portraits of air officers, aviation cadets, and graduates of flying schools, forming part of a series extending from 1923 to 1946 (about 258,000 prints and 260,700 negatives); and aerial mapping film of areas in 20 States and Alaska, 1940-41 (about 1,350 rolls). Photographs of Japanese aircraft, 1942-45, arranged by model (6 feet), are in the custody of the Air Matériel Command, Wright Field, Ohio. See also entry 269.

See Israel Horowitz, "Army Air Forces Keep Pictorial Record," in Library Journal, 71: 1751-1754 (Dec. 15, 1946).

Technical Air Intelligence (Japanese) Division [274]

In 1944 and 1945 this Division furnished the AAF's share of personnel and facilities for the Army-Navy Technical Air Intelligence Center at the Naval Air Station, Anacostia, D.C. The staff members of this Division were administratively under AC/AS Intelligence but served at the Center in the work of sending out Technical Air Intelligence Detachments to the Pacific Theaters and evaluating captured Japanese air equipment and technical data sent back to the Center.

Records.--See entry 269.

Counterintelligence Division [275]

This Division had staff responsibility for countersubversive, counterespionage, countersabotage, and other negative-intelligence policies, functions, and procedures of AAF agencies; and it effected necessary coordination on such matters with the Military Intelligence Division, G2.

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War Department General Staff, and with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. One of the Division's special duties was to censor correspondence and technical data directed to United States aeronautical manufacturers from their overseas representatives; another duty was to provide the chairman of the AAF Committee on Release of Technical Information. Records.--See entry 269.

Motion Picture Services Division [276]

This Division and its predecessors planned, supervised, and co-ordinated all motion picture projects within the Army Air Forces except training films (which were the responsibility of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training), films used in experimental engineering (which were the responsibility of the Air Technical Service Command), and the Air Transport Command's route-briefing films. It was responsible for obtaining a pictorial record of the Army Air Forces during the war for use in training and public information purposes. The Division was importantly concerned with the training and overseas assignment of the Combat Camera Units, replacement personnel for such units, and the supervision of two AAF field organizations in the continental United States--the AAF Combat Film Service (known also as the 5th AAF Base Unit), at New York, and the AAF Motion Picture Unit (known also as the 13th AAF Combat Camera Unit and the 18th AAF Base Unit), at Culver City, Calif.

Records.--The AAF motion picture collection, which was maintained by the Motion Picture Services Division in New York City, is in the Air Force Motion Picture Film Depository, Wright Field, Ohio. The administrative records of the AAF Combat Film Service, 1943-45, and the central files, special orders, and other records of the AAF Motion Picture Unit, 1943-46, are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. See also entry 269.

Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training [277]

The AAF staff functions pertaining to preflight training, flying training, and ground-duty training, both at Army air installations and at civilian contract schools, were performed successively during the period 1939-42 in various units in Headquarters. Through the Chief of the Air Corps, these units had line authority over "individual training" in the continental United States, that is, over the training centers, schools, and airfields that were later (July 1943) to become part of the AAF Training Command; and, to a less extent, over "unit training" activities of the General Headquarters Air Force and the Air Force Combat Command and their subordinate wings, air districts, and airfields. From June 1941 to March 1943, the Office of Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-3, was importantly concerned not only with training but also with operations, that is, relations with the air forces and commands in the combat theaters. Additional echelons with training functions were the Assistant for Personnel and Training Services,

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December 1941-March 1942; and the Director of Individual Training, March 1942-March 1943. Between March and September 1943 the training functions in AAF Headquarters were consolidated under the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training (AC/AS Training), and were continued under his jurisdiction until about the end of the war. In 1945 AC/AS Training included the divisions separately described below.

Records.--Most of the wartime activities of the Office are documented chiefly in the general records of AAF Headquarters (see entry 256b) and in the records of the AAF Training Command (see entry 323d). A few separately maintained records of the Training Division, 1941 and earlier, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A set of the training films entitled "Target for Today," 1944, is in the National Archives.

The daily diaries of AC/AS Training and of its divisions, branches, and predecessors, 1942-45, and copies of selected correspondence and studies of these units, 1942-45, are in the custody of the Air Historical Group. Some unpublished historical studies of AAF wartime training, also in the Air Historical Group, relate to the organization of the training programs, basic military training, pre-flight training, bombardier training, navigator training, flexible gunnery training, aircraft maintenance training, and unit and individual training in the overseas air commands. Other historical studies on training, prepared by the Historical Office, constitute chapters of an unpublished Army-wide history of training that is on file in the Army's Historical Division. Two series of periodical reports by the AAF Statistical Control Division are on training: The "T" series, on training, and the "0" series, on AAF troop units ("organizations") in training or in combat.

Training Division [278]

Four divisions handled various parts of the Army Air Forces training program. The Flying Training Division was concerned with individual training of pilots and aircrew members (except radio, radar, and gunner personnel) and with unit training of all types of air units. The Technical and Services Training Division was responsible for ground-duty training, preflight training, the training of service units, and supervision over National Headquarters, Civil Air Patrol (see also Office of Civilian Defense in the volume for civilian agencies). The Flexible Gunnery Division gave its attention to the training of flexible gunners for bombers; and the Communications Training Division to the training of radio and radar personnel both for air and related ground duties.

Records.--For the records of the Division see entry 277. Records of National Headquarters, Civil Air Patrol (known also as the 32d AAF Base Unit and located successively in Washington, D. C, Fort Worth, Tex., and Boiling Field, D. C), 1941-46 (196 feet), are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Related papers are also in the central records of the War Department in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 324.5 Civil Air Patrol.

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Training Aids Division [279]

Serving all these categories of training was the Training Aids Division, which with its predecessors was responsible from 1942 to the end of the war for selecting and standardizing synthetic training devices and for cooperating with the Air Technical Service Command and the latter's contractors in the development and production of these devices. The Division also had technical supervision over the preparation of training motion pictures and film strips and represented the AAF on the Joint Clearing Committee on Army-Navy Training Aids. Most of the staff of the Division was in the 4th AAF Base Unit in New York City.

Records.--Some records of the Division, 1942-45 (50 feet), including the manuscript for one of the "Technical Manuals" (TM1-435), are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Other records are in the Air Force Matériel Engineering, Research, and Development Records Depository at Wright Field, Ohio. See also entry 277.

Flight Operations Division [280]

Although a part of AC/AS Training, this Division did not participate in training. It was in charge of plans and regulations for all the Army's noncombat flying in the continental United States, including procedures and standards for base operations offices and procedures for the handling of control towers, weather information, and communications. The Division had line jurisdiction over the AAF Flight Service, an AAF field command located at Gravelly Point, D. C, with a branch at Winston-Salem, N. C. In addition the Division provided the War Department member for the Interdepartmental Air Traffic Control Board; maintained liaison with the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Navy Department on noncombat flying procedures; and in cooperation with the Foreign Liaison Office of G2, War Department General Staff, it regulated the movement of foreign friendly aircraft into, through, or out of United States territory.

Records.--See entry 277.

Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements [281]

This Office, known as AC/AS OC&R or merely as OC&R, and its predecessors performed AAF Headquarters staff functions as to operations, that is, functions concerned primarily with the needs of the overseas air forces. These were the coordination and processing of combat requirements for aircraft, equipment, supplies, trained air and ground crews, and trained tactical and service units; troop-basis planning and the organization and activation of new air units; the preparation of troop-movement orders; and the other aspects of the allocation, commitment, and ordering of men and matériel to their overseas assignments. Comparable functions affecting air commands in the continental United States were also performed by OC&R.

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Aside from the strategic-planning phases of requirements and commitments, which were handled by the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans, these operational functions were performed from 1939 to 1943 by a series of headquarters staff offices in the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, the Air Force Combat Command, and AAF Headquarters. From June 1941 to March 1943 these staff units were responsible to the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-3, which was established as a policy office for both operations and training. In March 1943 this Office was abolished and its requirements, commitments, and related functions were merged in the new Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements--a staff office which, with its subordinate divisions and offices, functioned until late in August 1945 with only minor internal organizational and functional changes.

In addition to having various direct relationships with overseas air forces, OC&R and its predecessors were concerned with related matters in the continental United States. These were the handling of the personnel and matériel requirements of the domestic AAF commands and organizations; the review of tests of new or improved items of aircraft and equipment, whether those tests were conducted by the AAF Proving Ground Command or the Air Technical Service Command; and line authority at one time or another, in behalf of AAF Headquarters, over the Proving Ground Command, the AAF School of Applied Tactics (later reorganized as part of the new AAF Center), and the AAF Weather Service. In addition, special activities were occasionally assigned to OC&R, such as the functions of the Director of Women Pilots, primarily a staff office for the recruiting and training of Women Air Service Pilots (WASP personnel), June 1943-December 1944; the functions of the Special Assistant for the AAF Glider Program, established in April 1943 and disbanded in November 1943 when its training and matériel functions were reabsorbed by the offices of AC/AS Training and AC/AS Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution, respectively; and the functions of the AAF Combat Film Service, July 1943-August 1944. In August 1945, OC&R's functions were being performed through the special offices and divisions that are described below.

Records.--OC&R's activities are documented in the central records of AAF Headquarters, described above. The "bulk" files contain special series of OC&R documents, such as notes of staff meetings, Apr. 1942-Nov. 1943 (filed under 337); sets of the Program Advisor's "program books," 1944 (filed variously under 319.1 and 370); and weekly weather forecast reports (filed under 000.93).

A few series of permanent records of OC&R and its predecessors were in Dec. 1946 in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff-3. These included "project books," pertaining to the activities of each subordinate unit of the Office; the "AAF Troop Basis Historical File," consisting of Army publications, staff studies, and related papers covering comprehensively the composition of each type of AAF command or unit during the war; records pertaining

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to matériel tests by the Proving Ground Command, including copies of test reports, status and progress reports on tests, and related indexes. Records of the Directorate of Air Support, 1941-43, and records of the Aeronautics Chart Service Section, Photographic Aviation Branch, 1942-43, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. A file of "unit records" (on cards) of all AAF combat and service troop units was (in 1946) in the AAF Statistical Control Division. Another, different card file of "history" data on air units was maintained by the Organization and Directory Section, Adjutant General's Office, as part of an Army-wide compilation; the air-related records were transferred, sometime after Sept. 1947, to Headquarters United States Air Force. The diaries of OC&R and its predecessors, some of the diaries of subordinate divisions and branches, and an unpublished 2-volume "Organizational and Functional History of AC/AS-3 [and predecessors], 1939-45," were in 1946 on file in the Air Historical Office.

Records relating to WASP personnel ("201" files) were in a separate series in the central records of AAF Headquarters in 1947. Policy and operational papers relating to this organization are in the central records of AAF Headquarters and in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO. For a guide to such papers in the latter records, see index sheets filed under AG 324.5 WASP.

Special Offices [282]

There were three special offices in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements. The Office of the Advisor for Program Control and its predecessors had the broadest functions. It prepared comprehensive programs for insuring a coordinated flow of aircraft, equipment, and trained personnel to fulfill objectives formulated by the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans, and its "program books" served as guides for the Commitments Division of OC&R. Another office, the AAF Board Control Office, represented OC&R in its supervision over and liaison with the AAF Board, the AAF Center, and the Proving Ground Command. The Boiling Field Liaison Office was the supervisory unit for Boiling Field, D. C, the only Army airfield that was assigned directly to AAF Headquarters.

Records.--See entry 281.

Requirements Division [283]

In this Division (known as the Office of the Director of Military Requirements, March 1942-March 1943) was centralized the responsibility for quality and quantity requirements for air matériel and personnel, although some of the responsibility was shared with other divisions of the air staff. The Division was also responsible for approving tactics, techniques, and doctrines for (1) air operations, including operations involving fighter, bomber, reconnaissance, transport, glider, and utility airplanes; (2) land.

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sea, and aerial rescue of AAF combat personnel; and (3) air defense (except antiaircraft), including aircraft warning and control systems. Records.--See entry 281.

Troop Basis Division [284]

This Division formulated official schedules or troop-basis documents for the activation of AAF units, including units of other arms and services attached to the AAF. In behalf of AAF Headquarters it directed the activation, deactivation, constitution, and reorganization of units. These and related record-keeping and statistical functions were handled through three branches: Activations, Review and Control, and Schedules.

Records.--See entry 281.

Commitments Division [285]

In this Division were centralized the commitment and overseas movement of AAF units, replacement crews, and aircraft. It monitored the status of commitments and prepared warning and movement orders; controlled the transfer of aircraft between domestic commands and air forces; and monitored the processing and movement of AAF troops and accompanying equipment through the AAF staging areas and aerial ports of embarkation.

Records.--See entry 281.

Weather Division [286]

This Division and its predecessors were responsible for the plans, policies, and programs of the weather service for the Army; supervised the AAF Weather Wing, Asheville, N. C, which in turn operated the global AAF Weather Service; recommended requirements for weather equipment, personnel, and organizations; prepared and disseminated long-range forecasts, climatological studies, and other research studies necessary for global air operations; and maintained liaison with the Weather Bureau, the Navy Department, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the National Defense Research Committee, and other research agencies. These weather functions-of AAF Headquarters were handled between 1939 and 1945 by the Communications and Weather Section, Training and Operation Division, 1939-42; the Directorate of Weather, 1942-43; and the Weather Division, OC&R, 1943-45. Another of the Division's activities was to represent AAF on the United States Trans-Atlantic Service Safety Organization Committee (TASSO), 1942-44. In August 1945 the Weather Division was composed of three branches: Requirements and Procedures, Forecast, and Special Studies.

Records.--In 1946 some records of this Division, including weather studies, were in the Office of the Assistant Chief of Air Staff-3. Materials-relating to a meteorological project at the California Institute of Technology, 1943, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

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Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services [287]

This Office (known also as AC/AS M&S) and its predecessors performed "A-4" staff functions of matériel, supply, and related services. These functions extended to AAF-procured aircraft and equipment and also to matériel, supplies, and services procured for the Army Air Forces by the Technical Services of the Army Service Forces, by the Navy's procurement bureaus, and by certain Allied governments. They included the formulation of military characteristics of weapons, research and development, proving and testing, standardization, production resources (plant facilities, machine tools, material, and labor), contracts and purchases, storage, distribution and supply, reclamation and salvage, and disposal of surplus matériel. In addition, A-4 functions during the war included two major nonmatériel functions--the acquisition and construction of air installations and AAF interests in rail, water, and highway transportation.

[287a] Organizational changes.--Throughout the war AAF's matériel responsibilities were divided between a matériel staff in Washington and a matériel command at Wright Field (see entry 321), each known successively by different names. The staff in Washington had line jurisdiction over the command at Wright Field, and was known successively as the Office of the Chief of the Matériel Division, October 1939-March 1942; Matériel Command Headquarters in Washington, March 1942-March 1943; the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution (AC/AS MM&D), March 1943-July 1944; and the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services (AC/AS M&S), July 1944-August 1945.

