INDEX
All statistics, except when otherwise stared, are to be found in the Statistical Summaries
Abda strategical Area, 390
Admiralty, 25, 31, 33, 58, 64, 65, 66, 70, 121, 135, 141, 145, 157, 161, 251
contracts in U.S.A., 230, 232, 242, 248
First Lord of the, 33, 90
(Mr. Churchill), 90, 92, 402
(Mr. A. V. Alexander), 250
manpower and the, 291, 303, 446
—See also Royal Navy
Agriculture
capital equipment of, 550, 551
financial policy and, 161, 510
livestock policy, 126, 160, 265, 267, 317, 318, 319, 423–426, 433
animal feeding-stuffs, 126, 127, 159, 265, 267, 316, 318, 319, 422, 423
manpower for, 102, 292, 293, 305
postwar reconstruction of, 540
pre-war plans for 126, 127
prices and profits for, 127, 158, 159–161, 333, 341–342, 540
production programmes and output in, 126, 127, 133, 159–161, 265, 315, 316, 317, 318, 423, 424, 425, 432, 433, 466
productivity in, 550
wages in, 160, 169, 340, 342
—See also Food
Air attack
on Britain, 65, 96, 210, 367
effects on flour-milling capacity, 317
effects on ports, 125 ,261, 262
effects on railways, 269, 274, 275
on Germany, 66, 95, 100, 101, 214, 386, 405, 406, 410, 441
Air Ministry, 66, 70, 96, 141, 145, 157, 161, 195
Secretary of State for Air, 70, 90
Air Staff, 66, 71
Aircraft
contracts in U.S.A., 114, 118, 226, 230, 232, 532
Anglo-French collaboration over, 181, 194
lend-lease deliveries of, 239
supplies to Russia, 362, 363
Aircraft production
Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration over, 382, 385
Anglo-French collaboration over, 194
German and Allied production compared, 193
manpower for, 293, 300, 302, 440–442, 445–448, 450–452, 459, 461, 461
geographical distribution of demands, 457
priority for, 282, 448, 452, 463
programmes, 96, 213, 291, 448
Russian, 362
United States, 388
'Victory Programme' and, 384
Allen, Prof. R. G. D., 236, 371, 373, 375, 376, 547
Allies
—See generally, pp. 38–40, ch. VII, ch. XIII
—See also France, Russia, United States of America
Allocation system
for manpower—See Manpower: budgeting
for raw materials, 22, 51, 177, 218, 319, 320
for shipping—See Shipping: demands, also Import programmes
in U.S.A., 393
Amalgamated Engineering Union, 61, 146
Anderson, Sir John, 221, 223
—See also Chancellor the Exchequer, Lord President
Anglo-American collaboration
—See under United States of America
Anglo-American Loan Agreement 1945, 532, 545
--559--
Anglo-French collaboration
—See under France
Argentine
payments agreement with, 111
Armed forces
deployment of: international comparisons, 366, 367, 394
strength of
in First World War, 28
international comparisons, 371
—See also Army, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Services
Army
Auxiliary Territorial Service, 290, 313
British commitments to France, 68
equipment standards of, 137, 142, 435
in Crimean War, 12
in First World War, 14–18
in Napoleonic Wars, 12, 13
manpower in
casualties and other wastage, 289, 290, 442
ceiling for, 213, 288, 290, 291, 439, 442
demands for, 439, 442, 444–446, 451
economy of use of, 290
rearmament and, 65, 66, 68, 69, 137, 140
size of, 58, 68, 96, 136, 140–142, 288–290, 439, 442, 444, 446, 451, 516
concept of divisional strength, 288, 289, 444
—See also Land forces
Asia, post-war, 554
—See Japan
Asquith, Mr. H. (later Lord), 35, 41
Atlantic Charter, 389
Attlee, Mr. C. R.
—See Lord Privy Seal
Austerity
—See generally Consumer goods, Standard of living
Australia, 102, 225, 405, 407, 477
lend-lease to, 375, 376, 529
munitions assignment and, 394
reciprocal aid from, 526
sterling area and, 110
—See also British Commonwealth
Austria
German occupation of, 67
Auxiliary Territorial Service, 290, 313
Baillieu, Sir Clive, 401
Balance of payments
first year of war, 115
policy after Dunkirk, 119
postwar and Stage II, 324, 523, 535, 536, 546, 548, 549
pre-war, 107
United States, 112
—See also Exports, Foreign exchange, Foreign investments, Lend-lease
'Balance-sheet' technique, 185, 193, 232, 384
Baldwin, Mr. S. (later Lord), 33, 35
Balfour, Mr. Arthur (later Lord), 33, 35
Balogh, Mr. T., 109
Bank of England, 7, 9, 108, 109, 116, 169
Basic industries
—See generally, p. 53, ch. XVI
—See also Coal, Inland transport, Iron and steel, Munitions industries, Textile industries
Batt, Mr., 401
Battle of Alamein, 408
Battle of the Atlantic, 257, 268
Committee, 219, 259
—See also Import Executive, Shipping, U-boats
--560--
Battle of Britain, 210, 224, 227, 244
Beavorbrook, Lord, 218, 387, 389
—See also Minister of Aircraft Production, Minister of Supply
Beer, 170, 325, 327, 330, 485, 511
Behrens, Miss C. B. A., 253, 254
Belgium, proposal for staff talks with, 98
sale of gold to U.K., 233
Beveridge, Sir William (later Lord), 26, 97
and food plans, 52
and fuel rationing, 472
and manpower, 284, 291, 295
and social insurance, 541
Bevin, Mr. Ernest, 150
—See also Minister of Labour and National Service
Black market, 343, 511
Bloch-Lainé, Mr., 194
Blockade of Germany, 72, 97, 98, 99, 100, 180, 214, 386, 405
Anglo-American collaboration, 387
Blockade Council, 38
export licensing and, 116, 117
foreign exchange and, 98, 111
Rist-Ashton-Gwatkin Mission, 226
shipping and, 123, 131, 132
United States and, 104, 226
—See also United States: neutrality policy
Board of Trade, 51, 52, 89, 113, 116, 117, 133, 141, 156, 158, 168, 174, 187, 264, 283, 322, 323, 332, 336, 459, 460, 462, 484, 493, 494, 496, 498, 503, 538, 544
President of (Mr. Oliver Stanley), 168
(Mr. Oliver Lyttelton), 292, 332, 336, 337
(Mr. Hugh Dalton), 493, 494, 498, 544
'Bolero' operation
—See United States of America: U.S. troop movements to U.K.
