[compost_tea] Fw: Worm Woman's WormEzine Vol. 2-5 -- May 2003

From: Jeff Lowenfels <jeff_at_gardener.com>
Date: Wed, 14 May 2003 17:46:42 -0800

Folks, this is from friend Mary Applehof, the Wormwoman....she is terrific.
Thought you might like to see her take on CT and on composting....

Cheers,

Jeff
----- Original Message -----
From: "Wormwoman" <ffsub_at_orion23.com>
To: <flowerfieldB_at_orion23.com>
Sent: Wednesday, May 14, 2003 4:43 PM
Subject: Worm Woman's WormEzine Vol. 2-5 -- May 2003


>
> WormEzine Vol. 2, No. 5
>
> News and information from Mary Appelhof
> about vermicomposting, worms, and other critters that live in the
soil.
>
> May 2003 Copyright Flowerfield Enterprises 2003 FREE
> mary_at_wormwoman.com
> phone: 269-327-0108 Web site www.wormwoman.com
>
> Feel free to forward to those you think will be interested.
>
> To subscribe click here
> http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/wormezine.html
>
> To unsubscribe click here
> http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/wormezine_unsubscribe.html
>
> For the Small Print, scroll to end.
>
> They laughed when I said worms eat my garbage,
> but I showed them how, and now thousands say the same thing
>
>
> A WORD FROM MARY APPELHOF aka Worm Woman
> ====================================================
>
> Dear Worm Workers,
>
> Worm bin outside: OK, I forgot to look at the temperature. But I saw
many
> worms, some of which are getting to be pretty good size. Still lots of
> enchytraeids. It's still hard to find cocoons, but there are lots of young
> worms present. Volume is going down, so material that had been stockpiling
> in the cold bin during the winter is being processed.
>
> The grass is green, I've mowed it once already and it needs it again.
> Magnolias have dropped their blossoms, the crabapple trees have lost their
> prime, but they were gorgeous when they were in full bloom. In spring I
like
> to drive the long way to work in order to see the beautiful display of
> dogwood in one particular woods. Now in bloom, the dogwood doesn't show
> nearly as spectacular a display as it was last year. Sparse numbers of
> blossoms, and they aren't as large as they sometimes are. My friends are
> collecting morel mushrooms, but I don't know where the secret places are.
> Welcome to spring in Michigan!
>
> This month's feature is on Compost Teas, which I think have the potential
> to revolutionize not only our agricultural practices, but also the way
> homeowners take care of their lawns. But as I was struggling with what to
> write, I realized that I needed to cover some basics about composting in
> order for people to understand some differences between compost and
> vermicompost. So I'll take up more specifics on compost teas next time
after
> we talk a bit about the sources of the microorganisms which give the
compost
> teas their punch, compost and worm castings.
>
>
> Mary Appelhof
>
> "Changing the way the world thinks about garbage ."
>
> CONTENTS of this issue
> 1. Feature
> 2. Worm Powering Kids update
> 3. Notable Bits
> 4. Q&A
> 5. Coming Events
> 6. Product Highlights
> 7. About the Author
> 8. The Small Print
>
> 1=========================FEATURE=======================
>
> AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPOST TEAS
> PART I
>
> Compost teas are getting more and more press lately, and rightly so. These
> biologically active nutrient broths from mixtures of worm castings and
> compost are establishing a reputation for:
> . Increasing yields of potatoes, tomatoes, and grapes;
> . Reducing fertilizer use in golf courses;
> . Cutting out pesticide use in lawns;
> . Controlling powdery mildew on roses; and
> . Increasing percolation rates on septic fields.
> But the average homeowner would still rather go to the garden center and
> purchase the latest recommended dosage of chemical fertilizers (the NPK
> stuff) and herbicides than go to the effort of learning about alternatives
> which are safer, smell better, work better, cost less, and last longer.
How
> can we turn this around?
>
> COMPOST TEA STARTS WITH GOOD COMPOST
> We've obviously got to educate people about what compost tea is. Pretty
hard
> to do when people don't even know what composting is, so I'll start there.
