Title Graphic

INDEX

All statistics, except when otherwise stared, are to be found in the Statistical Summaries

Abda strategical Area, 390

Admiralty, 25, 31, 33, 58, 64, 65, 66, 70, 121, 135, 141, 145, 157, 161, 251

contracts in U.S.A., 230, 232, 242, 248

First Lord of the, 33, 90

(Mr. Churchill), 90, 92, 402

(Mr. A. V. Alexander), 250

manpower and the, 291, 303, 446

See also Royal Navy

Agriculture

capital equipment of, 550, 551

financial policy and, 161, 510

livestock policy, 126, 160, 265, 267, 317, 318, 319, 423–426, 433

animal feeding-stuffs, 126, 127, 159, 265, 267, 316, 318, 319, 422, 423

manpower for, 102, 292, 293, 305

postwar reconstruction of, 540

pre-war plans for 126, 127

prices and profits for, 127, 158, 159–161, 333, 341–342, 540

production programmes and output in, 126, 127, 133, 159–161, 265, 315, 316, 317, 318, 423, 424, 425, 432, 433, 466

productivity in, 550

wages in, 160, 169, 340, 342

See also Food

Air attack

on Britain, 65, 96, 210, 367

effects on flour-milling capacity, 317

effects on ports, 125 ,261, 262

effects on railways, 269, 274, 275

on Germany, 66, 95, 100, 101, 214, 386, 405, 406, 410, 441

Air Ministry, 66, 70, 96, 141, 145, 157, 161, 195

Secretary of State for Air, 70, 90

Air Staff, 66, 71

Aircraft

contracts in U.S.A., 114, 118, 226, 230, 232, 532

Anglo-French collaboration over, 181, 194

lend-lease deliveries of, 239

supplies to Russia, 362, 363

Aircraft production

Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration over, 382, 385

Anglo-French collaboration over, 194

German and Allied production compared, 193

manpower for, 293, 300, 302, 440–442, 445–448, 450–452, 459, 461, 461

geographical distribution of demands, 457

priority for, 282, 448, 452, 463

programmes, 96, 213, 291, 448

Russian, 362

United States, 388

'Victory Programme' and, 384

Allen, Prof. R. G. D., 236, 371, 373, 375, 376, 547

Allies

See generally, pp. 38–40, ch. VII, ch. XIII

See also France, Russia, United States of America

Allocation system

for manpower—See Manpower: budgeting

for raw materials, 22, 51, 177, 218, 319, 320

for shipping—See Shipping: demands, also Import programmes

in U.S.A., 393

Amalgamated Engineering Union, 61, 146

Anderson, Sir John, 221, 223

See also Chancellor the Exchequer, Lord President

Anglo-American collaboration

See under United States of America

Anglo-American Loan Agreement 1945, 532, 545

--559--


Anglo-French collaboration

See under France

Argentine

payments agreement with, 111

Armed forces

deployment of: international comparisons, 366, 367, 394

strength of

in First World War, 28

international comparisons, 371

See also Army, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Services

Army

Auxiliary Territorial Service, 290, 313

British commitments to France, 68

equipment standards of, 137, 142, 435

in Crimean War, 12

in First World War, 14–18

in Napoleonic Wars, 12, 13

manpower in

casualties and other wastage, 289, 290, 442

ceiling for, 213, 288, 290, 291, 439, 442

demands for, 439, 442, 444–446, 451

economy of use of, 290

rearmament and, 65, 66, 68, 69, 137, 140

size of, 58, 68, 96, 136, 140–142, 288–290, 439, 442, 444, 446, 451, 516

concept of divisional strength, 288, 289, 444

See also Land forces

Asia, post-war, 554

See Japan

Asquith, Mr. H. (later Lord), 35, 41

Atlantic Charter, 389

Attlee, Mr. C. R.

See Lord Privy Seal

Austerity

See generally Consumer goods, Standard of living

Australia, 102, 225, 405, 407, 477

lend-lease to, 375, 376, 529

munitions assignment and, 394

reciprocal aid from, 526

sterling area and, 110

See also British Commonwealth

Austria

German occupation of, 67

Auxiliary Territorial Service, 290, 313


Baillieu, Sir Clive, 401

Balance of payments

first year of war, 115

policy after Dunkirk, 119

postwar and Stage II, 324, 523, 535, 536, 546, 548, 549

pre-war, 107

United States, 112

 —See also Exports, Foreign exchange, Foreign investments, Lend-lease

'Balance-sheet' technique, 185, 193, 232, 384

Baldwin, Mr. S. (later Lord), 33, 35

Balfour, Mr. Arthur (later Lord), 33, 35

Balogh, Mr. T., 109

Bank of England, 7, 9, 108, 109, 116, 169

Basic industries

See generally, p. 53, ch. XVI

See also Coal, Inland transport, Iron and steel, Munitions industries, Textile industries

Batt, Mr., 401

Battle of Alamein, 408

Battle of the Atlantic, 257, 268

Committee, 219, 259

See also Import Executive, Shipping, U-boats

--560--


Battle of Britain, 210, 224, 227, 244

Beavorbrook, Lord, 218, 387, 389

See also Minister of Aircraft Production, Minister of Supply

Beer, 170, 325, 327, 330, 485, 511

Behrens, Miss C. B. A., 253, 254

Belgium, proposal for staff talks with, 98

sale of gold to U.K., 233

Beveridge, Sir William (later Lord), 26, 97

and food plans, 52

and fuel rationing, 472

and manpower, 284, 291, 295

and social insurance, 541

Bevin, Mr. Ernest, 150

See also Minister of Labour and National Service

Black market, 343, 511

Bloch-Lainé, Mr., 194

Blockade of Germany, 72, 97, 98, 99, 100, 180, 214, 386, 405

Anglo-American collaboration, 387

Blockade Council, 38

export licensing and, 116, 117

foreign exchange and, 98, 111

Rist-Ashton-Gwatkin Mission, 226

shipping and, 123, 131, 132

United States and, 104, 226

See also United States: neutrality policy

Board of Trade, 51, 52, 89, 113, 116, 117, 133, 141, 156, 158, 168, 174, 187, 264, 283, 322, 323, 332, 336, 459, 460, 462, 484, 493, 494, 496, 498, 503, 538, 544  

President of (Mr. Oliver Stanley), 168

(Mr. Oliver Lyttelton), 292, 332, 336, 337
(Mr. Hugh Dalton), 493, 494, 498, 544

'Bolero' operation

See United States of America: U.S. troop movements to U.K.

Bonar Law, Mr., 5, 35

Bowley, Prof. A.L., 152

Bread, general policy, 316, 317, 422–433

dilution of, 424, 426, 434

distribution of, 498

rationing of, 422, 426

British Commonwealth

belligerency of, 103

bulk purchase and, 155

contribution to war effort of, 224

food supplies and requirements, 404

land forces from, 96, 140

lend-lease to, 236, 237

as share of total lend-lease aid, 375, 276

manpower resources of, 281

munitions supplies of: source of, 373

raw materials supplies and requirements, 382, 403

reciprocal aid to U.S.A. from, 376, 525, 526

shipping for. 122, 132

sterling area and, 100

U.K. imports from, 106

U.K. supplies to, 225

See also Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand

British Expeditionary Force, 96, 100, 192

British Missions, etc., in Washington, 229, 230, 383, 528

British Air Commission, 229, 383

British Food Mission, 240

British Joint Staff Mission, 380, 381, 390

British Merchant Shipping Mission, 242, 257, 428

British Purchasing Commission, 105, 106, 195, 229, 380, 382, 383

British Raw Materials Mission, 401

British Supply Board in Canada and U.S.A., 105, 195

British Supply Council, 230, 235, 384, 528

See also France: Anglo-French collaboration

Brown, Prof. A. J., 29, 71

--561--


Budgets

in previous wars—See generally, pp. 3–12

1939–45, 69, 151, 170, 171, 326, 327, 328, 329, 501, 502

Building and civil engineering

control over, 173, 174, 175, 217, 321, 329, 491, 496

demands of U.S. troops in Britain, 440, 442, 456

industry, manpower in, 140, 149, 173, 292, 305, 308, 440, 442, 444, 454 ,456, 520

postwar, 538, 540

productivity in, 550

Bulk purchase, 17, 154, 155, 192

Bullion theory, 7

Report, 7, 9, 47

Burma

See Japan: strategy against

Burns, Maj.-General, 238


Cabinet

functions and composition of, before First World War, 30–31

in First World War, 35–36

between two World Wars, 41–42

plans for Second World War, 46

procedure of, 30, 31, 35, 36, 41, 42

secretariat of, 31, 35, 41

and defence policy, 32

and manpower, 57

and 'ten-year rule', 45

and war legislation, 84

See also Committee of Imperial Defence, War Cabinet

Cairo Conference, Nov. 1943, 411, 435

Canada, 224, 370, 381

Anglo-Canadian-American war production programme, 384–388

Canadian–U.S. economic collaboration, 404

capital equipment in, 499

Combined Boards and, 392, 394, 404

help to U.K. from, 118, 235, 237, 375, 404, 520, 521

munitions production in, 366

Mutual Aid Act, 375

payments agreement with, 111

shipbuilding in, 257

standard of living in, 499

sterling area and, 100

U.K. war contracts in, 105, 106

U.K. wheat contracts with, 155

Canals, 268, 272, 278, 279, 488

control over, 271, 278, 279, 486

pre-war plans for, 271

rates on, 488

Capital, export of in First World War, 23

Capital equipment

depreciation of, 153, 173, 268, 321, 324, 377, 467, 491, 496, 497, 499, 519, 529

for rearmament, 71

for Russia, 363, 364

from U.S.A., 106

in agriculture, 550, 551

in Canada, 499

in coal industry, 475, 551

in electricity, 551

in munitions industries, 552

in railways, 481–484

in U.S.A., 499

postwar position, 535, 536, 551, 553

See also Building and civil engineering, Disinvestment, Housing, Machinery licensing