Bonar Law, Mr., 5, 35
Bowley, Prof. A.L., 152
Bread, general policy, 316, 317, 422–433
dilution of, 424, 426, 434
distribution of, 498
rationing of, 422, 426
British Commonwealth
belligerency of, 103
bulk purchase and, 155
contribution to war effort of, 224
food supplies and requirements, 404
land forces from, 96, 140
lend-lease to, 236, 237
as share of total lend-lease aid, 375, 276
manpower resources of, 281
munitions supplies of: source of, 373
raw materials supplies and requirements, 382, 403
reciprocal aid to U.S.A. from, 376, 525, 526
shipping for. 122, 132
sterling area and, 100
U.K. imports from, 106
U.K. supplies to, 225
—See also Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand
British Expeditionary Force, 96, 100, 192
British Missions, etc., in Washington, 229, 230, 383, 528
British Air Commission, 229, 383
British Food Mission, 240
British Joint Staff Mission, 380, 381, 390
British Merchant Shipping Mission, 242, 257, 428
British Purchasing Commission, 105, 106, 195, 229, 380, 382, 383
British Raw Materials Mission, 401
British Supply Board in Canada and U.S.A., 105, 195
British Supply Council, 230, 235, 384, 528
—See also France: Anglo-French collaboration
Brown, Prof. A. J., 29, 71
--561--
Budgets
in previous wars—See generally, pp. 3–12
1939–45, 69, 151, 170, 171, 326, 327, 328, 329, 501, 502
Building and civil engineering
control over, 173, 174, 175, 217, 321, 329, 491, 496
demands of U.S. troops in Britain, 440, 442, 456
industry, manpower in, 140, 149, 173, 292, 305, 308, 440, 442, 444, 454 ,456, 520
postwar, 538, 540
productivity in, 550
Bulk purchase, 17, 154, 155, 192
Bullion theory, 7
Report, 7, 9, 47
Burma
—See Japan: strategy against
Burns, Maj.-General, 238
Cabinet
functions and composition of, before First World War, 30–31
in First World War, 35–36
between two World Wars, 41–42
plans for Second World War, 46
procedure of, 30, 31, 35, 36, 41, 42
secretariat of, 31, 35, 41
and defence policy, 32
and manpower, 57
and 'ten-year rule', 45
and war legislation, 84
—See also Committee of Imperial Defence, War Cabinet
Cairo Conference, Nov. 1943, 411, 435
Canada, 224, 370, 381
Anglo-Canadian-American war production programme, 384–388
Canadian–U.S. economic collaboration, 404
capital equipment in, 499
Combined Boards and, 392, 394, 404
help to U.K. from, 118, 235, 237, 375, 404, 520, 521
munitions production in, 366
Mutual Aid Act, 375
payments agreement with, 111
shipbuilding in, 257
standard of living in, 499
sterling area and, 100
U.K. war contracts in, 105, 106
U.K. wheat contracts with, 155
Canals, 268, 272, 278, 279, 488
control over, 271, 278, 279, 486
pre-war plans for, 271
rates on, 488
Capital, export of in First World War, 23
Capital equipment
depreciation of, 153, 173, 268, 321, 324, 377, 467, 491, 496, 497, 499, 519, 529
for rearmament, 71
for Russia, 363, 364
from U.S.A., 106
in agriculture, 550, 551
in Canada, 499
in coal industry, 475, 551
in electricity, 551
in munitions industries, 552
in railways, 481–484
in U.S.A., 499
postwar position, 535, 536, 551, 553
—See also Building and civil engineering, Disinvestment, Housing, Machinery licensing
Capital issues, control of, 173
Cartels, international, 543
Caar, Sir C. T., 87
Casablanca Conference, 429, 435
--562--
Casualties, war, 549
Central Economic Service, 94, 221
—See also Central Statistical Office, Economic Section of the War Cabinet Offices, Stamp Survey
Central Price Regulation Committee, 158
—See also Price control: Prices of Goods Act
Central Statistical Office, 94, 221, 222
Chamber of Shipping, 122
Chamberlain, Mr. Neville
—See Chancellor the Exchequer, Lord President, Prime Minister
Chancellor the Duchy of Lancaster (Mr. W. S. Morrison), 89
Chancellor of the Exchequer (before and during First World War), 4, 6, 10, 12, 33
(Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 68
(Sir John Simon), 69, 90, 93, 151, 165, 166, 167, 171, 338
(Sir Kingsley Wood), 94, 217, 235, 327, 328, 335, 339
(Sir John Anderson), 502, 528
and manpower
Chatfield, Lord, 90
Chemical industries
—See Munitions industries
Cherwell, Lord, 220
Chiang Kai-Shek, General, 403, 411
Chiefs of Staff Committee, 43, 44, 45, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 91, 99, 212, 213, 214, 216, 263, 389, 396, 405, 406, 518
establishment of, 44
functions of, 44, 91, 216
Deputy Chiefs of Sub-Staff Committee, 91
Joint Intelligence Sub-Committee, 43
Joint Planning Sub-Committee, 43
—See also Combined Chiefs of Staff, Committee of Imperial Defence, Strategy, United States: Chiefs of Staff
China, 395, 403, 405, 408, 410
—See also Japan: strategy against
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 32
Churchill, Mr. Winston, 35
—See also Admiralty: First Lord, Minister of Defence, Prime Minister
Civil Defence, 43, 368, 519
Committee (formerly Home Security Committee), 92, 216, 220
manpower in, 284–287, 290, 293, 314, 444–446, 450, 454
Civilian consumption—See generally, pp. 47–52, ch. VI sec. (iii), ch. XII sec (i), ch. XVII sec (i), and pp. 220, 267, 422–426
in Stage II and III, 520, 536
international comparisons, 371, 499, 500
Impact of the War on Civilian Consumption, 298, 365, 454, 499, 500
—See also Consumer goods, Food, Standard of living
Civilian industry
controls over, 117, 118, 173, 174, 321–323, 336, 337, 493–496
manpower and, 309, 310, 460
price control and, 336, 494, 502, 503
manpower for, 283, 294, 323, 444, 450, 451, 453, 454, 459
raw materials for, 177, 320, 321
in Stage II, 520
—See also Capital equipment, Clothing, Concentration of industry, Limitation of Supplies Orders, Utility production
Cloth, subsidies on, 502
Clothing
austerity restrictions on, 337
industry, concentration of, 459
manpower in, 308, 322
prices, 50, 51, 166, 167, 168, 334, 335, 336, 337
control of, 167, 168, 336, 337
purchase tax and, 334, 337, 503
rationing of, 51, 168, 322, 330, 332–333, 493
standard, 20, 167, 168, 336
stocks, 332, 337, 494
utility, 336, 337, 493, 494
Apparel and Textiles Order 1942, 494
—See also Limitation of Supplies Orders, Textiles industries
--563--
allocations to industry,m 471
Anglo-French collaboration, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191
budgets, 471, 472, 475, 478, 489
consumption of, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478
distribution of, 221, 272, 478, 485, 486, 498
exports of, 468, 471
inland transport and, 190, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 466, 468, 469, 472, 473, 477, 480, 485, 486, 488, 489
opencast, 471, 475, 478
prices and price control of, 163, 164, 166, 335, 343, 468, 508, 509, 510
production of, 22, 53—See generally ch. XVI sec (ii)
output per man 470, 471, 474, 475, 477, 506, 550
programming of requirements for, 478
rationing of—See Fuel and light: rationing of
stocks of, 468, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478, 541, 550
Coal industry, ch XVI sec. (ii) and 506–510
capital equipment in, 475, 551
cartel in, 53, 468
conciliation machinery in, 507, 508
costs in, 506, 509, 510
effects of fall of France on, 469, 470, 475
Essential Work Order in, 471, 506
finances of, 506–510
government control over, 53, 468, 474
industrial disputes in, 471, 477, 506, 507, 508, 509
manpower in, 285, 293, 305, 308, 440, 450, 451, 463, 467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 474 475, 477, 550
nationalisation of, 468, 474, 510
postwar, 540, 550
pre-war plans for, 53, 468
price-control in, 509, 510
reorganisation in, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476
statistics of, 469, 477, 479
unemployment in, 190, 469, 470
wages in, 163, 164, 166, 340, 471, 506–510
Coastal shipping, 268, 272, 275, 278, 488, 490
control over, 53, 278, 486
pre-war plans for, 271
rates for, 488
Colonial Office, 32
Secretary of State for the Colonies, 33
Colquhoun, Patrick, 7, 28, 47
Combined Boards, 363, 389–404
membership of, 403
North American system of, 404
shipping economies through, 419
Combined Food Board, 391, 392, 404, 531
Combined Munitions Assignment Board, 391, 392, 394, 395, 396, 397, 419