> Composting is the biological breakdown of organic materials to humus. The
> microorganisms doing this are bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and nematodes. We
> can't see them without a microscope, so watching a compost pile compost
isn'
> t very interesting. People get more interested when they do worm
composting
> because at least you can see the worms! Earthworms and tiny jointed-legged
> animals known as microarthopods physically break the materials down so
that
> more surfaces are available for the bacteria, fungi, protozoa and
nematodes
> to work on.
>
> When enough oxygen and moisture are present, along with the right
> proportions of materials containing carbon and nitrogen, the populations
of
> the microorganisms increase dramatically. Thousands of species of
organisms
> carry out these processes, differing by their favored temperature, food
> sources, pH, and wastes produced. Some of the bacteria produce heat as
they
> multiply; these are known as thermophilic, or heat-loving bacteria. The
> temperatures can go quite high (149 degrees F, 65 degrees C). In fact,
> temperatures of at least 131 degrees F (55 degrees C) are required to kill
> pathogens (disease-causing organisms such as Salmonella).
>
> Once the favored food sources of the thermophilic bacteria are consumed,
> the temperature drops to a more moderate range, and other organisms
continue
> the process of breaking materials down. When the temperature drops enough,
> earthworms move in to break things down further, eating bacteria,
protozoa,
> fungi, and nematodes, and changing the mix of organisms present in the
pile
> even further. Castings of the earthworms contain millions of bacteria and
> fungi themselves, but not necessarily the same kinds that went into the
> mouth of the worm.
>
> Compost consists of a much lesser volume of materials than went into the
> system. The readily-accessible sugars and carbohydrates have been
consumed,
> producing energy in the form of heat, or to power the organisms that ate
> them and their resulting progeny. More recalcitrant materials such as
> cellulose and woody tissue take longer to break down. Much of the material
> has been stabilized in the form of humus, a complex; highly stable
material
> with many binding sites for the attachment of nutrients. Compost contains
> billions of organisms of great diversity, some still in an active state.
The
> dormant organisms will awaken when conditions again trigger this response
> because they meet their particular needs.
>
> Many benefits accrue from the application of compost to gardens and
> agricultural land. It helps the soil retain water, it smothers weeds, and
it
> provides some nutrients, but, more importantly, millions of microorganisms
> to the soil. It breaks up clay soils, and it's spongy nature enables sandy
> soils to hold onto moisture. But it is bulky and difficult to spread.
Large
> equipment with heavy loads compacts the soil, reducing oxygen in the root
> zone and making it harder for roots to penetrate. Enter compost tea.
>
> COMPOST TEA ADDS MILLIONS OF ORGANISMS TO SOIL AND LEAVES
> Compost tea provides a means for inoculating the soil with the vast
> diversity and billions of organisms present in good compost by spraying,
> rather than spreading. It requires fewer trips across the field, thus
> resulting in less compaction and less use of fossil fuels. It also
requires
> just a fraction of the amount of compost because the compost is used just
as
> a starter source of organisms for the brew. Their populations increase
> exponentially under favorable conditions of temperature, aeration, food,
and
> nutrients, providing that no toxic inhibitors or killing-agents such as
> chlorine, herbicides, or pesticides are in the water. Compost tea also
> contains soluble nutrients, hormones, and other plant growth enhancers
> extracted from the compost.
>
> COMPOST TEA DEFINED
>
> Compost tea is a microbially-rich, biologically-active
> nutrient broth extracted from oxygenated water.
>
> A considerable amount of testing done by direct counts of the organisms
> present shows that tea made from worm castings can contain high numbers of
> bacteria and protozoa. Fungi can be extracted from worm castings tea, but
> attention must be given to the food sources for the worms and the type of
> brewer used. Some tea brewers are not effective in extracting and
> multiplying fungi present. This may be because aerobicity is not
maintained
> throughout the brewing cycle, the agitation is so great that the fragile
> filaments are broken, or mesh size of the net is too fine to let the
> filaments pass into the bubbling solution. Of course, if fungi are not
> present in the compost or worm castings used to provide the original set
of
> organisms you want to multiply through the brewing process, they will not
be
> present in the tea. Duh!