The supply, maintenance, and related service-training phases of matériel were handled in part, between 1941 and 1943, by a series of separate organizations. Chief of these were the Maintenance Command, March-October 1941; the Air Service Command, October 1941-March 1943; and the Directorate of Base Services, March 1942-March 1943, which was concerned largely with AAF interests in non-AAF equipment, supply, and services procured and handled by the Ordnance Department, the Quartermaster Corps, and the other Technical Services of the Army Service Forces. During the same period, 1941-43, there were two other staff offices in AAF Headquarters concerned with AAF matériel and supply--a small Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, A-4, June 1941-March 1943; and the Office of the Assistant for Procurement Services, December 1941-March 1942. All the functions of these various organizations were reabsorbed into the main matériel staff office in March 1943, when it was renamed the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution.

These successive air matériel-and-service staffs and commands were collectively regarded between 1939 and 1945 as one of the Technical Services, in terms of general Army procurement responsibilities, but they were the one service that was coordinate with, rather than under, the Army Service Forces. Like the other procurement services, AAF's matériel and service

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staff reported (through the Commanding General, AAF) to the Under Secretary of War rather than to the Chief of Staff, War Department General Staff. Both AC/AS M&S and the Air Technical Service Command (and their respective predecessors) were represented from time to time on the Munitions Assignments Committees and on other committees of the Combined Chiefs of Staff and of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that were concerned with matériel, supply, and related service matters; on the Working Committee of the Aeronautical Board for Army-Navy standards for aeronautical equipment, materials, and processes; on the Joint Aircraft Committee and its many subcommittees; on the War Production Board and its predecessor and subordinate units; and on the A-4 staff of Headquarters XX Air Force.

In August 1945 the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services included the organizational units separately described below and a Special Advisory Group concerned with the special investigation of contracts and contractors for AAF-procured matériel.

[287b] Records.--Certain records of AC/AS M&S, its predecessors, and its divisions were in June 1946 in the custody of its successor, the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff-4. Among them were records of the Special Advisory Group, arranged by firm, 1942-45. Other records of the Office may be among the "bulk" files in the central records of AAF Headquarters. A postwar file of wartime interest is a series, compiled in Headquarters United States Air Force about 1947, of copies of correspondence, studies, and reports used in connection with the investigation, by the Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, of the activities of Maj. Gen. B. E. Meyers, Deputy AC/AS M&S during the war; this file (6 feet) is in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records created by the divisions are discussed below, under the appropriate headings. In the Air Historical Group are several AAF historical studies relating to such aspects of air matériel as research and development, production, plant expansion, and standardization, and copies of daily diaries of AC/AS M&S and its subordinate units, 1943-45 (12 feet). The recurring reports by the AAF Statistical Control Division (see entries 257a and 257b) contain one series (the "A" series, with several subseries) on airplane production, deliveries, inventories, and losses.

Control Office [288]

This Office coordinated the planning throughout the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services, especially the planning of quantity requirements for aircraft and equipment and of procurement budgets. It also prepared statistical studies on procurement and supply for both scheduling purposes and progress reporting; supervised, in cooperation with the War Department Price Adjustment Board, the renegotiation of Army Air Forces contracts; and handled other control functions. The Office was divided into five branches: Analysis and Reports (for statistical work), Organization (for organizational planning within AC/AS M&S), Financial (for budgets), Price Adjustment, and Aircraft Distribution Control. This last-named Branch collaborated with the Commitments Division

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of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements, in issuing orders and controlling the movement of AAF aircraft allocated to the Army Air Forces, the Navy, and Allied organizations by the Munitions Assignments Board and its subcommittees and by the President's Soviet Protocol Committee; and it had direct line authority over the Aircraft Distribution Office at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, which handled most of the details of airplane movements before ferrying by the Air Transport Command.

Records.--Wartime records of the Control Office that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included statistical and narrative studies by its Analysis and Reports Branch on air matériel and supply matters generally, 1942-45, and Control Office correspondence and papers pertaining to the distribution of air matériel to the Allies, including copies of minutes, agenda, and case papers of the Munitions Assignments Board and its subcommittees, the Joint Aircraft Committee and its subcommittees, and the President's Soviet Protocol Committee.

Matériel Division [289]

This Division, which had been a section of the earlier, more inclusive Matériel Division in 1939-42 and continued as a division within AC/AS M&S until after the war, was responsible for research and development, production, and aircraft modification programs and policies, except for industrial resources and contracts, which were supervised by the Resources Division and the Procurement Division, respectively. The Matériel Division consisted of the Research Liaison Office, responsible for dealing with the National Defense Research Committee and the National Inventors Council; the Office of Technical Assistants, consisting primarily of aeronautical and other engineers, civilian and military; the Aircraft Projects Branch; the Engineering Branch, responsible for equipment other than airplanes, including the standardization of both equipment and materials; and the International Branch, which handled the interests of the Army Air Forces in lend-lease and reciprocal aid.

Records.--Wartime records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included its records pertaining to aeronautical research and development, chiefly a series on most phases and types (and, in some cases, models) of aircraft and air equipment, containing minutes and reports of the National Inventors Council, the National Research Council, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Records of the Division in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include some of its project files and subject files pertaining to individual types and models of aircraft and equipment, 1942-45, the so-called "Col. A. J. Lyon project books," 1939--41, "historical" materials on Signal Corps air-related radio and radar equipment, about 1939-45, correspondence with the Signal Corps up to Dec. 1941, the records of the Division's International Branch, 1942-48 (the last amounting to about 335 feet and including copies of documents originating in the Munitions Assignments Board and the Joint Munitions Allocations Committee), and a record set

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of specifications for air matériel, materials, and processes (U.S. Army, Army-Navy, Army-Navy Aeronautical, Federal, and non-Government), 1929-48. Some records of the Division pertaining to aircraft modification, 1942-45 (18 feet), are in the custody of the Air Matériel Command, Wright Field, Ohio.

Resources Division [290]

This Division and its predecessors represented AAF Headquarters with respect to the construction and financing of industrial facilities for the aircraft production program; the production and allocation of aluminum, machine tools, and other materials and equipment for that program; the handling of problems of aircraft labor supply, labor utilization, and labor disputes, through its Labor and Manpower Branch and its AAF Industrial Manning Board; contract termination and the redistribution of AAF-controlled industrial property; and special problems such as containers and packaging for overseas shipment. The Division served in a dual capacity, both as a division of AC/AS M&S and as the AAF staff membership in the Aircraft Resources Control Office, an AAF-Navy-War Production Board office that served as the "executive agency" for the Aircraft Production Board of the War Production Board.

Records.--Wartime records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included its correspondence pertaining to the expansion of industrial facilities for air production, especially those that were Government-financed, and to contract termination. In the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are the Division's records pertaining to the procurement of machine tools and their allocation to AAF contractors, 1941-43, the production and distribution of critical materials and components, 1942-44, and problems of industrial labor (including records of the AAF Industrial Manning Board), 1942-44.

Procurement Division [291]

This Division and its predecessors were concerned with purchasing, contracting, and other financial and legal activities affecting both AAF industrial contractors and AAF contractors who conducted factory training and other training courses for the Army Air Forces through the AAF Training Command. The Division supervised the Air Technical Service Command on contractual matters; represented the Army Air Forces on the Procurement Assignment Board, which arbitrated questions of procurement responsibility; and was represented on the Procurement Policy Board of the War Production Board.

Records.--Wartime records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included copies of AAF contracts for aircraft and equipment and for AAF training programs at colleges and other institutions. In the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are selected contract files of the Division, 1943-47 (90 feet), including separate series for negotiated "purchase actions" in the field, 1943-46, purchases for the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics.

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1940-45, and purchases of privately owned aircraft, 1942-43. The main records pertaining to wartime contracts are in the AAF's consolidated contract files at Wright Field, Ohio.

Air Services Division [292]

This Division, 1943-45, and its predecessors, 1939-43, supervised the supply and maintenance activities of the Air Service Command, which was merged into the Air Technical Service Command in August 1944, except that the Command's training of units for such supply and maintenance activities was supervised after September 1943 by the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training. Related to this supply and maintenance staff work, which was handled by the Supply and Maintenance Branch, was the work of the Logistics Planning Branch, which maintained comprehensive logistical data, on a global basis, for planning quantity requirements for air equipment (except airplanes), prepared logistical doctrines, and planned the training and organization of service units for use by the overseas Air Forces. The Logistics Planning Branch cooperated with the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans, and it represented AAF logistical needs on the Joint Logistics Committee, the Combined Administrative Committee, the Joint and Combined Staff Planners, and the Joint Logistics Plans Committee. The third branch of the Air Services Division was the Aviation Petroleum Branch, which controlled AAF interests in the development, production, and distribution of aviation gasoline, lubricants, and related petroleum products; represented the Army Air Forces on the Army-Navy Petroleum Board and the Aviation Petroleum Products Allocations Committee (a subcommittee of the Munitions Assignments Board); and maintained liaison, regarding these materials, with the Petroleum Administration for War and the War Production Board.

Predecessors of the Air Services Division, 1939-43, were known as the Field Service Section, Office of the Chief of the Matériel Division, 1939-42; the Directorate of Base Services, March 1942-March 1943; and the Supply and Services Division, AC/AS Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution.

Records.--Records of the Division's Supply and Maintenance Branch, including policy papers on the storage, issue, repair, salvage, and disposal of AAF equipment, 1942-47 (47 feet), and records used in the preparation of certain AAF "Technical Orders," 1945 (2 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records pertaining to the preparation of AAF "Technical Orders" for training equipment sets, Mar-May 1945 (2 feet), are in the custody of the Air Matériel Command, Wright Field, Ohio.

Traffic Division [293]

This Division and its predecessors were concerned with the domestic and overseas transportation of both AAF matériel (except the ferrying of airplanes) and AAF personnel. It reviewed and approved requirements of the Army Air Forces for rail, motor, water, and air traffic; handled these requirements in the appropriate subcommittees of the Joint

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Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff; and submitted them to the Army's Transportation Corps for action, except for air transportation matters, which were handled by the Air Transport Command. Outside Washington the Division functioned through field offices in New York, Atlanta, Dayton, New Orleans, Chicago, Dallas, Kansas City, Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. The Division had line authority over the carrier functions of the Air Transport Command and over local feeder and similar air transport services of other AAF commands in the continental United States. It maintained liaison with the Office of Defense Transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Office of the Chief of Transportation (of the Army's Transportation Corps), the Civil Aeronautics Administration, the War Department Code Marking Policy Committee, and such trade associations as the Association of American Railroads and the American Trucking Association.

Records.--Wartime records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included policy papers pertaining to motor, rail, water, and air transportation for the Army Air Forces and correspondence relating to freight rates, customs, bill-of-lading procedures, and training courses for transportation officers. Records in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include materials relating to travel duty of Headquarters personnel, from 1942 (27 feet), and to the supply and maintenance of passenger vehicles throughout AAF, from 1942 (6 feet); records of five of the Division's district offices, 1943-45; and records of its air sections at various ports of embarkation, 1942-45.

Air Installations Division [294]

This Division (and its predecessor Buildings and Grounds Section, 1941-44) constituted the air-staff office responsible for the acquisition, construction, and maintenance of all airfields, air bases, bombing and gunnery ranges, and other "class III" (that is, AAF-controlled) Army installations in the continental United States. Industrial facilities, such as AAF-controlled" aircraft production plants, were handled by the Resources Division. To a less extent, foreign and territorial airfields operated by the overseas Air Forces were also included in the staff work of the Air Installations Division. The Division's interests included construction standards and design criteria for buildings, runway pavements, airfield drainage systems, and fuel storage systems; safety standards for approach zones, runways, taxiway clearances, markers, and lighting systems--matters that in some cases involved interservice collaboration through the Aeronautical Board or the Joint Aircraft Committee; real-estate purchases and leases, and the construction and maintenance of facilities--matters that were the operational responsibility of the Corps of Engineers and (for flight strips) the Public Roads Administration; and the utilization, assignment, and disposal of installations, including collaboration with the Interdepartmental Air Traffic Control Board, the Civil Aeronautics Administration, and the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, United States and Canada.

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Records.--Records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS-4 included records pertaining to the design, construction, and maintenance of airfields, runways, pavements, drainage systems, technical air buildings, fuel systems, airfield lighting, and bombing and gunnery ranges in the continental United States; minutes of the Air Facilities Board for the disposal of installations in the continental United States; and airport directories for the continental United States and overseas. Records in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, include maps pertaining to the airport development program, correspondence relating to requirements, repairs, and maintenance of airfields and other Army Air Forces installations, 1941-44, and miscellaneous construction records of the predecessor Buildings and Grounds Section, to 1943.

Special Staff Offices [295]

In addition to the major staff divisions just discussed, there were four special staff offices in the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services, that procured special types of matériel and services and performed specialized types of ground-duty training of personnel destined for use by the overseas Air Forces. These offices were the Air Ordnance Office, Air Chemical Office, Air Engineer Office, and Air Quartermaster Office; they handled AAF interests with the Ordnance Department, the Chemical Warfare Service, the Corps of Engineers, and the Quartermaster Corps, respectively. Each of these advisory offices in its particular field formulated AAF requirements for research and development, quantity production, and organization and training of service personnel and units, and each office usually had subordinate branches or divisions corresponding to these functional responsibilities. The special offices, functioning within AC/AS M&S after March 1943, earlier had been parts of other staff offices, as follows: In 1939-40 the General Headquarters Air Force; in 1940-41 the Air Force Combat Command; and in 1942-43 the Directorate of Base Services, AAF Headquarters.

Records.--Project records, reports, and technical data of the above-mentioned offices pertaining to Ordnance, Chemical Warfare, Quartermaster, and Engineer matériel and services for use by AAF were in 1946 in the Office of AC/AS--4. In the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are the general files of the Quartermaster Section of the Air Force Combat Command (predecessor of the Air Quartermaster Office), including records extending from 1935 to 1942; records of the Air Ordnance Office, especially a series of printed reports, drawings, charts, and correspondence relating to the investigation of ballistics, weapons, fuels, and aircraft devices, 1942-46 (23 feet), and correspondence with Ordnance sections in overseas air commands, 1944-46; and records of the Air Chemical Office, 1942-45 (2 feet), containing intra-AAF correspondence, AAF-Chemical Warfare Service correspondence, copies of Chemical Warfare Board reports, copies of "Chemical Warfare Intelligence Bulletins," and other papers relating to the development and employment of air-related Chemical Warfare matériel. A single-volume

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Records.--Records of the Division that were in 1946 in the Office of Division.

Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans [296]

The functions of preparing, reviewing, and revising AAF plans for air operations were a continuing responsibility of AAF Headquarters during the entire war. From time to time between 1939 and 1941 this responsibility was informally delegated by the War Department General Staff to, or was assumed by, the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps. In March 1942 it was formally assigned to AAF as a command function. Within AAF Headquarters this responsibility was concentrated in the office successively named the Plans Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-41; the Air War Plans Division (AWPD), AAF Headquarters, June 1941-March 1942; the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operational Plans (AC/AS Operational Plans), March 1942-March 1943; and the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans (AC/AS Plans), March 1943-August 1945. Near the end of the war, about September 1, 1945, this office was renamed AC/AS-5.

The AAF's planning functions involved continuous collaboration and liaison with members of higher staffs and authorities that controlled national policies and objectives, notably the committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Combined Chiefs of Staff; the staff of the President of the United States; and interdepartmental committees on which the AAF and the State Department were represented. Planning also involved continuous relations with the headquarters of the overseas theater commands that were to direct and execute the combat operations growing out of the plans. Within AAF Headquarters, many individual phases and details of these functions were shared with other staff officers, notably with AC/AS Matériel and Services, which was responsible, under monitoring of AC/AS Plans, for preparing the logistical plans covering aircraft and certain major types of air equipment to support the operational plans.

The activities of the planning unit took two main forms between 1939 and 1945. During the defense period, 1939-41, the Plans Division was concerned primarily with the air plans for Western Hemisphere defense, the air phases of conversations between the United States Army planners and their British counterparts early in 1941, and the subsequent air war plan, September 1941. The Division also had line authority over the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Ala., where some of the planning studies were made during this period. After December 7, 1941, planning for possible eventualities was replaced by planning for strategic bombardment and tactical air operations over German-held and Japanese-held areas. At the same time cooperative planning with the Navy staffs and the British staffs was formalized through the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff, respectively. In these operational planning activities, 1942-45, AC/AS Plans functioned through the major organizational units described below.

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Records.--The records of the Plans Division, dating from before 1939 to 1941 (60 feet), are in the Air Historical Group. They consist of planning correspondence and planning studies on all aspects of military aviation. Some records of AC/AS Plans and its other predecessors were in 1946 in the custody of its successor, AC/AS-5. Many related documents, especially copies of memoranda and correspondence, are in the central records of AAF Headquarters. The daily diaries of AC/AS Plans and of its predecessor and subordinate units, 1942-45, are in the Air Historical Group.

Combined and Joint Staffs Division [297]

This Division was the recording and coordinating office of AAF for all actions, directives, agenda, minutes, and reports of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff and their respective committees, and for all briefs, extracts, studies, memoranda, and recommendations on joint or combined affairs undertaken within the Division or elsewhere in AAF Headquarters. Among its duties was collaboration with the Strategy and Policy Group, Operations Division, War Department General Staff, and with the Joint Strategic Survey Committee.

Records.--Records of the Division were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-5, successor to AC/AS Plans.

Operational Plans Division [298]

This Division formulated plans for the types and numbers of AAF combat units to be deployed and redeployed (subject to the availability of aircraft and air matériel); served as AAF liaison with the theater groups in the Operations Division, War Department General Staff; represented the AAF on the Joint Brazil-United States and the Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commissions; and made recommendations on aircraft and other major items of air matériel to be allocated to the air forces of the Allies.

Records.--Some records of the Division, 1942-45 (100 feet), are in the Air Historical Group. They consist of studies, plans, and other documents prepared by AC/AS Plans and related agencies, together with supporting correspondence, memoranda, and messages. A series of "shipment lists" of these records has been prepared by the Air Historical Office. Other records of the Division were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-5, successor to AC/AS Plans.

Logistics Division [299]

This Division monitored the preparation of AAF aircraft and equipment plans by the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services, analyzed the needs of Navy and Allied air forces for airplanes produced by AAF contractors, and submitted these requirements to the AAF Requirements Board. In connection with these duties, the Division was represented on the Joint Aircraft Committee and two of its subcommittees (Production Programs and Aircraft Preference List); on the Munitions

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Assignments Committee (Air) and two of its subcommittees (Aircraft, and Bombs and Ammunition); the Joint Munitions Allocations Committee and the Joint Allocations Committee (Air); and the Joint Logistics Plans Committee.

Records.--Records of the Division were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-5, successor to AC/AS Plans.

Postwar Division [300]

This Division performed in 1945 one of the two special functions of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans. This was to plan for the postwar air force, a function shared in part with the Special Projects Office, which is discussed below, and with the Special Planning Division of the War Department General Staff. The Postwar Division was especially concerned with the postwar disposal of AAF's foreign airfields and in this connection represented AAF on the Joint Staff Planners Special Subcommittee, the State-War-Navy Committee on United States Requirements for Postwar Military Bases, and the Interdepartmental Committee on Civil Aviation and Technical Training Assistance to Foreign Countries.

Records.--Records of the Division were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-5, successor to AC/AS Plans.

Civil Affairs Division [301]

This Division performed the other special function of AC/AS 301 Plans, the handling of AAF interests with respect to military government of liberated areas. It acted as AAF liaison agent with the Civil Affairs Division, War Department Special Staff; the Military Government Section, Central Division, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations; and the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee. The Chief of the Division represented AAF on the Joint Civil Affairs Committee and made recommendations for the designation of AAF members on that Committee's subcommittees.

Records.--Records of the Division were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-5, successor to AC/AS Plans.

Office of the Air Inspector [302]

Between 1939 and 1945 inspector-general and related technical air-inspection functions were performed in AAF Headquarters by the following units: Inspection Section, Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-40; Inspection Division, 1940-41; Office of the Air Inspector (known also as TAI or AI), 1941-45; and an additional office in 1942 named the Directorate of Technical Inspection. These functions, derived from the Inspector General's Office and from special directives of the Commanding General of AAF, included all types of periodic and special inspections except procurement inspection of plants holding AAF industrial contracts, inspections concerned with counterintelligence and personnel loyalty, and inspections

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concerned with aircraft accidents. Besides the office in Washington, there were numerous field offices throughout the continental United States, each of which was headed by a Field Air Inspector. These field offices were supervised in Washington by the Executive for Field Operations and the Office of Field Air Inspectors. In addition to these offices, in September 1945 the Office of the Air Inspector included the Contract Inspection Division, the POM Inspection Division (for inspections of AAF units, crews, and casuals during their "Preparation for Overseas Movement"), and the Investigations Division (for handling alleged irregularities and deficiencies throughout AAF).

Records.--In addition to the central records of AAF Headquarters (especially class 333), where the Air Inspector's activities and policies are extensively documented, the following wartime records kept in his Office were scheduled in 1946 for permanent or indefinite retention: Records on the organization, functions, and personnel of the Washington and field offices; originals of daily diaries of division chiefs and copies of the diary of the Office as a whole (other copies are in the Air Historical Group); reading files of copies of correspondence of the Personnel and Administration Division; personnel record cards for Air Inspectors in the field; and notebooks on contract inspections and contract inspection reports, 1944-45. The following records of the Office are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO: Copies of AAF and War Department circulars, technical bulletins, office memoranda, and forms, with background correspondence, 1939-42 (part of a larger file going back to 1927); survey reports by Field Air Inspectors on the personnel situation in AAF commands in the United States, Nov. 1944-Jan. 1945 (2 feet); and "Final POM [Preparation for Overseas Movement] Summary" reports of various AAF units, 1943-44 (14 feet). An unpublished study of inspection control, prepared about 1945 by the Air Historical Office, is in the Air Historical Group.

Budget and Fiscal Office [303]

Budget and fiscal staff functions for AAF Headquarters and AAF field commands were performed between 1939 and 1945 by the following offices: The Finance Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-March 1942; the separate Budget Section under the Chief of the Air Staff, June 1941-March 1942; the Budget Office, March-December 1942; and the Budget and Fiscal Office, 1943-45. In 1944 and 1945 the Budget and Fiscal Office had staff supervision of the procedures, personnel, and operations of the finance offices attached to all AAF organizations and installations in the field, a responsibility that previously had been handled by the Air Finance Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel, Maintenance, and Distribution. The budgetary work of the Budget and Fiscal Office was coordinated with that of the Budget Division, War Department General Staff, and its fiscal work with that of the Office of the Fiscal Director, Headquarters Army Service Forces.

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Records.--Most of the activities and policies of the Office are documented in the central records of AAF Headquarters. The following records of the Office were in its custody in 1946: "Historical" file of AAF budget estimate data, 1920-42; copies of AAF budget estimates, 1941-45; daily diaries of the Office (other copies of which are in the Air Historical Group); statistical and accounting analyses of AAF financial matters; and records pertaining to "nonappropriated" funds for the AAF Officers Association, the various noncommissioned officers' clubs, and the "Commanding General, AAF, Fund."

Office of the Air Judge Advocate [304]

The Legal Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-42, and the successor Office of the Air Judge Advocate (AJA), 1942-45, served as legal counsel to AAF Headquarters and its field commands during the war and had staff responsibility for the procurement, assignment, and administration of judge advocates, legal officers, claims officers, and legal-assistance officers attached to AAF organizations in the field. For a brief period in 1943 the AJA also handled legislative planning. In August 1945 the Office functioned through the following branches: Patents, with direct line authority over the Patents Liaison Branch at Wright Field, Ohio; Contracts and Claims; Legal Assistance; Military Justice (for court-martial matters); Military Affairs (for the interpretation of congressional legislation, Army Regulations, and international law affecting the Army Air Forces); and Litigation. The Patents Branch represented the Army Air Forces on the Army and Navy Patent Advisory Board.

Records.--Many activities and policies of the Air Judge Advocate's Office are documented in the central records of AAF Headquarters and in the following records that were kept within AJA in 1946: Copies of policy correspondence with and relating to AJA officers in the field and copies of AJA legal opinions; contract opinion files; contract litigation files; claims jackets for claims processed by AJA; and records pertaining to Army Air Forces patents and to patents of interest to it, including copies of applications for patents, files on the investigation of infringement claims, litigation files, records relating to the Manufacturers Aircraft Association's patent arbitrations, and records relating to the Army and Navy Patent Advisory Board. Some of these patent records were transferred to the National Archives in 1949. Diaries of AJA and of some of its subordinate units, 1943-45, are in the Air Historical Group. The case files of the Contracts and Claims Branch that relate to settled damage claims arising from aircraft accidents, 1943-45 (8 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Office of the Air Surgeon [305]

Army medical functions that were peculiar to air operations, excluding the Army-wide medical responsibilities of the Surgeon General's Office (see Medical Department), were handled between 1939 and 1945 under the staff supervision of the Medical Division, Office of the Chief

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of the Air Corps, 1939-42, and the Office of the Air Surgeon (known also as TAS or AS), 1942-45. The Air Surgeon planned and directed the administration of all AAF hospitals and medical installations, including the convalescent centers of the Personnel Distribution Command; the development and procurement of medical, dental, and veterinary supplies and services peculiar to the Army Air Forces; the aeromedical and aviation-psychology research programs and the altitude-training program; the medical training of AAF Medical Department personnel; and the organization, training, and movement of AAF medical units, notably Medical Air Evacuation Squadrons, Veterinary Detachments (Aviation), and Medical Dispensaries (Aviation). In August 1945 all these functions of the Office of the Air Surgeon were handled by seven divisions under three directors.

Under the Director of Administration, the Operations Division supervised hospital construction and equipment, the allocation of medical equipment, and the air evacuation work of the I Troop Carrier Command and the Air Transport Command; operated the AAF Medical Regulating Service; and supervised the AAF School of Aviation Medicine (SAM), Randolph Field, Tex., 1939-45, the AAF Medical Service Training School, Warner Robins Field, Ga., 1942-45 (moved to Randolph Field, Tex., about 1946), and the School of Air Evacuation, Bowman Field, Ky., 1942-44. The Personnel Division was concerned with all staff phases of the administration of AAF Medical Department personnel, including flight surgeons, aviation medical examiners, and flight nurses. The Supply Division handled quantity requirements, storage and issue, and fiscal aspects of medical supplies.

Under the Director of Research, the Research Division studied physiological and psychological factors in the selection and efficiency of AAF flying personnel; supervised the equipment and related research in the Aero-Medical Laboratory (AML) at Wright Field, Ohio; published the Air Surgeon's Bulletin, which was distributed throughout the AAF and to other service and professional organizations; and supervised the Historical Section, organized separately from the Air Historical Office. The Medical Statistics Division prepared estimates on aviation cadets medically fit for flying training and made other statistical analyses on such aeromedical problems as disorders induced by flying and physical factors involved in flying accidents.

Under the Director of Professional Services, the Professional Division supervised the medical, surgical, nursing, dental, and neuropsychiatric services in AAF Regional Station Hospitals (about 27 in 1945), Convalescent Hospitals (about 11 in 1945), and similar medical installations. The Convalescent Services Division planned and directed the convalescent services in such medical installations, including medical, vocational training, and physical reconditioning services.

Records.--The following wartime records were among those kept in the Office of the Air Surgeon in 1946: Unpublished annual reports of the divisions of TAS; unpublished histories of AAF medical units in the continental United States and overseas and other documents assembled by the Historical Section of TAS; records pertaining to medical associations and colleges; records of assignments and transfers of Dental Corps officers in AAF; card

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files pertaining to the Army Retiring Board and the Disposition Board; and certain records primarily of aeromedical research interest. Among the last-named records are copies of medical research reports of the School of Aviation Medicine, the Aero-Medical Laboratory, the National Research Council, the Navy Department, and the AAF Proving Ground Command; documents received from units in the continental United States and overseas for use in the Aviation Psychology Abstracts series and in the Aviation Psychology Program Research Reports series; medical intelligence records; microfilm copies of rosters of psychological tests of pilots, navigators, bombardiers, and aviation cadets; reports of the Research and Medical Statistics Divisions; AAF weekly morbidity and mortality reports; "Essential Technical Medical Data" reports; a file copy of the "AAF Rheumatic Fever Control Program News Letter"; orthopedic files; and clinical investigation files, including reports from overseas air surgeons, on internal medicine, surgery, and psychiatry.

Among the wartime TAS records in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO, are the central files of administrative correspondence and related papers; Cadet Board cards, 1943-44, relating to physical and mental examinations of aviation cadet candidates; a chronological series of the weekly "Care of Flyer Report," 1944-46, submitted to TAS by medical officers in the field and used in preparing weekly summaries; a chronological series of the "Report of Aircraft Accident," 1943-44, received from the field; and special "201" files (personnel folders) for officers and civilian consultants in TAS and in the AAF training commands, up to 1944.

