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Dissertation Information for Rebecca Anne Bales

NAME:
- Rebecca Anne Bales

DEGREE:
- Ph.D.

DISCIPLINE:
- History

SCHOOL:
- Arizona State University (USA) (2001)

ADVISORS:
- Albert L. Hurtado

COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
- Peter Iverson
- Robert A. Trennert Jr.

MPACT Status: Fully Complete

Title: "You will be bravest of all": The Modoc nation to 1909

Abstract: The Modocs once lived in northeastern California and southeastern Oregon, established an identity linked to their environment, and adjusted to change that challenged their identity as a people. Central to identity, gender roles and relations often determined Modocs' actions.

This study begins with the formation of Modoc society as they defined themselves within the contexts of origins, landscape, and intertribal relations. Chapter One establishes the foundations on which the Modocs created their identity. Chapter Two links identity formation to their relation with their Native neighbors. All these groups built a trade network that moved goods and people throughout the Pacific Northwest.

Fur companies began exploration of Modoc territory in the 1820s. Other explorers followed, placing Modoc country on maps of the United States. Chapter Three analyzes the introduction of material goods, non-Indians and new beliefs that sometimes clashed with Modoc customs. Chapter Four explores the effects of the westward movement and the Gold Rush of the 1840s, drawing attention to federal and state Indian policies. These events threatened Modoc rights to the land and they began to dispute the presence of newcomers in their territory. Treaty making with United States brought the Modocs to Klamath territory for negotiations. Here the Modocs agreed to settle upon the Klamath reservation in exchange for protection, annuities, and rations. Chapter Five explores the internal crises the Modocs faced at Klamath and the return of 159 Modocs to California.

The United States tried to force the Modocs back to Klamath, but they resisted and war ensued. Chapter Six examines the Modoc War of 1872-73, tracing Modoc attempts to negotiate for a reservation in California to their surrender in 1873. A military court sentenced six Modocs to hang and ordered 153 Modocs removed to Indian Territory. Chapter Seven analyzes the exiled Modocs' experiences as well as those remaining on the Klamath reservation. Chapter Eight concludes this story with some Modocs returning to Oregon in 1909.

The Modocs created an identity and adjusted to changes occurring in their world. Although they suffered through internal divisions and from outside influences, they maintained their identity and kept ties to their ancestral homeland.


MPACT Scores for Rebecca Anne Bales

A = 0
C = 0
A+C = 0
T = 0
G = 0
W = 0
TD = 0
TA = 0
calculated 2008-05-04 18:45:10

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Students under Rebecca Anne Bales

ADVISEES:
- None

COMMITTEESHIPS:
- None