The Machine Gun
History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and
Airborne Repeating Weapons

 

by

George M. Chinn
Lieutenant Colonel, USMC

 

VOLUME I OF FIVE VOLUMES

 

Prepared for the Bureau of Ordnance
Department of the Navy  

1951

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington 25, D.C. -- Price $5.,00 Buckram)


Preface

With the belief that the next best thing to actual knowledge is knowing where to find it, this research has been compiled by the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, in order to place in the hands of those rightfully interested in the art of automatic weapon design, the world's recorded progress in this field of endeavor.

So great a period has been covered on a vast and controversial subject, with practically no precedent to use as a guide, that the sum total of this effort must be regarded somewhat in the nature of an experiment.

While nothing is claimed for this volume except that it is the result of tedious and laborious research, it is believed that in some manner it will help point the way to a better understanding of past development. In so doing, it should help to reduce pitfalls that beset the designer traveling an otherwise dimly lighted path.

A biography is included for each of the great masters of gun design, upon whose countless experiments and basic ideas the automatic armament of the world has been created; thus the reader may better determine the magnitude of their genius and its meaning to history past and future.

Excerpts from actual writings of the inventors, manufacturers and professional critics are given wherever possible. These statements, together with other authoritative matter, are assembled for the most part according to historical sequence.

It is not to be construed that this book is infallible, as it has the inevitable errors of all first editions. Sometimes an apparent digression was thought necessary to help clarify succeeding events, such as gunpowder experiments, ignition improvements, metallurgy formulas and even aviation progress. Without these kindred subjects, present-day ordnance design would not exist.

Great stress has been laid upon the inclusion of actual photographs of early inventors firing their prototype machine guns, to present pictorial proof that the automatic weapons we know today were of as humble origin as the mechanics who created them.

The unholy desire throughout the centuries for man to implement his belligerent impulses with superior tools for conflict, has provided the anvil upon which he has patiently forged the most lethal scourge of the modern world--the Machine Gun.

--v--

Acknowledgments

The help and encouragement received from many sources in the preparation of this work can never be fully acknowledged. The following individual are listed in at least partial recognition of such contributions.

Captain Eugene Tatom, USN, formerly Chief, Re8, and Mr. James R. Norton, Head Engineer, Re8, Aviation Ordnance, Bureau of Ordnance.

Mr. M. Bigelow Browning, Vice President, Browning Arms Company; Colonel Leo A. Codd, Executive Vice President, American Ordnance Association; Dr. S. G. Green, Chief, Engineering Section, Small Arms Branch, Industrial Division, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army; Major General Julian S. Hatcher, National Rifle Association; Colonel Allen L. Keyes, USA, Director, and Mr. Gerald C. Stowe, Curator, West Point Museum; Colonel G. B. Jarrett, Chief, Library and Museum Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground; Colonel Willard Webb, Chief, Stack and Reader Division, Library of Congress.

Mr. John Casey, General Manager, North American Aviation Corporation; Mr. Louis Ehrman, Pocomoke, Maryland; Mr. Herman P. Dean, President, Standard Printing and Publishing Company, Huntington, West Virginia; Colonel George W. Hicks, Circulation Manager, Columbus (Ohio) Citizen; Colonel Melvin M. Johnson, Jr., Technical Director, Arms Department, Research and Development Division, Mr. Edwin Pugsley, former Vice President in Charge of Research, Mr. James C. Hartley, Director of Research, and Mr. Thomas Hall, Gun Museum Curator, all of Winchester Repeating Arms Company, Division of Olin Industries, Inc.; Mrs. Ruth H. Stoeger, Librarian, Stoeger Arms Co.; Mr. H. P. White, Chief Engineer, and Mr. Burt D. Munhall, Manager, H. P. White Ordnance Co.

Lieutenant Colonel Franklin S. Allen, Jr., Chief, Tactical Combat Branch, USAF; Lieutenant Colonel John J. Driscoll, Chief, Bomber Defense Branch, USAF.

Lieutenant Colonel Andrew W. Hamilton, Chief, Technical Intelligence, Ordnance Research and Development Division, Department of the Army; Lieutenant Colonel Frank J. McMorrow, Officer in Charge of Museum, Springfield Armory; Mr. Joseph H. Church, Chief, Patent Section, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army; Mr. H. G. Solberg, Technical Intelligence Branch, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army; Mrs. Rosemary Darsa, Photo Branch, Army Intelligence.

Rear Admiral Malcolm F. Schoeffel, USN; Captain T. H. Ahroon, USN; Captain Devere L. Day, USN, Chief, Air Section, Intelligence Branch, ONI; Captain F. B. Miller, USN; Captain R. N. Sharp, USN; Commander William J. Lederer, USN; Commander Richard Matter, USN; Commander Dan W. Snively, USN; Lieutenant Commander Marvin Franger, USN; Lieutenant Commander Paul Pugh, USN; Aviation Ordnance Chief J. W. Cospers, USN.

Brigadier General Vernon E. Megee, USMC; Lieutenant Colonel Francis Kiernan, USMC; Major Ross Jordan, USMC; Captain Don Fenton, USMC; Chief Warrant Officer John Scarborough, USMC.

--vi--

Dr. Remington Kellogg, Director, U. S. National Museum; Mr. M. L. Peterson, Acting Curator, Division of Military and Naval History, Smithsonian Institution; Mr. C. E. Haglund, Executive Officer, U. S. Patent Office; Mr. J. F. Nugent, Federal Bureau of Investigation; Mr. Harold L. Peterson, Historian, National Park Service.

Mr. Harry J. Baudu, Miss Josephine Cobb, Miss Elizabeth B. Drewry, Mr. Howard T. Gardner, Mr. Richard G. Giroux, Mrs. Emma B. Haas, Mr. John P. O'Brien, Mr. William F. Shonkwiler, Mr. Charles E. Wiseman and Mr. Richard G. Wood, of the National Archives.

Mr. Henry E. Marschalk, Miss Adele Miller and Mr. C. H. Grover, Publications Branch; Mr. Gerald D. O'Brien, Patent Counsel; Mr. William F. O'Keefe and Miss Lillian Martin, Administrative Division, of the Bureau of Ordnance.