The central records of AAF Headquarters contain copies of much of the Air Surgeon's administrative correspondence; and the "bulk" files in those central records contain important, lengthy series, such as reports received from Air Surgeons in each of the overseas Air Forces, 1942-44, the Research Division's "Survey" of aircrew personnel in the European and Mediterranean Theaters, about April 1944, and histories of AAF medical units in the field, about 1943-45. The daily diaries of the Air Surgeon and of some of the subordinate divisions of his Office, 1943-45, and an unpublished wartime administrative history of the Office are in the Air Historical Group. The records of the AAF Medical Service Training School, 1942-46 (5 feet), are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO; they include general files, record copies of the School's General Orders and Special Orders, and "historical photographs." Also in Kansas City are records of the School of Air Evacuation, 1942-44 (14 feet). The wartime records of the School of Aviation Medicine, including the School's administrative and research records and certain medical records of flying personnel of the overseas Air Forces, are presumed to be in that School's custody at Randolph Field, Tex.

Special Projects Office [306]

This Office was established about March 1943 to perform special functions as directed by the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces. In practice the Office represented AAF in the Special Planning

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Division, War Department General Staff, and was concerned with monitoring and coordinating the preparation, throughout AAF Headquarters, of AAF plans for the end of the war and the postwar period. These plans covered the redeployment of combat and service units, aircraft, and equipment from the European, Mediterranean, and American Theaters to the Pacific and the partial demobilization of personnel after the European phase of the war (the "J" Plans); the demobilization of personnel, the reduction of training activities, the demobilization of aircraft and related industrial production under AAF contracts, the disposal of airfields and other air installations, and the reduction of other wartime AAF activities after the collapse of Japan (the "V-J" Plan); and the organization and composition of the Interim Air Force and the Postwar Air Force. The Office was discontinued about August 1945, and its functions were absorbed into the previously established Postwar Division of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans.

Records.--The records of the Special Projects Office were in 1947 in the Classified Records Branch, AAF Headquarters. They consisted of copies and drafts of the various plans and segments of plans, together with related papers, all arranged in general by type and phase of plan. A guide to some of these records is in the footnotes and bibliography of the AAF Strategic Air Command's unpublished historical study, "Manpower Demobilization in the AAF" (1946). A copy of the "J" Plan (July 1, 1944, ed. 10 vols.) is in the reference collection of the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Air Communications Office [307]

This special staff Office, known also as ACO, 1943-45, and its predecessors in AAF Headquarters, 1939-43, constituted the planning office for handling AAF interests and requirements in electronics equipment and techniques, including the development and production of radio and radar equipment, the procurement of leased-wire systems, the training and organization of communications personnel, and the use of cryptographic devices and systems throughout the Army Air Forces. These duties included the formulation of AAF quality and quantity requirements and the preparation of tables of organization and equipment, training standards, and tactical doctrines for radio and radar equipment. From September 1943 to December 1944, the function of monitoring guided-missiles projects (in which electronics controls constituted only one factor) was assigned to the Air Communications Office; subsequently this function was performed by the Requirements Division of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements.

Major dealings of the Air Communications Office outside AAF Headquarters were with the Joint Communications Board and the Combined Communications Board, on each of which the Air Communications Officer was the AAF member; the committees of these boards, on which other members of ACO served; the Signal Corps (1939-November 1944) and the Air Technical Service Command (November 1944-45), which were the two procurement services successively concerned with the development, production, and installation

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of air communications equipment; the AAF Board, concerned with operational requirements; and the AAF Training Command, the Air Service Command, and the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces, which at various times were concerned with the individual training and unit training of radio and radar personnel. At the same time ACO had line authority, for AAF Headquarters, over two AAF field commands--the Army Airways Communications System and the 136th Radio Security Detachment.

The Air Communications Office and its predecessors in AAF Headquarters, 1939-45, were successively designated as follows: Communications Section, Training and Operations Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-March 1942; the Directorate of Communications, March 1942-March 1943; the Air Communications Division, AC/AS Operations, Commitments, and Requirements, March-September 1943; and the Air Communications Office, October 1943-August 1945. Near the end of the war, about September 1, 1945, ACO was transferred to the new AC/AS-3 and was renamed the Air Communications Division.

In August 1945 the subordinate units of the Air Communications Office included the four divisions separately described below. In addition, the Office had a separately organized group of civilian consultants who advised on research and development trends and possibilities, made recommendations as to the most effective techniques for the employment of radio and radar equipment and systems in aerial warfare, and evaluated the operational requirements evolved by the AAF Board for personnel, equipment, systems, and techniques.

Records.--Most of the records of the Air Communications Office and of its predecessors, 1942-45, were in 1947 in the custody of the successor Air Communications Division, AC/AS-3, AAF Headquarters. These records included administrative correspondence on all matters handled by the Office; monthly progress reports, daily diaries, and morning reports of ACO; copies of minutes, case papers, and other papers of the Combined Communications Board, the Joint Communications Board, the Joint Methods and Procedures Board, the Joint Security Control, and the Combined Security Control; copies of documents describing or appraising radar and radio equipment, including Signal Corps engineering reports, National Defense Research Committee reports (including its "U.S. Radar Survey"), AAF instruction books, Joint Communications Board manuals and handbooks, and Army Ground Forces Review Board reports; and copies of manning tables (M/T's) and tables of organization (T/O's) for communications units in the field.

Copies of some of ACO's correspondence, memoranda, studies, and related papers are in the central records of AAF Headquarters. In the Air Historical Group are historical studies that were prepared on various communications subjects and functions at various echelons of the AAF, including studies made by the Air Historical Office, an administrative history of AC/AS-3, monthly progress reports of ACO (1944-45), and studies by the historical sections of domestic and overseas AAF commands and other units that were concerned with phases of electronics matériel, training, and operations.

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Plans Division [308]

This Division represented AAF on the planning committees of the joint and Combined Communications Boards and functioned through the Operations Branch, for liaison with the Operational Plans Division, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans; the Postwar Branch, for liaison with the Postwar Division, AC/AS Plans; and the Program Control Branch, for maintaining current information on research and development, production, and distribution of air communications equipment throughout AAF.

Records.--No separately maintained records of this Division are known to be in existence. Its activities are documented in some of the records mentioned in entry 307.

Operations Division [308a]

This Division had line authority over the operations of the Army Airways Communications System and the 136th Radio Security Detachment. It assembled quantity requirements (personnel and equipment) for these two commands; handled codes, cipher systems, and cryptographic devices and materials; obtained and prescribed radio frequencies and call signals for the Army Air Forces in the continental United States; determined AAF policies for leasing fixed-wire circuits, networks, and systems; represented AAF on committees of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combined Chiefs of Staff that were concerned with any of these matters; represented AAF on the United States Trans-Atlantic Service Safety Organization Committee (TASSO), about 1942-44; and supervised the training and use of pigeons in Army communications.

Records.--Records of cryptographic security administration, 1942-44 (40 feet), including copies of instructions and manuals, reference materials on devices and signals, and accounting documents governing the assignment and distribution of codes and ciphers to field units, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records relating to communications by means of pigeons, 1942-44, including training schedules, data on birds used overseas, and statistical summaries, are filed under 311.9 in the "bulk" files of the central records of AAF Headquarters.

Equipment Division [308b]

This Division formulated and reviewed proposals for military characteristics of new or improved radio and radar equipment for air operations, advised on quantity requirements for such equipment, and reviewed electronics test programs, including those of the AAF Proving Ground Command.

Records.--This Division's records relating to the development and employment of items of radar and radio equipment, 1942-46, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. The Division's activities are documented also in some of the records mentioned in entry 307.

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Organization and Training Division [308c]

This Division handled radio and radar personnel allotments for AAF; determined the composition of AAF communications units; prepared related training standards, curricula, tables of organization and equipment, and tactical doctrines; and recommended deployment and redeployment of communications units to the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements.

Records.---No separately maintained records of the Division are known to be in existence. Its activities are documented in some of the records mentioned in entry 307.

Office of Flying Safety [309]

The Office of Flying Safety (OFS), 1943-15, and its predecessors, 1939-43, were concerned with the prevention of flying accidents, the investigation and analysis of such accidents, and the enforcement of regulations governing AAF noncombat flight operations and air traffic in the continental United States. Before December 1943 these functions were handled successively by the Safety Section of the Inspection Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, 1939-42; the Directorate of Air Traffic and Safety, March 1942-March 1943; and the Flight Control Command, March-December 1943. The Office of Flying Safety consisted of a small staff in AAF Headquarters and a larger field establishment at Winston-Salem, N. C. The field organization functioned through seven major operating divisions: Accident Analysis, Matériel and Maintenance (for studying safety and accident factors in aircraft and air equipment), Training and Operations (for studying accident and safety factors in the AAF flying training program), Safety Education (for handling training films and similar aids on safety subjects and for preparing the "Pilot's Information File"), Medical Safety (for reporting to the Air Surgeon regarding medical aspects of accidents), Safety Enforcement, and Administrative Service.

In addition to the main field office at Winston-Salem, the Office of Flying Safety functioned through regional safety offices located at Mitchel Field (N.Y.), Atlanta, Memphis, Kansas City, Fort Worth, Santa Ana (Calif.), and Oakland (Calif.). These regional offices assisted aircraft-accident investigating boards, made safety surveys and inspected fire-fighting and crash equipment at AAF installations, and performed other safety functions.

Records.--The wartime records of the Office of Flying Safety are either in the Flying Safety Division of the Office of the Air Inspector, AAF Headquarters, at Langley Field, Va., or, if noncurrent, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. These records include central files, 1943-45; incoming and outgoing telegrams, teletypes, and related papers, 1944-45; record copies of the Office's General Orders, Special Orders, Administrative Memoranda, General Court-Martial Orders, Special Court-Martial Orders, and Daily Bulletins, 1943--45; record copies (on microfilm) of AAF forms 5 and 5A (individual flight record); and record copies of AAF form 14 (major aircraft accident report). Diaries of OFS, Washington, 1943-45, and its monthly

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historical reports, December 1943-November 1944, are in the Air Historical Group. Copies of the OFS series of reports on "Accident Trends," about 1941-44, are among the central records of AAF Headquarters (filed in "bulk" files under 360.33); other copies were in 1946 in the Air Intelligence Library. The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, also contain some papers on flying safety; see index sheets filed under AG 322 Flight Control Command, 1943.

Office of Legislative Services [310]

This Office was not established until December 1943, although liaison with committees of Congress and the planning of legislation of interest to the Army Air Forces had been carried on previously in one office or another of AAF Headquarters. The Office of Legislative Services, 1943-45, had AAF staff responsibilities for all bills and acts of Congress and all Executive orders relating to AAF (except those on budget and fiscal matters, which were handled by the Budget and Fiscal Office, AAF Headquarters), investigations by congressional committees, and replies to inquiries about the AAF received from Members of Congress. On all these matters the Office maintained liaison with comparable offices in the War Department General Staff (see Legislative and Liaison Division) and in the Office of the Under Secretary of War (see Legislative Division).

Records.--The Office's activities are documented extensively in the central records of AAF Headquarters. In 1946 the Office had a separate file of copies of its reports, both manuscript and printed, that had been submitted to committees of Congress or to the Bureau of the Budget. Its daily diaries for the war period and two unpublished studies by the AAF Historical Division on legislation relating to matériel, personnel, and training, are in the Air Historical Group. Two small series relating to legislation and to inquiries by congressional investigating committees, 1943-45 (14 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

Office of Special Assistant for Antiaircraft [311]

This special staff office was created in 1943 to advise the Commanding General, AAF, on all matters involving AAF requirements for antiaircraft artillery, including tactical and technical doctrines, matériel (artillery, equipment, and tow targets), training, units of trained personnel, and officers for assignment to staffs of air commands in the field. The Office also supervised, in effect, the antiaircraft training at the AAF Center, Orlando, Fla., and maintained liaison, with respect to antiaircraft matters, with the Navy, the Army Service Forces (on matériel and related services), and the Army Ground Forces (on training matters).

Records.--The records of the Office were in 1946 in the custody of AC/AS-3, to which the Antiaircraft Office was transferred in Sept. 1945. These included general correspondence of the Office, 1944-45; records of the Guided Missiles Liaison Officer with the Navy, including copies of Navy reports on antiaircraft and guided missiles; antiaircraft artillery training

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circulars, bulletins, and instructions; copies of reports on radar, radio, and ordnance bearing on antiaircraft; and copies of "Intelligence Summaries" by AC/AS Intelligence.

Office of Information Services [312]

The public information functions and activities of Army Air Forces Headquarters were handled successively by the Public Relations Section (first of the Information Division, later of the Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps), 1939-August 1942; the Office of Technical Information, Office of AC/AS Intelligence, August 1942-October 1944; and the Office of Information Services (OIS), from November 1944. These activities involved the use of all the common mediums for disseminating information, including magazines, newspapers, radio, and motion pictures. In 1945 the Office consisted of the Office of Technical Information, which prepared statements and handled security clearance; the Air Force Division, which edited the monthly service journal Air Force, 1943-45; the Special Events Division, which planned special presentations, such as the "Winged Victory" theatrical show and the various presentations to workers employed by the aircraft industry and other AAF contractors; and the Radio Division, which supervised the 1st and 2nd Radio Units (the 38th and the 39th AAF Base Units) at Santa Ana, Calif., and New York City, respectively. Many of these war information activities were handled in collaboration with the Bureau of Public Relations of the Office of the Secretary of War and with the Office of War Information.

Records.--Many of this Office's activities are documented in the general records of AAF Headquarters. Its separately maintained records in 1946 included the following: Chronological file of speeches, radio scripts, and other statements by general officers of AAF Headquarters, 1942-46 (copies of some of these are also in the Air Historical Group); transcripts of press conferences by the Commanding General, AAF, and other key officers, 1944-46; manuscript and printed copies of various "popular" histories of AAF; and file copies of selected photographs of AAF aircraft, equipment, installations, personalities, and "special events." A file pertaining to speeches, radio programs, motion pictures, exhibits, and security clearance of publicity, 1943-46 (10 feet), and certain "Air Force Day" scrapbooks, arranged by airfield or other AAF installation, are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Also in the Departmental Records Branch are records of the Air Force editorial staff, 1942-46, together with a record set of that service journal and its predecessors: Air Corps News Letter, 1935--41 (and earlier); Air Force News Letter, 1941-42; and Air Force, 1942-46. Sound recordings, July-Nov. 1945, of the radio program first entitled "The Fighting AAF" and later, "Your AAF," which contain interviews with combat airmen, are in the National Archives. The records of the 1st and 2nd Radio Units, 1943-45, and of the "Winged Victory" unit (31st AAF Base Unit), 1943-45, are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO.

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Headquarters XX Air Force [313]

The XX Air Force, which employed the AAF's new B-29 very-heavy bombers over Japanese targets in 1944 and 1945, operated not under the appropriate Pacific Theater commands but directly under the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces, who received his directives from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Headquarters of this special Air Force was located in Washington and was distinct from the headquarters of its two major components in the Pacific--the 20th and 21st Bomber Commands. Most of the staff members and civilian assistants in Headquarters XX Air Force served at the same time in the major air staff offices of AAF Headquarters.