Combined Production and Resources Board, 365, 388, 392, 399, 400, 404, 533
Combined Raw Materials Board, 363, 382, 391, 392, 398, 401, 404
Combined Shipping Adjustment Boards, 391, 413, 419, 426, 427, 428
—See also United States: Anglo-American collaboration
Combined Chiefs of Staff, 388, 390, 394, 395, 400, 406, 407, 409, 410, 419, 531
Combined Order of Battle, 397, 399
Commercial policy, post-war plans, 543–546
Committee of Imperial Defence
establishment of, 32
functions and membership of, 32–34, 42, 43
organisation of, 42–44
secretariat of, 33, 34, 42, 43
and pre-war agricultural plans, 126–127
and pre-war shipping assumptions, 122–126, 128
and pre-war plans for supreme control in time of war, 46, 88, 92
and war legislation, 84
Sub-committees of
Distribution of Imports in Time of War (Headlam Committee), 124, 125, 249, 269
--564--
Food Supply in Time of War, 51, 52, 125
Manpower and anti-inflation policy, 47–51, 55, 151
and manpower mobilisation, 55–57, 143
Principal Supply Officers, 43, 44, 46, 50, 57
—See also Chief of Staffs Committee, War Cabinet
Commodity policy, postwar, 544
Compensation, for war losses, 220, 343, 498
and land planning, 539
Concentration of industry, 117, 292, 308, 310, 323, 343, 388, 459, 461, 498
Conferences between Prime Minister and President Roosevelt, general, 390
Washington, Dec. 1941, 389–392
Washington, June 1942, 407
Casablanca, Jan. 1943, 408
Washington, May 1943, 409
Quebec, Aug. 1943, 410
Cairo, Nov. 1943, 411
Tehran, Dec. 1943, 411
Quebec, Sept. 1944, 517, 518
Conscription, industrial ,62, 144, 149, 150, 282, 298
—See also Labour: directions and transfer of
military, 26, 28, 57, 58, 309, 314
Consumer goods, controls over manufacture and supply of, 117, 118, 177, 178, 321–323, 460, 493–496, 502
distribution and rationing of, 332, 495, 504
stocks of, 326, 332, 500, 511
—See also Civilian consumption, Civilian industry, Standard of living
Contracts
in North America, 105, 106, 112, 114, 188, 194, 195, 230, 232, 382, 383, 384, 396, 530, 532
postwar liquidation of, 537
price policy for, 18, 50, 161, 162
Controls generally, 89, 94, 320, 511
in First World War, 12–29
postwar, 536
—See also Building, Civilian industry, Coal, Factory and storage premises, Food, Inland transports, Labour, Manpower, Machinery licensing, Prices, Rationing, Raw materials, Shipping, Stabilisation, Wages
Convoys, 120, 121, 250, 251, 259, 413, 414, 434
and carrying capacity of shipping, 128, 259
of U.S.A., 414
to Malta, 101, 251
to Russia, 101, 359, 364, 412, 413
Cost accountancy, 16, 162, 503
Cost-of-living index
composition of, 50, 166
rises in, 166–168, 334–335
stabilisation and subsidisation of, 50, 51, 55, 157, 165–168, 333–337, 501, 502, 511
wages and, 157, 164, 165, 157, 168, 333, 335, 337, 338, 502, 506
—See also Coal: prices, Clothing: prices, Food: prices, Rent and rates
Cost plus system, 161, 168, 503
Costs generally—See Incentives, Prices, Wages
differences in British and American, 238
Court, Prof. W. H. B., 175, 467, 471, 477
Crimea War, 12, 13
Cunliffe Committee on Currency and Foreign Exchange, 9
Currency, international: postwar plans, 543, 544
D-Day, 215, 411, 480, 489, 490
Daladier, M., 179, 180, 185, 191
Defence Committee (Operations) and (Supply_, 92, 216, 219, 221, 263, 389, 441
Defence Loans Act, 68, 69
Defence of the Realm Act 1914, 83
Defence Regulations generally, 16, 82–88, 474
Defence (Finance) Regulations, 110
Defence Regulation, No. 18b, 86, 87
No. 55, 86
--565--
Defence Requirements Sub-Committee (later Defence Policy and Requirements Sub-Committee), 63, 67, 67, 68
Demobilisation and resettlement, 537
Denmark, transfer of Danish ships to U.K. flag, 255, 256
Destroyers, British losses in 1940, 225
British fleet in 1940, 250
from U.S.A. in return for lease of bases, 225, 227
Disinvestment, 107, 100, 111, 115, 116, 153, 423, 499, 548, 551, 552
—See also Capital equipment: depreciation, External debt, Foreign exchange: gold and dollar reserves, Foreign investments: sale of, Stocks
Distribution services, economies in, 484, 498
manpower in, 285, 444
—See also Retail trade
Dominions, Secretary of State for, 90
Douglas, Mr. Leis, 428
Dunkirk, 109, 209, 210, 250
Eastern Supply Group, 225
Economic Advisory Council, 42, 47
Economic Policy Committee (ministerial) and (official), 93, 94, 157, 167, 168, 186, 216, 217, 218, 219, 249, 260
Economic policy, coordination of—See generally, ch. III sec (ii), ch. VIII, 215–222
Economic Section of the War Cabinet Offices, 94, 101, 210, 221, 222, 272, 273, 294, 325, 330, 331, 539
—See also Central Economic Service, Central Statistical Office, Prime Minister's Statistical Branch
Economic Warfare—See Blockade of Germany
Economist, The, 169, 171, 311, 327, 328, 337, 406
Egypt, 210, 214, 407, 408
lend-lease to, 236
sterling area and, 110, 111
sterling balances of, 521
Electricity, 467, 468, 471, 473, 474, 520, 551
Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939, 84, 85, 86
Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940, 85, 150, 163, 282, 298
Emergency Powers (Defence (no. 2) Act 1940, 85
Empire Clearing House, 403
Employment exchanges, 147, 305, 307, 308, 309, 312, 458, 470, 506
Employment policy, postwar, 543
international, postwar, 543
Engineering and allied industries
—See Machinery licensing, Munitions industries
Engineering and Allied Employers' National Federation, 61, 146, 299
Essential Work Order, 306, 307, 308, 309, 312, 458, 470, 506
European Recovery Plan, 554
Evacuation, 45, 272, 274, 330
Excess Profits Tax, 4, 69, 162, 163, 327, 340
Exports
in First World War, 23
before lend-lease, 107, 108, 115, 116, 117, 118, 140, 211
after lend-lease, 243, 268, 374, 522
policy towards and lend-lease, 243–246, 522, 523, 524, 529, 530, 532, 536, 548, 549, 553, 554
coal, 468
licensing of, 116
manpower demands of, 283, 444
in Stage II and Stage III, 519, 520, 521, 524, 529, 530, 532, 536, 548, 549, 553, 554
port problem and, 252
to France, 248
to South America, 244
External debt, 111, 243, 375, 520, 521, 523, 524, 525, 548
—See also Disinvestment, Sterling balances
Factory Acts, 312, 464
Factory and Storage premises
control of, 320, 321
postwar release of, 537, 538, 552
'Fair shares', 50, 51, 211, 338, 501, 511, 536
—See also Price Control, Rationing
--566--
Family allowances, proposal for, 169
Far East war
—See Japan, also Strategy
Financial policy—See generally, ch. I sec. (i), ch. II sec. (ii), ch. VI sec. (ii), ch. XII sec. (ii), ch. XVII sec. (ii)
and rearmament, 68, 69
Foch, Marshal, 38
Food
Anglo-American collaboration, 240, 391, 392
British Food Mission, 240
Combined Food Board, 404
lend-lease deliveries, 240, 317, 374, 527, 528, 529, 531
Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 188
French policy and requirements, 188, 191
in First World War, 39
British Commonwealth supplies and requirements, 404
London Food Committee, 404
communal feeding, 170
consumption levels, 240, 316, 324, 422, 492, 499, 500
control over supplies and distribution, 157, 335
in First World War, 21
imports and import programmes, 125, 130 133–135, 264–268, 315, 316, 317, 422–426, 429, 430–436, 492
inland transport and, 270, 272, 484, 485
nutrition and national diet, 50, 240, 265, 267, 316, 317, 422, 426, 492
pre-war plans for, 51, 52, 125
Sub-Committee on Food Supply in Time of War, 51, 52
pre-war purchases of, 154, 155
prices, control of, 21, 51, 52, 157, 158, 172, 330, 334
differential, 169
subsidies on, 166, 167, 168, 326, 333, 334, 501, 502
stabilisation policy and, 335, 501, 502, 503
priorities for home production, 159, 160, 161, 317, 341, 342
rationing and distribution of, 21, 51, 52, 112, 135, 175, 176, 316, 317, 329, 330, 422, 492, 504
'points system', 330–332, 504
for Russia, 362, 363
stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–436
supply difficulties, 419
—See also Agriculture, Bread, Meat, Milk, Wheat
Food (Defence Plans) Department, 52, 89, 125, 128, 175, 181, 270
Food Policy Committee, 92, 93, 94, 216, 217, 220, 319
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 543
Footwear, standard: in First World War, 20
—See also Clothing
