<!doctype linuxdoc system>
<!-- This is the DNS HOWTO -->
<!-- ¤¤¤åÂ½Ä¶ ¶À§Ó°¶ -->

<article>
<title>DNS HOWTO ¤¤Ä¶ª©
<author>
§@ªÌ: Nicolai Langfeldt <tt><htmlurl url="mailto:janl@math.uio.no" name="janl@math.uio.no"></tt><newline>
Ä¶ªÌ: <htmlurl url="http://ultima.ncnu.edu.tw/~asdchen/" name="Asd L. Chen">
&amp; <htmlurl url="http://www.phys.ntu.edu.tw/~cwhuang/pub/" name="C.W.Huang">

<date>v1.4.2, 1 January 1998
Â½Ä¶¤é´Á: 8 January 1998
<!--v1.3.2 20-21 August 1997-->

<abstract>
¦p¦ó¦¨¬°¤@­ÓºÙÂ¾ªº¤p«¬ DNS ºÞ²zªÌ¡D
</abstract>

<!-- Må skrive om alle eksempler til å bruke land-5 eller noen mer
realistiske ip#... OG sette opp en skikkelig revers sone.  Kanskje det
har vært problemet med revers soner hele tiden. -->
<!-- What's this? ÁÙ¦n¤£¥ÎÂ½Ä¶...:) -->

<toc>

<sect>«e¨¥ 
<p>
ÃöÁä¦r: DNS, bind, named, dialup, ppp, slip, Internet, domain, name, hosts, resolving

<sect1>ª©Åv«Å§i 
<p>
(C)opyright 1995 Nicolai Langfeldt.  Do not modify without amending
copyright, distribute freely but retain copyright message.<newline>
¨S¦³­×­qª©ÅvªÌ½Ð¤Å­×§ï¡A¥i¦Û¥Ñ´²§G¦ý¥²¶·«O¯dª©Åv°T®§¡D

<sect1>·PÁÂ»P¨D§U
<p>
§Ú­n¦VµL¼Æ¦¸¾\Åª³o¥÷¤å¥óªº¯ó½Z¨Ã´£¨Ñ³\¦h¦³¥Î«ØÄ³ªº Arnt Gulbrandsen ªí¹F·PÁÂ¤§·N¡D
§Ú¤]­n·PÁÂ¨º¨Ç±N«ØÄ³±Hµ¹§Úªº¤H¡D<!--ÁÂÁÂ±z! ±zÅý§ÚÄ~Åª°µ¤U¥h¡D-->
<p>
³o¥÷¤å¥ó±N¥Ã»·¤£·|¦³§¹¦¨ªº¤@¤Ñ¡A½Ð§â§Aªº°ÝÃD¥H¤Î¦¨¥\ªº¸gÅç±Hµ¹§Ú¡A
³o¥i¥H¨Ï¥¦¦¨¬°¤@¥÷§ó¦nªº»¡©ú¤å¥ó¡D©Ò¥H½Ð§â¿ú¡Aµû½×¥H¤Î/©Î¬O°ÝÃD±Hµ¹ 
<htmlurl url="mailto:janl@ifi.uio.no" name="janl@ifi.uio.no">¡D
¦pªG§A±H«Hµ¹§Ú¨Ã§Æ±æ±o¨ì¦^µª½Ðªí²{°ò¥»ªºÂ§»ª¡A<em/½T©w/¦^«H¦a§}¬O¥¿½T¦Ó¥B¥i¥H¹B§@ªº¡D
ÁÙ¦³¡A¼g«Hµ¹§Ú«e<bf/½Ð/¥ý¾\Åª <ref id="qanda" name="FAQ"> ¤@¸`¡D
<p>
¦pªG§A·QÂ½Ä¶³o½g HOWTO ½Ð»P§ÚÁpµ¸¡A³o¼Ë§Ú¤~ª¾¹D§Úªº¤å³¹³QÅÜ¦¨¦óºØ»y¨¥ :-).

<sect1>ÃDÄmÃã
<p>
ÂÔ¥H³o¥÷»¡©ú¤å¥óÄmµ¹ Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt¡DÁöµM¦o¥i¯à¥Ã»·³£¤£·|¾\Åª³o¥÷¤å¥ó¡A¦]¬°¦o¤£¬O³oÃþ«¬ªº¤k«Ä¡D