Capital issues, control of, 173

Cartels, international, 543

Caar, Sir C. T., 87

Casablanca Conference, 429, 435

--562--


Casualties, war, 549

Central Economic Service, 94, 221

See also Central Statistical Office, Economic Section of the War Cabinet Offices, Stamp Survey

Central Price Regulation Committee, 158

See also Price control: Prices of Goods Act

Central Statistical Office, 94, 221, 222

Chamber of Shipping, 122

Chamberlain, Mr. Neville

See Chancellor the Exchequer, Lord President, Prime Minister

Chancellor the Duchy of Lancaster (Mr. W. S. Morrison), 89

Chancellor of the Exchequer (before and during First World War), 4, 6, 10, 12, 33

(Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 68

(Sir John Simon), 69, 90, 93, 151, 165, 166, 167, 171, 338

(Sir Kingsley Wood), 94, 217, 235, 327, 328, 335, 339

(Sir John Anderson), 502, 528

and manpower

Chatfield, Lord, 90

Chemical industries

See Munitions industries

Cherwell, Lord, 220

Chiang Kai-Shek, General, 403, 411

Chiefs of Staff Committee, 43, 44, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 91, 99, 212, 213, 214, 216, 263, 389, 396, 405, 406, 518

establishment of, 44

functions of, 44, 91, 216

Deputy Chiefs of Sub-Staff Committee, 91

Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee, 43

Joint Planning Sub-Committee, 43

See also Combined Chiefs of Staff, Committee of Imperial Defence, Strategy, United States: Chiefs of Staff

China, 395, 403, 405, 408, 410

See also Japan: strategy against

Churchill, Lord Randolph, 32

Churchill, Mr. Winston, 35

See also Admiralty: First Lord, Minister of Defence, Prime Minister

Civil Defence, 43, 368, 519

Committee (formerly Home Security Committee), 92, 216, 220

manpower in, 284–287, 290, 293, 314, 444–446, 450, 454

Civilian consumption—See generally, pp. 47–52, ch. VI sec. (iii), ch. XII sec (i), ch. XVII sec (i), and pp. 220, 267, 422–426

in Stage II and III, 520, 536

international comparisons, 371, 499, 500

Impact of the War on Civilian Consumption, 298, 365, 454, 499, 500

See also Consumer goods, Food, Standard of living

Civilian industry

controls over, 117, 118, 173, 174, 321–323, 336, 337, 493–496

manpower and, 309, 310, 460

price control and, 336, 494, 502, 503

manpower for, 283, 294, 323, 444, 450, 451, 453, 454, 459

raw materials for, 177, 320, 321

in Stage II, 520

See also Capital equipment, Clothing, Concentration of industry, Limitation of Supplies Orders, Utility production

Cloth, subsidies on, 502

Clothing

austerity restrictions on, 337

industry, concentration of, 459

manpower in, 308, 322

prices, 50, 51, 166, 167, 168, 334, 335, 336, 337

control of, 167, 168, 336, 337

purchase tax and, 334, 337, 503

rationing of, 51, 168, 322, 330, 332–333, 493

standard, 20, 167, 168, 336

stocks, 332, 337, 494

utility, 336, 337, 493, 494

Apparel and Textiles Order 1942, 494

See also Limitation of Supplies Orders, Textiles industries

--563--


Coal, ch. XVI sec. (ii)

allocations to industry,m 471

Anglo-French collaboration, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191

budgets, 471, 472, 475, 478, 489

consumption of, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478

distribution of, 221, 272, 478, 485, 486, 498

exports of, 468, 471

inland transport and, 190, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 466, 468, 469, 472, 473, 477, 480, 485, 486, 488, 489

opencast, 471, 475, 478

prices and price control of, 163, 164, 166, 335, 343, 468, 508, 509, 510

production of, 22, 53—See generally ch. XVI sec (ii)

output per man 470, 471, 474, 475, 477, 506, 550

programming of requirements for, 478

rationing of—See Fuel and light: rationing of

stocks of, 468, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478, 541, 550

Coal industry, ch XVI sec. (ii) and 506–510

capital equipment in, 475, 551

cartel in, 53, 468

conciliation machinery in, 507, 508

costs in, 506, 509, 510

effects of fall of France on, 469, 470, 475

Essential Work Order in, 471, 506

finances of, 506–510

government control over, 53, 468, 474

industrial disputes in, 471, 477, 506, 507, 508, 509

manpower in, 285, 293, 305, 308, 440, 450, 451, 463, 467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474 475, 477, 550

nationalisation of, 468, 474, 510

postwar, 540, 550

pre-war plans for, 53, 468

price-control in, 509, 510

reorganisation in, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476

statistics of, 469, 477, 479

unemployment in, 190, 469, 470

wages in, 163, 164, 166, 340, 471, 506–510

Coastal shipping, 268, 272, 275, 278, 488, 490

control over, 53, 278, 486

pre-war plans for, 271

rates for, 488

Colonial Office, 32

Secretary of State for the Colonies, 33

Colquhoun, Patrick, 7, 28, 47

Combined Boards, 363, 389–404

membership of, 403

North American system of, 404

shipping economies through, 419

Combined Food Board, 391, 392, 404, 531

Combined Munitions Assignment Board, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 419

Combined Production and Resources Board, 365, 388, 392, 399, 400, 404, 533

Combined Raw Materials Board, 363, 382, 391, 392, 398, 401, 404

Combined Shipping Adjustment Boards, 391, 413, 419, 426, 427, 428

See also United States: Anglo-American collaboration

Combined Chiefs of Staff, 388, 390, 394, 395, 400, 406, 407, 409, 410, 419, 531

Combined Order of Battle, 397, 399

Commercial policy, post-war plans, 543–546

Committee of Imperial Defence

establishment of, 32

functions and membership of, 32–34, 42, 43

organisation of, 42–44

secretariat of, 33, 34, 42, 43

and pre-war agricultural plans, 126–127

and pre-war shipping assumptions, 122–126, 128

and pre-war plans for supreme control in time of war, 46, 88, 92

and war legislation, 84

Sub-committees of

Distribution of Imports in Time of War (Headlam Committee), 124, 125, 249, 269

--564--


Food Supply in Time of War, 51, 52, 125

Manpower and anti-inflation policy, 47–51, 55, 151

and manpower mobilisation, 55–57, 143

Principal Supply Officers, 43, 44, 46, 50, 57

See also Chief of Staffs Committee, War Cabinet

Commodity policy, postwar, 544

Compensation, for war losses, 220, 343, 498

and land planning, 539

Concentration of industry, 117, 292, 308, 310, 323, 343, 388, 459, 461, 498

Conferences between Prime Minister and President Roosevelt, general, 390

Washington, Dec. 1941, 389–392

Washington, June 1942, 407

Casablanca, Jan. 1943, 408

Washington, May 1943, 409

Quebec, Aug. 1943, 410

Cairo, Nov. 1943, 411

Tehran, Dec. 1943, 411

 Quebec, Sept. 1944, 517, 518

Conscription, industrial ,62, 144, 149, 150, 282, 298

See also Labour: directions and transfer of

military, 26, 28, 57, 58, 309, 314

Consumer goods, controls over manufacture and supply of, 117, 118, 177, 178, 321–323, 460, 493–496, 502

distribution and rationing of, 332, 495, 504

stocks of, 326, 332, 500, 511

See also Civilian consumption, Civilian industry, Standard of living

Contracts

in North America, 105, 106, 112, 114, 188, 194, 195, 230, 232, 382, 383, 384, 396, 530, 532

postwar liquidation of, 537

price policy for, 18, 50, 161, 162

Controls generally, 89, 94, 320, 511

in First World War, 12–29

postwar, 536

See also Building, Civilian industry, Coal, Factory and storage premises, Food, Inland transports, Labour, Manpower, Machinery licensing, Prices, Rationing, Raw materials, Shipping, Stabilisation, Wages