Special thanks must be given for the excellent cooperation and service given by personnel of the U. S. Naval Photographic Center, Still Picture Library. The staffs of all libraries and museums visited were most helpful and accommodating. These institutions include the Library of Congress, Army Library, Army War College Library, Signal Corps Photographic Library, Main Navy Library, Bureau of Aeronautics Library, Bureau of Ordnance Technical Library, Bureau of Ships Library, U. S. National Museum. Aberdeen Proving Ground Library and Museum, Naval Ordnance Laboratory Ordnance Technical Museum. Naval Gun Factory Museum, and Bureau of Ordnance Museum.

Mrs. Jane Virginia Philbrick, Washington, D. C., aided greatly in the tedious research and editorial work involved in the early preparation of this volume.

Mr. Daniel D. Musgrave, Washington, D. G, deserves special thanks for many invaluable contributions based on his encyclopedic knowledge of the subject.

Three people were assigned directly to assist the author. Mr. Leo X. Abernethy, a young man well recognized for his designing skill on automatic firing mechanisms, was lent to the project by the Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D. C. His display of talent in classifying basic principles and interpreting patent drawings of all nations, coupled with his ability to evaluate accurately research material of each era, warrants a commendation of the highest order. Too much credit cannot be given to him for whatever measure of success the finished product may enjoy.

The second member was Master Sergeant John H. Moore, USMC, former instructor at the Marine Corps Aviation Ordnance School, Quantico, Virginia. His meticulous care in collecting historical and pictorial research will be gratefully recognized by students of automatic weapons for years to come. His thorough working knowledge of the intricate mechanics of foreign automatic weapons is outstanding and proved of inestimable value in hastening the conclusion of the project.

The Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland, made the last, but by no means the least, contribution in providing the editorial services of Mr. Franklin W. Clark. The others on the project felt his duties were the most difficult of all and agreed that the handling of his part of the work was responsible for the project being completed with speed and accuracy. His capability left them with not only admiration but envy.

/Signed/
George M. Chinn
Lieutenant Colonel, USMC.

--vii--

CONTENTS

Preface v
Acknowledgments vi
Chapter   Page
PART I--FORERUNNERS OF THE MACHINE GUN
1. Weapon History Prior to Gunpowder 3
    Primitive Beginnings 3
    The First Projectile Throwers 4
    Midieval Instruments of War 6
2. Firearm Development to Percussion Ignition 11
    Origin of Gunpowder 11
    Early Multibarrel Firearms 12
    Improvements in Ignition 15
    Beginnings of Revolving and Volley-Fire Guns 16
    Application of the Detonating Principle to Firing 20
    Pioneer American Gunsmiths 21
3. Background of Machine Gun Development 24
    First Models of Percussion Multifiring Weapons 24
    Development of Cartridges 25
    Ripley Gun 26
    Refinements in American Gunsmithing 28
    Industrial By-Products of the Gun Trade 29
    Colt Revolving Rifle, Model 1855 30
 
PART II--MANUALLY OPERATED MACHINE GUNS
1. Billinghurst Requa Battery 35
2. Ager "Coffee Mill" Gun 37
3. Claxton Firing Mechanism 41
4. Machine Guns Used by the Confederacy 42
    Williams Machine Gun 42
    Vandenberg Volley Gun 43
    Confederate Cannon 46
    Gorgas Machine Gun 46
5. Gatling Machine Gun 48
    The Model 1862 Gun 48
    Tests and Demonstrations 50
    The Model 1865 Gatling 51
    Adoption by the United States 54
    International Acceptance of the Weapon 55
    Performance and Improvement during the Nineteenth Century 57
6. Mitrailleuse Type Weapons 64
7. Farawell Machine Gun 69
8. Hotchkiss Machine Gun 71
9. Gardner Machine Gun 79
10. Lowell Machine Gun 89
11. Wilder Machine Gun 100
12. J. H. McLean's "Peace Makers" 104
13. Bailey Machine Gun 107
14. Nordenfelt Machine Gun 110
15. Taylor Machine Gun 117
16. End of Manually Operated Period 119
 
PART III--FULL AUTOMATIC MACHINE GUN DEVELOPMENT
1. Maxim Machine Guns 123
    Maxim's Early Years 123
    The First Automatic Machine Gun 128
    First Trials of the Maxim Gun 136
    Other Maxim Weapons 143
    Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun 144
2. Skoda Machine Gun 150
3. Browning Automatic Machine Guns 156
    John M. Browning's Early Years 156
    The Colt Model '95 Machine Gun 160
    The Browning Model 1901 Machine Gun 169
    Browning Guns in World War I: B.A.R. and Browning Machine Gun Model 1917 173
    Browning Caliber .50 Machine Gun 181
4. Hotchkiss Automatic Machine Guns 187
    Background 187
    Hotchkiss Machine Gun 188
    Puteaux and St. Etienne Machine Guns 194
    Benét-Mercié Machine Rifle 195
    Hotchkiss Machine Gun Model 1914 200
    Hotchkiss 12-mm Machine Gun 202
5. Nordenfelt Automatic Machine Gun 204
6. De Knight Water-Cooled Machine Gun 207
7. Madsen Automatic Machine Gun 209
8. Bergmann and Dreyse Machine Guns 214
    Bergmann Machine Gun 214
    Dreyse Machine Gun 216
9. Perino Machine Gun 220
10. Carr Machine Gun 224
11. Schwarzlose Machine Gun 228
12. McClean Machine Gun 232
13. Chauchat Machine Gun 238
14. Berthier Machine Gun 243
15. Kjellman Machine Gun 248
16. Revelli Machine Gun 251
17. Laird-Menteyne Machine Gun 256
 