Records.--The records of Headquarters XX Air Force are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. They consist of general files, personnel folders ("201" files), incoming and outgoing radio and cable messages, General Orders, Special Orders, statistical summaries and other reports, and mission reports by the 20th and 21st Bomber Commands, Apr. 1944-Aug. 1945. In addition, many of the regular staff offices of AAF Headquarters kept their own records of their XX Air Force staff activities. Still other related papers are in the central records of AAF Headquarters and the records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Boards and Committees Within AAF [314]

Of the numerous committees that functioned at one time or another within the Army Air Forces during the war, separately maintained records for those shown below are known to exist. Other intra-AAF committees have been described earlier, as parts of their parent offices.

Air Corps Technical Committee [315]

This Committee, the origins of which within the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps antedate the war, functioned in 1939 and 1940 as a requirements committee and was concerned chiefly with proposed military characteristics for new and improved airplane models. It ceased to function about 1941.

Records.--Several series of minutes, procedural statements, and "project folders" of the Committee are in the central records of AAF Headquarters, filed in the "bulk" files under 334, 334.8, and 337.

AAF Naming Board [316]

This Board was concerned with the problem of naming the hundreds of airfields that were built by the AAF or were taken over from civilian authorities for the duration of the war.

Records.--Proceedings of the Board and name files pertaining to the various fields are among the central records of AAF Headquarters, filed in the "bulk" files under 680.9.

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Air Force Material Planning Council [317]

This Council, presided over by the Director of Military Requirements, functioned between June and September 1942. It studied quantity requirements and reviewed military characteristics of fighter and bomber airplanes.

Records.--Minutes and other documents of the Council are among the central records of AAF Headquarters and the records of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans.

AAF Requirements Board [318]

This Board, which functioned chiefly in 1944 and 1945, was another airplane requirements committee of AAF Headquarters.

Records.---The Board's minutes are among the records of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Plans.

AAF Evaluation Boards [319]

Beginning about June 1944, these Boards were sent out as teams from Headquarters to each major combat theater to study the effectiveness of air attacks and evaluate air operations from the point of view of such factors as available types and models of airplanes, types of air ordnance, formations, weather and climate, communications, and intelligence. The studies of some of these Boards paralleled in scope the work of the later United States Strategic Bombing Survey. The Boards were designated according to the theaters to which they were sent: AAF Evaluation Board, ETO (for the European Theater of Operations); AAF Evaluation Board, NATO (for the North African Theater of Operations), later MTO (Mediterranean Theater of Operations); AAF Evaluation Board, CBI (for the China-Burma-India Theater of Operations); AAF Evaluation Board, CPTO (for the Central Pacific Theater of Operations), later POA (Pacific Ocean Areas); and AAF Evaluation Board, SWPA (for the Southwest Pacific Area). The boards were all discontinued by the end of 1945.

Records.--The administrative records of the ETO Board, 1944-45 (4 feet), are in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis; they include copies of its studies and selected reports of the operations of the 8th Air Force. The SWPA Board's records, 1944-45 (8 feet), also in St. Louis, include its general files; Orders, Operations Orders, Bulletins, and Administrative Memos of the Board; and incoming and outgoing telegrams and teletype messages. The whereabouts of the records of the other boards has not been determined. Copies of the many reports and studies of the boards are in the collection of the Air Historical Group, in the central records of AAF Headquarters (particularly in the "bulk" files, under 319.1), and in the records of AC/AS Plans, AAF Headquarters. A few papers on the origins of the boards are in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 334.

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Air Force Combat Command [320]

General Headquarters Air Force, March 1935-June 1941, origi- nally located at Langley Field, Va., and the successor Air Force Combat Command (AFCC) at Boiling Field, D. C, June 1941-March 1942, were less a "field command" of the Air Forces than a part of what in March 1942 became Headquarters Army Air Forces (see entry 256).

Records.--The central files of these two successive headquarters, 1935-42 (98 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. For records of field commands under the General Headquarters Air Force and the Air Force Combat Command, see Continental Air Forces. Monthly military-personnel strength reports on AFCC, 1941-42, compiled by the Machine Records Branch, AGO, are among the records of that Branch.

Field Commands of the Army Air Forces

Air Technical Service Command [321]

The Air Technical Service Command, known also as ATSC, and its predecessors provided the field establishment for the Army Air Forces that was responsible for the development, production, maintenance, and distribution of aircraft, related airborne equipment, and ground equipment and supplies peculiar to air operations. It was responsible also for the training of engineering and procurement officers (at the AAF Engineering School at Wright Field, Ohio) and for the training of supply and maintenance units for overseas duty. These matériel and service-command functions, exercised under the ultimate staff supervision of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Matériel and Services, AAF Headquarters, were performed at the command headquarters at Wright Field, Ohio, and nearby Patterson Field (in 1944 renamed Area A and Area B, respectively, of Wright Field) and through a large field organization in the continental United States. This organization consisted of various procurement districts, regional air service commands, and other subordinate units located at Army air fields, air bases, industrial plants and university laboratories under contract with AAF, and experimental centers of other Federal agencies.

[321a] Functions of the Command.--These matériel and related service functions ranged from the inception of an idea for a new or improved airplane or weapon, through mass production, to the observation of combat performance. Air matériel included the basic types of military aircraft, functionally classified as bombers, fighters, transports, trainers, photographic airplanes, liaison airplanes (primarily for use by the ground arms), and gliders. It also included airplane components, such as engines, propellers, and jet power plants; defensive and offensive armament, such as fire-control devices and bombsights; aviation gasoline, lubricants, and hydraulic fluids; navigation aids and other flying aids; personal equipment, such as clothing, oxygen equipment, and rescue aids; synthetic training devices; and special ground equipment for air maintenance and supply work

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in the combat theaters. In addition, Wright Field was responsible for barrage balloons until the work on them was reassigned to the Corps of Engineers in March 1942. It was responsible for air-borne and air-related radio and radar equipment after November 1944, when the functions pertaining to air communications equipment were transferred to AAF from the Signal Corps.

Usually a given airplane or other item of matériel went through most of the following consecutive phases in the Air Technical Service Command. Research and development involved theoretical studies, design, experimental procurement, and ground and flight testing, both at the Command's own laboratories and test bases and through the experimental work of industry, universities, and various Federal agencies, including the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Then followed standardization of an item for quantity procurement and, when possible, standardization also for common use by the Navy and the British air services. These interservice phases were handled through the Command's representation on the Joint Aircraft Committee and on the Working Committee of the Aeronautical Board.

Meanwhile the Air Technical Service Command carried on the major function of expanding economic resources for quantity production of the airplane or other item of matériel in collaboration with the War Production Board and the Joint Aircraft Committee and their predecessors, an activity that emphasized plants and machine tools in 1939-42 and materials and industrial manpower in 1943-44. The command prepared and supervised production programs, schedules, and controls for quantity production, again in collaboration with the Joint Aircraft Committee and such units of the War Production Board as the Aircraft Resources Control Office in Washington and the Aircraft Scheduling Unit at Wright Field; it expedited production and inspected and controlled the quality of matériel at the factory; and through modification centers, air depots, and industrial plants it modified aircraft for use either as lend-lease airplanes by the various Allies or for special AAF combat uses. The Command established quantity and quality requirements for these items of air equipment procured through the various technical services of the Army Service Forces; and it handled the storage, stock control, issue, and shipment of matériel to ports of embarkation or to depots in the

Abo among the functions of the Command were the maintenance of aircraft and equipment (including the engineering aspects of analyzing the combat performance of items of equipment); the preparation, publication, and distribution of technical orders and other instructions for the maintenance and operation of airplanes and equipment; the training of civilian employees for supply and maintenance work in the continental United States; and the training of military personnel as Air Service Groups and other units for overseas duty.

[321b] General organization.--These various matériel and service func- tions were performed or supervised at Wright Field from 1939 to 1945 by the command headquarters that was successively designated as the

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Matériel Division, 1939-March 1942; the Matériel Center, March 1942-March 1943; the Matériel Command, March 1943-August 1944; and the Air Technical Service Command, August-1944 until after the end of the war. For most of this period (March 1941-August 1944), however, the command's functions were limited to the development and production phases of matériel, while the various supply and maintenance phases were handled by a separate command designated successively as the Provisional Air Corps Maintenance Command (March-April 1941), the Maintenance Command (April-October 1941), and the Air Service Command (October 1941-August 1944), which was located at nearby Patterson Field after October 1941. In July 1944 the Air Service Command and the Matériel Command were combined, in effect, under a single Director of Matériel and Services (Lt. Gen. William S. Knudsen, who was also Director of Procurement, Office of the Under Secretary of War); and in August 1944 these commands were abolished in name and their matériel and service functions were merged formally into the new Air Technical Service Command which had functions about as broad as those of the Matériel Division of 1939.

By September 1945 Air Technical Service Command Headquarters was organized in 8 divisions, 23 offices, and many more subordinate sections and branches, all grouped under 5 deputy commanding generals: Personnel, T--1, for technical supply and maintenance personnel and surgeon, chaplain, and other nonspecialized personnel, and their training; Intelligence, T-2, especially for handling Allied and captured enemy technical data on air matériel; Engineering, T-3, for both experimental engineering and maintenance engineering; Supply, T-4, for both quantity procurement and distribution; and Plans, T-5. This last-named unit included offices for program planning (including industrial planning), organization planning, statistical control, and historical work. Also part of ATSC Headquarters was the AAF Engineering School, at Wright Field, Ohio. Early in 1946 the Air Technical Service Command was renamed the Air Matériel Command.

[321c] Organization for development and production.--That part of Air Technical Service Command Headquarters concerned essentially with experimental development and quantity production underwent changes from 1939 to 1945 that reflected the changing emphases of the war. In 1939 it consisted of five major sections of the Matériel Division: Experimental Engineering; Production Engineering (for production programs, scheduling, controls, and engineering changes); Contracts (primarily for the legal and financial aspects of production and experimental contracts); Inspection (the "quantity control" of finished aircraft, components, and equipment); and Industrial Planning (primarily for plant and and machine-tool expansion in the aeronautical industries).

In 1942 these five sections were reorganized as four divisions of the Matériel Center--Engineering, Production (a merger of the functions of the former Production Engineering and Industrial Planning Sections), Inspection, and Contracts; and on January 1, 1943, the Contracts Division was renamed the Procurement Division. In July 1944 the Readjustment Division was added to these four divisions (all now under the newly designated

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Matériel Command), absorbing those functions of the Procurement and Production Divisions pertaining to the termination of war contracts and the handling of Government-owned surplus plant equipment and materials in the plants of AAF industrial contractors.

Soon thereafter (September 1944) the remaining functions of the Procurement and Production Divisions and those of the Inspection Division were consolidated into the new Procurement Division, to handle all matters pertaining to quantity production. The Procurement and the Engineering Divisions, under the redesignated Air Technical Service Command, continued through the remainder of the war. The Readjustment Division was abolished early in 1945 and its termination functions were absorbed by other divisions--surplus matériel by the Supply Division (see below) and surplus machine tools and materials by the Procurement Division (see above). Each of these divisions and their many sections, branches, and offices underwent many minor internal changes from 1939 to 1945.

By September 1945 the Engineering Division was responsible for the following experimental and test laboratories: Engineering Shops, Aircraft, Aero-Medical, Materials, Personnel Equipment, Armament, Photographic (for airborne photographic equipment and related ground equipment), equipment (confined to electrical, control, navigation, training, and marine equipment and instruments), Power Plant, and Propeller Laboratories. It was responsible also for the following electronics laboratories: Communication and Navigation, Special Projects, Radar, Engineering Services, and Systems Engineering. The Engineering Division had a number of Engineering Liaison Officers to deal on experimental matters with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the War Department's Ordnance Department, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics, the Ice Research Base, the California Institute of Technology, and the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University.

The Procurement Division handled not only contractual and legal matters but all matters concerned with quantity procurement and production engineering. In September 1945 it had the following sections: Control (requirements and reports); Aircraft; Aeronautical Equipment (engines, propellers, armament, radio, and radar); Services (contracts, local purchases, price control, and property accountability); Inspection (quality control, not to be confused with inspector-general functions handled by the Air Inspector); Industrial Facilities (plants, production equipment, materials, and industrial scrap and salvage); and Readjustment (of contracts and production programs). There was also from 1944 to 1946 the Contract Audit Branch (known also as the 6th AAF Base Unit) at nearby Dayton, Ohio, which was responsible jointly to the Air Technical Service Command and to Headquarters Army Air Forces.

[321d] Organization for supply and maintenance.--From 1939 to 1945 the supply, distribution, and maintenance organization of the Air Technical Service Command and its predecessors underwent many changes, mostly in name, size, and emphasis rather than in basic function. In 1939 this service organization consisted only of the Field Service Section of the

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Matériel Division at Wright Field. In March 1941 this Section was expanded and named the Provisional Air Corps Maintenance Command, with both maintenance and distribution functions; and in April 1941 it was renamed the Maintenance Command, still a part of the Matériel Division. In October 1941 it was renamed the Air Service Command and was moved from Wright Field to nearby Patterson Field, where it functioned as a command separate from the Matériel Division (Matériel Command) until August 1944, when the service and matériel commands were again consolidated into the new Air Technical Service Command. At Patterson Field, Air Service Command Headquarters was organized for most of 1941-44 in three major functional divisions: The Supply Division, the Maintenance Division, and the Personnel and Training Division, the last concerned primarily with the technical training of civilians for air-depot work in the continental United States and the training of military personnel as Air Service Groups and related troop units for overseas duty.

[321e] Records.--The central records of Air Technical Service Command Headquarters and its predecessors, 1939-45, were, in 1946, in the custody of the Records Section, Adjutant General, Air Matériel Command Headquarters (successor to ATSC), Wright Field, Ohio. They were divided, first, into two major groups, one for Area A of Wright Field (records of experimental engineering and production activities) and the other for Area B (records of supply, maintenance, and related training activities). Many of the individual "blocks" of records are arranged according to the War Department Decimal File System, but with severe consolidations and expansions of many of the headings; other segments consist of project files and subject files; and still others are files kept separately by particular offices, sections, and laboratories and turned over to the central Records Section. All these records have been scheduled for transfer, when they become noncurrent, to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. The records of the Contract Audit Branch, 1944-46, some records of the AAF Engineering School, and certain other records of the Command are in Kansas City. In the Command's special records depository at Wright Field, Ohio, are the wartime records of the Industrial Planning Section; and the AAF's consolidated files of contract records, which were originally filed not only in this Command Headquarters but in all AAF contracting agencies.