Foreign exchange—See generally, ch. IV sec (i) and (ii), ch. IX, ch. XVII
Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 182, 190
blockade and, 98
civilian consumption and, 112, 154, 173, 176
control over, 84, 108, 109, 182
in Germany, 108
dollars and gold
requirements in First World War, 23, 107
requirements in first year of war, 106, 227
reserves of, on outbreak of war, 107, 116
exhaustion of, 118, 119, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235
in Stages II and III, 523, 524, 525, 526, 529, 530, 532, 548
import controls and, 112, 113, 114, 134
payments agreements, 111, 118, 182, 190
rates: depreciation of sterling, 154
shipping and, 106, 112, 129, 134, 193
—See also Exports, Foreign investments, Lend-lease, Sterling area
Foreign investments
position in 1939, 107, 115, 116
requisitioning of, 116
sale of, 23, 110, 115, 116, 153, 232, 233, 234, 243, 324, 520, 521, 522, 548
--567--
Foreign Office, 32, 187
Foreign Secretary, 90, 245, 430, 554
France
Anglo-French collaboration—See generally, ch. VII, 378, 384, 394
in First World War, 38–40
Coordinating Committee, 186, 187, 191, 192, 194, 196
payments agreement, 182, 190
Permanent Military Representatives, 38, 180, 184
proposals for Franco-British union, 210
Purchasing Commission, 105, 185, 187, 194
strategy, 95–100
British military commitments to France, 68
pre-war staff conversations, 67, 68, 95
trade, 190
coal requirements, 189, 190, 191
contracts in U.S.A., 191
food policy and requirements, 188, 191
foreign exchange position, 118, 188
imports and import programmes of, 183, 188, 189, 191
Navy, 210
shipping, 182, 183, 184, 191
transfers to U.K. flag, 255, 256
Prime Minister of, 114, 118
War Cabinet of, 193
—See also Monnet, M. Jean
Fuel and light
in cost-of-living index, 166, 334, 335
economy and efficiency in use of, 471, 478
rationing of, 175, 471, 472, 497, 504
—See also Coal, Electricity, Gas
Furniture, controls over, 177, 459, 495, 503, 504
Gas, 468, 471, 473
Germany
machinery of government in, 301
war economy in
in First World War, 19, 20, 97
control of foreign exchange, 108, 112
control of imports, 112
dependence on overseas supplies, 64, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 214, 381
manpower mobilisation in, 101, 102, 281
pre-war rearmament, 64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 96
strategy against, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 95–100, 106, 211–215, 380, 405–411, 450, 517
postwar, 554
—See also Air attack, Blockade, U-boats
Gladstone, Mr. W. E., 4, 5, 6, 9, 31
Gold standard, 107, 108
Goods and Services (Price Control) Act, 336
Government, change of in 1940, 92, 145, 150, 216
Government borrowing, 5, 9, 11, 12, 48, 49, 169, 171, 172, 326, 327, 502
rate of interest, 502
Government expenditure, 5, 8, 10, 47, 48, 49, 68, 69, 153, 170, 171, 325, 326, 327, 502
as proportion of nation income: international comparisons, 369
Government factories, 3, 13, 18, 19, 145, 274, 286, 310, 292, 300
postwar disposal of, 537, 538
Government, legal powers of, 16, 83–88
Government, machinery of, 29–40, 41–46, 88–95, 215–223, 301
international comparisons, 301, 393, 394, 398, 427
Government revenue
—See Taxation
Greece, 212, 224, 244
shipping help from, 256
Greenwood, Mr. Arthur, 94, 217
Greenwood, Prof., 13
Group I industries, definition of, 28, 139
—See Munitions industries
--568--
Group II industries, definition of, 28, 139
manpower in, 28, 139, 140, 296, 444, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455
Group III industries, definition of, 28, 139
manpower in, 28, 139, 140, 196, 444, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455
Haldane, Lord, 31
Haldane Report, 31, 41
Halifax, Lord, 90
Hammond, Mr. R. J., 175, 433, 485
Hankey, Lord, 90
Hargreaves, Mr. E. L., 168, 503
Hartington Commission, 32
H.M. Ambassador in Washington (Lord Lothian), 119, 225, 226, 227, 235
(Lord Halifax), 237
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 90
Holland, shipping help from, 256
Hollowware production, 493, 494, 495
Home Affairs Committee, 42, 92
Home Guard, 226, 228, 314, 368, 454, 464, 519
Home Policy Committee, 92, 93, 94, 175, 216, 217, 200
Home Secretary, 86, 90
Home Security Committee, 92
Hong Kong, sterling area and, 110
Hope-Jones, Mr. A., 5
Hopkins, Mr. Harry, 238, 397
Hore-Belisha, Mr., 90
Housing, 174, 324, 496, 497, 520
help from U.S.A. for, 532
reconstruction plans, 536, 538
Humbert Wolfe Committee, 141, 142, 283, 294, 295
Hurcomb, Sir C., 268
Iceland, and U.S.A., 226, 277, 288
Imperial preference, 247
Import Executive, 218, 219, 220, 259, 263, 266, 412, 423
Imports, volume of, pre-war estimates, 123
Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 122, 128–135
fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 242, 248, 249, 250, 264–268, 421
after Pearl Harbor, 421, 422–437
control over, 49, 51, 112, 113, 114, 133, 134, 175
from British Commonwealth, 106
from sterling area, 106
prices of, 114, 155, 156
proportion of U.K. imports drawn from N. America, 239, 240, 241, 251, 254, 259, 391, 421
animal feeding-stuffs, 126, 265, 422
iron-ore, 129, 130
petroleum, 189
timber, 130
tobacco, 493
wheat, 129, 422
Import Programme
in First World War, 24
pre-war plans, 122–126
from Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 132–135
from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 264–268
after Pearl Harbor, 412, 421, 422–437
Anglo-French collaboration, 187, 189, 191, 193
French programmes, 188, 189
coordination of Empire and foreign countries, 424, 426
planning of and port problems, 260
—See also Shipping
Incentives
to efficiency, 159 ,160, 161, 162, 163, 327, 340, 342, 501
agricultural, 160, 161
wages and, 55, 61, 144, 168, 309, 339, 453, 507
--569--
India, 16, 111, 224, 225, 405, 442, 529
famine in, 437
munitions assignment to, 394
reciprocal aid from, 526
sterling balances of, 111, 521, 525
India Office, 32, 38
Secretary of State for India, 33
Industrial disputes, 27 ,148, 149, 464
coal industry and, 471, 477, 506, 507, 508, 509
compulsory arbitration for, 27, 60, 333, 507, 508
Industrial relations, 146, 149, 305, 333, 338, 464, 507, 508
Inflation—See generally, ch. VI, ch. XII, ch. XVII
in First World War, 9–12, 20, 21
pre-war plans to combat, 47–56, 151, 156, 170
postwar, 535, 536, 553
Inland transport—See generally, ch. X sec. (iii), ch. XVI sec. (iii)
central planning of, 278, 279, 480, 487, 488
Central Transport Committee, 487, 488
coal and, 190, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 466, 468, 469, 472, 473, 477, 485, 486, 488, 489
crisis of 1940–41, 273
D-Day and, 436 ,480, 489
economies in use of, 280, 484, 485, 489, 498
manpower for, 450, 451, 488, 489
Ministries of Food and Supply and, 276
ports and: coordination between, 219
port diversion and, 124, 125, 249, 252, 253, 260, 261, 268–270, 273, 274
pre-war plans for, 269–271
rates for, 272
statistics for, 249, 468
—See also Canals, Coastal shipping, Railways
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 544
International law, 98, 180, 228
International Monetary Fund, 544
International Trade Organisation, 545
Invasion
by Allies of Europe, 99, 215, 386, 405, 406–411
inland transport and, 480, 489
manpower for, 442, 451
shipping for, 436, 437
by Germany of Britain, 67, 99, 100, 137, 211, 445
Iron and steel
capital equipment of, 520
control over, 22, 174, 177, 319, 467
imports from U.S.A., 112, 195, 239, 253, 381
manpower for, 308
price-control for, 341
Iron-ore
imports of, 129, 130
mining: manpower for, 292
stocks of, 127, 128, 129
Ismay, Maj.-General (now Lord), 42
Italy, 38, 380
as potential enemy, 45, 63, 65, 100
effects of entry into war, 212, 250
elimination from war, 214, 410, 411
Japan
as potential enemy, 63, 64, 65, 100, 212
neutrality with Russia, 359, 361, 411
strategy against, 380, 396, 405–411, 515, 517, 537
shipping and, 413, 416
Judges, Prof. A. V., 458
Keynes, Mr. J. M. (later Lord), 165, 171, 222, 233, 238, 246, 325, 328, 343, 528, 531, 544, 546, 553
Kuczynski, Dr. R., 97
--570--
Labour
absenteeism, 306, 464
coalmining and, 470, 471, 474, 475