PART IV--AIRCRAFT AND AIRBORNE WEAPONS
1. Early Aircraft Developments 259
    Aerial History Before Kitty Hawk 259
    The Wright Brothers and other Early Pilots 262
    Beginnings of Military Aviation 265
    Pioneer Attempts at Aerial Armament 268
2. Lewis Aircraft Machine Gun 275
    The First Aerial Machine Gun 275
    Early Development of the Lewis Gun 278
    The Lewis Gun in World War I 279
    The Controversy over the Lewis Gun in America 285
    Later Development and Production of the Lewis Gun 291
    Use of the Lewis Gun by the Navy 293
    The Routing of the Zeppelin Menace 295
    Conclusion 297
    Models of the Lewis Gun 299
3. Vickers Aircraft Machine Gun 301
4. German Maxim-Type Aircraft Weapons 309
    Early Adaptations 309
    Parabellum Machine Gun 310
    The Fokker Synchronizer 312
    Introduction of Armored Planes 314
    T.u.F. Machine Gun 315
    Models of Maxim Guns 317
5. Marlin Aircraft Machine Gun 320
6. Browning Aircraft Machine Guns 327
    First Attempts at Air Firing 327
    The Aircraft Armament Board Report 328
    Browning Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. 30 332
    Browning Cal. 50 Aircraft Machine Gun 333
    Cycle of Operation 339
    The B.A.R. Since World War I 342
    Models of Browning Recoil-Operated Machine Guns 343
7. Hotchkiss Aircraft Machine Gun 345
    Aerial Uses of the Hotchkiss 345
    Tabulation of Hotchkiss Machine Guns 351
8. Nambu Automatic Weapons 353
9. Revelli Aircraft Machine Gun 356
10. Bergmann, Dreyse, and MG-13 Machine Guns 364
    German Light Machine Gun Models in World War I 364
    Bergmann Model 1915, N.A., Machine Gun 365
    MG-13 367
11. Villar-Perosa Aircraft Machine Gun 371
12. S.I.A. AIrcraft Machine Gun 374
13. Gast Aircraft Machine Gun 379
14. Darne Aircraft Machine Gun 384
15. Beardmore-Farquhar Aircraft Machine Gun 389
16. Brixia Machine Gun 393
17. Mendoza Light Machine Gun 397
18. Chatellerault Machine Gun 401
19. Madsen Aircraft Machine Gun 407
    The Aircraft Version of the Madsen 407
    Models and Users of the Madsen 410
20. B.S.A. Aircraft Machine Gun 412
21. Breda Machine Gun 416
22. Furrer Machine Gun 425
23. ZB Machine Guns 429
    ZB Model 1926 429
    The Bren Gun 432
    Japanese Models of the ZB 433
    ZB-50 Machine Gun 434
    Besa-ZB-53 Machine Guns 436
24. Vickers-Berthier Machine Gun 4441
25. Lahti (Suomi) (L/S) Machine Gun 446
26. Rheinmetall-Borsig Machine Gun 450
    Introduction 450
    Solothurn Model 29 451
    MG-30 453
    MG-15 454
    MG-17 455
    MG-131 457
27. Scotti Machine Gun 461
28. Bang Aircraft Machine Gun 464
29. Sistar Machine Gun 469
30. Knorr-Bremse Machine Gun 469
31. Mauser Machine Guns 472
    Background 472
    MG-34 473
    MG-81 478
32. Johnson Light Machine Gun 480
33. MG-42 Machine Gun 484
34. FG-42 Machine Gun 489
 
PART V--AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT CANNON
1. Davis Nonrecoiling Gun 495
2. Vickers Aircraft Cannon (C.O.W. Aircraft Cannon) 500
3. Revelli Aircraft Cannon 505
4. Puteaux 37-mm Aircraft Cannon 507
5. Becker-Semag-Oerlikon Automatic Aircraft Cannons 512
    Backer Cannon 512
    Semag Aircraft Cannon 514
    Oerlikon Aircraft Cannon 515
    Gazda Aircraft Cannon 519
    Polsten Cannon 520
    Cycle of Operation 522
    Conclusion 522
6. Szakats 20-mm Aircraft Cannon 523
7. Baldwin Aircraft Cannon (37-mm) 526
8. Browning Aircraft Cannon 531
9. Madsen Aircraft Cannon 537
10. Hotchkiss 25-mm Aircraft Cannon 542
11. Scotti Aircraft 20-mm Cannon 545
12. Lübbe 20-mm Aircraft Cannon 548
13. Rheinmetall-Borsig Automatic Aircraft Cannon 550
    Earhardt, Solothurn & Flak 30 Cannon 550
    Flak 18 Cannon 554
    MK-101 Cannon 555
    MK-103 Cannon 557
    MK-108 Cannon 558
14. Birkigt Type 404 20-mm (Hispano-Suiza) Cannon 562
    Early History of Hispano-Zuiza Company 562
    Earliest Birkigt Type 404 Cannon 563
    Cycle of Operation 566
    British Adoption of the Gun 566
    American Negotiations for the Cannon 570
    Production of Hispano-Suiza Cannon by the United States 574
    Modifications and Attempts at Standardization 577
    Mount, Feed, and Other Modifications 579
    Types of Hispano-Suiza Cannon 582
    T-26 and Other Modified Hispano-Suiza Cannon 583
    Performance of Hispano-Suiza Cannon During World War II 588
15. Furrer Automatic Aircraft Cannon 591
16. American Armament Automatic Aircraft Cannon 593
17. Lahti Aircraft Cannon 596
18. Breda 20-mm Automatic Cannon 598
19. Mauser Automatic Cannon 602
    MG-151 602
    Flak 38 604
20. Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Caliber .90 Series 607
21. Bofors Automatic Aircraft Cannon 610
22. Japanese Automatic Aircraft Cannon 614
 
CONCLUSION 619
 
APPENDICES
A. Patents on Machine Guns and Relating Mechanisms upon which the World's Automatic Weapons Have Been Based 621
B. Tabulated Characteristics of Machine Guns and Aircraft Cannon 657
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 671
INDEX 675