The Historical Division of Command Headquarters has an extensive collection of (1) administrative histories of the Command and its predecessors, 1926-45; (2) about 25 historical monographs on particular categories of air matériel, such as bomber turrets and transport airplanes, or on particular phases of matériel or service functions, such as plant-facility expansion, labor, inspection, and maintenance; (3) about 150 case histories (narrative and documentary) of selected development and production projects involving specific airplane models, items of equipment, or types of materials; (4) copies of "Production Analyses Studies" of selected AAF-controlled industrial plants, made after the war by the Harvard School of Business Administration and the Command's Logistics Planning Division; (5) official histories of the Command's subordinate organizations, 1939-45; (6) copies of about 20

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of printed reports and other documents that were disseminated by the Command; and (7) copies of other selected documents pertaining to the administrative and technological aspects of the Command's war activities. Categories 1, 2, 3, and 5 are duplicated and category 6 is partly duplicated in the collection of the Air Historical Group. Other Command records include a large body of technical intelligence data on Allied and enemy air matériel, covering roughly the period 1920-47, which in 1946 was in the custody of Intelligence, T-2.

The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain some papers relating to the Command; see index sheets filed under AG 322 Air Force Matériel Command, 1942-44 (8 linear inches), and AG 322 Air Service Command, 1941-44 (8 linear inches). Copies of some of the Command's reports and tabulations are in the central records (in the "bulk" files) of AAF Headquarters, notably the following series: The "Model Designation of Airplanes" handbook (filed under 452.1), the monthly "Tactical Planning Characteristics and Performance Chart" (under 452.02), the monthly "Matériel Division Consolidated Statistical Report" for 1939-42 (under 319.1 and 452.1; another set is in the Air Historical Group), the monthly chart, "Armament and Bomb Installations" (under 470), and "AAF Industrial Expansions, Status and Progress" (under 004). Various wartime editions of the Command's handbook, "Research and Development Projects," are in the collection of the Air Historical Group and the records of the Assistant Secretary of War for Air. Copies of interviews in Air Service Command Headquarters with returning overseas representatives of the aircraft industry and with returning supply and maintenance officers, 1943-44, were in 1945 in the Air Intelligence Library. Other series of Command documents for the war period are "Army Air Forces Specifications," "Stock Lists," "Technical Orders," and the Technical Data Digest.

After the war the Air Technical Service Command established an office, in collaboration with the Navy, to administer captured enemy records containing technical aeronautical data. The processing of such records at Dayton, Ohio, and at London by this office (in 1949 known as the Central Air Documents Office, or CADO) is described in Eugene B. Jackson's "CADO Uses Varied Skills," in Library Journal, 74: 778-783, 883 (May 15, 1949).

Field Establishment [322]

Besides its Headquarters at Wright Field, the Air Technical Service Command consisted of a large field establishment, scattered throughout the continental United States, which performed many of the Command's operations, especially some of those activities that pertained to quantity procurement, storage and distribution, maintenance and repair, and the training of service troop units.

Organizations for Matériel Production [322a]

The Procurement Districts, of which there were three in 1939, six in 1943, and three again in September 1945, embraced geographically the entire United States, with the district offices located near the

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centers of the aircraft and other aeronautical industries. In 1943 these offices were at Los Angeles, Wichita, Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Atlanta. They handled matters pertaining to production, contracts, inspection, and related procurement matters that were decentralized from time to time by Command Headquarters. The district offices in turn decentralized some of their functions to branch offices, renamed "area" offices about 1942, and beyond them to "resident representatives" who were located at the plants of the AAF's larger industrial contractors. A given district office, by September 1945, was headed by its commanding general and was organized under four deputies: Personnel, T-1; Intelligence, T-2; Supply, T-4; and Plans, T-5. There was no deputy for engineering, because most of the relations with industry on experimental engineering matters were handled directly by Command Headquarters.

There were still other field organizations concerned with phases of matériel production, notably 2 "GFE Depots" and 11 Modification Centers (in 1945), all of them under the immediate jurisdiction of Command Headquarters at Wright Field. The GFE Depots, at Rochester, N.Y., and Dayton, Ohio, stored and distributed "Government furnished equipment," that is, airplane components produced by one AAF industrial contractor for use by another at a final-assembly airplane plant. Modification Centers, which began to be organized in 1942 and functioned until nearly the end of the war, were located either near the shops of commercial airlines or at Government-built airplane plants; they made various nonstandard changes on particular models of airplanes or on airplanes destined for particular theaters or Allied air forces. For example, they handled the installation of special equipment or the installation of equipment that was not available when the plane was in the final-assembly line of the AAF contractor. Later in the war several AAF Audit Districts (6 by August 1945) were also added to the ATSC field establishment.

Records.--The records of these field organizations are at the particular installation where the organization is stationed, if the records are still regarded as active. Noncurrent records are scheduled for transfer to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Wartime records of the following agencies are in that depository: The headquarters of the Procurement Districts at New York, Chicago, Wichita, and Los Angeles; the Resident Representative at the Boeing Aircraft Co., Seattle; the Modification Center at Denver; and the GFE Depots. Copies of official histories of these organizations are normally filed among the organization's records in the Kansas City Records Center (usually under 314.7); in the Air Historical Group; and in the Historical Division, Air Matériel Command Headquarters.

Organizations for Experimental and Developmental Work [322b]

There were relatively few field organizations of this type for air matériel, except for the Muroc (Calif.) Flight Test Base;a test base for gliders at Wilmington, Ohio, about 1942-44; two Electronics Experimental Squadrons (the 4149th and 4150th AAF Base Units) at Fort Dix,

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N.J., and at Boca Raton Army Airfield, Fla., respectively, beginning about 43; the "Experimental Project" on rocket development (the 4146th AAF Base Unit) at Dover, Del., 1943-45; and two Field Communications Laboratories, one at Eglin Field, Fla., where the AAF Proving Ground Command was located, and the other at the Indianapolis Municipal Airport. After functions pertaining to air-related radio and radar were transferred from the Signal Corps to AAF in November 1944, the former's Watson Laboratories at Red Bank, N.J., also became a field organization of the Air Technical Service Command.

Records.--The records of these field organizations are at the particular installation where the organization is stationed if the records are still regarded as active. Noncurrent records are scheduled for transfer to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO.

Organizations for Supply and Maintenance [322c]

The major ATSC field organizations of this type were the 12 regional Air Technical Service Commands located at installations where large air depots and shops were built and staffed for the warehousing, distribution, maintenance, and servicing of aircraft, airplane components, and related air equipment. In 1939 there were 4 such major air depots, at San Antonio, Tex., Middletown, Pa., Fairfield, Ohio, and Sacramento, Calif. Between 1939 and 1943 these were expanded and others were constructed at Miami, Mobile, Ogden, Oklahoma City, Rome, N.Y., San Bernardino, Calif., Spokane, and Warner Robins Army Air Field, Ga. In June 1941 the major depots were controlled by 4 Maintenance Wings of the Maintenance Command, each located near the center of one of the air districts of the General Headquarters Air Force. In December 1941 these Wings were redesignated as 4 Air Service Area Commands, and each of the air depots (11 by then) serviced a region called an Air Depot Control Area. In February 1943 these 2 related regional jurisdictions were consolidated into a single series of Air Service Area Commands, one for each major air depot installation. Later in 1943 these commands were renamed area Air Service Commands, each prefixed by the name of the installation, such as the San Antonio Air Service Command. In July-August 1944, when the Air Service Command was merged into the new Air Technical Service Command, the area commands were renamed area Air Technical Service Commands, with their functions still confined, however, to supply, maintenance, and related unit-training activities. In September 1945 each of these regional service commands, headed by a commanding general, was organized under 4 major deputies: Personnel, T-1; Engineering, T-3; Supply, T-4; and Plans, T-5.

Two special subordinate commands were concerned with overseas shipments by water (see Air Transport Command, for shipments by air) of air matériel through the ports of embarkation on the east and west coasts. These two commands were the Atlantic Overseas Air Technical Service Command and the Pacific Overseas Air Technical Service Command, located respectively at Newark, N.J., and San Francisco. The Atlantic Command grew out of the Defense Aid Depot, organized in 1941 for the handling of shipments

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to the Allies under the lend-lease program, and the Port Air Office of the New York Port of Embarkation, established in 1942. The functions of these organizations were transferred to AAF in 1942 and were organized into an agency known as the New York Air Service Port Air Command and about September 1944 as the Atlantic Overseas Air Technical Service Command. The Command's functions included warehousing, packing, stevedoring, storing, and deck inspection of aircraft and of other AAF equipment that was being shipped by water to the supply zones of the combat theaters. The Pacific Overseas Air Technical Service Command and its predecessors, October 1943-45, handled comparable functions at the San Francisco port, inheriting the functions relating to air matériel previously handled by the San Francisco Port of Embarkation. Each of these port commands was headed, in September 1945, by its commanding general and was organized under four deputies: Personnel, T-1; Engineering, T-3; Supply, T-4; and Plans, T-5. In addition to the AAF offices at New York and San Francisco, there were Port AAF Liaison Sections (known also as AAF Base Units and Air Sections of ports of embarkation, and earlier as Port Air Offices) at Charleston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Seattle.

Other subordinate supply and maintenance field organizations peculiar to the Air Technical Service Command were Specialized Depots (40 by 1945), for warehousing particular types of air equipment for eventual overseas shipment; Intransit Depots (6 by 1945), located near the ports of embarkation; 2 AAF Regional (electronics) Crystal Banks (the first at Newark, N.J., and the second at San Francisco); Replacement Depots, for handling supply and maintenance personnel destined for training in overseas service units; the Air Technical Service Command Staff School, formerly the Air Service Command Staff School, at Warner Robins Army Air Field, Ga., which trained key military personnel for the overseas air service commands, air service groups, and air service squadrons; certain other training centers; and several experimental "service groups, special," and "service groups, training," located at several of the area service commands.

Records.--The records of each field organization are at the particular installation where the organization is stationed if the records are still regarded as active. Noncurrent records are scheduled for transfer to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Wartime records of the following agencies are in that depository: The headquarters of the regional Air Technical Service Commands at Middletown, up to 1944, Ogden, 1942-46, Sacramento, 1941-46, Spokane, 1942-46; the Atlantic Overseas Air Technical Service Command; the Port AAF Liaison Sections at the ports of embarkation at Charleston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, and Seattle; the Specialized Depots at about 20 cities; Intransit Depot No. 5 at Newark and No. 8 at Long Beach; the 1st and 2d Regional Crystal Banks; ASC Replacement Depot No. 3 at Fresno, Calif.; and the ATSC Training Center at Fresno, 1942-45. Copies of official histories of these organizations are normally filed among the organization's records in the Kansas City Records Center (usually under 314.70); in the Air Historical Group; and in the Historical Division, Air Matériel Command Headquarters.

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AAF Training Command [323]

The AAF Training Command, 1943-45, its predecessor training commands and centers, 1939-43, and their respective subordinate organizations in the continental United States, 1939-45, constituted the major Army Air Forces field establishment for the individual training of flying personnel and ground-duty personnel for air operations during the war. This "individual" phase of training was preparatory for the later "unit training" phase, administered by other AAF commands (see Continental Air Forces and Air Technical Service Command), by which crews, squadrons, and groups were trained as operational units ready for assignment to the combat air forces in the overseas theaters of operations. Individual training was given to officers, enlisted men, aviation cadets, and aviation students at AAF installations and civilian schools under contract with AAF. At the peak of wartime training activity, such stations and institutions numbered over a thousand throughout the United States.

The two broad categories of AAF trainees--flying and ground-duty personnel--were handled from 1939 to 1943 by two corresponding commands, the Flying Training Command and the Technical Training Command, and by their predecessors and subordinate field units. In July 1943 the two major commands were merged into a single AAF Training Command, which functioned beyond the end of the war. In 1946 this Command was renamed the Air Training Command.

[323a] Flying training.--Flying training included the training of pilots, bombardiers, navigators, gunners, and other flying personnel destined to be either members of the crews of bombers and transports or pilots of fighters and other small military airplanes. Between 1939 and 1943 this training was controlled in the field successively by (1) the Air Corps Training Center, 1939-November 1940, located at Randolph Field, Tex.; (2) three regional training centers, November 1940-January 1942, consisting of the center at Randolph Field (reduced in status to a regional center and renamed the Gulf Coast Training Center in November 1940), the East Coast Training Center at Maxwell Field, Ala., and the West Coast Training Center at Moffett Field, Calif.; and (3) the Flying Training Command, located first in Washington, D.C. (January-June 1942), and later at Fort Worth, Tex. (July 1942-July 1943).

The consolidated Flying Training Command was organized in three subordinate regional commands, which corresponded to the previous three centers at Maxwell, Randolph, and Moffett Fields and were respectively renamed the Eastern, Central, and Western Flying Training Commands. The Flying Training Command and its predecessors, 1939-43, reported to AAF Headquarters, where it was under line authority, in effect, of the staff office that came to be designated as the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training. This Command and its subordinate regional commands in turn had direct jurisdiction over the many air fields and air bases and the numerous AAF detachments at civilian schools where phases of individual preflight and flying training were conducted. Flying Training Command Headquarters

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was organized in 1942 along general-staff lines with sections variously designated either as G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4 or S-1, S-2, S-3, and S-4, and with several special-staff sections corresponding to the various technical and administrative services of the Army.

[323b] Ground-duty training.--From 1939 to 1943 ground-duty training, usually called technical training and ultimately covering a score or more of technical air specialties, was conducted in the continental United States by two field commands: (1) 1939-March 1941, by the Air Corps Technical School at Chanute Field, Ill., and its two branches at Lowry Field, Colo., and Scott Field, Ill.; and (2) March 1941-July 1943, by the Technical Training Command, located successively at Chanute Field, 111., Tulsa, Okla., and Knollwood, N. C. Their line responsibility was to the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training (and his predecessors) in AAF Headquarters. Technical Training Command Headquarters was organized in September 1941 along general-staff lines in G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4 sections and in special-staff sections for budget and fiscal, public relations, real estate, physical fitness, and statistical control matters.

[323c] Consolidated flying and ground-duty training.--Between July 1943 and September 1945 the two kinds of training of individuals were handled by the consolidated AAF Training Command, in which were merged the functions of the predecessor Flying Training Command and Technical Training Command. The new Training Command Headquarters, at Fort Worth, Tex., was organized into functional staff sections for personnel, training, supply, and intelligence and into special staff sections for budget and fiscal, finance, statistical control, air inspector, judge advocate, public relations, special services, and Army Emergency Relief matters. The Management Control Office and the Plans Office were added in October 1943 and August 1944, respectively.

[323d] Records.--The wartime records of AAF Training Command Headquarters and its predecessors, 1939-45, were in Dec. 1946 in the Air Training Command Headquarters, Barksdale Field, La. These records consisted of central files, 1944-45; record copies (called the "authority library") of the Command's administrative issuances, including Memoranda, General and Special Orders, Letters, Staff Memoranda, Circulars, Bulletins, station lists, organization charts, telephone lists, and flying and post regulations; copies of official, unpublished histories of the Command, its predecessor and subordinate commands, and its installations; policy files or "SOP" (standard operating procedure) files of sections of Command Headquarters; some course outlines and other training material; film-strip project files and originals of art work for film strips (record copies of the film strips are in the Photographic Library, AAF Headquarters); other visual-training records; psychological-research data; records of American and foreign visitors to the Command; records of the Flying Evaluation Board; budget records; records pertaining to the Command's air installations, including reports of site boards, construction plans, financial data, and property records; and general and special court-martial records. Some of these records are now in the Kansas

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City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Records pertaining to individuals trained in AAF at this and other commands during the war were in 1946 being processed for interfiling with other individual personnel records in the consolidated "201" files (personnel folders) in the Records Administration Center, AGO, St. Louis.