Convoys, 120, 121, 250, 251, 259, 413, 414, 434

and carrying capacity of shipping, 128, 259

of U.S.A., 414

to Malta, 101, 251

to Russia, 101, 359, 364, 412, 413

Cost accountancy, 16, 162, 503

Cost-of-living index

composition of, 50, 166

rises in, 166–168, 334–335

stabilisation and subsidisation of, 50, 51, 55, 157, 165–168, 333–337, 501, 502, 511

wages and, 157, 164, 165, 157, 168, 333, 335, 337, 338, 502, 506

See also Coal: prices, Clothing: prices, Food: prices, Rent and rates

Cost plus system, 161, 168, 503

Costs generally—See Incentives, Prices, Wages

differences in British and American, 238

Court, Prof. W. H. B., 175, 467, 471, 477

Crimea War, 12, 13

Cunliffe Committee on Currency and Foreign Exchange, 9

Currency, international: postwar plans, 543, 544


D-Day, 215, 411, 480, 489, 490

Daladier, M., 179, 180, 185, 191

Defence Committee (Operations) and (Supply_, 92, 216, 219, 221, 263, 389, 441

Defence Loans Act, 68, 69

Defence of the Realm Act 1914, 83

Defence Regulations generally, 16, 82–88, 474

Defence (Finance) Regulations, 110

Defence Regulation, No. 18b, 86, 87

No. 55, 86

--565--


Defence Requirements Sub-Committee (later Defence Policy and Requirements Sub-Committee), 63, 67, 67, 68

Demobilisation and resettlement, 537

Denmark, transfer of Danish ships to U.K. flag, 255, 256

Destroyers, British losses in 1940, 225

British fleet in 1940, 250

from U.S.A. in return for lease of bases, 225, 227

Disinvestment, 107, 100, 111, 115, 116, 153, 423, 499, 548, 551, 552

See also Capital equipment: depreciation, External debt, Foreign exchange: gold and dollar reserves, Foreign investments: sale of, Stocks

Distribution services, economies in, 484, 498

manpower in, 285, 444

See also Retail trade

Dominions, Secretary of State for, 90

Douglas, Mr. Leis, 428

Dunkirk, 109, 209, 210, 250


Eastern Supply Group, 225

Economic Advisory Council, 42, 47

Economic Policy Committee (ministerial) and (official), 93, 94, 157, 167, 168, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219, 249, 260

Economic policy, coordination of—See generally, ch. III sec (ii), ch. VIII, 215–222

Economic Section of the War Cabinet Offices, 94, 101, 210, 221, 222, 272, 273, 294, 325, 330, 331, 539

See also Central Economic Service, Central Statistical Office, Prime Minister's Statistical Branch

Economic Warfare—See Blockade of Germany

Economist, The, 169, 171, 311, 327, 328, 337, 406

Egypt, 210, 214, 407, 408

lend-lease to, 236

sterling area and, 110, 111

sterling balances of, 521

Electricity, 467, 468, 471, 473, 474, 520, 551

Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939, 84, 85, 86

Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940, 85, 150, 163, 282, 298

Emergency Powers (Defence (no. 2) Act 1940, 85

Empire Clearing House, 403

Employment exchanges, 147, 305, 307, 308, 309, 312, 458, 470, 506

Employment policy, postwar, 543

international, postwar, 543

Engineering and allied industries

See Machinery licensing, Munitions industries

Engineering and Allied Employers' National Federation, 61, 146, 299

Essential Work Order, 306, 307, 308, 309, 312, 458, 470, 506

European Recovery Plan, 554

Evacuation, 45, 272, 274, 330

Excess Profits Tax, 4, 69, 162, 163, 327, 340

Exports

in First World War, 23

before lend-lease, 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, 118, 140, 211

after lend-lease, 243, 268, 374, 522

policy towards and lend-lease, 243–246, 522, 523, 524, 529, 530, 532, 536, 548, 549, 553, 554

coal, 468

licensing of, 116

manpower demands of, 283, 444

in Stage II and Stage III, 519, 520, 521, 524, 529, 530, 532, 536, 548, 549, 553, 554

port problem and, 252

to France, 248

to South America, 244

External debt, 111, 243, 375, 520, 521, 523, 524, 525, 548

See also Disinvestment, Sterling balances


Factory Acts, 312, 464

Factory and Storage premises

control of, 320, 321

postwar release of, 537, 538, 552

'Fair shares', 50, 51, 211, 338, 501, 511, 536

See also Price Control, Rationing

--566--


Family allowances, proposal for, 169

Far East war

See Japan, also Strategy

Financial policy—See generally, ch. I sec. (i), ch. II sec. (ii), ch. VI sec. (ii), ch. XII sec. (ii), ch. XVII sec. (ii)

and rearmament, 68, 69

Foch, Marshal, 38

Food

Anglo-American collaboration, 240, 391, 392

British Food Mission, 240

Combined Food Board, 404

lend-lease deliveries, 240, 317, 374, 527, 528, 529, 531

Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 188

French policy and requirements, 188, 191

in First World War, 39

British Commonwealth supplies and requirements, 404

London Food Committee, 404

communal feeding, 170

consumption levels, 240, 316, 324, 422, 492, 499, 500

control over supplies and distribution, 157, 335

in First World War, 21

imports and import programmes, 125, 130 133–135, 264–268, 315, 316, 317, 422–426, 429, 430–436, 492

inland transport and, 270, 272, 484, 485

nutrition and national diet, 50, 240, 265, 267, 316, 317, 422, 426, 492

pre-war plans for, 51, 52, 125

Sub-Committee on Food Supply in Time of War, 51, 52

pre-war purchases of, 154, 155

prices, control of, 21, 51, 52, 157, 158, 172, 330, 334

differential, 169

subsidies on, 166, 167, 168, 326, 333, 334, 501, 502

stabilisation policy and, 335, 501, 502, 503

priorities for home production, 159, 160, 161, 317, 341, 342

rationing and distribution of, 21, 51, 52, 112, 135, 175, 176, 316, 317, 329, 330, 422, 492, 504

'points system', 330–332, 504

for Russia, 362, 363

stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–436

supply difficulties, 419

See also Agriculture, Bread, Meat, Milk, Wheat

Food (Defence Plans) Department, 52, 89, 125, 128, 175, 181, 270

Food Policy Committee, 92, 93, 94, 216, 217, 220, 319

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 543

Footwear, standard: in First World War, 20

See also Clothing

Foreign exchange—See generally, ch. IV sec (i) and (ii), ch. IX, ch. XVII

Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 182, 190

blockade and, 98

civilian consumption and, 112, 154, 173, 176

control over, 84, 108, 109, 182

in Germany, 108

dollars and gold

requirements in First World War, 23, 107

requirements in first year of war, 106, 227

reserves of, on outbreak of war, 107, 116

exhaustion of, 118, 119, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235

in Stages II and III, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529, 530, 532, 548

import controls and, 112, 113, 114, 134

payments agreements, 111, 118, 182, 190

rates: depreciation of sterling, 154

shipping and, 106, 112, 129, 134, 193

See also Exports, Foreign investments, Lend-lease, Sterling area

Foreign investments

position in 1939, 107, 115, 116

requisitioning of, 116

sale of, 23, 110, 115, 116, 153, 232, 233, 234, 243, 324, 520, 521, 522, 548

--567--


Foreign Office, 32, 187

Foreign Secretary, 90, 245, 430, 554

France

Anglo-French collaboration—See generally, ch. VII, 378, 384, 394

in First World War, 38–40

Coordinating Committee, 186, 187, 191, 192, 194, 196

payments agreement, 182, 190

Permanent Military Representatives, 38, 180, 184

proposals for Franco-British union, 210

Purchasing Commission, 105, 185, 187, 194

strategy, 95–100

British military commitments to France, 68
pre-war staff conversations, 67, 68, 95

trade, 190

coal requirements, 189, 190, 191

contracts in U.S.A., 191

food policy and requirements, 188, 191

foreign exchange position, 118, 188

imports and import programmes of, 183, 188, 189, 191

Navy, 210

shipping, 182, 183, 184, 191

transfers to U.K. flag, 255, 256

Prime Minister of, 114, 118

War Cabinet of, 193

See also Monnet, M. Jean

Fuel and light

in cost-of-living index, 166, 334, 335

economy and efficiency in use of, 471, 478

rationing of, 175, 471, 472, 497, 504

See also Coal, Electricity, Gas

Furniture, controls over, 177, 459, 495, 503, 504


Gas, 468, 471, 473

Germany

machinery of government in, 301

war economy in

in First World War, 19, 20, 97

control of foreign exchange, 108, 112

control of imports, 112

dependence on overseas supplies, 64, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 214, 381

manpower mobilisation in, 101, 102, 281

pre-war rearmament, 64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 96

strategy against, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 95–100, 106, 211–215, 380, 405–411, 450, 517

postwar, 554

See also Air attack, Blockade, U-boats

Gladstone, Mr. W. E., 4, 5, 6, 9, 31

Gold standard, 107, 108

Goods and Services (Price Control) Act, 336

Government, change of in 1940, 92, 145, 150, 216

Government borrowing, 5, 9, 11, 12, 48, 49, 169, 171, 172, 326, 327, 502

rate of interest, 502

Government expenditure, 5, 8, 10, 47, 48, 49, 68, 69, 153, 170, 171, 325, 326, 327, 502

as proportion of nation income: international comparisons, 369

Government factories, 3, 13, 18, 19, 145, 274, 286, 310, 292, 300

postwar disposal of, 537, 538

Government, legal powers of, 16, 83–88

Government, machinery of, 29–40, 41–46, 88–95, 215–223, 301

international comparisons, 301, 393, 394, 398, 427

Government revenue

See Taxation

Greece, 212, 224, 244

shipping help from, 256

Greenwood, Mr. Arthur, 94, 217

Greenwood, Prof., 13

Group I industries, definition of, 28, 139

See Munitions industries

--568--


Group II industries, definition of, 28, 139

manpower in, 28, 139, 140, 296, 444, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455