--xii--

Illustrations

  Page
Statue at Entrance to National Archives Building, Washington, D.C. xxiv
A Spring Engine 6
A Catapult for Slinging Stones 7
The Trebuchet 7
The Ballista 8
A Heavy German Crossbow and a Cranequin for Cocking 9
A Crossbow with Magazine Feed 9
An Early Chinese Organ Gun 13
Volley Firing Guns Designed by Leonardo da Vinci 14
Three-Barrel Match Lock. Barrels are Revolved by Hand 15
James Puckle's Revolving Gun 18
Seven-Barrel Revolving Flintlock Rifle 19
Barnes Machine Gun. Patented 1856 25
Ripley Machine Gun. Patented 1861 27
The Colt Revolving Rifle 31
Billinghurst Requa Battery Gun, Cal. .50, Model 1862 35
Ager Machine Gun, Serial No. 2 37
Ager Machine Gun, Cal. .58, without Carriage 38
Claxton Machine Gun, Cal. .69 41
Williams Smooth Bore Machine Gun, Cal. 1.56 42
Vandenberg Volley Gun, Cal. .50. 85-Barrel Model used by the Confederates 43
Vandenberg Volley Gun. A Loading Tool Was Supplied with the Weapon that Loaded All Chambers Simultaneously 44
Confederate Revolving Cannon 45
Gorgas Machine Gun, Cal. 1.25 46
A Section View Showing the Action of Gatling's First Model Gun 49
A Letter from Richard Gatling to President Lincoln 52
Gatling Gun Aboard the USS Alliance 55
Gatling Gun, Model 1883, Ten-Barrel, Cal. .45, with Accles Feed Drum 56
General Custer, Who Left his Catlings Behind When He Met Sitting Bull at Little Big Horn 58
Gatlings at Daiquiri Just Before Starting for the Front in the Spanish-American War 59
Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling With His Weapon 61
War Department Letter Attesting Capabilities of Gatling Mechanism 62
Montigny Mitrailleuse, a Belgian-Designed Volley Firing Gun 65
De Reffye Mitrailleuse, a 25-Barreled Version as Modified by the French Ordnance Officer 66
The Chassepot Rifle Cartridge that Was Used in the Mitrailleuse 67
Farwell Machine Gun, Cal. .45 (Experimental Model) 69
Hotchkiss 37-mm Revolving Cannon Mounted on Ship's Gunwale 72
Section through Worm Wheel of Hotchkiss Cannon 74
Section through Loading Rack of Hotchkiss Cannon 74
Section through Drive Shaft of Hotchkiss Cannon 75
Hotchkiss 37-mm Revolving Cannon on Naval Deck Mount 77
Gardner Machine Gun, Model 1879, Cal. .45 80
Section Drawing of Gardner Machine Gun 81
Section Drawing of Gardner Feed Action Showing Method of Indexing Cartridges for Loading 82
Section of Gardner Bolt Assembly Retracted 84
Section of Gardner Bolt Assembly in Battery 84
Gardner Single Barrel Machine Gun with Cover Open 85
Gardner Machine Gun, Cal. .45. This Weapon Could Be Used Either Water- or Air-Cooled 86
Robertson Double-Barrel Machine Gun, Cal. .30 87
Lowell Machine Gun on Carriage Mount 90
Lowell Machine Gun with Cover Open and Barrels Depressed for Inspection 92
Lowell Machine Gun with Tripod Mount 94
Wilder Machine Gun on Tripod Mount 101
Section Drawing of Wilder Machine Gun 102
Dr. James H. McLean 104
Myron Coloney 105
Bailey Machine Gun, the First Such Weapon to Use a Belt Feed 107
Bailey Machine Gun Cartridge Belt. A Sketch Made by the Officer Who Tested the Weapon at the Washington Navy Yard, 1876 108
The Mechanism of the Bailey Machine Gun. Sketched During the 1876 Trials 109
Nordenfelt Machine Gun, Cal. .45, With Gun Carriage Convertible to Tripod Mount 111
Nordenfelt Single-Barrel Machine Gun 112
Nordenfelt Machine Gun, Cal. .45, Five-Barrel Model. Mounted in Top of a Fighting Ship to Sweep the Decks of the Enemy 115
Taylor Machine Gun 117
Hiram Maxim at the Age of Seventeen 123
Hiram Maxim. Picture Taken Shortly Before His Death in 1915 125
The First Automatic Weapon Patented by Maxim 128
The First Model Maxim Automatic Gun 130
A Drawing of Maxim's Original Machine Gun. Published in Scientific American, 1884 132
Breech Mechanism of the Improved Maxim Gun 133
A Demonstration Gun and Mount Used by Maxim. The Wooden Case Was Used as a Tripod When Firing and to Contain the Gun and Ammunition During Transportation 135
Hiram S. Maxim Holding the Light Maxim Gun and Mounting 137
Maxim Machine Gun, Model 1893, Cal. .45 139
Maxim Machine Gun, Model 1895, Cal. .303 143
German Maxim Model 1908 with Sled Mount 145
Russian Maxim Model 1910 on "Sokolov" Wheeled Carriage 146
Maxim Automatic Gun After Firing 15,000 Rounds at an American Trial in 1899 147
British Sergeant Instructing American Troops in France 148
Skoda Machine Gun, Model 1893 150
Section Drawing of Skoda Model 1893 152
Skoda Machine Gun, Model 1909 154
Original Repeating Rifle Developed by Jonathan Browning 157
John Moses Browning when 18 Years Old 157
Matthew Sandefur Browning 158
The First Shop and Arms Factory. John and Matt Browning are Shown in the Doorway. Left to Right Are Sam, George, John, Matt, and Ed Browning, and Another Gunsmith 159
John M. Browning at the Height of his Career 160
Browning's First Experimental Model of a Gas-Operated Automatic Firearm 161
Browning's First Gas-Operated Machine Gun 161
Original Letter From Browning Brothers to Colt's Patent Fire Arms Company, 1890 162
Colt Machine Gun, Model 1895 164
Section Drawing of Colt Model 1895 165
John M. Browning with the "Browning Peacemaker" 167
Colt Machine Gun, Model 1895, as Modified in 1914 169
Marriner A. Browning, Son of Matthew S. Browning, Firing the Recoil-Operated Machine Gun, Model 1901 170
Section of Browning Cal. .30 Recoil-Operated Machine Gun 171
A Drawing From J. M. Browning's Drafting Board. Browning Often Worked from Freehand Sketches Made on Wrapping Paper 172
The Prototype Model of the B. A. R 173
John M. Browning Examining One of His Automatic Machine Rifles in 1918 with Mr. Burton, One of Winchester's Experts 174
A Sectionalized B. A. R., Cal. 7.92 mm, of Polish Manufacture 175
B. A. R., Cal. .30, as Standardized for U. S. Service, Serial Number 5 176
Browning Machine Gun, Model 1917, Cal. .30, as Introduced to the Service in World War I 177