controls over—See generally, ch. V sec. (ii), ch. XI sec. (ii), ch. XV sec. (ii)
in First World War, 24–28
pre-war plans for, 56–62
customs: relaxations of, 60, 61, 146
dilution of, 27, 57, 59, 60, 61, 141, 145, 146, 149, 286, 287, 299, 300, 301
directions and transfer of, 60, 61, 146,147, 149, 300, 305, 307, 309, 311, 399, 458
disputes—See Industrial disputes
hours of work, 153, 298, 312, 324, 454, 519
international comparisons, 372
labour force, 138, 296, 297, 454
mobility of, 148, 300, 540
productivity of, 60, 148, 460, 464, 465, 470, 502
international comparisons, 102, 368
wartime changes in, 556
registration of, 299, 305, 307, 458, 459
relations with employers—See Industrial relations
skilled, 141, 145–149,m 255, 286, 287, 292, 298–303, 311
training of, 60, 141, 145, 149, 286, 287, 292, 298, 299, 301
turnover of, 27, 59, 60, 145, 148, 149, 304, 305
Essential Worker Order, 306–309, 312, 458
'leaving certificates', 27, 60, 148, 305, 306
'poaching', 145, 148, 149, 168, 305
restrictions on engagements, 60, 148, 149, 305, 458, 459
unemployment of, 69, 138, 144, 150, 154, 173, 296, 305, 324, 366, 371, 469, 470
upgrading of, 145, 286, 287, 299, 300
welfare of, 286, 305, 306, 312, 464, 465
—See also Conscription, Manpower
Labour Party, The, 327
Land forces
Committee, 140
size of, 64, 66, 67, 68, 140, 213, 516
—See also Army
Land planning, postwar, 539
Landing craft, 373, 406, 411, 434
Landsdowne, Lord, 35
Laundry services, 285, 444, 459, 496
Layton, Sir W. (later Lord), 230
Leathers, Lord—See Minister of War Transport
Legal powers of government, 16 ,83–88, 216
Legislation Committee, 220
Lend-lease—See generally, ch. IX, 259, 264, 383, 520, 521
Act, 98, 232, 233, 235, 236, 246, 317, 379, 523, 524, 532
aid, total value of, 375, 376
to U.K., and British Empire, total value of, 236, 237, 239, 375, 376
to Russia, 245, 364, 377, 525
proportionate importance of in U.S. economy, 374, 377
proportionate importance of items in, 239
beneficiaries of, 236
Congress appropriations for, 236, 386
effects on U.K. exports, 243–246, 374, 522, 523, 526, 527, 530, 532
effects on U.K. mobilisation, 373, 374
effects on source of U.K. imports, 241
eligibility, 238, 525, 526, 532
food deliveries, 240, 317, 374
Office of Lend-Lease Administration, 238, 245, 526
policy towards U.K. gold and dollar reserves, 524, 525, 531
procedure, 237, 238
repayment for, 246, 377, 382
settlement for, 546–548
Stage II aid, 522–533
theory of, 377, 525, 531
valuation of supplies under, 376
—See also Canada, Foreign exchange, Mutual Aid Agreement, Reciprocal aid, United States
'Limited liability', concept of, 56, 67, 137, 140
--571--
Limitation of Supplies Orders, 117, 188, 174, 175, 310, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 493, 495
Lloyd, Mr. E. M. H., 15
Lloyd George, Mr. D. (later Earl), 4, 8, 36, 47, 90, 179
Locarno Treaty, 63, 67
Lord President (Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 94, 217
(Sir John Anderson), 219, 220–223
and coal industry, 474
and coal transport, 276–277
and manpower, 221, 290, 295, 441–445, 448
Lord President's Committee, 161, 217, 219–221, 268, 279, 326, 330, 331, 332, 335, 336, 338, 342, 472, 483, 484, 493, 494, 497, 508
Lord Privy Seal (Sir Samuel Hoare), 90, 93, 132, 133
(Mr. C. R. Attlee), 94, 217
Lothian, Lord, 119 ,225, 226, 227, 235
Lowe, Joseph, 8, 14
Lubin, Mr., 397
Lyttelton, Mr. Oliver—See Board of Trade: President of, Minister of Production
Machinery, licensing of, 174, 321, 329, 491
Machine tools, 19, 145, 291
for Russia, 362, 363
from U.S.A., 112, 195, 230, 530
from postwar disposal of, 537, 552
McKenna, Mr. R., 4, 6
Mallet and George, 13
Malta, convoys to, 101, 251
Manpower, ch. V, ch. X, ch. XV
budgeting general principles of 301, 452, 455
1940 beginnings, 141, 142, 283
from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 282–296
from Pearl Harbor to D-Day, 438–454
for Stage II, 516–521, 528, 529
—See also Humbert Wolfe Committee
controls over—See generally pp. 56–62, ch. V sec. (ii), ch. XI sec. (ii), ch. XV sec. (ii)
indirect controls, 144, 309, 310, 459, 460, 462
postwar, 536
distribution of, 138–140, 296, 297, 309, 453, 549
distribution of women between Services and industry, 460, 461
military recruitment, problems of, 25, 26, 137, 143, 289, 304, 305, 313, 439, 442, 448, 453, 456, 461
Schedule of Protected Occupations, 26, 57
Schedule of Reserved Occupations, 26, 58, 59, 138, 143, 147, 285, 289, 290, 304, 306, 308, 313, 323, 456
ministerial responsibility for, 57, 146
mobilisation of—See generally ch. V, ch. XI, ch. XV
First and Second World Wars compared, 28, 297, 455
international comparisons, 101, 102, 281, 298, 366, 370–372
peak of, 447, 449, 450, 453, 454, 456, 515–516
U.S. aid and, 394, 397, 400, 450
voluntary principle and, 25, 28, 56, 59, 136, 143, 309, 310, 311, 454, 458, 460, 461
mobilisation of: women, 284, 285, 286, 293, 304, 307, 308, 312–314, 456–462
pre-war plans for, 56–62, 144
priorities for, 282, 301, 303, 441, 448, 461, 463
preference machinery, 303, 441, 463
requirements for
'Bolero' operation, 40, 442, 456
civilian industry (including Group II and Group III industries), 139, 141, 144, 283, 285, 294, 296, 320, 444, 448, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 459, 520
invasion of Europe, 442, 451
munitions industries, 139, 141, 144, 284–287, 291–296, 443–450, 453, 518, 519
Services and Civil Defence, 138, 284–291, 293–296, 305, 440, 442–450, 453, 518, 519
economy in use of manpower, 290, 313, 442, 445
specific industries
agriculture, 293, 305
--572--
aircraft production, 293, 300, 302, 440–442, 445–448, 450, 451, 459, 461, 463
building and civil engineering, 149, 292, 305, 308, 440, 442, 444, 454, 456
coalmining, 285, 293, 305, 308, 440, 450, 451, 463, 467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 475, 477, 550
inland transport, 450, 451, 488, 489
iron-ore mining, 292
iron and steel, 308
laundries, 496
ports, 147, 308
shipbuilding, 147, 308, 440, 441, 451
textile industries, 496
—See also Conscription, Labour
Marginal producers, 159, 341
Marshall, General, 397, 406
Meat
imports of, 263
rationing of, 17, 21, 160, 175, 176, 263, 316
supply difficulties, 419
transport of, 253, 263, 272, 277
—See also Agriculture: livestock policy, Storage space
Mediterranean, 212, 226, 227, 250, 407, 409, 410, 411
Medlicott, Prof. W. N., 98
Mercantile Marine Department of the Board of Trade, 193, 184, 427
pre-war estimates of, 122–126, 155
—See also Ministry of Shipping, Ministry of War Transport
Merchant Navy, 241, 299, 516
manpower in, 431, 447, 450, 451
—See also Shipbuilding, Shipping
Middle East, 111, 224, 244, 251, 406, 518
importance in British strategy, 212, 214
port delays in, 254
shipping demands of, 241, 254, 258, 259, 263, 412
Military Coordination Committee, 91, 92
Milk, distribution of, 498
National Milk Scheme, 170
production and price policy for, 160, 161, 317, 318, 342
—See also Agriculture
Milling ratio
—See Wheat: extraction rate of
Milner, Lord, 30, 37
Mines and Petroleum Department of the Board of Trade, 51, 270, 276, 468, 469, 471, 475, 484
—See also Ministry of Fuel and Power
Mineworkers' Federation, 506
Minister of Agriculture, 341, 342
Ministry of Agriculture and Department of Agriculture for Scotland, 159, 160, 161, 319, 341, 342, 422, 540
—See also Agriculture generally
Minister of Aircraft Production (Lord Beaverbrook), 218, 230, 232, 302, 303
Ministry of Aircraft Production, 89, 230, 232, 291, 300, 301, 441, 446, 448, 462
—See also Aircraft production
Minister of Defence, early proposals for, 32, 44
(Mr. Churchill), 216, 218, 221, 444
—See also Prime Minister (Mr. Churchill)
Minister for Coordination of Defence, 92
(Sir Thomas Inskip), 69
(Lord Chatfield), 90
Ministry of Economic Warfare, 89, 99, 100, 132, 193
Minister of Food, 40
(Mr. W. S. Morrison), 89, 161
(Lord Woolton), 265, 267, 316, 331, 422, 426
Ministry of Food, 17, 21, 24, 37, 40, 52, 89, 113, 130, 133, 134, 135, 157, 160, 166, 175, 176, 192, 240, 264–268, 272, 276, 279, 300, 331, 334, 335, 343, 432, 484
—See also Food generally