The Command's activities are documented also in the records of AAF Headquarters, notably the central records and the records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training, which had line jurisdiction over the Command. The "bulk" files contain, for example, a partial set of the Flying Training Command's diary (filed under 319.1) and a partial set of its monthly station lists (under 319.26). The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, also contain important papers relating to the Command; see various sets of index sheets filed under AG 322 Air Force Technical Training Command, subdivided into a general decimal series and several series for the various subordinate commands, 1941-43 (about 3 linear feet); AG 322 Air Force Flying Training Command, similarly subdivided, 1942-43 (3 linear inches); and AG 322 Air Force Training Command, arranged decimally, 1943-46 (8 linear inches). Copies of unpublished official histories of the various Command headquarters, notably the seven-volume summary history for 1939-45, are on file both in the Historical Section of Air Training Command Headquarters, Barksdale Field, La., and in the Air Historical Group.

See Training Division, AC/AS-3, Headquarters Army Air Forces, An Appraisal of Wartime Training of Individual Specialists in Army Air Forces (June 1946. 51 p.).

Field Establishment [324]

An elaborate field establishment of the AAF Training Command and its predecessors was developed during the war. For flying training there were three regional commands from July 1942 to July 1943: The Eastern Flying Training Command, Maxwell Field, Ala.; the Central Flying Training Command, Randolph Field, Tex.; and the Western Flying Training Command, Santa Ana Army Air Base, Calif. Concurrently, for ground-duty training there were two series of regional organizations, known as Technical Training Districts and Civilian School Areas. Four Technical Training District offices were established in March 1942 and a fifth was added in November 1942, to decentralize the work of supervising and inspecting the increasing number of AAF airfields and air bases at which ground-duty training was conducted. At the same time several regional Civilian School Area offices were established in 1942, growing out of the four Civilian Mechanic School District offices established in 1940, for the supervision and

inspection of training at civilian schools under contract with AAF. The Civilian School Area offices, eventually increased to seven, were located in Boston, Buffalo, Detroit, Kansas City, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle.

In July 1943, when the Training Command was organized to merge flying and technical training functions under a single command, some of the regional commands were likewise reorganized. The regional Flying Training Commands and the Civilian School Area offices continued essentially as

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before. The five Technical Training District offices, on the other hand, were consolidated into three regional commands, as follows: Eastern Technical Training Command, Greensboro, N. C.; Central Technical Training Command, St. Louis; and Western Technical Training Command, Denver. In March 1944 these regional agencies were further consolidated by discontinuing the Central Technical Training Command.

Subordinate to the regional training commands were various units established from time to time for the further decentralization of training administration. Several Flying Training Wings functioned between 1942 and 1944 as intermediate supervisory and inspection units between the commanders of the regional Flying Training Commands and the commanders at the air installations. A Wing at first handled all training airfields in a particular geographical area, and later all airfields in the entire region that were training particular categories of trainees, such as pilots or bombardiers.

The Training Command's administrative units at the individual schools varied in organization and function. Each school at an AAF airfield or similar Army air installation had a particular type designation, such as Pilot School (Basic), Pilot School (Advanced), Instructor School (Pilot-Four Engine), and Radar Observer School. The civilian schools under AAF contract, on the other hand, were served until May 1944 by AAF administrative detachments of various types; each detachment was usually designated by one of the following type designations, each prefixed by "AAF": Training Detachment, Technical Training Detachment, Flying Training Detachment, War Service Training Detachment, College Training Detachment, and Glider Training Detachment. After May 1, 1944, each of these detachments was redesignated as an AAF Base Unit or as a part of such a unit.

Other types of lower administrative units in the field, most of them located at AAF installations adjacent to the school organization, included Academic Groups; Training Groups, each with special prefixed designations such as Preflight, Basic Flying, Single Engine Flying, Twin Engine Flying, Pilot Transition, Bombardier, Navigation, Flexible Gunnery, Observation, and Glider; Mess Groups; and Technical School Groups. Another agency was the AAF Institute (at Scott Field, Ill., later at St. Louis), which offered correspondence courses in vocational subjects to enlisted men during the defense period and the early months of United States participation in the war. In addition there were squadrons with comparable designations: Training, Mess, School, and Technical School Squadrons. There were a few other types of minor units peculiar to the Training Command, such as Medical and Psychological Exam Units, Psychological Research Units, Film Strip Preparation Units, Training Film Preparation Units, Visual Training Units, Tropical Weather Units, and the AAF Classification Center (at Nashville, Tenn.). Most of these units were reorganized in May 1944 as numbered AAF Base Units or as parts of such units.

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Records.--The records of regional commands are somewhat similar in subject matter and type to those of Training Command Headquarters, previously described, and, if noncurrent, are in the custody of the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. The records of field units subordinate to these regional commands frequently were filed with the records of the Army airfields or air bases where they were stationed, and, if noncurrent, they, too, are at the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center; the records of other field units were kept separately. The official histories of these agencies and the histories of the fields and bases at which they functioned are filed both in the Historical Section, Air Training Command headquarters, Barks-dale Field, La., and in the Air Historical Group.

Continental Air Forces [325]

The Continental Air Forces, known also as CAF, from December 1944 until early in 1946 constituted AAF's major field organization for redeployment after the defeat of Germany and for demobilization after the defeat of Japan. CAF was also given jurisdiction over the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces in the continental United States and over the I Troop Carrier Command. Thus CAF was charged with supervising the combined activities of these five organizations, which consisted of the reception of individually trained specialists from the AAF Training Command and the welding of these specialists into combat crews and service units; the conduct of unit and tactical air training, sometimes jointly with the Army Ground Forces; the organization and use of the "Continental Strategic Reserve"; and the air defense of the United States.

Records.--See records of CAF's component parts, discussed below.

Headquarters Continental Air Forces [326]

This Headquarters was superimposed on the above four numbered Air Forces and the I Troop Carrier Command between December 1944 and early 1946. It served as an administrative link between them and Headquarters Army Air Forces and developed AAF redeployment and demobilization plans and programs in accordance with basic policies devised by the War Department and adapted for air use by Headquarters Army Air Forces This planning role in the redeployment program in 1945 involved the prep; ration of detailed plans for the allocation of units returning from the European and Mediterranean Theaters to the several major AAF commands for retraining; the computation of personnel requirements stemming from redeployment reorganization; the computation of aircraft and equipment requirements; the scheduling and phasing of training programs to meet readiness dates assigned to shipping commitments made by Headquarters Army Air Forces; and the planning of movements of retrained and reassembled units to staging areas. Apart from planning, CAF Headquarters monitored and closely directed the actual redeployment operations of processing, ramanning, retraining, staging, and shipping, carried out by its subordinate commands and their units in the field.

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The functions of CAF Headquarters, set up for redeployment, were closely associated with those designed for its second and subsequent task--the demobilization of AAF manpower in the continental United States. Shortly after the Japanese collapse in August 1945, the major task of releasing all officers and enlisted men in the continental United States who were eligible for release under War Department Readjustment Regulations fell to the Continental Air Forces. CAF Headquarters, within the framework of the "AAF Separations Program" formulated by Headquarters AAF and the War Department, established various AAF separation bases, scheduled and controlled the separation flow of all male personnel released at AAF installations in the Zone of the Interior, and supervised demobilization processing, which was conducted not only by the four numbered Air Forces and the I Troop Carrier Command but also by other major AAF commands, including the AAF Training Command, the Air Technical Service Command, the Air Transport Command, and (for a brief period) the Personnel Distribution Command.

CAF Headquarters was activated in December 1944 at Bolling Field, D.C. For a few months its organization corresponded in general to that of AAF Headquarters. In May 1945 it was reorganized to conform to the traditional general-staff and special-staff structure; and it remained unchanged until early in 1946, when CAF Headquarters was discontinued and its personnel, installations, and active records were absorbed by the Strategic Air Command. This new structure included 6 Assistant Chiefs of Staff (AC/S), as follows: AC/S A-1, Personnel; AC/S A-2, Intelligence; AC/S A-3, Operations and Training; AC/S A-4, Supply and Maintenance; AC/S A-5, Plans; and AC/S A-6, Communications and Electronics. There were also 14 special-staff sections corresponding to the technical and administrative services of the Army and including, among others, the Adjutant General's Office and the Historical Division of CAF Headquarters. Directly under the Commanding General was a separate Operational Analysis Section.

Records.--The central files of CAF Headquarters, December 1944-March 1946 (125 feet), are in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. Other records, including those of its staff offices, were in 1947 in the custody of the successor Strategic Air Command Headquarters. Copies of the historical studies prepared by the CAF Historical Division are in the historical offices of the Strategic Air Command and of AAF Headquarters.

First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces [327]

The operating Air Forces of the Continental Air Forces, when placed under the jurisdiction of CAF in April 1945, were the First Air Force, with headquarters at Mitchel Field, N. Y.; Second Air Force, Colorado Springs; Third Air Force, Tampa; and Fourth Air Force, San Francisco.

From 1939 to April 1945, these four Air Forces and their predecessors were organized as follows: As the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Wings under the General Headquarters Air Force, 1935-40; as the Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest Air Districts under General Headquarters Air

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Force. 1940-41; and as the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces under the Air Force Combat Command, beginning about March 1941. These orations constituted the basic operational and tactical commands of the Army air arm within the continental United States. Until December 1941 the common functions of these organizations included training bomber, fighter, and service-troop units for air task-force operations, supervising the training of units to provide air support for ground organizations, processing and dispatching individual replacements, crews, and organizations to the overseas air commands, and planning and preparing for air defense operations within the continental United States.

After December 7, 1941, the First and Fourth Air Forces ceased to be training commands under the jurisdiction of the Air Force Combat Command and became active defense forces in the Eastern and the Western Theaters of Operations (see American Theater of Operations). Under this arrangement, lasting from late 1941 until September 1943, the First Air Force became the air arm of the Eastern Defense Command in the Eastern Theater, while the Fourth Air Force was assigned to the Western Defense Command in the Western Theater. The defense task of these two Air Forces covered a wide variety of tactical operations such as the development and use of aircraft warning and control systems, providing both for defense against enemy air attack and for ground control of friendly aircraft within the theater; the establishment and maintenance of wire and radio networks and ground-observer programs; the operation of radar and direction-finding stations; the conduct of aerial operations, including joint Army-Navy defense exercises, bombing missions, fighter interception, and antisubmarine patrols; and the employment of antiaircraft weapons, automatic weapons, and barrage balloons.

During the period of active defense (1941-43), the Second and Third Air Forces in the interior of the United States continued as training establishments under the jurisdiction first of the Air Force Combat Command and later (after March 1942) of AAF Headquarters. These Air Forces were classed as "Zone of Interior" organizations, even though many of their stations and units were actually within the territorial limits of either the Eastern or the Western Defense Commands. The Second and Third Air Forces, joined after September 1943 by the First and Fourth Air Forces, which returned to the jurisdiction of AAF Headquarters on that date, were responsible for the second broad phase of AAF training--unit and crew training---designed to make effective teams out of individual specialists trained by the AAF Training Command and other commands.

Individually and collectively, the four Air Forces throughout the period 1942-45 were engaged in an intensive program of unit and crew training that fell into two main classifications--air-unit training and ground-unit training. As part of air-unit training, these Air Forces and their subordinate commands and units supplied operational unit training for Medium, Heavy, and Very Heavy Bombardment Groups and Squadrons and for Fighter, Fighter-Bomber, and Night-Fighter Groups and Squadrons. Simultaneously, a replacement-unit training program was undertaken by the Air

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Forces and their commands to provide replacements for air crews and flying personnel. Similar programs were handled by the Air Forces for Photo Reconnaissance and Tactical Reconnaissance Groups and Squadrons. The four Air Forces controlled the training of ground units, chiefly units made up of men from Army arms and services other than AAF, such as aircraft-warning units, airway detachments, chemical companies, depot-repair-and-supply squadrons, engineer units (including engineer-aviation, depot, topographic, and utility units), fighter-control units, ordnance companies, quartermaster organizations, and signal units. On the other hand, AAF's own service units, such as air-service and air-depot groups and squadrons, were given unit training in the Air Technical Service Command.

[327a] Headquarters organization.--Each of the headquarters of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces was organized like AAF Headquarters, with certain deviations reflecting varying functions. Between 1941 and 1944 these headquarters were organized along general-staff lines into divisions designated either G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4, or A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4, and into several special staff sections corresponding to the various administrative and technical services of the Army. Between mid-1944 and mid-1945 each headquarters regrouped most of its administrative activities around Directorates of Administration, of Operations and Training, and of Supply and Maintenance. Late in 1945 the directorate system was discontinued and the headquarters of the four Air Forces reverted to the conventional military pattern of a general staff (or more properly an "air" staff) and a number of special-staff sections.

[327b] Subordinate organization.--Under the headquarters of the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces was an elaborate and shifting command pattern that was developed during the war to carry out their changing duties. In general, the defense and training operations from 1941 to 1945-were grouped under major subordinate commands, either Bomber, Fighter, Air Support, and Air Service Commands (usually prefixed with roman numerals) or operational training wings and groups. With the notable exceptions of the First and Fourth Air Forces during the period of active defense (1941-43), these subordinate commands provided unit and crew training for bomber, fighter, support, and service groups and squadrons. In the First and Fourth Air Forces, the Fighter Commands (1941-43) became the key subordinate commands that integrated the elements of the fixed air-defense system, directed the activities of fighter aircraft, antiaircraft batteries, aircraft-warning networks, and ground-observer corps. The IV Fighter Command in the Fourth Air Force had the additional task of supervising the 4th Antiaircraft Command, which embraced the defense units furnishing antiaircraft, barrage balloons, and searchlight batteries for the protection of the Pacific Coast against air attack. Simultaneously, the I and IV Bomber Commands handled active defense missions within their respective areas of operations. The IV Bomber Command remained under the jurisdiction of the Fourth Air Force. The I Bomber Command (absorbed in October 1942 by the AAF Anti-Submarine Command, a special combat command responsible directly to AAF Headquarters) had the major operational responsibility

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of protecting the vital sea lanes in the North and Middle Atlantic from Newfoundland to Trinidad, the Bay of Biscay, and the approaches to North Africa. In August 1943 the I Bomber Command was returned to the First Air Force after the inactivation of the AAF Anti-Submarine Command.