>
> PATHOGEN REDUCTION BY HEAT IN COMPOST
> In my earlier discussion of composting I said that composting is the
> biological breakdown of organic materials to humus. I'd like to expand
that
> definition now to include other factors that I discussed. Compost is the
> result of biological breakdown of organic materials in a moist, aerobic
> environment that undergoes thermophilic heating to kill pathogens and weed
> seeds.
>
> PATHOGEN REDUCTION BY WORMS WITHOUT HEAT
> But how can worms produce compost if thermophilic temperatures would kill
> the worms? They can't. But they can produce worm castings. Do worm
castings
> contain pathogens? Possibly not. Bruce Eastman showed that vermicomposting
> reduced levels of pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and
others
> sufficiently to meet EPA-acceptable levels, even though the
> high-temperatures required for pathogen reduction in composting were never
> achieved. Some preliminary work by Dr. Elaine Ingham indicated that when
> Eisenia fetida was fed an E.coli-rich diet, E. coli was found only in the
> first 5 mm of the worm's gut. From that point on through to the posterior
of
> the worm, no E.coli were found. There seemed to be something going on in
the
> gut of the worm that killed the E.coli. The slimy mucus on a worm may also
> have some disinfectant capability. There is obviously more to learn, and
> more research to be done. The worm industry needs to establish consistent
> operating procedures to ensure that pathogens are not present in worm
> castings that serve as the source of microorganisms for compost teas.
>
> Because vermicomposting is not a thermophilic process, some people say
that
> it really isn't composting because no high temperatures are achieved. But
> pathogen reduction takes place, even without the high temperatures. So
they
> choose not to use the term vermicompost to define the product, choosing to
> distinguish it instead by calling it worm castings. As the language
develops
> in this industry, we may want to coin a term that distinguishes worm
> castings teas from compost teas. Perhaps we need to get away from the term
> vermicompost altogether, but I don't have a good word to offer. Many of
the
> manufacturers of compost tea brewers use a mixture of worm castings and
good
> compost to provide the diversity and numbers of microorganisms they want.
>
> Next time I will write about why testing of compost or worm castings is
> important to establish whether a particular compost tea making machine is
> doing its job of extracting the organisms you want.
>
> Resources:
>
> The Compost Tea Brewing Manual. Elaine R. Ingham. 3rd ed., 78p, Corvallis,
> OR: SFI, Soil Foodweb, Inc.
> Compost tea is an extract of good compost that contains millions of
> microorganisms. Spraying compost tea on leaves and the soil around plants
> introduces millions of beneficial organisms, which enables plants to grow
> better by providing nutrients and suppressing diseases. Written by the
> primary authority in the field, Dr. Elaine Ingham teaches you the what,
> where, why and how of compost tea in this thorough how-to manual. She
> includes detailed instructions and recipes to enable soil tenders to
enrich
> their soil, thus increasing crop yield and appearance through
revolutionary
> soil organism maintenance.
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_The_Compost_Tea_Brewing_
> Manual_68.html
>
> The Soil Biology Primer, Elaine R., Ingham, et al. 49p Ankeny, IA: Soil
and
> Water Conservation Society. The best soils have millions of organisms in
> every teaspoon, the poorest merely hundreds. Bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
> nematodes, mites, beetles and earthworms-they make soil alive by their
> presence and their activities make nutrients available to plants. How do
you
> learn about them? The Soil Biology Primer is the best start. The primary
> contributor, Dr. Elaine Ingham, clearly describes the fundamentals of soil
> organism relationships for the layperson. Charts, diagrams and beautiful
> photographs provide superior visual details of soil organisms and why they
> are important.
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_Soil_Biology_Primer_67.h
> tml
>
> "The Effectiveness of Vermiculture in Human Pathogen Reduction for USEPA
> Biosolids Stabilization," Bruce R. Eastman, et al. Compost Science and
> Utilization, Winter 2001. Vol. 9, No. 1, 38-49.