Group III industries, definition of, 28, 139

manpower in, 28, 139, 140, 196, 444, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455


Haldane, Lord, 31

Haldane Report, 31, 41

Halifax, Lord, 90

Hammond, Mr. R. J., 175, 433, 485

Hankey, Lord, 90

Hargreaves, Mr. E. L., 168, 503

Hartington Commission, 32

H.M. Ambassador in Washington (Lord Lothian), 119, 225, 226, 227, 235

(Lord Halifax), 237

Hoare, Sir Samuel, 90

Holland, shipping help from, 256

Hollowware production, 493, 494, 495

Home Affairs Committee, 42, 92

Home Guard, 226, 228, 314, 368, 454, 464, 519

Home Policy Committee, 92, 93, 94, 175, 216, 217, 200

Home Secretary, 86, 90

Home Security Committee, 92

Hong Kong, sterling area and, 110

Hope-Jones, Mr. A., 5

Hopkins, Mr. Harry, 238, 397

Hore-Belisha, Mr., 90

Housing, 174, 324, 496, 497, 520

help from U.S.A. for, 532

reconstruction plans, 536, 538

Humbert Wolfe Committee, 141, 142, 283, 294, 295

Hurcomb, Sir C., 268


Iceland, and U.S.A., 226, 277, 288

Imperial preference, 247

Import Executive, 218, 219, 220, 259, 263, 266, 412, 423

Imports, volume of, pre-war estimates, 123

Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 122, 128–135

fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 242, 248, 249, 250, 264–268, 421

after Pearl Harbor, 421, 422–437

control over, 49, 51, 112, 113, 114, 133, 134, 175

from British Commonwealth, 106

from sterling area, 106

prices of, 114, 155, 156

proportion of U.K. imports drawn from N. America, 239, 240, 241, 251, 254, 259, 391, 421

animal feeding-stuffs, 126, 265, 422

iron-ore, 129, 130

petroleum, 189

timber, 130

tobacco, 493

wheat, 129, 422

Import Programme

in First World War, 24

pre-war plans, 122–126

from Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 132–135

from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 264–268

after Pearl Harbor, 412, 421, 422–437

Anglo-French collaboration, 187, 189, 191, 193

French programmes, 188, 189

coordination of Empire and foreign countries, 424, 426

planning of and port problems, 260

See also Shipping

Incentives

to efficiency, 159 ,160, 161, 162, 163, 327, 340, 342, 501

agricultural, 160, 161

wages and, 55, 61, 144, 168, 309, 339, 453, 507

--569--


India, 16, 111, 224, 225, 405, 442, 529

famine in, 437

munitions assignment to, 394

reciprocal aid from, 526

sterling balances of, 111, 521, 525

India Office, 32, 38

Secretary of State for India, 33

Industrial disputes, 27 ,148, 149, 464

coal industry and, 471, 477, 506, 507, 508, 509

compulsory arbitration for, 27, 60, 333, 507, 508

Industrial relations, 146, 149, 305, 333, 338, 464, 507, 508

Inflation—See generally, ch. VI, ch. XII, ch. XVII

in First World War, 9–12, 20, 21

pre-war plans to combat, 47–56, 151, 156, 170

postwar, 535, 536, 553

Inland transport—See generally, ch. X sec. (iii), ch. XVI sec. (iii)

central planning of, 278, 279, 480, 487, 488

Central Transport Committee, 487, 488

coal and, 190, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 466, 468, 469, 472, 473, 477, 485, 486, 488, 489

crisis of 1940–41, 273

D-Day and, 436 ,480, 489

economies in use of, 280, 484, 485, 489, 498

manpower for, 450, 451, 488, 489

Ministries of Food and Supply and, 276

ports and: coordination between, 219

port diversion and, 124, 125, 249, 252, 253, 260, 261, 268–270, 273, 274

pre-war plans for, 269–271

rates for, 272

statistics for, 249, 468

See also Canals, Coastal shipping, Railways

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 544

International law, 98, 180, 228

International Monetary Fund, 544

International Trade Organisation, 545

Invasion

by Allies of Europe, 99, 215, 386, 405, 406–411

inland transport and, 480, 489

manpower for, 442, 451

shipping for, 436, 437

by Germany of Britain, 67, 99, 100, 137, 211, 445

Iron and steel

capital equipment of, 520

control over, 22, 174, 177, 319, 467

imports from U.S.A., 112, 195, 239, 253, 381

manpower for, 308

price-control for, 341

Iron-ore

imports of, 129, 130

mining: manpower for, 292

stocks of, 127, 128, 129

Ismay, Maj.-General (now Lord), 42

Italy, 38, 380

as potential enemy, 45, 63, 65, 100

effects of entry into war, 212, 250

elimination from war, 214, 410, 411


Japan

as potential enemy, 63, 64, 65, 100, 212

neutrality with Russia, 359, 361, 411

strategy against, 380, 396, 405–411, 515, 517, 537

shipping and, 413, 416

Judges, Prof. A. V., 458


Keynes, Mr. J. M. (later Lord), 165, 171, 222, 233, 238, 246, 325, 328, 343, 528, 531, 544, 546, 553

Kuczynski, Dr. R., 97

--570--


Labour

absenteeism, 306, 464

coalmining and, 470, 471, 474, 475

controls over—See generally, ch. V sec. (ii), ch. XI sec. (ii), ch. XV sec. (ii)

in First World War, 24–28

pre-war plans for, 56–62

customs: relaxations of, 60, 61, 146

dilution of, 27, 57, 59, 60, 61, 141, 145, 146, 149, 286, 287, 299, 300, 301

directions and transfer of, 60, 61, 146,147, 149, 300, 305, 307, 309, 311, 399, 458

disputes—See Industrial disputes

hours of work, 153, 298, 312, 324, 454, 519

international comparisons, 372

labour force, 138, 296, 297, 454

mobility of, 148, 300, 540

productivity of, 60, 148, 460, 464, 465, 470, 502

international comparisons, 102, 368

wartime changes in, 556

registration of, 299, 305, 307, 458, 459

relations with employers—See Industrial relations

skilled, 141, 145–149,m 255, 286, 287, 292, 298–303, 311

training of, 60, 141, 145, 149, 286, 287, 292, 298, 299, 301

turnover of, 27, 59, 60, 145, 148, 149, 304, 305

Essential Worker Order, 306–309, 312, 458

'leaving certificates', 27, 60, 148, 305, 306

'poaching', 145, 148, 149, 168, 305

restrictions on engagements, 60, 148, 149, 305, 458, 459

unemployment of, 69, 138, 144, 150, 154, 173, 296, 305, 324, 366, 371, 469, 470

upgrading of, 145, 286, 287, 299, 300

welfare of, 286, 305, 306, 312, 464, 465

See also Conscription, Manpower

Labour Party, The, 327

Land forces

Committee, 140

size of, 64, 66, 67, 68, 140, 213, 516

See also Army

Land planning, postwar, 539

Landing craft, 373, 406, 411, 434

Landsdowne, Lord, 35

Laundry services, 285, 444, 459, 496

Layton, Sir W. (later Lord), 230

Leathers, Lord—See Minister of War Transport

Legal powers of government, 16 ,83–88, 216

Legislation Committee, 220

Lend-lease—See generally, ch. IX, 259, 264, 383, 520, 521

Act, 98, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246, 317, 379, 523, 524, 532

aid, total value of, 375, 376

to U.K., and British Empire, total value of, 236, 237, 239, 375, 376

to Russia, 245, 364, 377, 525

proportionate importance of in U.S. economy, 374, 377

proportionate importance of items in, 239

beneficiaries of, 236

Congress appropriations for, 236, 386

effects on U.K. exports, 243–246, 374, 522, 523, 526, 527, 530, 532

effects on U.K. mobilisation, 373, 374

effects on source of U.K. imports, 241

eligibility, 238, 525, 526, 532

food deliveries, 240, 317, 374

Office of Lend-Lease Administration, 238, 245, 526

policy towards U.K. gold and dollar reserves, 524, 525, 531

procedure, 237, 238

repayment for, 246, 377, 382

settlement for, 546–548

Stage II aid, 522–533

theory of, 377, 525, 531

valuation of supplies under, 376

See also Canada, Foreign exchange, Mutual Aid Agreement, Reciprocal aid, United States