Minister of Fuel and Power (Major G. Lloyd-George), 472, 476
Ministry of Fuel and Power, 475, 476, 508
—See also Coal, Electricity, Gas, Petroleum, Mines and Petroleum Department
--573--
Minister of Health, 423, 294, 497
Ministry of Health, 51, 174
Ministry of Home Security, 89, 90
Ministry of Information, 72, 89
Minister of Labour and National Service (Mr. Ernest Brown), 148, 150, 164
(Mr. Ernest Bevin), 94, 150, 218, 282, 283, 290, 298, 302, 304, 205, 311, 312, 314, 333, 338, 339
Ministry of Labour, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 89, 144
Ministry of Labour and National Service, 57, 58, 60, 89, 537, and See generally ch. V, ch. XI, ch. XV
Ministry of National Service, 26, 37
—See also, Labour, Manpower
Ministry of Munitions, 11, 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 50, 56, 146, 148
Minister of Production, early proposal for, 218
(Mr. Oliver Lyttelton), 219, 393, 398, 399, 400, 401, 428, 441, 446, 462
Ministry of Production, 221, 393, 398, 432, 443, 462, 463
Joint War Production Staff, 398, 443, 355, 518
Minister of Reconstruction (Lord Woolton), 535
Minister of Shipping, 89, 249, 265
Ministry of Shipping, 24, 89, 90, 120, 123, 124, 128–135, 219, ch. X, ch. XIV
—See also Imports, Import programmes, Mercantile Marine Department, Ministry of War Transport, Shipping
Minister of Supply, 89, 218, 265, 267, 292, 303
Parliamentary Secretary, 311
Ministry of Supply, 129–135, 140, 141, 146, 147, 157, 162, 168, 177, 195, 229, 230, 231, 232, 264–268, 276, 291, 300, 446, 447, 448, 451, 455, 462
Minister of Transport, 249, 260, 270, 279
Ministry of Transport, 51, 162, 219, 268–280, 487
Minister of War Transport (Lord Leathers), 421, 435, 487
Ministry of War Transport, 219, 266, 28, 280, ch. XIV generally, 480, 485
Ministry of Town and Country Planning, 539
Minister without Portfolio (Mr. Arthur Greenwood), 94, 218, 248, 534
(Lord Hankey), 90
Molotov, M., 406
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 224
Monnet, M. Jean, 181, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 229, 230, 231, 323, 377, 384
Morgenthau, Mr. Henry, 196, 229, 232, 528, 531
''Mulberry' harbours, 368, 451, 456
Munich crisis, 52, 58, 67, 84, 92, 127, 269, 270
Munitions
Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration: before Pearl Harbor, 382–388
after Pearl Harbor, 391–400
—See also Combined Boards: Combined Munitions Assignment Board and Combined Production and Resources Board
contracts in U.S.A.—See Contracts: in North America
lend-lease deliveries, 239, 373
in Stage II, 527, 528, 529, 531
production, 366, 367, 368
programmes, 96, 140, 142, 213
international comparisons, 71, 366, 367, 368
source of British Empire's supplies, 373
'types problem', 213, 395
Munitions industries
capital equipment, 552
in First World War, 18
location of, 146, 286, 310, 462
manpower for, 25, 26, 58, 60, 139–142, 144, 149, 284–287, 291–296, 298, 299, 313, 443–450, 453, 457, 461, 518, 519
productivity in, 550
rearmament and, 63–72
wages in, 144, 148, 168, 309, 339
welfare in, 286, 312, 464
Mutual aid
Mutual Aid Agreement, 246, 378, 525
Article VII, 246, 543, 546
between U.S.A. and British Empire, 374–378
between U.K. and Canada
--574--
Napoleonic war, 4, 7, 8, 555
National Arbitration Tribunal, 333
—See also Industrial disputes
'National consent', 24, 56, 94, 143, 150, 209, 464
National debt, 4, 5
National Farmer' Union, 160
National income, 7, 8, 153, 163, 170, 324, 326, 499, 500
lend-lease and reciprocal aid as proportion of, 377
postwar, 542
war expenditure as proportion of, 68
international comparisons, 71, 230, 369, 370
white paper on, 152, 222, 343
Nationalisation, 339
coal industry and, 468, 474, 476, 510
National Joint Advisory Council, 61, 149, 165, 333
National registration, 175
National Service Acts, 26, 290, 295, 314, 456, 460, 461
Nelson, Mr. Donald, 393, 399
Neutrality policy—See United States: neutrality policy
New Zealand, 102, 369, 405, 529
munitions assignment to, 395
mutual aid and, 376
'Normal trade', doctrine of, 69, 70, 71, 128
North Africa
invasion of, 395, 405–409
manpower demands for, 442
shipping demands for, 416, 421, 429
North American Supplies Committee, 196
Norway, 91, 99, 100
naval losses off, 250
shipping help from, 256, 264
Nutrition—See Food: nutrition
Old Age Pensions, 169
Painlevé, M., 179
Parliament, 33, 66, 83–88, 217, 295, 402, 459, 472, 505
Paymaster General (Sir W. Jowitt), 534
Pearl Harbor, 65, 379, 380, 388, 389
effects on manpower, 439
effects on shipping, 412–416
Petroleum, Anglo-French collaboration, 39, 183, 188, 189
for Russia, 363
prices of, 154
rationing of, 175, 271, 272, 480, 488, 493
stocks of, 189, 257, 487, 547
U.S. supplies of, 112, 480, 529
Pitt, William, 4, 5
Poland, 95, 99
Ports, bombing of, 261, 262
capacity of: effects of diversion from south and east ports, 124, 125, 248, 249, 252–254, 259–262, 269, 273
foreign ports, 254, 360, 363, 420
controls in, 260, 261
inland sorting depots, 260
inland transport and: coordination, 219
invasion of Europe and, 436
manpower in, 147, 260, 308
turn-round in, 123, 124, 125, 251–254, 259–262, 276, 412, 420
specific ports
Bristol Channel, 252, 260, 274
Clydeside, 252, 260, 261
London, 252, 253
Merseyside, 252, 253, 260
—See also Inland transport, Shipping
Postan, Prof. M. M., 65, 145, 291, 552
--575--
Postwar credits, 328—See also Taxation
Postwar reconstruction plans, 218, 534–546
Potsdam Conference, 545
Pottery, 322, 444, 495
Prague, occupation of, 58, 65, 67, 84, 109
Pre-war planning—See generally ch. II
agriculture, 126
Allied coordination, 179
anti-inflation policy, 47–52, 55–56, 151, 156, 170
coal, 175, 468
export control, 116
food, 51 ,52, 154, 157
rationing, 51, 52, 175
foreign exchange controls, 108, 109
import control, 113
inland transport, 269–271
legal powers, 83–88
machinery of government, 46, 47, 88, 92
manpower, 56–62, 144
port capacity, 124, 125, 269, 270
price policy, 47–52, 157
raw material control, 157
shipping and imports, 120–126
stocks policy, 127
wage control, 44, 55–56
Prices
agricultural, 127, 158, 159–161, 333, 341–342, 540
clothing, 50, 51, 166, 167, 168, 334, 335, 336, 337
food, 154, 156, 166, 334, 335, 502
fuel, 163, 164, 166, 334, 335, 343, 508, 509
railway charges, 163, 335
First and Second World Wars compared, 152
increase on outbreak of war, 112, 114, 154, 155, 156
increase during war, 343, 511
postwar, 539, 554
Price control, generally, 47–52, 156–163, 166–168, 334–337, 502, 503
agricultural—See Prices, agricultural
clothing, 167, 168, 336, 337
coal, 468, 509, 510
contracts, 161, 162
food, 157, 158, 172, 330, 334
iron and steel, 341
Goods and Services (Price Control) Act 1941, 336, 502
physical controls and, 21, 47–52, 167, 168, 330, 336, 337, 494, 502, 503, 504
postwar, 536
Prices of Goods Act, 158, 167, 326, 334, 335, 503
profits, incentives and, 158–163, 340–342
standstill orders, 157, 158, 300
—See also Cost-of-Living index, Profits, Stabilisation policy,Wages
Prime Minister, general, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 46, 47, 90, 92
(Mr. Neville Chamberlain), 72, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98, 179, 185, 191, 217
(Mr. Churchill), 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 222, 254, 257, 260, 315, 362, 389, 391, 400, 401, 402, 407, 411, 434, 491, 496
and aircraft production, 448
and correspondence with Allied leaders, 402, 403
and food, 263, 267, 316
and housing, 538
and invasion of Europe, 406, 407
and manpower, 314, 442, 445–446, 450
size of the Army, 288, 289, 439
and nationalisation of coal, 476
and postwar reconstruction, 534, 535
and priorities, 302
and relations with U.S.A., 119, 225, 231, 232, 234, 379, 386, 402, 517, 527, 528
and shipping and imports, 267, 413, 418, 422, 425, 428, 430
Prime Minister's Statistical Branch, 220, 221
—See also Minister of Defence
--576--
Priority Committee, Ministerial, 92, 217
Priorities, in First World War, 16 ,22, 37
in distribution of consumer goods, 504
in food production, 159, 160, 161, 317, 341, 342
in manpower, 147, 282, 301, 303, 441, 448, 461, 463
in munitions assignment, 396, 399