Westinghouse Production of Model 1917 Cal. .30 Browning Machine Guns 178
Ft. Val A. Browning, Son of John M. Browning, in France Instructing Troops in the Use of the Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .30 179
John M. Browning with His Cal. .30 Machine Gun 180
A Demonstration of the B. A. R. in 1918 181
Gen. John J. Pershing, Whose Specifications Resulted in the Cal. .50 Machine Gun 182
A Rare Photograph of John M. Browning's Work Shop with an Early Model Cal. .50 Machine Gun 183
John M. Browning Firing His Cal. .50 Machine Gun in Colt's Pasture 184
Products of John M. Browning's Genius 185
Laurence V. Benét Firing the First Model Hotchkiss Machine Gun 188
Components of Hotchkiss First Model Gun 189
Section Drawing of Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Model 1897 190
Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Model 1897 192
Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Model 1903, the First Hotchkiss Gun to Use a Belt Feed 193
St. Etienne Machine Gun, Model 1907 195
St. Etienne Machine Gun, Model 1907, 8-mm, Sectionalized 196
Benét-Mercié Machine Rifle, Model 1909. This Weapon Manufactured by Colt's Patent Fire Arms Company is Serial Number "0" 197
Components of the Benét-Mercié Model 1909 198
Section Drawing of the Benét-Mercié Model 1909 199
Function Firing the Hotchkiss Model 1914 in France 200
Hotchkiss Machine Gun, Model 1914, 8 mm 201
Hotchkiss Balloon Gun, Cal. .472 202
Nordenfelt Machine Gun, Model 1897, with Mount Folded for Carrying 204
Components of the Nordenfelt Machine Gun 205
Nordenfelt Machine Gun, Model 1897, with Mount Folded for Carrying 206
De Knight Automatic Machine Gun, Cal. .30, Manufactured by Pratt and Whitney 207
Madsen Machine Gun, Model 1903, Being Demonstrated by Lt. Schouboe 209
Madsen Machine Gun, Model 1903. Photographed During United States Trials 211
Action of the Madsen. (A) Loaded, Locked, and Ready to Fire. (B) After Firing, Bolt Pivots Up to Eject Cartridge. (C) Bolt Pivots Down for Loading. (D) Loaded, Locked, and Ready to Fire. (E) and (F) The Action of the Loading Arm 212
Madsen Machine Gun, Model 1914, 8 mm 213
Theodor Bergmann Firing the First Model Bergmann Machine Gun 214
Bergmann Machine Gun, Model 1910 215
Dreyse Machine Gun, Model 1912 217
Section Drawing of Bergmann Machine Gun 218
Section Drawing of Dreyse Machine Gun 218
Perino Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 221
Perino Machine Gun with Right Side Hinged Down to Expose the Mechanism 222
Carr Machine Gun 225
Target Made by Carr Gun in 1901 Trials 226
Schwarzlose Machine Gun, Model 1907/1912 229
Action of the Schwarzlose Gun 230
Schwarzlose Machine Gun, 8 mm 231
Samuel M. McClean Demonstrating His 37-mm Automatic Cannon 233
McClean Machine Gun, Cal. .30, Being Fired by the Inventor 234
McClean Machine Gun 235
McClean Machine Gun with Feed Drum 236
Chauchat Machine Rifle, Model 1915, 8 mm 238
Section Drawing of Chauchat Model 1918, Cal. .30 239
American Troops Training with the Chauchat Machine Rifle 240
The Chauchat in Action with American Troops 241
Berthier Machine Gun, Model 1911 243
Components of the Berthier Machine Gun 244
Berthier Machine Gun, Water-Cooled 246
Air-Cooled Berthier Machine Gun Tested by the United States Army, 1917 247
Locking System Designed by Friberg and Used by Kjellman 248
Kjellman Heavy Machine Gun 249
Kjellman Light Machine Gun Being Fired by the Inventor 249
Revelli (Fiat) Machine Gun, Model 1914, 6.5 mm 251
Section Drawing of Revelli Mechanism 253
American Troops Receiving Instructions on the Revelli Model 1914 254
Ader's Avion, the First Government-Sponsored Flying Machine 261
The Launching of Langley's Aerodrome, 7 October 1903 262
The First Flight by Man. The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk 17 December 1903 263
One of the Airplanes Used by the Constitucionalistas in Mexico to Bomb Federal Gun Boats 267
The First Shot Fired from an Airplane. Glenn Curtiss, Pilot, and Second Lt. Jacob E. Fickel Holding the Rifle 269
The Successful Trial of the Chamblis Catapult at the Washington Navy Yard, 12 November 1912 270
A Curtiss Airplane, the First to Accompany the Army in Maneuvers, Clearing a Stone Wall 272
Lt. Col. Isaac N. Lewis, U. S. A 275
Captain Chandler, the First Man to Fire a Machine Gun from the Air, with Lt. Kirkland, His Pilot, at College Park, Maryland 277
Lewis Machine Gun, Cal. .303, British 278
Section Drawing of Lewis Machine Gun 280
Lewis Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1914, Cal. .303, British 282
A Cartridge Catcher, Designed to Keep Spent Cartridges from Striking the Airman or his Ship when Firing at the Enemy 283
Forward-Firing Lewis Machine Gun Mounted on a Pivoting Bracket so the Magazines Can Be Changed 284
British Troops with Lewis Guns Resting Between Attacks 286
A Device for the Lewis Gun Allowing It to be Fired from the Shoulder with Ease 287 Flexible Lewis Machine Gun Mounted on a Scarff Ring 288
Lewis Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1914, Cal. .303, Twin-Mounted, French 290
Lewis Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. .30, with 97-Round Magazine and Muzzle Booster 292
U. S. Marine Training with a Lewis Gun, 1917 294
Lewis Machine Gun, Model 1917, Cal. .30 296
Col. I. N. Lewis, U. S. A. (Retired) 297
Royalties Returned by Col. Lewis 298
Vickers Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1915, Equipped for Synchronizing. Mount is for Purposes of Photographing Only 302
Vickers Machine Gun, Synchronized with Propeller in a Pursuit Plane, World War I 303
Vickers Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. 11 mm, Manufactured by Colt's Patent Fire Arms Co 304
Vickers Aircraft Machine Gun, Class "F", Cal. .303 305
Vickers Machine Gun, Mark C, Cal. .50 306