'Limited liability', concept of, 56, 67, 137, 140

--571--


Limitation of Supplies Orders, 117, 188, 174, 175, 310, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 493, 495

Lloyd, Mr. E. M. H., 15

Lloyd George, Mr. D. (later Earl), 4, 8, 36, 47, 90, 179

Locarno Treaty, 63, 67

Lord President (Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 94, 217

(Sir John Anderson), 219, 220–223

and coal industry, 474

and coal transport, 276–277

and manpower, 221, 290, 295, 441–445, 448

Lord President's Committee, 161, 217, 219–221, 268, 279, 326, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 342, 472, 483, 484, 493, 494, 497, 508

Lord Privy Seal (Sir Samuel Hoare), 90, 93, 132, 133

(Mr. C. R. Attlee), 94, 217

Lothian, Lord, 119 ,225, 226, 227, 235

Lowe, Joseph, 8, 14

Lubin, Mr., 397

Lyttelton, Mr. Oliver—See Board of Trade: President of, Minister of Production


Machinery, licensing of, 174, 321, 329, 491

Machine tools, 19, 145, 291

for Russia, 362, 363

from U.S.A., 112, 195, 230, 530

from postwar disposal of, 537, 552

McKenna, Mr. R., 4, 6

Mallet and George, 13

Malta, convoys to, 101, 251

Manpower, ch. V, ch. X, ch. XV

budgeting general principles of 301, 452, 455

1940 beginnings, 141, 142, 283

from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 282–296

from Pearl Harbor to D-Day, 438–454

for Stage II, 516–521, 528, 529

See also Humbert Wolfe Committee

controls over—See generally pp. 56–62, ch. V sec. (ii), ch. XI sec. (ii), ch. XV sec. (ii)

indirect controls, 144, 309, 310, 459, 460, 462

postwar, 536

distribution of, 138–140, 296, 297, 309, 453, 549

distribution of women between Services and industry, 460, 461

military recruitment, problems of, 25, 26, 137, 143, 289, 304, 305, 313, 439, 442, 448, 453, 456, 461

Schedule of Protected Occupations, 26, 57

Schedule of Reserved Occupations, 26, 58, 59, 138, 143, 147, 285, 289, 290, 304, 306, 308, 313, 323, 456

ministerial responsibility for, 57, 146

mobilisation of—See generally ch. V, ch. XI, ch. XV

First and Second World Wars compared, 28, 297, 455

international comparisons, 101, 102, 281, 298, 366, 370–372

peak of, 447, 449, 450, 453, 454, 456, 515–516

U.S. aid and, 394, 397, 400, 450

voluntary principle and, 25, 28, 56, 59, 136, 143, 309, 310, 311, 454, 458, 460, 461

mobilisation of: women, 284, 285, 286, 293, 304, 307, 308, 312–314, 456–462

pre-war plans for, 56–62, 144

priorities for, 282, 301, 303, 441, 448, 461, 463

preference machinery, 303, 441, 463

requirements for

'Bolero' operation, 40, 442, 456

civilian industry (including Group II and Group III industries), 139, 141, 144, 283, 285, 294, 296, 320, 444, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 459, 520

invasion of Europe, 442, 451

munitions industries, 139, 141, 144, 284–287, 291–296, 443–450, 453, 518, 519

Services and Civil Defence, 138, 284–291, 293–296, 305, 440, 442–450, 453, 518, 519

economy in use of manpower, 290, 313, 442, 445

specific industries

agriculture, 293, 305

--572--


aircraft production, 293, 300, 302, 440–442, 445–448, 450, 451, 459, 461, 463

building and civil engineering, 149, 292, 305, 308, 440, 442, 444, 454, 456

coalmining, 285, 293, 305, 308, 440, 450, 451, 463, 467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 475, 477, 550

inland transport, 450, 451, 488, 489

iron-ore mining, 292

iron and steel, 308

laundries, 496

ports, 147, 308

shipbuilding, 147, 308, 440, 441, 451

textile industries, 496

See also Conscription, Labour

Marginal producers, 159, 341

Marshall, General, 397, 406

Meat

imports of, 263

rationing of, 17, 21, 160, 175, 176, 263, 316

supply difficulties, 419

transport of, 253, 263, 272, 277

See also Agriculture: livestock policy, Storage space

Mediterranean, 212, 226, 227, 250, 407, 409, 410, 411

Medlicott, Prof. W. N., 98

Mercantile Marine Department of the Board of Trade, 193, 184, 427

pre-war estimates of, 122–126, 155

See also Ministry of Shipping, Ministry of War Transport

Merchant Navy, 241, 299, 516

manpower in, 431, 447, 450, 451

See also Shipbuilding, Shipping

Middle East, 111, 224, 244, 251, 406, 518

importance in British strategy, 212, 214

port delays in, 254

shipping demands of, 241, 254, 258, 259, 263, 412

Military Coordination Committee, 91, 92

Milk, distribution of, 498

National Milk Scheme, 170

production and price policy for, 160, 161, 317, 318, 342

See also Agriculture

Milling ratio

See Wheat: extraction rate of

Milner, Lord, 30, 37

Mines and Petroleum Department of the Board of Trade, 51, 270, 276, 468, 469, 471, 475, 484

See also Ministry of Fuel and Power

Mineworkers' Federation, 506

Minister of Agriculture, 341, 342

Ministry of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture for Scotland, 159, 160, 161, 319, 341, 342, 422, 540

See also Agriculture generally

Minister of Aircraft Production (Lord Beaverbrook), 218, 230, 232, 302, 303

Ministry of Aircraft Production, 89, 230, 232, 291, 300, 301, 441, 446, 448, 462

See also Aircraft production

Minister of Defence, early proposals for, 32, 44

(Mr. Churchill), 216, 218, 221, 444

See also Prime Minister (Mr. Churchill)

Minister for Coordination of Defence, 92

(Sir Thomas Inskip), 69

(Lord Chatfield), 90

Ministry of Economic Warfare, 89, 99, 100, 132, 193

Minister of Food, 40

(Mr. W. S. Morrison), 89, 161

(Lord Woolton), 265, 267, 316, 331, 422, 426

Ministry of Food, 17, 21, 24, 37, 40, 52, 89, 113, 130, 133, 134, 135, 157, 160, 166, 175, 176, 192, 240, 264–268, 272, 276, 279, 300, 331, 334, 335, 343, 432, 484

See also Food generally

Minister of Fuel and Power (Major G. Lloyd-George), 472, 476

Ministry of Fuel and Power, 475, 476, 508

See also Coal, Electricity, Gas, Petroleum, Mines and Petroleum Department

--573--


Minister of Health, 423, 294, 497

Ministry of Health, 51, 174

Ministry of Home Security, 89, 90

Ministry of Information, 72, 89

Minister of Labour and National Service (Mr. Ernest Brown), 148, 150, 164

(Mr. Ernest Bevin), 94, 150, 218, 282, 283, 290, 298, 302, 304, 205, 311, 312, 314, 333, 338, 339

Ministry of Labour, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 89, 144

Ministry of Labour and National Service, 57, 58, 60, 89, 537, and See generally ch. V, ch. XI, ch. XV

Ministry of National Service, 26, 37

See also, Labour, Manpower

Ministry of Munitions, 11, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 50, 56, 146, 148

Minister of Production, early proposal for, 218

(Mr. Oliver Lyttelton), 219, 393, 398, 399, 400, 401, 428, 441, 446, 462

Ministry of Production, 221, 393, 398, 432, 443, 462, 463

Joint War Production Staff, 398, 443, 355, 518

Minister of Reconstruction (Lord Woolton), 535

Minister of Shipping, 89, 249, 265

Ministry of Shipping, 24, 89, 90, 120, 123, 124, 128–135, 219, ch. X, ch. XIV

See also Imports, Import programmes, Mercantile Marine Department, Ministry of War Transport, Shipping

Minister of Supply, 89, 218, 265, 267, 292, 303

Parliamentary Secretary, 311

Ministry of Supply, 129–135, 140, 141, 146, 147, 157, 162, 168, 177, 195, 229, 230, 231, 232, 264–268, 276, 291, 300, 446, 447, 448, 451, 455, 462