<sect>Â²¤¶<label id="intro">
<p>
<bf/³o¬O¤°»ò¥H¤Î³o¤£¬O¤°»ò/
<p>
­º¥ý¡ADNS ´N¬O»â°ì¦WºÙ¨t²Î(Domain Name System)¡D
¬°¾÷¾¹©R¦Wªº³W«h¥H¤Î±N³o¨Ç¦WºÙÂà´«¬° IP ¼Æ¦rªº³nÅé¡D
³o¥÷ HOWTO ¤å¥ó»¡©ú¤F¦p¦ó¥Î Linux ©w¸q³o¼Ëªº¹ïÀ³¡D
¹ïÀ³«üªº¬O³o¨â¥ó¨ÆªºÁpÃ´¡A¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¡A¹³ <tt/ftp.linux.org/¡A
¥H¤Î¾÷¾¹ªº IP ¼Æ¦r¡A¹³¬O <tt/199.249.150.4/¡D
<p>
DNS¡A¹ï·s¤â(§A¡F¡Ð)¦Ó¨¥¡A¬Oºô¸ôºÞ²z¤¤¤ñ¸û±â·t¤£©úªº¦a¤è¤§¤@¡D
³o¥÷»¡©ú¤å¥ó±N·|¸ÕµÛÅý´X¥ó¨Æ±¡¯à²M·¡¤@ÂI¡D¥¦´y­z¦p¦ó³]¥ß¤@­Ó<em/Â²³æ/ªº DNS ¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D
¶}©l¥ý»¡©ú¼È¦s±M¥Î(caching only)¦øªA¾¹¡AµM«á¬O¬°¤@»â°ì³]¥ß¥D­n(primary)¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D
¦Ü©ó§ó½ÆÂøªº³]©w§A¥i¥H°Ñ¦Ò³o¥÷¤å¥óªº <ref id="qanda" name="FAQ"> ¤@¸`¡D
¤£¥Î»¡§A±N±o<em/¾\Åª/¯u¥¿ªº¤å¥ó¡D
§Ú±N·|¦b
<ref id="bigger" name="³Ì«á¤@³¹">
¦^¹LÀY¨Ó»¡©ú³o¸Ì©Ò¿×¯u¥¿ªº¤å¥ó¥]§t¦³­þ¨Ç¡D
<p>
¦b§A¥i¥H¶}©l¶i¦æ³o¶µ¤u§@¤§«e§AÀ³¸Ó­n¥ý°t¸m¦n§Aªº¾÷¾¹¥H«K¥i¥H±q»·ºÝÃ±¤J¥¦¥H¤Î¥Ñ¥¦¹ï¨ä¥¦¾÷¾¹§@»·ºÝÃ±¤J¡A
¨Ã¥B¨Ï©Ò¦³¦UºØ¹ïºô¸ôªº³s½u³£¯à¦¨¥\¦a¶i¦æ¡A¤×¨ä§AÀ³¸Ó­n¯à°÷¹ï <tt/127.0.0.1/ ¶i¦æ»·ºÝÃ±¤J¨Ã¥B¶i¤J§A¦Û¤vªº³o¥x¾÷¾¹(²{¦b´N¸Õ¸Õ!)¡D
¦P®É§A¤]»Ý­n¤@¥÷¹B§@¨}¦nªº <tt>/etc/host.conf</tt>, <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> ¥H¤Î <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> ÀÉ®×§@¬°¶}©l¡D
¦]¬°§Ú±N¤£·|¦b³o¸Ì¸ÑÄÀ¥¦­Ìªº¥\¯à¡D¦pªG§AÁÙ¨S¦³§¹¦¨©Ò¦³³o¨Ç³]©w¨Ã¨Ï¨ä¹B§@¨º»ò the networking/NET-2 HOWTO ·|¸ÑÄÀ¦p¦ó³]¥ß¥¦­Ì¡D¾\Åª¤§¡D
<p>
¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î SLIP ©ÎªÌ¬O PPP ¨º»ò§A±o­n¯àÅý¥¦¹B§@¡D­Y¬O¥¦ÁÙ¤£¯à¹B§@ªº¸Ü¾\Åª <htmlurl url="PPP-HOWTO.html" name="PPP HOWTO">¡D
<p>
·í§Ú»¡¡¥§Aªº¾÷¾¹¡¦®É§Úªº·N«ä¬O§A¥¿­n¹Á¸Õ¦b¤W­±³]¥ß DNS  ªº¨º¥x¾÷¾¹¡D
¤£¬O¥ô¦ó¥i¯à¦b§Aºô¸ôÀô¹Ò¸Ìªº¨ä¥¦¾÷¾¹¡D
<p>
§Ú°²³]§A¨Ã¤£¬O³B©ó¥ô¦ó·|ªýÃª¦WºÙ¬d¸ßªº¨¾¤õÀð«á­±¡D¦pªG§A¬O¨º»ò§A±N·|»Ý­n¯S§Oªº³]©w¡A
°Ñ¨£ <ref id="qanda" name="FAQ"> ¤@¸`¡D
<p>
¦b Unix ¤Wªº¦WºÙªA°È¬OÂÇ¥Ñ¤@¤äºÙ¬° <tt/named/ ªºµ{¦¡¨Ó°õ¦æªº¡D
³o¬OÄÝ©ó bind ®M¥óªº¤@³¡¥÷¡A³o­Ó®M¥ó¬O¥Ñ Paul Vixie ¬°ºô»Úºô¸ô³nÅé¶°¹Î(Internet Software Consortium)©Ò¨ó½Õµo®iªº¡D
¤j³¡¤Àªº Linux µo¦æ®M¥ó³£¥]§t¦³ <tt/named/¡A¦Ó¥B³q±`¦w¸Ë©ó <tt>/usr/sbin/named</tt>¡D
¦pªG§Aªº¨t²Î¦³­Ó <tt/named/ ¨º»ò§A¤j·§¥i¥Hª½±µ¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡F¦pªG¨S¦³ªº¸Ü¨º»ò§A¥i¥H±q¬Y­Ó Linux ftp ¯¸¨ú¦^¤@¥÷¤G¶i¦ì°õ¦æÀÉ¡A©Î¬O±q <tt><htmlurl url="ftp://ftp.vix.com/pub/bind/" name="ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/"></tt> ¥Ø¿ý¸Ì¨ú±o³Ì·s³Ì´Îªº­ì©lµ{¦¡½X¡D
¥»¤å¥ó¬O»¡©ú bind version 4 ªº¡D¦pªG§A¦w¸Ë version 8 §A­n¦Û¤v·Q¿ìªk¡Dµy«á¦³¤@¸`¥i¯à·|¹ï§A¦³¨ÇÀ°§U¡D
<p>
DNS ¬O­Ó¥H¾ã­Óºô¸ô¬°½d³òªº(net-wide)¸ê®Æ®w¡D­n¤p¤ß§A©ñ¶i¸Ì­±ªº¸ê®Æ¡D
¦pªG§A©ñ¨Ç¼oª«¶i¥h¡A§A¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥¦¤H³£±N·|±q¤¤¨ú¥X¨Ç¼oª«¡D
«O«ù§A DNS ªº¾ã»ô¤@­P¨º»ò§A±N¯à±q¤¤¨ú±o¨}¦nªºªA°È¡D
¾Ç²ß¥h¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡AºÞ²z¥¦¡A°l¬d¥¦ªº¿ù»~¨º»ò§A±N·|¬O¥t¤@­Ó«O«ùºô¸ô§K©ó¦]¬°ºÞ²z¤£µ½¦Ó®Ä²v§C¸¨ªº¦nºÞ²zªÌ¡D
<p>
¦b³o¥÷¤å¥ó¸Ì§ÚÂ_µM¦a±Ô­z´X¥ó¨Ã¤£§¹¥þ¬O¯u¹êªº¨Æ±¡(ÁöµM¥¦­Ì¦Ü¤Ö¦³¤@¥b¬O¯uªº)¡D
³o¥þ³£¬O¬°¤FÂ²¤Æ¡D¦pªG§A¬Û«H§Ú©Ò»¡ªº¨º»ò³o¨Ç¤j·§´N¯à¹B§@¡D
<p>
<bf/­n³Z:/ ¦pªG§A¤w¸g¾Ö¦³§Ú­n§A¥h§ïÅÜªºÀÉ®×¡A¨º»ò©Ò¦³³o¨ÇÀÉ®×³£­n¥ý°µ³Æ¥÷¡A
³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó¦pªG¸g¾ú³o¨Ç§ïÅÜ¤§«á¨S¦³ªF¦è·|°Êªº¸Ü§A¥i¥H¦^´_¨ì§AÂÂªº¡A¥i¥H¹B§@ªº±¡§Î¡D