in raw materials, 177, 218
in strategy, 405
in U.S.A., 386
postwar, 538
Priority of Production Direction, 1940, 282, 283, 287, 301, 302
Production Council, 94, 217, 218, 282, 283
Production Executive, 218, 219, 221, 303
Profiteering, 157, 158, 326
Profits, control of, 48, 50, 158–163, 340–342
—See also Excess Profits Tax, Price control, Wages
Purchase tax, 171, 327, 334, 337
Purvis, Mr. A. B., 105, 106, 194, 195, 196, 229, 230, 231, 232, 384, 386
Quebec Conference, Aug. 1943, 410, 411, 435,
Sept. 1944, 517, 518, 527, 528, 529, 532
Railways, 268–280, 480–490
bombing of, 269, 274, 275
capital equipment of, 467, 480, 483, 488
junctions, track, etc., 269, 270, 271, 274, 279, 483
locomotives, 269, 280, 481, 482, 489
wagons, 253, 269, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 481, 482, 483, 489
control over, 2723, 275, 483
turn-round of, 270, 273, 276, 277, 483
carrying capacity of, 269–278, 488, 489
control of, 271, 278, 279
Railway Executive Committee, 270, 271, 278, 279, 280
crisis 1940–41, 273
economies to relieve, 484
financial agreements with, 162, 163, 279, 340, 341, 345
food and, 270
in First World War, 269
manpower and, 285
passenger traffic, 274, 486, 490
pre-war plans for, 269–271
rates, 163, 488
statistics, 271, 481
—See also Inland transport
Rate of interest, 171, 172, 502
Rathenau, Walter, 19
Rationing, general, 12, 21, 30, 49–52, 152, 157, 175, 176, 326, 329–333, 501, 504
—See also Clothing: rationing, Consumer goods: distribution, Food: rationing, Fuel and light: rationing, Petroleum: rationing, Tobacco
Raw materials, Anglo-American collaboration, 381, 382, 391, 392, 398, 401, 404
Anglo-French collaboration, 181, 185, 192
British Empire supplies and requirements, 403
controls over, 16, 22, 51, 116, 117, 157, 174, 176, 177, 309, 310, 319, 320
price control and subsidies, 157, 158, 502
postwar, 536
imports and import programmes, 129, 130, 133–135, 264–268, 422–437
lend-lease for, 239, 529, 531
Russian requirements, 362, 363
stocks of, 127, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–435
transport economies and, 484, 489
—See also Priorities: Priority of Production Direction
Rearmament, generally, 62–72
in U.S.A., 195
--577--
Reciprocal aid (reverse lend-lease), 376, 377, 395, 525, 526, 530, 533
publication of figures, 525, 526
theory of, 377
—See also Lend-lease, Mutual aid
Regional organisation, 146, 147, 303
Rent and rates, 50, 51, 166
Restrictive practices, postwar plans, 540
Retail trade, 459, 498
Reynaud, M. 99. 165
Rhineland, German occupation of, 67
Ricardo, 7, 47
Road transport, control over, 271, 272, 278, 279, 480, 487, 488
pre-war plans, 271
Robbins, Prof. L., 17, 326, 328
Roosevelt, President, 192, 225, 226, 227, 229, 232, 235, 238, 258, 359, 386, 388, 389, 400, 401, 402, 407, 411, 413, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 527, 528, 533
Rostas, Dr. L., 551
Royal Air Force, 44, 96, 212, 289, 516
manpower demands of, 213, 439, 442, 444, 445, 446
rearmament and, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71
Women's Auxiliary Air Force, 290
Royal Navy, 12, 65, 101, 103, 212, 226, 289, 516
losses and damage, 250
manpower demands, 439, 444, 445, 446, 452
rearmament and, 64, 65, 66
Women's Royal Naval Service, 290
—See also Admiralty Destroyers
Royal Prerogative, 16, 83
Russia, 370, 395, 406, 554
aircraft production in , 362
British-American aid to, 359–365, 377, 387, 405, 408, 409
shipping for, 101, 254, 416
British-American relations with, 359, 379, 403
Combined Boards and, 363, 403
convoys to, 101, 359, 364, 412, 413
First World War experience, 25
Japan and, 359, 361, 411
lend-lease to, 245, 364, 525
strategy and, 211, 213, 224, 359, 363, 406, 407, 408
supply routes to, 360
Salisbury Committee, 44
Salter, Sir Arthur, 38, 127, 196, 242, 257, 421, 428
Saunders, Mr. C. T., 102, 371
Savings, 12, 48, 49, 152, 165, 170, 171, 172, 326, 327, 329, 501, 536
Schedule of Reserved Occupations
—See under Manpower: military recruitment
Select Committee of National Expenditure, 312, 341
Services, fighting
coordination between, 44
manpower demands of, 138, 284–288, 290, 291, 392–296, 305, 439, 442–450, 453, 518, 519
Auxiliary (women's) Services' demands, 314, 448, 461
economy in use of manpower, 290, 313, 442, 445
skilled labour demands, 286, 287, 290, 291
pay, gratuities, etc., 169, 325, 340, 505–506, 537, 553
shipping demands of, 254, 263, 264, 416, 421, 424, 436
economy in use of shipping, 417, 418, 422, 424, 426
strength at fall of France, 136, 137
—See also Armed forces, Army, Land forces, Royal Air Force, Royal Navy
Shipbuilding
Anglo-American-Canadian plans, 385, 387, 430, 431
manpower for, 147, 255, 308, 440, 441, 451
output, 122, 255, 417, 424, 430, 431
programmes, 96, 213, 248, 255
in U.S.A., 230, 232, 234, 242, 257, 388, 412, 414, 420, 426
--578--
Shipping
—See generally, ch. IV, sec. (iii), ch. X, sec. (i), (ii), ch. XIV, 516
Anglo-French collaboration, 39, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191
carrying capacity of, 122, 123, 124, 128, 131, 250, 254, 258–263, 417–420
concentration on short hauls, 132, 239, 240, 241, 251, 254, 259, 395, 418, 421
time spent at sea, 250, 259
turn-round in port, 123–125, 251–254, 259–262, 276, 412, 420
control of, 23, 30, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 129, 131, 134
in U.S.A., 427
demands: of cross-trades, 123, 132, 241, 263, 264, 421, 424, 437
programming of French demands, 264
Services and other military demands, 218, 219, 254, 263, 264, 416, 421, 429, 434, 435, 436, 437
economies in, 417, 418, 422, 424
supplies to Russia, 360, 409, 416
diversion from south and east coast ports—See under Ports
diversion from Services to U.K. import programme, 430, 435
effects of fall of France, 121, 248–254, 264
effects of Pearl Harbor, 412–416
First World War experience 23, 24, 30, 37, 39
foreign assistance (other than U.S.A.), 123, 130, 131, 155, 189, 255, 256, 258
foreign exchange and, 106, 112, 115, 154, 193
losses, 23, 30, 1212, 241, 243, 248, 250, 251, 255, 257, 360, 413–417, 421, 424, 429, 431
postwar position, 548
pre-war plans, 120–126, 128, 131
rates, 23, 155, 159, 255, 256, 333, 335
refrigerator ships, 252, 253, 263, 316, 419
repair of, 213, 227, 251, 255, 262, 420
Shipping Committee, 220, 423, 424, 425, 432
troopships, 418, 421, 426
repair of, 213, 227, 251, 255, 262, 420
Shipping Committee, 220, 423, 424, 425, 432
troopships, 418, 421, 426
United Nations', 412, 413, 141, 415, 416, 426
U.S.A. assistance to U.K., 227, 234, 238, 241, 242, 257, 258, 417, 424, 425, 426–437, 527, 529, 531
—See also Agriculture: production programmes, Imports, Import programmes, Minister and Minister of Shipping, Minister and Ministry of War Transport, Ports, Stocks
Simon, Sir John (later Lord)
—See Chancellor of the Exchequer
Sinclair, Sir Robert, 399
Singapore, 65, 99, 212, 380
Smith, Adam, 6, 466
Smuts, General, 37
Social services, 169, 170
postwar plans, 540–541
Stabilisation policy, 166, 167, 335, 337, 338, 340, 501, 502, 511
—See also Cost-of-living index, Prices, Price controls, Profits, Wages
Stacy May, Mr., 384, 385, 398
Stage Two, 515–533
Stalin, Marshal, 362, 403, 408, 411
Stamp, Lord, 47, 61, 93, 115, 117, 142
Stamp Survey, 47, 61, 93, 119, 142, 143, 144, 155, 166, 169, 221, 327, 340
Standard of living, 72, 164, 165, 169, 178, 268, 315, 324, 325, 371, 373, 377, 444, 491, 492, 497, 499, 501, 505, 506, 519, 528, 529, 531, 553
in U.S.A., 371, 499
—See also Consumer goods, Food, Fuel, Housing, Petroleum
Sterling, exchange value of, 107, 114, 154
Sterling area, 106, 110, 112, 114, 115, 153, 381, 523, 524, 525
Sterling balances, 111, 243, 375, 521, 522, 525
Stettinius, Mr. E., 238, 239
Stimson, Mr. Henry, 384, 386
Stocks, level of and policy towards
up to the outbreak of war, 127, 128, 154
Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 122, 129, 130, 135, 153, 154, 173
between fall of France and Pearl Harbor, 211, 242, 265, 267, 315, 327, 332, 343
after Pearl Harbor, 422–437, 500, 511, 553
postwar surpluses, 537
statistics for, 268
clothing, 332, 337, 394
--579--
Stocks, contd.