>
> http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/michel/csu.pdf
>
> 2===============WORM POWERING KIDS UPDATE================
>
> Thanks to all of you who have read Compost, By Gosh! to groups since we
> first posted the notice. We now have 55 people signed up on the website
> (http://www.wormwoman.com, click through to Worm Powering Kids) from 4
> countries, the Onondaga Nation, and 18 states. We've gotten some very
> enthusiastic feedback from people who read the book to kids, and from the
> kids themselves. Michelle Portman, the author, said a friend of hers who
has
> a 3-month-old baby told Michelle that the baby loves the book! "There is
> something about the illustrations that her baby reacts to that is like
with
> no other book. When she sees the pictures of the girl she just starts
> cooing, smiling, laughing, even." Another friend gave the book to the
mother
> of an 8-month old baby. "Upon seeing the book for the first time the
little
> infant starting screaming/squealing with delight. It was amazing," she
said.
>
> I read Compost, By Gosh! to nearly 400 kids and adults during Earth Week
and
> got wonderful response from the entire presentation. I found a worm
casting
> in the lawn on the way into an elementary school where I was going to be
> reading the book to each of the 3rd grade classes. I passed the casting
> around in a Petri dish. When I saw one group of kids later in the day,
they
> said when they went out for recess they saw worm castings all over the
> playground! I'll bet they wouldn't have paid attention before!
>
> One student, bless his heart, sent me this email: "I really liked your
worm
> presentation you did today. It was cool! I also liked the video clips on
> your website .I think worms are pretty interesting now thanks to you!"
>
> We are still getting people signing up for Worm Powering Kids for dates
> later in the summer and fall. We're getting such good response from the
> program that I'm going to keep the site active at least through the
summer.
> I'll update the verbiage at bit to make it more current, but we'll keep
> posting new offerings if you send them in. I think that between 2000-3000
> kids have heard Compost, By Gosh! through the Worm Powering Kids program,
> and I think that is just awesome. Good job, people! And thanks to you,
> Michelle, for writing such a fun, interesting, colorful book!
>
> 3========================NOTABLE BITS======================
>
> A. EARTH DAY FEATURES WORMS MADE IT TO THE WIRE! CSRwire, an electronic
news
> service for Corporate Social Responsibility put our press release out on
the
> wire and it was picked up in a number of places, including Social
Funds.com.
> You can read it for yourself by visiting:
> http://www.socialfunds.com/news/release.cgi/1765.html
>
> B. ROYAL OAK, MICHIGAN RECYCLING COORDINATOR FEATURED WORMS DURING HER
EARTH
> DAY PRESENTATION. Anna Collinson took her worm bin and read Compost, By
> Gosh! to kids at the Royal Oak Public Library during her Earth Day event.
> Read more at: http://www.socialfunds.com/news/release.cgi/1765.html
>
> C. WORM COMPOSTING WORKSHOPS AND DEMOS POPULAR EVENTS ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
> Articles in at least a dozen papers across the continent mentioned worm
> composting during Earth Week. These included Fayetteville, MO; Whittier,
CA;
> Hartford, CT; Toronto, CANADA; Cass County, MN.
>
> D. WILD ABOUT WORMS: WIGGLY, SQUIGGLY CRITTERS CREATE COMPOST INDOORS
> features Brita Sailor and her worm composting activities. I commended them
> for the detail and accuracy of the writing. You can see it at:
>
http://www.pineandlakes.com/Main.asp?SectionID=23&SubSectionID=27&ArticleID=
> 1259
>
> E. WORMS SURVIVE COLUMBIA EXPLOSION. Worms hit the headlines last month
when
> it was found that worms from experiments that had gone into space survived
> in the wreckage from the Columbia space shuttle. They were the nematode
> worms (roundworms) Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm about the size of a
> pinhead. The plastic Petri dishes were housed in a metal container that
was
> mottled and stained from the high temperatures, but the worms were 4-5
> generations beyond what they were when the space shuttle exploded. These
> were the first organisms whose DNA was completely decoded, and have been
> used extensively for longevity studies. I wish we had as many scientists
> working on earthworms as there are working on C. elegans! Read more at:
> http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8615-2003May3.html
>
>
>
>
> 4===========================Q &A===========================
> Note: I'm not sure what the exact question was, but it had to do with
> someone wanting to develop a commercial business selling vermicompost
> liquid. This was my reply to the extension agent who was asking me to
> comment:
>
> Dear Kathy,
>
> I received your note sent to Nancy at wormwoman.com about vermicompost
> liquid. I put in a call to you because there is much to discuss, but I'll
> try to give you some information here because I can give you links to
> websites.