Vickers Machine Gun, Mark V, Cal. .50 307
Maxim Machine Gun, Model 08/15, 7.92 mm, German 309
Parabellum Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1913, 7.92 mm. This Early Type Used the Water-Cooled Jacket Slotted for Air Cooling 311
Parabellum Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1913, 7.92 mm, with Refined Barrel Jacket 313
Maxim Machine Gun. Model '08/15, 7.92 mm, Modified for Synchronizing. This Weapon, Manufactured at the Spandau Arsenal, is Often Called the Spandau Machine Gun 314
Maxim Machine Gun, Model 08/15, 7.92 mm, Modified for Aircraft Installation 316  
Carl G. Swebilius 320
Marlin Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1917, Cal. .30 321
Marlin Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. .30 322
Marlin Tank Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. .30 324
Marlin Ground Machine Gun, Cal. .30 325
Browning Aircraft Machine Gun Mounted on a Bristol Fighter in England for First Test of the Browning in the Air 327
Browning Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, M1, Cal. .30 329
U. S. Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1921, Cal. .30, Fixed 329
U. S. Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1922, Cal. .30, Fixed. This Weapon Was Designed to Feed from the Left or Right Side 330
U. S. Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1922, Cal. .30, Flexible. This Weapon Fired Over 20,000 Rounds in Test and Was Still Serviceable 331
Top: Browning Aircraft Machine Gun, M2, Cal. .30, Fixed. Bottom: Browning Aircraft Machine Gun, M2, Cal. .30, Flexible (Sectionalized) 332
First Trials of Browning Cal. .50 Machine Gun in Colt's Pasture. Fred Moore Firing the Weapon and John M. Browning Standing 334
Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. .50, Manufactured by Winchester Arms Company 335
Top: Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, Fixed. Bottom: Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, Fixed (Sectionalized) 336
Japanese Copy of the Browning Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .50, Type 1941, Fixed 338
Loading Cal. .50 Ammunition on an F6F Aboard the USS Saratoga 339
Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, Water-Cooled, in Action as Anti-Aircraft Defense 340
"Eight-Gun Nose" Installation for B-25 Aircraft. Each Browning Cal. .50 Is Provided with 400 Rounds of Ammunition for Ground Strafing 341
Firing the Benét-Mercié Machine Gun from a Deperdussin Airplane, 1914 345
Benét-Mercié Machine Gun Firing Forward. The Propeller is Protected by a Deflection Plate Originated by R. Garros 346
An Early Front-Gun Spad with False Nose to Accommodate Gunner 347
Benét-Mercié Machine Gun Adapted as an Aircraft Flexible Mount 348
Hotchkiss Aircraft Machine Gun, 13.2 mm 350
Hotchkiss Ground Machine Gun, 13.2 mm 350
Machine Gun, Model 3 (1914), 6.5 mm, Japanese 353
Machine Gun, Model 01 (1941), 7.7 mm, Japanese 354
Revelli (Fiat) Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1914, 6.5 mm, Flexible 356
Revelli (Fiat) Machine Gun, Model 1926, 6.5 mm 357
Drawing of Fiat Model 1926, 6.5 mm 359
Drawing of Fiat Model 1928, 6.5 mm 359
Fiat Machine Gun, 12.7 mm, Anti-Aircraft 361
Fiat Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1928 A, 7.7 mm 362
Fiat (Revelli) Machine Gun, Model 1935, 8 mm 362
Dreyse Machine Gun, Model 1915, 7.92 mm 364
Bergmann Machine Gun, Model 1915, N. A., 7.92 mm 365
Components of the Bergmann Machine Gun, Model 1915, N. A 367
Machine Gun Model 13, 7.92 mm 368
German Troops Training with the MG-13 369
Villar-Perosa Aircraft Machine Gun, 9 mm 371
S. I. A. Aircraft Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 374
S. I. A. Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 375
S. I. A. Aircraft Machine Gun, 6.5 mm, Dual Flexible Mount 376
Section Drawing of S. I. A. Aircraft Machine Gun 377
Gast Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.92 mm 379
Gast Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.92 mm, with Feed Drums Removed 380
Breech Mechanism of Gast Aircraft Machine Gun 382
Gast Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.92 mm. Top View with Feed Drums in Place 383
Darne Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.5 mm. Dual Flexible Mount 384
Darne Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1918, Cal. .303 385
Darne Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.5 mm. This Is a Fixed Gun for Synchronizing 387
Darne Machine Gun, Model 1929, 7.5 mm 388
Beardmore-Farquhar Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .303 390
Beardmore-Farquhar Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .303 391
Brixia Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 393
Components of the Brixia Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 394
Brixia Machine Gun, 6.5 mm 395
Mendoza Machine Gun, 7 mm, Right Side 397
Components of the Mendoza Machine Gun 398
Mendoza Machine Gun, 7 mm, Left Side 399
Chatellerault Machine Gun, Model 1923, 7.5 mm. This is a Prototype Gun, Serial No. 11 401
Chatellerault Machine Gun, Model 1924-29, 7.5 mm 402
Components of the Chatellerault Machine Gun 404
Chatellerault Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 1934-39, 7.5 mm, Fixed 405
Madsen Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.92 mm. Flexible Twin Mount 407
Madsen Machine Gun, Model 1926, 7 mm, Water Cooled 408
Madsen Tank Machine Gun, 7.5 mm 409
B. S. A. Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .50 413
Receiver, Grip and Feed of B. S. A. Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .50 414
Breda Machine Gun, Model 1924, 6.5 mm. The Operator is Loading the Weapon 416 Components of the Breda Machine Gun, Model 1924 417
Breda Machine Gun, 6.5 mm, Showing Ease of Barrel Change 418
Breda Machine Gun, Model 1930, 6.5 mm 419