Minister of Transport, 249, 260, 270, 279

Ministry of Transport, 51, 162, 219, 268–280, 487

Minister of War Transport (Lord Leathers), 421, 435, 487

Ministry of War Transport, 219, 266, 28, 280, ch. XIV generally, 480, 485

Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 539

Minister without Portfolio (Mr. Arthur Greenwood), 94, 218, 248, 534

(Lord Hankey), 90

Molotov, M., 406

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 224

Monnet, M. Jean, 181, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 229, 230, 231, 323, 377, 384

Morgenthau, Mr. Henry, 196, 229, 232, 528, 531

''Mulberry' harbours, 368, 451, 456

Munich crisis, 52, 58, 67, 84, 92, 127, 269, 270

Munitions

Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration: before Pearl Harbor, 382–388

after Pearl Harbor, 391–400

See also Combined Boards: Combined Munitions Assignment Board and Combined Production and Resources Board

contracts in U.S.A.—See Contracts: in North America

lend-lease deliveries, 239, 373

in Stage II, 527, 528, 529, 531

production, 366, 367, 368

programmes, 96, 140, 142, 213

international comparisons, 71, 366, 367, 368

source of British Empire's supplies, 373

'types problem', 213, 395

Munitions industries

capital equipment, 552

in First World War, 18

location of, 146, 286, 310, 462

manpower for, 25, 26, 58, 60, 139–142, 144, 149, 284–287, 291–296, 298, 299, 313, 443–450, 453, 457, 461, 518, 519

productivity in, 550

rearmament and, 63–72

wages in, 144, 148, 168, 309, 339

welfare in, 286, 312, 464

Mutual aid

Mutual Aid Agreement, 246, 378, 525

Article VII, 246, 543, 546

between U.S.A. and British Empire, 374–378

between U.K. and Canada

--574--


Napoleonic war, 4, 7, 8, 555

National Arbitration Tribunal, 333

See also Industrial disputes

'National consent', 24, 56, 94, 143, 150, 209, 464

National debt, 4, 5

National Farmer' Union, 160

National income, 7, 8, 153, 163, 170, 324, 326, 499, 500

lend-lease and reciprocal aid as proportion of, 377

postwar, 542

war expenditure as proportion of, 68

international comparisons, 71, 230, 369, 370

white paper on, 152, 222, 343

Nationalisation, 339

coal industry and, 468, 474, 476, 510

National Joint Advisory Council, 61, 149, 165, 333

National registration, 175

National Service Acts, 26, 290, 295, 314, 456, 460, 461

Nelson, Mr. Donald, 393, 399

Neutrality policy—See United States: neutrality policy

New Zealand, 102, 369, 405, 529

munitions assignment to, 395

mutual aid and, 376

'Normal trade', doctrine of, 69, 70, 71, 128

North Africa

invasion of, 395, 405–409

manpower demands for, 442

shipping demands for, 416, 421, 429

North American Supplies Committee, 196

Norway, 91, 99, 100

naval losses off, 250

shipping help from, 256, 264

Nutrition—See Food: nutrition


Old Age Pensions, 169


Painlevé, M., 179

Parliament, 33, 66, 83–88, 217, 295, 402, 459, 472, 505

Paymaster General (Sir W. Jowitt), 534

Pearl Harbor, 65, 379, 380, 388, 389

effects on manpower, 439

effects on shipping, 412–416

Petroleum, Anglo-French collaboration, 39, 183, 188, 189

for Russia, 363

prices of, 154

rationing of, 175, 271, 272, 480, 488, 493

stocks of, 189, 257, 487, 547

U.S. supplies of, 112, 480, 529

Pitt, William, 4, 5

Poland, 95, 99

Ports, bombing of, 261, 262

capacity of: effects of diversion from south and east ports, 124, 125, 248, 249, 252–254, 259–262, 269, 273

foreign ports, 254, 360, 363, 420

controls in, 260, 261

inland sorting depots, 260

inland transport and: coordination, 219

invasion of Europe and, 436

manpower in, 147, 260, 308

turn-round in, 123, 124, 125, 251–254, 259–262, 276, 412, 420

specific ports

Bristol Channel, 252, 260, 274

Clydeside, 252, 260, 261

London, 252, 253

Merseyside, 252, 253, 260

See also Inland transport, Shipping

Postan, Prof. M. M., 65, 145, 291, 552

--575--


Postwar credits, 328—See also Taxation

Postwar reconstruction plans, 218, 534–546

Potsdam Conference, 545

Pottery, 322, 444, 495

Prague, occupation of, 58, 65, 67, 84, 109

Pre-war planning—See generally ch. II

agriculture, 126

Allied coordination, 179

anti-inflation policy, 47–52, 55–56, 151, 156, 170

coal, 175, 468

export control, 116

food, 51 ,52, 154, 157

rationing, 51, 52, 175

foreign exchange controls, 108, 109

import control, 113

inland transport, 269–271

legal powers, 83–88

machinery of government, 46, 47, 88, 92

manpower, 56–62, 144

port capacity, 124, 125, 269, 270

price policy, 47–52, 157

raw material control, 157

shipping and imports, 120–126

stocks policy, 127

wage control, 44, 55–56

Prices

agricultural, 127, 158, 159–161, 333, 341–342, 540

clothing, 50, 51, 166, 167, 168, 334, 335, 336, 337

food, 154, 156, 166, 334, 335, 502

fuel, 163, 164, 166, 334, 335, 343, 508, 509

railway charges, 163, 335

First and Second World Wars compared, 152

increase on outbreak of war, 112, 114, 154, 155, 156

increase during war, 343, 511

postwar, 539, 554

Price control, generally, 47–52, 156–163, 166–168, 334–337, 502, 503

agricultural—See Prices, agricultural

clothing, 167, 168, 336, 337

coal, 468, 509, 510

contracts, 161, 162

food, 157, 158, 172, 330, 334

iron and steel, 341

Goods and Services (Price Control) Act 1941, 336, 502

physical controls and, 21, 47–52, 167, 168, 330, 336, 337, 494, 502, 503, 504

postwar, 536

Prices of Goods Act, 158, 167, 326, 334, 335, 503

profits, incentives and, 158–163, 340–342

standstill orders, 157, 158, 300

See also Cost-of-Living index, Profits, Stabilisation policy,Wages

Prime Minister, general, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 46, 47, 90, 92

(Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 72, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, 179, 185, 191, 217

(Mr. Churchill), 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 254, 257, 260, 315, 362, 389, 391, 400, 401, 402, 407, 411, 434, 491, 496

and aircraft production, 448

and correspondence with Allied leaders, 402, 403

and food, 263, 267, 316

and housing, 538

and invasion of Europe, 406, 407

and manpower, 314, 442, 445–446, 450

size of the Army, 288, 289, 439

and nationalisation of coal, 476

and postwar reconstruction, 534, 535

and priorities, 302

and relations with U.S.A., 119, 225, 231, 232, 234, 379, 386, 402, 517, 527, 528

and shipping and imports, 267, 413, 418, 422, 425, 428, 430

Prime Minister's Statistical Branch, 220, 221

See also Minister of Defence

--576--


Priority Committee, Ministerial, 92, 217

Priorities, in First World War, 16 ,22, 37

in distribution of consumer goods, 504

in food production, 159, 160, 161, 317, 341, 342

in manpower, 147, 282, 301, 303, 441, 448, 461, 463

in munitions assignment, 396, 399

in raw materials, 177, 218

in strategy, 405

in U.S.A., 386

postwar, 538

Priority of Production Direction, 1940, 282, 283, 287, 301, 302

Production Council, 94, 217, 218, 282, 283

Production Executive, 218, 219, 221, 303

Profiteering, 157, 158, 326

Profits, control of, 48, 50, 158–163, 340–342

See also Excess Profits Tax, Price control, Wages

Purchase tax, 171, 327, 334, 337

Purvis, Mr. A. B., 105, 106, 194, 195, 196, 229, 230, 231, 232, 384, 386


Quebec Conference, Aug. 1943, 410, 411, 435,

Sept. 1944, 517, 518, 527, 528, 529, 532


Railways, 268–280, 480–490

bombing of, 269, 274, 275

capital equipment of, 467, 480, 483, 488

junctions, track, etc., 269, 270, 271, 274, 279, 483

locomotives, 269, 280, 481, 482, 489

wagons, 253, 269, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 481, 482, 483, 489

control over, 2723, 275, 483
turn-round of, 270, 273, 276, 277, 483

carrying capacity of, 269–278, 488, 489

control of, 271, 278, 279

Railway Executive Committee, 270, 271, 278, 279, 280

crisis 1940–41, 273

economies to relieve, 484

financial agreements with, 162, 163, 279, 340, 341, 345

food and, 270

in First World War, 269

manpower and, 285

passenger traffic, 274, 486, 490

pre-war plans for, 269–271

rates, 163, 488

statistics, 271, 481

See also Inland transport

Rate of interest, 171, 172, 502

Rathenau, Walter, 19

Rationing, general, 12, 21, 30, 49–52, 152, 157, 175, 176, 326, 329–333, 501, 504