>
> I believe that someone wanting to develop a commercial business selling
> liquids derived from vermicomposting will need to learn about what makes
> good compost, the soil foodweb and its importance in maintaining and
> remediating soil fertility, the importance of maintaining aerobic
conditions
> in both the compost (and vermicompost), and in the product which one
sells.
>
> I believe the most relevant literature has to do with compost teas, and
the
> person most able to communicate meaningful information about that is Dr.
> Elaine Ingham of Soilfoodweb Inc. http://www.soilfoodweb.com I base my
> position that compost teas are an extract of good compost (or
vermicompost)
> that have been aerobically produced and which contain billions of diverse
> microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes) on her work.
Although
> plant nutrients and hormones are present, it is the microorganisms that
you
> are adding to the soil and/or plants that provide much of the benefit.
>
> Based on Elaine's work, both good compost and vermicompost can produce
> excellent compost teas, but these are aerobically produced teas, which
must
> maintain their aerobicity prior to spreading. In other words, you can't
make
> the tea, seal it in a bottle, and put it on the shelf for later sale.
You've
> got to use it within hours of brewing, otherwise the billions of
> microorganisms in the brew will use up all of the oxygen, anaerobic
> organisms will take over, and the brew could contain alcohols, phenols,
and
> other substances which could kill your plants.
>
> I basically agree with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
person
> who suggested that the leachate might have bacterial or other problems
that
> would make sale of this product difficult, but it is not just because
there
> are bacteria in it. I want to be spreading millions of bacteria around. .
.
> and fungi, and protozoa, and nematodes. But I want them to the beneficial
> bacteria, not pathogenic. And maintaining aerobic conditions is the best
way
> to control this.
>
> Commercial operations that sell worm water? I hope not. The "industry" is
> relatively new, and hence terms are not standardized. We need to develop
and
> agree upon a lot of definitions. At this point "worm water" isn't on the
> list.
>
> Elaine's compost tea article is at:
>
> http://www.taunton.com/finegardening/pages/g00030.asp
>
> There is an active compost tea listserve that Elaine contributes to
> regularly.
>
> We sell both her Compost Tea Manual
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_The_Compost_Tea_Brewing_
> Manual_68.html
> and the Soil Biology Primer on our website
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_Soil_Biology_Primer_67.h
> tml
>
> FREEBIE: Order both the Compost Tea Manual and Soil Biology Primer and
> receive a FREE set of recycling labels for your home, office or classroom
> recycling center. See them by clicking here:
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_Recycling_Labels_61.html
> Just mention that you are a WormEzine subscriber and we'll send the labels
> with your compost tea resources!
>
> I really enjoyed talking with you. . . as you can tell, there are lots of
> things going on that have much potential. . . it's just trying to figure
out
> how to make them work!
>
>
> 5======================COMING EVENTS======================
> Coming soon REGISTER today!
> A. May 17 -ALL DAY WORM COMPOSTING WORKSHOP WITH MARY APPELHOF AT TILLERS
> INTERNATIONAL IN KALAMAZOO.
> Tillers catalog describes the course as follows:
> Worm castings have shown amazing success in supporting plant growth. Learn
> how to get started, constructing bins, making teas from the compost, and
> maintaining a worm composting system that will last forever. From a
> home-scale to a farm-scale, Mary Appelhof, one of the world's premier
> vermiculturist and author of Worms Eat My Garbage shares her expertise.