Breda Machine Gun, Model 1931, 13.2 mm 420
Breda Machine Gun, Model 1937, 8 mm 421
Breda Machine Gun, Model 1938, 8 mm 421
Components of the Breda Machine Gun, Model 1938, 8 mm 422
Breda Aircraft Machine Gun, 12.7 mm 423
Furrer Machine Gun and Components, Model 1925, 7.5 mm 426
Drawing of Furrer Machine Gun Action 427
Furrer Machine Gun, Model 1925, 7.5 mm, Left Side 428
ZB Machine Gun, Model 1925, 7.92 mm 429
Section Drawing of the ZB Machine Gun 430
ZB Machine Gun, Model 1926, 7.92 mm 431
Bren Machine Gun, Mk I, Cal. .303 433
Bren Machine Gun, 7.92 mm. A Czech Weapon Adopted by the British and Manufactured for the Chinese in Canada 433
ZB Machine Gun, Model 96, 6.5 mm. A Japanese Copy of the Czech Weapon 434
ZB Machine Gun, Model 50-1932, 7.92 mm. The Only Weapon Designed by ZB Based on the Short Recoil Principle 435
ZB Machine Gun Model 53-1937, 7.92 mm 436
Besa Machine Gun, Mk II, 7.92 mm 437
ZB Machine Gun, Model 60-1938, 15 mm 438
Besa Machine Gun, Mk I, 15 mm, as Viewed from Below 439
Besa Machine Gun, Mk I, 15 mm, Top View 439
A Berthier Machine Gun, Cal. .30, Mounted as a Flexible Gun in a Curtiss Plane by the U. S. Navy, 1917 441
Vickers-Berthier Aircraft Machine Gun, Mk 1, Cal. .303 443
Vickers-Berthier Aircraft Machine Gun, Mk I, Cal. .303, Mounted on a Scarff Ring 444
Lahti Machine Gun, Model 26/32, 7.92 mm 446
Section Drawing of the Lahti Machine Gun, Model 26/32 447
Lahti Machine Gun With Drum Magazine 448
Solothurn Machine Gun, Model 1929, 7.92 mm 451
Drawings Showing Stange's Action. Top: Bolt in Battery, Locked, Ready to Fire. Center: Gun Fired, Barrel Recoil Rotating Locking Ring. Bottom: Locking  
Ring Fully Rotated and Bolt Unlocked 452
Solothurn Machine Gun, Model 1930, 7.92 mm 454
Rheinmetall Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 15, 7.92 mm 455
Rheinmetall Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 17, 7.92 mm 456
Components of the Rheinmetall MG-17 456
Rheinmetall Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 131, 13 mm, Fixed 458
Rheinmetall Aircraft Machine Gun, Model 131, 13 mm, Flexible 459
Scotti Aircraft Machine Gun, 7.7 mm 461
Drawing of Scotti's Action. Top: Bolt in Battery and Locked. Slide in Forward Position to Prevent Bolt Head from Rotating. Bottom: Slide Retracted by Gas Piston, Allowing Bolt Head to Rotate and Unlock 462
Scotti Aircraft Machine Gun, 12.7 mm 462
Bang Aircraft Machine Gun, Cal. .276 464
Sistar Heavy Machine Gun, 7.92 mm 465
Sistar Light Machine Gun, 6.5 mm. The Operator Is Loading the Magazine 466
Sistar Light Machine Gun, 6.5 mm. The Operator Is Charging the Weapon 467
Knorr-Bremse Machine Gun, Model 1933, 7.92 mm 469
Components of the Knorr-Bremse Machine Gun, Model 1933 470
Knorr-Bremse Machine Gun, Model 35/36, 7.92 mm 471
Mauser Machine Gun, Model 1934, 7.92 mm 473
Mauser Machine Gun, Model 1934 S, 7.92 mm 474
Comparison of Component Parts of the Mauser Machine Guns of the MG-34 Series. (A) MG-34. (B) MG-34 (Modified). (C) MG-34 S. (D) MG-34/41 476
Comparison of Mauser Machine Guns of the MG-34 Series. (A) MG-34. (B) MG-34 (Modified). (C) MG-34S. (D) MG-34/41 477
Mauser Aircraft Machine Gun Model 81, 7.92 mm, Dual Mount 478
Melvin M. Johnson, Jr., Firing the Weapon He Designed 481
Johnson Light Machine Gun, Model 1941, Cal. .30/06 482
Johnson Light Machine Gun, Model 1941, Disassembled For Paratroop Work 483
Machine Gun, Model 42, 7.92 mm 484
Components of the Machine Gun, Model 42 486
Machine Gun, Model 42, 7.92 mm. View Shows Cover Open and Barrel Release Latch Open with Barrel Partly Removed 488
Machine Gun Model FG-42, 7.92 mm 489
Section Drawing of the Machine Gun FG-42, Showing the Action Immediately After Firing. Gas from the Barrel Is Acting on the Piston which Will Rotate and Unlock the Bolt 490
Cleland Davis When He Was a Lieutenant, USN 495
A Davis Gun Mounted on a Naval Seaplane. The Gunner Has Pivoted the Breech to the Open Position for Loading 496
Davis Gun Mounted for Anti-Submarine Patrol 498
The Davis Principle Applied in World War II. The Germans Attempted Firing a 1,500-Pound Shell from this Dornier 217 499
C. O. W. 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon Mounted in a Voisin Battle Plane, 1915 500
C. O. W. 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon Mk III 501
Vickers-Armstrong 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Mounted in a Blackburn "Perth" Flying Boat 503
Fiat (Revelli) 25-mm Aircraft Cannon 506
Puteaux 37-mm Aircraft Cannon (Semi-Automatic) Mounted on a French Bombing Plane, 1916 507
Puteaux 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 509
Puteaux 37-mm Aircraft Cannon, Mounted in the Cylinder Block of a Hispano-Suiza Engine to Fire through the Propeller Hub 510
Puteaux 47-mm Aircraft Bombardment Cannon 511
Becker 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model 1918 (Flexible) 512
Semag 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon (Flexible) 513
Semag 20-mm Automatic Cannon for Infantry 514
Oerlikon 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model F (Flexible), Adopted by Germany 516
Oerlikon 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model 99 (Fixed). This Belt-Fed Weapon Was Manufactured in Japan and Used by Its Naval Air Force 517
Oerlikon 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model S. Wing Installation with Belt Feed of 125 Rounds Adopted by the German Air Force 518
Antoine Gazda Firing the Gazda 20-mm Automatic Cannon 519
Gazda 23-mm Automatic Cannon 520
Polsten 20-mm Automatic Cannon Mk. I. Drawing Shows 30-Round Magazine 521
Szakats 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model SZB 523
The Feed Mechanism of the Szakats Automatic Aircraft Cannon 524
Szakats 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model SZC 525
Baldwin 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 526