See also Clothing: rationing, Consumer goods: distribution, Food: rationing, Fuel and light: rationing, Petroleum: rationing, Tobacco

Raw materials, Anglo-American collaboration, 381, 382, 391, 392, 398, 401, 404

Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 185, 192

British Empire supplies and requirements, 403

controls over, 16, 22, 51, 116, 117, 157, 174, 176, 177, 309, 310, 319, 320

price control and subsidies, 157, 158, 502

postwar, 536

imports and import programmes, 129, 130, 133–135, 264–268, 422–437

lend-lease for, 239, 529, 531

Russian requirements, 362, 363

stocks of, 127, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–435

transport economies and, 484, 489

See also Priorities: Priority of Production Direction

Rearmament, generally, 62–72

in U.S.A., 195

--577--


Reciprocal aid (reverse lend-lease), 376, 377, 395, 525, 526, 530, 533

publication of figures, 525, 526

theory of, 377

See also Lend-lease, Mutual aid

Regional organisation, 146, 147, 303

Rent and rates, 50, 51, 166

Restrictive practices, postwar plans, 540

Retail trade, 459, 498

Reynaud, M. 99. 165

Rhineland, German occupation of, 67

Ricardo, 7, 47

Road transport, control over, 271, 272, 278, 279, 480, 487, 488

pre-war plans, 271

Robbins, Prof. L., 17, 326, 328

Roosevelt, President, 192, 225, 226, 227, 229, 232, 235, 238, 258, 359, 386, 388, 389, 400, 401, 402, 407, 411, 413, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 527, 528, 533

Rostas, Dr. L., 551

Royal Air Force, 44, 96, 212, 289, 516

manpower demands of, 213, 439, 442, 444, 445, 446

rearmament and, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71

Women's Auxiliary Air Force, 290

Royal Navy, 12, 65, 101, 103, 212, 226, 289, 516

losses and damage, 250

manpower demands, 439, 444, 445, 446, 452

rearmament and, 64, 65, 66

Women's Royal Naval Service, 290

See also Admiralty Destroyers

Royal Prerogative, 16, 83

Russia, 370, 395, 406, 554

aircraft production in , 362

British-American aid to, 359–365, 377, 387, 405, 408, 409

shipping for, 101, 254, 416

British-American relations with, 359, 379, 403

Combined Boards and, 363, 403

convoys to, 101, 359, 364, 412, 413

First World War experience, 25

Japan and, 359, 361, 411

lend-lease to, 245, 364, 525

strategy and, 211, 213, 224, 359, 363, 406, 407, 408

supply routes to, 360


Salisbury Committee, 44

Salter, Sir Arthur, 38, 127, 196, 242, 257, 421, 428

Saunders, Mr. C. T., 102, 371

Savings, 12, 48, 49, 152, 165, 170, 171, 172, 326, 327, 329, 501, 536

Schedule of Reserved Occupations

See under Manpower: military recruitment

Select Committee of National Expenditure, 312, 341

Services, fighting

coordination between, 44

manpower demands of, 138, 284–288, 290, 291, 392–296, 305, 439, 442–450, 453, 518, 519

Auxiliary (women's) Services' demands, 314, 448, 461

economy in use of manpower, 290, 313, 442, 445

skilled labour demands, 286, 287, 290, 291

pay, gratuities, etc., 169, 325, 340, 505–506, 537, 553

shipping demands of, 254, 263, 264, 416, 421, 424, 436

economy in use of shipping, 417, 418, 422, 424, 426

strength at fall of France, 136, 137

See also Armed forces, Army, Land forces, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy

Shipbuilding

Anglo-American-Canadian plans, 385, 387, 430, 431

manpower for, 147, 255, 308, 440, 441, 451

output, 122, 255, 417, 424, 430, 431

programmes, 96, 213, 248, 255

in U.S.A., 230, 232, 234, 242, 257, 388, 412, 414, 420, 426

--578--


Shipping

See generally, ch. IV, sec. (iii), ch. X, sec. (i), (ii), ch. XIV, 516

Anglo-French collaboration, 39, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191

carrying capacity of, 122, 123, 124, 128, 131, 250, 254, 258–263, 417–420

concentration on short hauls, 132, 239, 240, 241, 251, 254, 259, 395, 418, 421

time spent at sea, 250, 259

turn-round in port, 123–125, 251–254, 259–262, 276, 412, 420

control of, 23, 30, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 129, 131, 134

in U.S.A., 427

demands: of cross-trades, 123, 132, 241, 263, 264, 421, 424, 437

programming of French demands, 264

Services and other military demands, 218, 219, 254, 263, 264, 416, 421, 429, 434, 435, 436, 437

economies in, 417, 418, 422, 424

supplies to Russia, 360, 409, 416

diversion from south and east coast ports—See under Ports

diversion from Services to U.K. import programme, 430, 435

effects of fall of France, 121, 248–254, 264

effects of Pearl Harbor, 412–416

First World War experience 23, 24, 30, 37, 39

foreign assistance (other than U.S.A.), 123, 130, 131, 155, 189, 255, 256, 258

foreign exchange and, 106, 112, 115, 154, 193

losses, 23, 30, 1212, 241, 243, 248, 250, 251, 255, 257, 360, 413–417, 421, 424, 429, 431

postwar position, 548

pre-war plans, 120–126, 128, 131

rates, 23, 155, 159, 255, 256, 333, 335

refrigerator ships, 252, 253, 263, 316, 419

repair of, 213, 227, 251, 255, 262, 420

Shipping Committee, 220, 423, 424, 425, 432

troopships, 418, 421, 426

repair of, 213, 227, 251, 255, 262, 420

Shipping Committee, 220, 423, 424, 425, 432

troopships, 418, 421, 426

United Nations', 412, 413, 141, 415, 416, 426

U.S.A. assistance to U.K., 227, 234, 238, 241, 242, 257, 258, 417, 424, 425, 426–437, 527, 529, 531

See also Agriculture: production programmes, Imports, Import programmes, Minister and Minister of Shipping, Minister and Ministry of War Transport, Ports, Stocks

Simon, Sir John (later Lord)

See Chancellor of the Exchequer

Sinclair, Sir Robert, 399

Singapore, 65, 99, 212, 380

Smith, Adam, 6, 466

Smuts, General, 37

Social services, 169, 170

postwar plans, 540–541

Stabilisation policy, 166, 167, 335, 337, 338, 340, 501, 502, 511

See also Cost-of-living index, Prices, Price controls, Profits, Wages

Stacy May, Mr., 384, 385, 398

Stage Two, 515–533

Stalin, Marshal, 362, 403, 408, 411

Stamp, Lord, 47, 61, 93, 115, 117, 142

Stamp Survey, 47, 61, 93, 119, 142, 143, 144, 155, 166, 169, 221, 327, 340

Standard of living, 72, 164, 165, 169, 178, 268, 315, 324, 325, 371, 373, 377, 444, 491, 492, 497, 499, 501, 505, 506, 519, 528, 529, 531, 553

in U.S.A., 371, 499

See also Consumer goods, Food, Fuel, Housing, Petroleum

Sterling, exchange value of, 107, 114, 154

Sterling area, 106, 110, 112, 114, 115, 153, 381, 523, 524, 525

Sterling balances, 111, 243, 375, 521, 522, 525

Stettinius, Mr. E., 238, 239

Stimson, Mr. Henry, 384, 386

Stocks, level of and policy towards

up to the outbreak of war, 127, 128, 154

Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 122, 129, 130, 135, 153, 154, 173

between fall of France and Pearl Harbor, 211, 242, 265, 267, 315, 327, 332, 343

after Pearl Harbor, 422–437, 500, 511, 553

postwar surpluses, 537

statistics for, 268

clothing, 332, 337, 394

--579--


Stocks, contd.