In addition to these major subordinate commands and supervisory wings, there were established from time to time within the four continental Air Air Forces various organizations, operating either under the direct jurisdiction of the various Air Force headquarters or under one of their subordinate commands, to handle ground-unit training, special training, and in-processing and out-processing functions related to staging for overseas movement or, later in 1945, to redeployment operations and demobilization. In the First Air Force these organizations included the Eastern Signal Aviation Unit Training Center, the Engineer Aviation Unit Training Center, the Combined Air-Defense Training Center ("combined" in the air-ground sense, not in the interallied sense), and the Tactical Forecast Center (at Mitchel Field, N.Y.). In the Second Air Force these organizations included the Engineer Aviation Unit Training Center, Staging Wings, Replacement Wings, the Heavy Bombardment Processing Wing, and the Combat Training Wing. In the Third Air Force these organizations included the AAF Chemical Training Center, the Aircraft Warning Unit Training Center, the Military Police Training Center, Replacement Depots, and various schools for liaison training, for camouflage training, and for photointelligence training. In the Fourth Air Force these organizations included the Replacement Depot, the Aviation Engineer Training School, the Western Signal Aviation Unit Training Center, and several AAF Staging Areas.

Central Assembly Centers for redeployment activity were set up in mid-1945 in the First Air Force at Seymour-Johnson Field, Goldsboro, N. C.; in the Second Air Force at Sioux Falls, S. Dak.; in the Third Air Force at Drew Field, Tampa, Fla.; and in the Fourth Air Force at Lemoore (Calif.) Army Air Field and at McChord Field, Tacoma, Wash.

[327c] Records.--The wartime records of the headquarters of the Air Forces named above were in 1947 in the custody of their successors. Some, at least, of the records of each of these headquarters are now in the. Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO. The central files of the - Wing, 1935-40, and of the successor Northeast Air District, 1940-41 (15 feet), are in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO. Records of certain subordinate field organizations are at the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO, among them the records of the IV Fighter Command, 1944, the 4th Antiaircraft Command, 1942-45, the Los Angeles Air Defense Wing, 1942-45, the Aircraft Warning Unit Training Center (at Drew Field, Fla.), the Western Signal Aviation Unit Training Center, several AAF Staging Areas, and AAF Base Units at about 50 airfields controlled by the Second Air Force.

The wartime records of Headquarters Fourth Air Force (by way of example) included in 1946 the following major series: Central files, some of them security-classified and others not, 1941-45; record copies of the administrative issuances of this Headquarters, including General Orders.

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Special Orders, Memoranda, Regulations, and Circulars; copies of official, unpublished historical studies of the Fourth Air Force and research notes compiled by its historical unit; histories of subordinate units and installations of the Fourth Air Force; records pertaining to real estate and construction matters affecting air installations in the region; records pertaining to "live and dead" airplanes assigned to the Fourth Air Force; and reports of air inspectors.

In addition to the organized records of the four Air Forces, copies of important documents originating in or otherwise relating to them are among the records of higher headquarters. For example, the central files of AAF Headquarters contain separate folders on each of these Air Forces, and the "bulk" files (also part of these central records) contain the following series of documents: Copies of the four "Program Books" governing the above Air Forces, about June 1944 (filed under 320.2); the "Command Book" of the Second Air Force, Jan. and Apr. 1944 editions (filed under 322); and station lists of each of the four Air Forces, in various editions, 1942-44 (filed under 319.26). The central records of the War Department, in the AGO, contain important correspondence relating to the four Air Forces; see index sheets filed under AG 322, thereunder separately filed for (1) each of the Air Forces, 1940-45 (3 linear feet), and (2) each of their respective subordinate Bomber, Fighter, Interceptor, Air Defense, and Air Support Commands, 1940-45 (8 linear inches). Historical reports of each of these four Air Forces, including their headquarters, their major subordinate commands, and some, at least, of their training centers, troop units, and airfields and air bases, are in the Air Historical Group.

The only known organized body of records of the Anti-Submarine Command consists of those selected by the Command's historical unit and transferred late in 1943, after the Command was discontinued, to the Air Historical Office, AAF Headquarters (now known as the Air Historical Group). These records, Dec. 1942-Sept. 1943 (40 feet), include selected subject files; journals and logbooks kept by A-4 and other sections of Command Headquarters; reports of operational missions; monthly intelligence summaries; monthly, semiannual, and other statistical summaries of the Command's activities; selected station lists; and histories of staff sections in Headquarters and of subordinate wings and groups. Copies of many of the Command's intelligence summaries were in 1945 in the Air Intelligence Library, AAF Headquarters. Copies of correspondence relating to the Command are among the central records of AAF Headquarters. Related correspondence is also filed in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 322 Anti-Submarine Command, Nov. 1942-July 1943 (2 linear inches).

I Troop Carrier Command [328]

Like the four continental Air Forces, the I Troop Carrier Command (with headquarters at Stout Field, Indianapolis) was placed under the command of Headquarters Continental Air Forces in April

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1945. The I Troop Carrier Command's predecessor, April-May 1942, was the so-called Air Transport Command at Stout Field, not to be confused with another, later Air Transport Command at Gravelly Point, D.C. The I Troop Carrier Command and its predecessor and subordinate organizations

instituted the AAF's major field organization for conducting the flying-unit and ground-unit training for airborne operations. This Command operated for most of the war period (March 1942-April 1945) directly under the supervision of AAF Headquarters and provided the training for all troop-carrier units, combat-cargo groups and squadrons, airborne engineer-aviation units, glider units, medical air-evacuation units, and air-cargo resupply units. The I Troop Carrier Command integrated the technical and flying training-school graduates into these specialized organizations, and it activated, manned, and equipped these organizations for movement overseas. In addition, the I Troop Carrier Command from time to time assisted the Air Transport Command in the purely operational functions of transporting key personnel, troops, and freight in the continental United States and participated in air-evacuation programs for the transfer of battle casualties from aerial ports of debarkation to medical installations within the United States. Late in 1945 the I Troop Carrier Command furnished personnel and facilities for redeployment and demobilization activities.

The organization of I Troop Carrier Command Headquarters was typical, in its changes, of the headquarters of the other major AAF continental commands. The Command had a general-staff and special-staff structure, 1942-44, a directorate system, 1944-45, and a general-staff and special-staff structure late in 1945. The Command carried out its functions through subordinate Troop Carrier Wings, schools, training centers, and other units and air installations. The Command was discontinued in 1945.

Records.--Wartime records of the I Troop Carrier Command were in 1947 in the War Department's records depository at Columbus, Ohio; whether they were in turn transferred to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center in 1948 has not been determined. At Kansas City are, however, certain records of the Glider Crew Training Center. There are a few related papers in the central records of the War Department, in the AGO; see index sheets filed under AG 322 Troop Carrier Command, 1942-44 (3 linear inches). An undated 1-volume report, "Tactical Employment in U.S. Army of Transport Aircraft and Gliders in World War II," apparently prepared by the Command, is on file in the Air Historical Group.

Air Corps Tactical School [329]

The Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Ala., functioned in 1939 and part of 1940 as a postgraduate staff school for senior Air Corps officers. It was under the line authority of the Plans Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps. The School's faculty and officer students engaged in research on phases of Air Corps tactical doctrine, combat organization, and air strategy, the results of which were usually circulated within the Air Corps as doctrinal studies. The Director of the School was ex officio

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President of the Air Corps Board. Instruction was suspended in June 1940, and in November 1942 the school was replaced by the AAF School of Applied Tactics at Orlando, Fla., a somewhat similar school but on a larger scale (see entry 332).

Records.--The whereabouts of the records of the Air Corps Tactical School is not known. The School's activities are extensively documented elsewhere, however, especially in the records of the Plans Division, Office of the Chief of the Air Corps (in the custody of the Air Historical Group), and in the central records of AAF Headquarters. Among the "bulk" files in the latter records are selected course data, 1939 (filed under 381), and a compilation, "Reference Data" on the School, 1939 (filed under 319.25).

Air Corps Board [330]

The Air Corps Board at Maxwell Field, Ala., which originated in the Air Service Board established in 1922, functioned actually until June 1940 but nominally until March 1942, as an adjunct of the Air Corps Tactical School. In 1939 the Board was operating under a broad directive, issued in 1935, "to formulate a uniform tactical doctrine" for the employment of all types of Air Corps units and standard models of aircraft. Under this directive the Board undertook about 50 projects between 1935 and 1940 covering various aspects of air preparedness, including studies on the tactical employment of particular airplanes and air weapons, the composition of special types of tactical units, and other subjects. Some of these studies were based on operational tests performed by the 23d Composite Group, which the Board directed in 1940. Some time after the Board was discontinued, a similar board--the Army Air Forces Board--was activated under a new directive at Orlando, Fla.

Records.--The records of the Air Corps Board, 1935-40, are in the Air Historical Group. They consist of file copies of the Board's studies, progress and status reports on the studies, and a few other administrative papers.

Army Air Forces Center [331]

The Army Air Forces Tactical Center (AFTAC) at Orlando, Fla., established in October 1943 and renamed the Army Air Forces Center in June 1945, was under the line authority, in effect, of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements, AAF Headquarters. It functioned during and after the war (until 1946) as an AAF field command for the supervision of the AAF School of Applied Tactics (later, the AAF School), the AAF Board, and the Arctic, Desert, and Tropic Information Center, all located at Orlando. After June 1, 1945, the AAF Center also had supervision over the Proving Ground Command at Eglin Field, Fla. Each of these subordinate organizations is separately described below.

The AAF Tactical Center and the AAF Center also provided personnel and services for the AAF Demonstration Air Force, a model "combat" air

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force that was established at Orlando in 1942 as part of the AAF School plied Tactics. This model air force was used primarily for the training of staff officers enrolled at the School, for the development of tactical doctrines, and for conducting operational-suitability tests of airplanes, air equipment, and air tactics for the School or for the AAF Board. It was first organized in "commands" for bombardment, fighter and interceptor, air-ground cooperation, and air-service operations. In October 1943, when it was transferred to the Tactical Center, the Demonstration Air Force was reorganized in strategic and tactical air commands based on the organizational experience of the theater commanders in the air campaigns of North-west Africa in 1942 and 1943. The Orlando operational "theater" covered some 8,000 square miles in central and western Florida and included, besides the Orlando Army Air Base, about 10 airfields and several service depots and radar stations. Personnel and administrative services for this air force were supplied successively by the AAF School of Applied Tactics, the AAF Tactical Center, and the AAF Center.

Records.--The wartime records of the AAF Center, according to their subject matter, were transferred in 1946 to the Air Force Proving Ground Command, Eglin Field, Fla., and the Air University, Maxwell Field, Ala., which absorbed respectively the testing and training functions. The Center's records include its General Orders and Special Orders; records of its Historical Office, including copies of its unpublished historical studies, histories of subordinate units of the Center, and reference manuals and bulletins of the AAF School of Applied Tactics; records of the Center's Air Inspector; and correspondence of the Center's Counterintelligence Branch. Certain as yet unidentified records of the AAF School, probably parts of the above, were later transferred to the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center. Copies of the unpublished historical monographs of the AAF Center predecessors, and its subordinate organizations are filed (under classes 240 to 249) in the Air Historical Group as well as in the Center's records described above. A study by the Air Historical Office on the "Development of Tactical Doctrines . . .," is based partly on this Center's records.

AAF School [332]

The AAF School of Applied Tactics (AAFSAT), established in November 1942 and renamed the Army Air Forces School in June 1945, functioned at the Orlando Army Air Base, Fla., until 1946 as a tactical school for the training of selected key officers under simulated combat conditions and for the preparation of doctrinal literature on air strategy and tactics. The School had its origin, broadly speaking, in the former Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Ala. More specifically, it was a direct outgrowth of an earlier school, also at Orlando, that specialized in air-defense tactics and the employment of aircraft-warning radar, radar-controlled fighter-interceptor airplanes, and antiaircraft artillery. This school, which functioned from March to November 1942, was successively designated as the Air Defense Operational Training Unit (under the Third Air Force), March

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1942; the Interceptor Command School (under the Third Air Force), April 1942; and the Fighter Command School (an "exempt" field organization directly under the Directorate of Air Defense, AAF Headquarters), May 1942. These air-defense training functions became the basis in November 1942 for the Air Defense Department of the new AAF School of Applied Tactics. At the same time three additional major training programs were added, under three other departments--Bombardment, Air Support, and Air Service.

Some of the School's functions not primarily concerned with the training of staff officers were shifted elsewhere in 1943. Thus the School's Director of Training Aids, who was concerned with reviewing and coordinating the development and quantity production of synthetic training devices and their application throughout the AAF training program, was transferred in July 1943 to New York and was absorbed into the Training Aids Division of the Office of the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training, of AAF Headquarters. The Director of Tactical Development, concerned with the development and testing of tactical doctrines and techniques, was transferred to the AAF Board in October 1943.

Subsequently, chiefly in 1944, the training duties of the School of Applied Tactics were clarified and extended to cover additional training specialties and courses, some of which were transferred to Orlando from other AAF commands. In January 1944 the AAF Training Command's Administrative Inspectors School (at Fort Logan, Colo.) and Technical Inspectors School (at Lowry Field, Colo.) were transferred to Orlando. In March 1944 the School of Applied Tactics also absorbed the Air Intelligence School (AAFAIS) at Harrisburg, Pa., which since April 1942 had been an "exempt" field activity under the Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Intelligence, AAF Headquarters. Other courses were added in 1944, notably courses for training key personnel for very heavy bombardment (B-29 airplane) groups, senior medical-staff officers, AAF junior officers who had graduated from the United States Military Academy, and noncommissioned WAC officers for statistical control work. Still other instructional programs dealt with flying safety, rescue and survival, over-water operations, personnel management, and logistics.

Between 1942 and 1945 the School was under the line authority, in effect, of three successive officials in AAF Headquarters: Director of Military Requirements, November 1942-March 1943; Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Operations, Commitments, and Requirements, April 1943-May 1945; and Assistant Chief of the Air Staff, Training, from June 1945 until after the end of the war. In 1946 the School's training functions were transferred to the new Air University at Maxwell Field, Ala.

Records.--Except for some records in the Kansas City (Mo.) Records Center, AGO, the wartime records of the School and its predecessors are probably in the custody of the Air University, Maxwell Field, Ala. Copies of some of the documents originating in the School are among other records: Various series of reference manuals and bulletins, among the records of the AAF Center; tactical manuals on sea-search radar and other subjects, 1943.

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in the Air Intelligence Library, AAF Headquarters, in 1945; "Intelligence Digests" and "Intelligence Reports," June 1943-November 1945, filed under 319.1 in the "bulk" files of the central records of AAF Headquarters; and Headquarters Office Instructions, General Orders, and Special Orders, 1945, in the Departmental Records Branch, AGO.

AAF Board [333]

The AAF Board was established at the Orlando Army Air Base, Fla., in November 1942 as an adjunct to the AAF School of Applied Tactics bu