Baldwin 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon Mounted for Test in a Martin Airplane 528
Baldwin 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon. Picture Shows the Method of Mounting in Aircraft 529
The First Model of the Browning 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon Being Tested in the Foothills Above Ogden, Utah. Left to Right: Matt S. Browning, John M. Browning (the Inventor), John Browning (Son of the Inventor) and Ed Browning 531
Early Model Browning 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 533
Browning 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, M4 534
Browning 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, M9, Mounted in an A25 535
Madsen 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model 1926 (Prototype) 537
Madsen 23-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon (Flexible) 538
Components of the Madsen 23-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 539
Section Drawing of the Madsen 23-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 540
Hotchkiss 25-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon (Fixed) 542
Bolt, Lock, and Gas Piston Assembly of the Hotchkiss 25-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 543
Bolt, Lock, and Gas Piston Disassembled, Hotchkiss Automatic Aircraft Cannon
Scotti 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 545
Scotti 20-mm Automatic Cannon on Anti-Aircraft Mount 546
Lübbe 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon and Feeder 548
Lübbe 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon Disassembled 549
Ehrhardt 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 550
Rheinmetall (Solothurn) 20-mm Automatic Cannon Model ST-5 on a Naval Mount 551
Rheinmetall (Solothurn) 20-mm Automatic Cannon Model ST-5, Showing Ease of Disassembly 552
Rheinmetall 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model ST-11 553
Rheinmetall (Solothurn) 20-mm Semi-Automatic Anti-Tank Cannon, Model S18-1000 553
Rheinmetall 37-mm Automatic Cannon, Flak 18 554
Rheinmetall 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, MK-101 556
Rheinmetall 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, MK-103 557
Bolt Assembly of Rheinmetall's 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, MK-103. Left: Bolt Mechanism Disassembled. Right: Bolt Mechanism Assembled and in the Locked Position 557
Rheinmetall 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, MK-108 559
Rheinmetall 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, MK-108, Disassembled. (1) Blast Tube. (2) Back Plate Assembly. (3) Bolt Assembly. (4) Receiver and Barrel Assembly. (5 and 7) Driving Spring Assembly. (6) Charger Spring Assembly. (8) Sear Plate Assembly. (9) Feed Cover Plate Assembly 560
Marc Birkigt, Designer of the Hispano-Suiza 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Type 404 562
The Method of Locking Patented by Carl Swebilius 564
The Method of Locking Patented by Marc Birkigt 565
Section Views of the Hispano-Suiza Action 567
Hispano-Suiza "Birkigt" 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Type 404. Mounted on a Hispano-Suiza 12-Cylinder Engine to Fire through the Propeller Hub. 569
Hispano-Suiza 20/60 Automatic Aircraft Cannon. Experimental Model Manufactured by the British M. A. R. Company 571
Hispano-Suiza 30-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon. This is an Experimental Model Manufactured in France 573
Hispano-Suiza 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon. Top: U. S. M2. Bottom: U. S. M1 576
Hispano-Suiza Automatic Aircraft Cannon AN-M2 with Feed Mechanism, 20-mm AN-M1. Developed from the French Chatellerault Feeder 580
Comparison Drawing of the Type Designations of the 20-mm AN-M2 584
Hispano-Suiza 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model T31 587
American Armament 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon (Flexible) 594
American Armament 37-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 595
Lahti 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model L27, with Drum Feed 596
Lahti 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model L27 597
Breda 20-mm Anti-Tank Automatic Cannon 598
Bolt Assembly of the Breda 20-mm Automatic Cannon. Left: Bolt in Traveling Position. Right: Bolt Locked in Battery Position 599
Breda 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon with Cover Group Open, Exposing Feed Mechanism 600
Mauser 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model 151, Mounted for Anti-Tank Duty 602
Component Parts of the Mauser 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model 151 604
Mauser 20-mm Automatic Anti-Aircraft Cannon, Model Flak 38, with Cover 605
Bolt Assembly of the Mauser 20-mm Automatic Anti-Aircraft Cannon, Model Flak 38 606
Cal. .90 Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model T2, with Feed Mechanism 607
Cal. .90 Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model T2 608
Components of the Cal. .90 Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model T2 609
Bofors 20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon 611
Bofors 20-mm Automatic Cannon, Model L/70, on a Field Carriage 612
20-mm Automatic Aircraft Cannon, Model HO5 614
20-mm Automatic Cannon, Model 98, Dual Anti-Tank Mount 615
Bolt and Bolt Extension Assembly of the 20-mm Automatic Cannon, Model 98 616

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Statue at Entrance to National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
Statue at Entrance to National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.

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Transcribed and formatted by Larry Jewell & Patrick Clancey, HyperWar Foundation