coal, 468, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478, 541, 550

consumer goods, 326, 327, 332, 500, 511

iron-ore, 127, 128, 129

food, 127–130, 135, 242, 267, 422–436

munitions, 385

petroleum, 189, 257, 487, 547

raw materials, 127, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–435

sugar, 128, 176

timber, 127, 128, 129, 130

wheat, 127, 128, 129, 317, 422, 433

Storage space, 252, 253, 260, 261, 320, 436, 498

cold storage, 253, 318, 319

See also Factory and storage premises: control of

Strategy, background of

rearmament, 45, 46, 62–68

Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 95–100

from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 211–215, 224

after Pearl Harbor, 403, 405–411, 516, 517

Anglo-American planning: before Pearl Harbor, 379–381

after Pearl Harbor, 390, 405–411

Subsidies, 55

on cloth, 502

on coal, 509

on food, 166, 167, 168, 326, 333, 334, 501, 502

on freight rates, 335

on shipbuilding, 96

on transport, 488

total cost of, 502

See also Stabilisation policy

Supreme War Council, 38, 99, 114, 179, 180, 184, 194, 378, 402


Tanks

Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration, 382, 385

for Russia, 362, 363

lend-lease deliveries of, 239, 273

U.S. production of, 388, 398

Tariffs, 247, 543

Taxation, 4–12, 48, 49, 68, 69, 159, 170, 171, 326–329, 501, 502, 519

Excess Profits Tax, 4, 69, 162, 163, 327, 340

income tax, 4, 69, 161, 170, 327, 328, 501

postwar credits, 328, 553

indirect, 157, 170, 327, 502

purchase tax, 171, 327, 503

surtax, 170, 327

See also Government borrowing, Government expenditure, Inflation

Teheran Conference Dec. 1943, 411

'Ten-year' rule, 45, 46, 62, 63

Terms of trade, 521, 554

Textile industries, 18, 140, 177, 321, 322 ,332, 540

manpower in, 323, 444, 454, 457, 459, 496, 550

Three years' war, concept of, 95, 118, 210, 497

Timber

Anglo-French collaboration, 192, 193

control over, 174, 175, 177, 319

imports of, 130

stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 130

Times, The, 96, 327, 328

Titmuss, Mr. R. M., 169, 496, 553

Tobacco

consumption of, 325, 493,k 499

imports of, 493

lend-lease for, 532

rationing of, 504

taxation of, 170, 327, 502

Trade associations, 51, 53, 157

--580--


Trade Unions, 56, 59, 61, 62, 145, 148, 150, 164, 165, 167, 333, 338, 339

Transport

See under Inland transport

Treasury, 8, 10, 23, 32, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 93, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 128, 132, 151, 156, 157, 162, 163, 167, 169, 170, 181, 182, 186, 190, 217, 222, 232, 325, 328, 330, 484, 523, 542, 553

Permanent Secretary of (Sir Horace Wilson), 91, 93

See also Chancellor of the Exchequer, Keynes, J. M.

Truman, President, 369, 533, 546


U-boats

attacks by, 23, 96, 100, 121, 250, 407, 413, 414

war against, 409, 417, 431, 445

See also Shipping: losses

United Nations, 401, 409

shipping of, 412–415, 426

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 542

United States of America

See generally ch. IX, ch. XIII

Anglo-American food collaboration, 240, 391, 392

Anglo-American Loan Agreement 1945, 532, 545

Anglo-American organisations, See Combined Boards, Combined Chiefs of Staff

Anglo-American pooling of resources, ch. XIII generally, 413, 428

finance, 524, 526, 530

Anglo-American raw materials planning, 381, 382, 391, 392

Anglo-American shipping collaboration (after Pearl Harbor), 413, 414, 426–437

Anglo-American Stage II negotiations, 524–533

Anglo-American strategical planning, 379–381, 406–411, 450

Anglo-American war productions plans: before Pearl Harbor, 373, 381–388

after Pearl Harbor, 391–400

Anglo-American collaboration compared with Anglo-French, 378, 384, 393

assistance to U.K.: in First World War, 22, 103

before Pearl Harbor, 119, 225, ch. IX

shipping, 227, 234, 238, 241, 242, 256, 257, 258

assistance to Russia, 360, 361, 362

aircraft production in, 388

armed forces, size and deployment, 366, 371, 374

British bases lead to, 227

British contracts in, 105, 106, 112, 195, 230, 382, 383, 384, 396, 530, 532

British investments sold in, 115, 116, 233, 234, 243

Canadian-U.S. collaboration, 404

capital equipment in, 499

commercial policy and, 543, 545

export trade of, 526

financial procedure in, 236

French contract in, 181, 191

government control and government machinery in, 229, 301, 386, 393, 427

lend-lease—See separate entry

machine tool industry in, 195

manpower mobilisation in, 298, 366, 370–372

national income in relation to war expenditure in, 230, 369, 377

neutrality policy, 103, 104, 105, 108, 115, 188, 225, 227, 227, 258, 379, 381

'combat zones', 226, 227, 228, 258

President of—See under Roosevelt and Truman

productivity in, 368

presidential elections, 232, 235, 526

rearmament in, 195, 382–388

reciprocal aid to, 376

shipbuilding in, 103, 230, 232, 234, 242, 257, 388, 412, 414, 420, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431

tank production in, 388, 398

U.S. troop-movements to U.K., 416, 435, 442, 523, 524, 525

war effort of: development in, 114, 118, 229, 230, 231, 239, 366, 367, 368, 374, 382–388, 398, 400

Administration of, 227, 230, 231, 235, 238, 246, 257, 379, 382, 530, 532, 533

Army and War Department, 231, 383, 399, 530, 532

--581--


United States of America, contd.

Attorney-General, 227

Chiefs of Staff of, 389, 390, 405, 407

Congress, 103, 196, 227, 234, 236, 238, 379, 388, 525, 526, 533

Department of Agriculture, 240, 419

Department of Commerce, 112

Foreign Economic Administration, 526

Maritime Commission 196, 229, 383, 386

Navy and Navy Department, 380, 383

Office of Production Management, 386

U.S. Special Observer Group, 380, 381

State Department and Secretary of State, 119, 225, 554

Strategic Bombing Survey, 71, 97, 102, 215, 301

Treasury and Secretary of the Treasury, 196, 229, 232, 234, 383, 528, 531

War Production Board, 383, 393, 398

War Shipping Administration, 420, 427, 428, 429, 431

See also Combined Boards, Lend-lease, Mutual aid, Roosevelt, Truman

'Utility' production, 336, 460, 493, 503

See also Clothing, Consumer goods


'Victory programme', 384–388, 392

Viscose Corporation, 233


Wages, in agriculture, 160, 170, 340, 341

in coalmining, 164, 166, 340, 471, 506–

in munitions industries, 168, 325

earnings, 144, 168, 169, 339, 340, 506, 507, 509

Essential Work Order and, 306

First World War experience, 152

incentives provided by, 55, 61, 144, 168, 309, 339, 453, 507

increases in (general), 163, 164, 165, 169, 325, 343, 502, 511

manpower controls and, 144, 168, 169, 305, 307, 339

policy towards, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 151, 152, 157, 163–168, 172, 333–339, 501, 502, 510

postwar, 539

See Cost-of-living index, Price control, Profits, Services: pay, Stabilisation policy

War Aims Committee, 534

War Book, 34, 35, 90

War Cabinet, 22, 26, 30, 35, 36, 37, 37, 42, 44, 45, 46, 91, 92, 135, 221, 250, 276, 341, 384, 391, 393, 402

First World War experience, 35–38

First and Second World War experience compared, 39, 90

War Cabinet, Sept. 1939, 90, 91, 94

War Cabinet, May 1940, 94, 209, 216

Committee system, 30, 37, 90–95, 215–223

and agricultural prices, 341, 342, 540

and Allied collaboration, 193, 402

and Churchill-Roosevelt correspondence, 225, 402

and clothing, 168, 333

and coal problems, 164, 440, 463, 471, 474, 476, 508

and commercial policy, 544, 545

and Excess Profits Tax, 340

and food rationing, 175, 176

and foreign exchange and investments, 107, 112, 113, 116, 118

and fuel rationing, 472

and housing, 497

and import programmes and shipping, 121, 126, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 250, 265, 425, 426, 427, 430, 437

and invasion of Europe, 407

and manpower, 140, 145, 148, 287, 288, 293, 295, 304, 305, 314, 439, 442, 445, 448, 449, 450, 455

and production priorities, 282, 302

and production programmes, 96, 140, 213

and reciprocal aid, 526

and Stage II planning, 518

--582--


and stocks, 130, 425, 432, 437

and subsidies, 167

and wages, 164, 167, 338

See also Cabinet, Committee of Imperial Defence

War Cabinet Secretariat, 37 ,38, 42, 94, 101, 185, 210, 221

Central Statistical Office, 94, 221, 222

Economic Section, 94, 101, 210, 221, 222, 272, 273, 294, 325, 330, 331, 332 ,539

See also Cabinet, Committee of Imperial Defence

War economy, international comparisons, 365–377

War Office, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 31, 70, 232, 288, 290, 422, 455, 481, 482, 484

Secretary of State for War, 90, 288

See also Army

War Office (Reconstitution) Committee 1904, 32

Washington Staff Conference 1941, 379–381, 387, 402

Washington Conference Dec. 1941, 389–392, 405, 406, 408, 515

Washington Conference June 1942, 407

Washington Conference May 1943, 409, 430, 435

Wavell, General, 210, 224, 390

Welfare, industrial, 286, 305, 306, 464

Wheat

Anglo-French collaboration, 38, 39, 192

bulk purchase of, 154, 155

extraction rate of, 267, 317, 422, 423, 424, 426

imports of, 129, 130, 422

stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 317, 422

Wilson, Sir Horace, 93

Winant, Mr. J., 387

Women, mobilisation of

See generally Manpower

Women's (Auxiliary) Services, 290, 313, 314, 448, 461

Wood, Sir Kingsley

See Chancellor of the Exchequer

Woolton, Lord, 167

See also Minister of Food, Minister of Reconstruction

--583--


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