> Enrollment: 2 to 12 Minimum Age: 16
> Openings still available. Call 269-626-0223 or 1-800- 498-2700 Sat, Sat,
> 9:00- 5:00 $45
>
> B. May 20 Mary Appelhof will present Compost Teas: The New Kid on the
Block
> at Michigan Recycling Conference at the Radisson in Kalamazoo.
>
> C. June 22, 23. Michigan Master Gardeners Conference in East Lansing,
> Michigan. This fun, intense conference covers all sorts of gardening
topics
> and will have Mary Appelhof presenting two sessions, one on basic worm
> composting, the other on compost teas. If you are a certified Master
> Gardener and want more information, call 517-355-0188.
>
> D. Sept. 13-16-ZERI Third Certification Training. Begins September 13-16,
> with following sessions scheduled for December 6-9 and March 6-9, 2004 all
> in the Santa Fe, New Mexico area. Gunter Pauli will be the main course
> instructor during the full 12 days (broken down into three four day
> modules), together with other ZERI international experts who will provide
> course training on projects implemented around the world. Deadline for
> submittal of application is June 2, 2003, and course is limited to 25 new
> applicants after a selection process. We also have a series of photos
from
> the last course that we can send if interested (and have the capability to
> receive large files). We are hoping to set up a website in several months
> to post these and other photos and information. Contact Lynda Taylor for
> more info: mail to: lyndataylor_at_cybermesa.com June 23, 24. Master
Gardeners
> Conference in East Lansing, Michigan. This intense, fun conference for
> certified Master Gardeners only will have Mary Appelhof giving two
> presentations this year, one on how to set up and maintain a worm
composting
> system, the other on compost teas. If you qualify, call 517-353-3774 for
> more information.
>
> 6. =====================PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS=================
> Since understanding the organisms in the soil foodweb (bacteria, fungi,
> protozoa, nematodes, microarthropods, and earthworms is so important to
> understanding the value of compost tea, we'll offer free shipping on the
> Soil Biology Primer to readers of WormEzine through June. Order from the
> website and mention "Free shipping ala WormEzine" in the comment line and
we
> will credit your order accordingly.
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_The_Compost_Tea_Brewing_
> Manual_68.html
>
> We'll do the same for Elaine Ingham's Compost Tea Brewing Manual.
Described
> in the resources section in the Compost Tea article, Elaine Ingham's
manual
> gives background information, describes commercial compost tea brewers,
and
> summarizes some of the research results coming in on their use. Order from
> the website and mention "Free shipping ala WormEzine" in the comment line
> and we will credit your order accordingly.
>
>
http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/Wormwoman_catalog_The_Compost_Tea_Brewing_
> Manual_68.html
>
> See above for FREEBIE!
>
>
> 7=====================ABOUT THE AUTHOR===================
>
> Mary Appelhof is founder and president of Flowerfield Enterprises, which
> develops and markets educational materials on vermicomposting. Its
> publishing imprint is Flower Press, publisher of the how-to book Worms Eat
> My Garbage, the classroom activity book and curriculum guide, Worms Eat
Our
> Garbage: Classroom Activities for a
> Better Environment, The Worm Cafe: Mid-scale vermicomposting of lunchroom
> wastes,
> and Diabetes at 14: Choosing tighter control for an active life, which is
> not about
> vermicomposting, but is an invaluable asset for anyone affected by
diabetes.
>
>
> 8====================== THE SMall PRINT====================
>
> YOU ARE RECEIVING Mary Appelhof's WormEzine because you have communicated
> with her previously. WormEzine is issued on an opt-in basis. You may
> unsubscribe at any time by clicking here:
> http://www.wormwoman.com/acatalog/wormezine_unsubscribe.html
>
> PLEASE FORWARD a copy of this free ezine to anyone you know who may be
> interested in learning more about worm bins, vermicomposting, and the
field
> of vermiculture.
>
> BACK ISSUES are archived at:
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>
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>
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>
> IF YOU HAVE SOMETHING TO SHARE, Please send your news items and
> promotion ideas to: mary_at_wormwoman.com
>
>
> That's a wrap, and thanks for subscribing!
>
>
>
>
> END
>


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Received on Wed May 14 2003 - 23:06:06 EDT

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