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Permaculture in a Burr Oak Nutshell
Permaculture in a Burr Oak Nutshell
by Steve Diver
On one hand, permaculture does not lend itself well to a
really brief explanation because it is a holistic land use
philosophy rather than a method or technique of food
production.
On the other, a brief explanation is needed to get the
listener/audience to understand what you are talking about,
and to move the whole permaculture movement forward to wider
adaptation by city and rural dwellers alike.
A co-worker once wrote to a farmer that if you want to picture
what sutainable agriculture is like, imagine farming
when synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are too expensive
or simply unavailable.
The ramifications of such a scenario imply:
- longer crop rotations;
- emphasis on cover crops and green manures;
- integrated crop & livestock operations;
- emphasis on composting and compost usage;
- emphasis on recycling of food, paper, cellulose, feces,
and urine;
- microbial inoculants
The basic result is that organic agriculture is practiced
as the norm rather than the exception. And, the resultant
spin-off benefits include:
- reduced consumption of fossil fuels formerly needed to
generate nitrogen;
- soil ecosystem (structure, organism diversity and stability,
vitality) health is improved;
- pesticide use is reduced due to increased diversity of crops,
beneficial insects, soil ecosystem health, and antagonistic
microbes;
- improved health of plants and livestock and the people
that eat them.
Along a similar vein, if you want to understand what permaculture
is about, imagine a single home or whole community that is (as much
as possible) site dependent (decentralized) instead of infrastructure
dependent (centralized) for:
- energy to heat and cool human structures;
- electricity to run lights, refrigeration, and appliances;
- food production;
- handling of sewage and waste water;
- handling of trash
The implications of a decentralized infrastructure includes:
- widescale adoption of appropriate technologies;
- homes and neighborhoods designed for energy conservation
and solar-orientation; landscapes for shade and cooling;
- on-site energy production with solar, wind, water,
geothermal heat pumps;
- home gardens, kitchen gardens, community gardening,
urban agriculture, wayside gardening, solar greenhouses,
market gardens, foodwebs and foodsheds, and adoption of
biological farming, organic farming and gardening,
edible landscapes, agroforestry, and polycultures;
- composting toilets, urine collection and re-use as
fertilizer, greywater, constructed wetlands, Living
Machines (aquatic solar ponds);
- worm composting of food scraps and cellulose (junk
mail, food wrappers, cereal boxes, newspaper); and
integration of poultry to shred and mix manure with
cellulose trash used as bedding
Although the impact of appropriate technologies at the household
level may seem minscule in the face of worldwide degradation, the
cummulative effect of whole town and community conversion is enormous.
Centralization of infrastructure is energy intensive and inherently
prone to generation of pollution. Secondly, decentralization lends
itself to cottage industries, jobs, and distribution of
wealth.
In addition to the adoption of appropriate technologies to
achieve dentralized infrastructure, permaculture is based on
a system of ethics and principles.
The ethics of permaculture are:
1. Care of the earth
2. Care of people
3. Setting limits to consumption and contributing surplus
resources to further care of people
The principles of permaculture -- guidelines for ecological
design:
1. Relative location -- everything is connected to
everything else
2. Each element performs many function
3. Each function is supported by many elements
4. Energy efficient planning
5. Using biological resources versus fossil, mechanical,
chemical
6. Energy cycling on-site -- use it more than once
7. Small-scale intensive systems versus large-scale
extensive systems
8. Natural plant succession and stacking
9. Polyculture and diversity
10. Increase the "edge" within system
11. Observe and replicate natural patterns
12. Pay attention to scale
13. Attitude
In these latter days of the twentieth century, it is
apparent that humans need an alternative model for
inhabiting the earth. The current industrialized model is
bankrupting the earth and its people. Permaculture offers
such a solution.
The genius of permaculture is that it respects all life on
the earth and seeks to restore damaged ecosystems, it
incorporates ecological design principles into household and
community planning, it is based on universal ethics for living
on the planet including care of people, and it combines the
adoption of appropriate technologies with an adjustment in
lifestyles which are earth-tuned rather than earth-ignorant.
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* Burr oak (Quercus macrocarpa) - produces the largest acorn
of any native oak tree in North America, a symbol of
permaculture in a big nutshell; the grandmother acorn
to which all other human-sprouted natural systems return
home.
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** This piece was written as working draft to an
introductory talk to permaculture and as an update to
The Permaculture FAQ at
http://sunsite.unc.edu/london/permaculture/faq.v1.3
*** Comments to steved@ncatfyv.uark.edu
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