coal, 468, 469, 471, 473, 475, 478, 541, 550
consumer goods, 326, 327, 332, 500, 511
iron-ore, 127, 128, 129
food, 127–130, 135, 242, 267, 422–436
munitions, 385
petroleum, 189, 257, 487, 547
raw materials, 127, 130, 135, 242, 267, 422–435
sugar, 128, 176
timber, 127, 128, 129, 130
wheat, 127, 128, 129, 317, 422, 433
Storage space, 252, 253, 260, 261, 320, 436, 498
cold storage, 253, 318, 319
—See also Factory and storage premises: control of
Strategy, background of
rearmament, 45, 46, 62–68
Sept. 1939 to fall of France, 95–100
from fall of France to Pearl Harbor, 211–215, 224
after Pearl Harbor, 403, 405–411, 516, 517
Anglo-American planning: before Pearl Harbor, 379–381
after Pearl Harbor, 390, 405–411
Subsidies, 55
on cloth, 502
on coal, 509
on food, 166, 167, 168, 326, 333, 334, 501, 502
on freight rates, 335
on shipbuilding, 96
on transport, 488
total cost of, 502
—See also Stabilisation policy
Supreme War Council, 38, 99, 114, 179, 180, 184, 194, 378, 402
Tanks
Anglo-Canadian-American collaboration, 382, 385
for Russia, 362, 363
lend-lease deliveries of, 239, 273
U.S. production of, 388, 398
Tariffs, 247, 543
Taxation, 4–12, 48, 49, 68, 69, 159, 170, 171, 326–329, 501, 502, 519
Excess Profits Tax, 4, 69, 162, 163, 327, 340
income tax, 4, 69, 161, 170, 327, 328, 501
postwar credits, 328, 553
indirect, 157, 170, 327, 502
purchase tax, 171, 327, 503
surtax, 170, 327
See also Government borrowing, Government expenditure, Inflation
Teheran Conference Dec. 1943, 411
'Ten-year' rule, 45, 46, 62, 63
Terms of trade, 521, 554
Textile industries, 18, 140, 177, 321, 322 ,332, 540
manpower in, 323, 444, 454, 457, 459, 496, 550
Three years' war, concept of, 95, 118, 210, 497
Timber
Anglo-French collaboration, 192, 193
control over, 174, 175, 177, 319
imports of, 130
stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 130
Times, The, 96, 327, 328
Titmuss, Mr. R. M., 169, 496, 553
Tobacco
consumption of, 325, 493,k 499
imports of, 493
lend-lease for, 532
rationing of, 504
taxation of, 170, 327, 502
Trade associations, 51, 53, 157
--580--
Trade Unions, 56, 59, 61, 62, 145, 148, 150, 164, 165, 167, 333, 338, 339
Transport
—See under Inland transport
Treasury, 8, 10, 23, 32, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 93, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 128, 132, 151, 156, 157, 162, 163, 167, 169, 170, 181, 182, 186, 190, 217, 222, 232, 325, 328, 330, 484, 523, 542, 553
Permanent Secretary of (Sir Horace Wilson), 91, 93
—See also Chancellor of the Exchequer, Keynes, J. M.
Truman, President, 369, 533, 546
U-boats
attacks by, 23, 96, 100, 121, 250, 407, 413, 414
war against, 409, 417, 431, 445
—See also Shipping: losses
United Nations, 401, 409
shipping of, 412–415, 426
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 542
United States of America
—See generally ch. IX, ch. XIII
Anglo-American food collaboration, 240, 391, 392
Anglo-American Loan Agreement 1945, 532, 545
Anglo-American organisations, See Combined Boards, Combined Chiefs of Staff
Anglo-American pooling of resources, ch. XIII generally, 413, 428
finance, 524, 526, 530
Anglo-American raw materials planning, 381, 382, 391, 392
Anglo-American shipping collaboration (after Pearl Harbor), 413, 414, 426–437
Anglo-American Stage II negotiations, 524–533
Anglo-American strategical planning, 379–381, 406–411, 450
Anglo-American war productions plans: before Pearl Harbor, 373, 381–388
after Pearl Harbor, 391–400
Anglo-American collaboration compared with Anglo-French, 378, 384, 393
assistance to U.K.: in First World War, 22, 103
before Pearl Harbor, 119, 225, ch. IX
shipping, 227, 234, 238, 241, 242, 256, 257, 258
assistance to Russia, 360, 361, 362
aircraft production in, 388
armed forces, size and deployment, 366, 371, 374
British bases lead to, 227
British contracts in, 105, 106, 112, 195, 230, 382, 383, 384, 396, 530, 532
British investments sold in, 115, 116, 233, 234, 243
Canadian-U.S. collaboration, 404
capital equipment in, 499
commercial policy and, 543, 545
export trade of, 526
financial procedure in, 236
French contract in, 181, 191
government control and government machinery in, 229, 301, 386, 393, 427
lend-lease—See separate entry
machine tool industry in, 195
manpower mobilisation in, 298, 366, 370–372
national income in relation to war expenditure in, 230, 369, 377
neutrality policy, 103, 104, 105, 108, 115, 188, 225, 227, 227, 258, 379, 381
'combat zones', 226, 227, 228, 258
President of—See under Roosevelt and Truman
productivity in, 368
presidential elections, 232, 235, 526
rearmament in, 195, 382–388
reciprocal aid to, 376
shipbuilding in, 103, 230, 232, 234, 242, 257, 388, 412, 414, 420, 426, 428, 429, 430, 431
tank production in, 388, 398
U.S. troop-movements to U.K., 416, 435, 442, 523, 524, 525
war effort of: development in, 114, 118, 229, 230, 231, 239, 366, 367, 368, 374, 382–388, 398, 400
Administration of, 227, 230, 231, 235, 238, 246, 257, 379, 382, 530, 532, 533
Army and War Department, 231, 383, 399, 530, 532
--581--
United States of America, contd.
Attorney-General, 227
Chiefs of Staff of, 389, 390, 405, 407
Congress, 103, 196, 227, 234, 236, 238, 379, 388, 525, 526, 533
Department of Agriculture, 240, 419
Department of Commerce, 112
Foreign Economic Administration, 526
Maritime Commission 196, 229, 383, 386
Navy and Navy Department, 380, 383
Office of Production Management, 386
U.S. Special Observer Group, 380, 381
State Department and Secretary of State, 119, 225, 554
Strategic Bombing Survey, 71, 97, 102, 215, 301
Treasury and Secretary of the Treasury, 196, 229, 232, 234, 383, 528, 531
War Production Board, 383, 393, 398
War Shipping Administration, 420, 427, 428, 429, 431
—See also Combined Boards, Lend-lease, Mutual aid, Roosevelt, Truman
'Utility' production, 336, 460, 493, 503
—See also Clothing, Consumer goods
'Victory programme', 384–388, 392
Viscose Corporation, 233
Wages, in agriculture, 160, 170, 340, 341
in coalmining, 164, 166, 340, 471, 506–
in munitions industries, 168, 325
earnings, 144, 168, 169, 339, 340, 506, 507, 509
Essential Work Order and, 306
First World War experience, 152
incentives provided by, 55, 61, 144, 168, 309, 339, 453, 507
increases in (general), 163, 164, 165, 169, 325, 343, 502, 511
manpower controls and, 144, 168, 169, 305, 307, 339
policy towards, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 151, 152, 157, 163–168, 172, 333–339, 501, 502, 510
postwar, 539
—See Cost-of-living index, Price control, Profits, Services: pay, Stabilisation policy
War Aims Committee, 534
War Book, 34, 35, 90
War Cabinet, 22, 26, 30, 35, 36, 37, 37, 42, 44, 45, 46, 91, 92, 135, 221, 250, 276, 341, 384, 391, 393, 402
First World War experience, 35–38
First and Second World War experience compared, 39, 90
War Cabinet, Sept. 1939, 90, 91, 94
War Cabinet, May 1940, 94, 209, 216
Committee system, 30, 37, 90–95, 215–223
and agricultural prices, 341, 342, 540
and Allied collaboration, 193, 402
and Churchill-Roosevelt correspondence, 225, 402
and clothing, 168, 333
and coal problems, 164, 440, 463, 471, 474, 476, 508
and commercial policy, 544, 545
and Excess Profits Tax, 340
and food rationing, 175, 176
and foreign exchange and investments, 107, 112, 113, 116, 118
and fuel rationing, 472
and housing, 497
and import programmes and shipping, 121, 126, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 250, 265, 425, 426, 427, 430, 437
and invasion of Europe, 407
and manpower, 140, 145, 148, 287, 288, 293, 295, 304, 305, 314, 439, 442, 445, 448, 449, 450, 455
and production priorities, 282, 302
and production programmes, 96, 140, 213
and reciprocal aid, 526
and Stage II planning, 518
--582--
and stocks, 130, 425, 432, 437
and subsidies, 167
and wages, 164, 167, 338
—See also Cabinet, Committee of Imperial Defence
War Cabinet Secretariat, 37 ,38, 42, 94, 101, 185, 210, 221
Central Statistical Office, 94, 221, 222
Economic Section, 94, 101, 210, 221, 222, 272, 273, 294, 325, 330, 331, 332 ,539
—See also Cabinet, Committee of Imperial Defence
War economy, international comparisons, 365–377
War Office, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 31, 70, 232, 288, 290, 422, 455, 481, 482, 484
Secretary of State for War, 90, 288
—See also Army
War Office (Reconstitution) Committee 1904, 32
Washington Staff Conference 1941, 379–381, 387, 402
Washington Conference Dec. 1941, 389–392, 405, 406, 408, 515
Washington Conference June 1942, 407
Washington Conference May 1943, 409, 430, 435
Wavell, General, 210, 224, 390
Welfare, industrial, 286, 305, 306, 464
Wheat
Anglo-French collaboration, 38, 39, 192
bulk purchase of, 154, 155
extraction rate of, 267, 317, 422, 423, 424, 426
imports of, 129, 130, 422
stocks of, 127, 128, 129, 317, 422
Wilson, Sir Horace, 93
Winant, Mr. J., 387
Women, mobilisation of
—See generally Manpower
Women's (Auxiliary) Services, 290, 313, 314, 448, 461
Wood, Sir Kingsley
—See Chancellor of the Exchequer
Woolton, Lord, 167
—See also Minister of Food, Minister of Reconstruction
--583--
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