CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY
UNITED STATES ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 1993
Washington and Lee University
|
U.S. Continental Army Command
|
Yale University
|
Industrial College of the Armed Forces
|
University of Oregon
|
U.S. Army War College
|
Duke University
|
U.S. Army Command and General Staff College
|
Emory University
|
United States Military Academy
|
Yale University
|
Chief Historian | Stetson Conn |
Acting Chief, Histories Division | Lt. Col. Paul W. Phillips |
Chief, Editorial and Graphics Division | Lt. Col. James R. Hillard |
Editor in Chief | Joseph R. Friedman |
Foreword | vii | ||
The Authors | viii | ||
Preface | ix | PART ONE Background and Plans |
|
---|---|---|---|
Chapter | Page | ||
I. | Allied Strategy in the Mediterranean | 1 | |
Casablanca: The Decision for Sicily | 1 | ||
TRIDENT: Beyond Sicily | 12 | ||
Algiers--And Italy? | 23 | ||
The Surrender Problem | 25 | ||
II. | The Axis on the Defensive | 27 | |
The Italo-German Alliance | 27 | ||
The Disintegration of Fascism | 39 | ||
The Allied Threat | 44 | ||
III. | Preparations and Preliminaries | 52 | |
The Beginnings | 52 | ||
The Plan | 58 | ||
Other Factors | 63 | ||
IV. | The Axis Situation | 69 | |
Pantelleria | 69 | ||
Growing German Strength | 73 | ||
The Defenses of Sicily | 75 | ||
V. | Final Allied Preparations | 88 | |
Missions and Forces | 88 | ||
Seventh Army Plans | 96 | ||
Naval and Air Plans | 105 | ||
The Final Days | 108 | ||
PART TWO Operations and Negotiations | |||
VI. | The Assault | 115 | |
The Airborne Operations | 115 | ||
The Seaborne Operations | 119 | ||
VII. | The First Day | 147 | |
The Axis Reaction | 147 | ||
The Battle | 150 | ||
The Beaches | 156 | ||
VIII. | The Axis Threat | 163 | |
IX. | Airborne Reinforcement | 175 | |
X. | The Beachhead Secure | 185 | |
Straightening Out the Sag | 185 | ||
On to the YELLOW Line | 189 | ||
XI. | Continuing the Campaign: The Decisions | 202 | |
Sixth Army and OB SUED | 202 | ||
The Allied Problem: How to Continue | 205 | ||
Comando Supremo and OKW | 211 | ||
XII. | Seventh Army Changes Directions | 218 | |
The Eighth Army Attempt To Break Through | 218 | ||
The II Corps Front | 219 | ||
Agrigento | 224 | ||
Army Directive of 15 July 1943 | 230 | ||
Discord and Harmony | 234 | ||
XIII. | The Drive to the Climax | 239 | |
The Feltre Conference | 239 | ||
Planning the Western Sweep | 244 | ||
The Pounce on Palermo | 250 | ||
Denouement | 254 | ||
XIV. | The Climax | 258 | |
Sardinia Versus the Mainland | 258 | ||
The Overthrow of Mussolini | 263 | ||
Allied Reaction | 268 | ||
Rome: Open City | 278 | ||
XV. | Dissolution of the Rome-Berlin Axis | 281 | |
Badoglio's First Moves | 281 | ||
Friction Along the Alps | 288 | ||
The Italian Course is Changed | 295 | ||
XVI. | The Drive to the East | 300 | |
Developing an East Front | 300 | ||
Axis Reactions | 306 | ||
Nicosia | 309 | ||
Along the North Coast | 316 | ||
XVII. | The Battle of Troina | 324 | |
XVIII. | Breaking the San Fratello Line | 348 | |
XIX. | Evacuation | 368 | |
The Tarvis Conference | 368 | ||
The Italian Dilemma | 371 | ||
The Decision to Evacuate Sicily | 374 | ||
Allied Reaction | 378 | ||
The Evacuation Begins | 382 | ||
XX. | Brolo | 388 | |
XXI. | The End of the Campaign | 406 | |
The Race to Messina | 406 | ||
Conclusions | 417 | ||
Patton | 425 | ||
PART THREE The Surrender | |||
XXII. | The QUADRANT Conference and the Quebec Memorandum | 435 | |
Strategic Issues at Quebec | 435 | ||
The Mission of General Castellano | 440 | ||
The Quebec Memorandum | 446 | ||
Approval of the Long Terms | 448 | ||
XXIII. | The Surrender Preliminaries | 451 | |
The Zanussi Mission | 451 | ||
Castellano at Lisbon | 455 | ||
Zanussi's Negotiations in Lisbon and Algiers | 461 | ||
Thoughts in Rome | 465 | ||
XXIV. | The Italian Decision | 469 | |
ACHSE | 469 | ||
The Parleys at Cassibile | 474 | ||
The Decision at Rome | 479 | ||
XXV. | The Armistice | 482 | |
The Signature | 482 | ||
Planning GIANT II | 485 | ||
Second Thoughts in Rome | 489 | ||
XXVI. | The Renunciation | 497 | |
"Innocuous" | 498 | ||
The Announcement | 505 | ||
XXVII. | The Surrender | 510 | |
Badoglio’s Announcement | 510 | ||
Flight of the King and High Command | 513 | ||
Interpretations | 519 | ||
XXVIII. | The Dissolution | 522 | |
German Reaction | 522 | ||
The Battle for Rome | 524 | ||
Dissolution of the Italian Armed Forces | 532 | ||
Mussolini | 536 | ||
XXIX. | The Second Capitulation | 540 | |
Mission to Brindisi | 540 | ||
The Long Terms | 543 | ||
Malta | 549 | ||
Epilogue | 552 | ||
Appendix | |||
A. | Composition of American Forces | 555 | |
B. | The Quebec Memorandum | 556 | |
C. | Short (Military) Terms in General Eisenhower's Possession on 6 August 1943 | 558 | |
D. | Additional Conditions (Long Terms) Signed on 29 September 1943 | 559 | |
Bibliographical Note | |||
Glossary | |||
Basic Military Map Symbols | |||
Index |