<sect>¼È¦s±M¥Î¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹<label id="caching">
<p>
<bf/DNS °t¸mªº­ººØ¹Á¸Õ¡A¹ï¼·±µ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ«D±`¦³¥Î¡D/
<p>
¤@¥x¼È¦s±M¥Î¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹±N·|¬°¦WºÙ¬d¸ß§ä¥Xµª®×¨Ã¥B¦b¤U¤@¦¸§A»Ý­n¨º­Ó¦WºÙªº®É­Ô°O±oµª®×¡D
<p>
­º¥ý§A»Ý­n¤@­ÓºÙ¬° <tt>/etc/named.boot</tt> ªºÀÉ®×¡D·í <tt/named/ ±Ò°Ê®É·|Åª¨ú³o­ÓÀÉ®×¡D
¥Ø«e¥¦À³¸Ó³æ¯Â¦a¥]§t:

<code>
;  Boot file for nicolais caching name server
;
directory /var/named
;
; type          domain                          source file or host
cache           .                               root.cache
primary         0.0.127.in-addr.arpa            pz/127.0.0
</code>
<p>
<bf/«D±`­«­n:/ ¦b³o¤å¥óªº¬Y¨Çª©¥»¤¤³o­ÓÀÉ®×ªº³o¥÷¦Cªí·|¦b²Ä¤@­Ó«DªÅ¥Õ¦r¤¸«e¥]§t¤@¨ÇªÅ®æ©Î tab Áä¡D
³o¨Ç¤£À³¸Ó¥X²{¦bÀÉ®×¤¤¡D¦pªG§A±q³o¥÷ HOWTO °Å¶K¤U¨Ó¡A°O±o<bf/§R°£¥ô¦ó«e­±ªºªÅ¥Õ/¡D
<p>
`<tt/directory/' ³o¤@¦æ§i¶D <tt/named/ ¨ì­þ¸Ì¥h§ä´MÀÉ®×¡D©Ò¦³¨ä«á©R¦WªºÀÉ®×³£±N¬O¬Û¹ï©ó¦¹¥Ø¿ýªº¡D
®Ú¾Ú Linux ÀÉ®×¨t²Î¼Ð·Ç¥¿½Tªº¥Ø¿ýÀ³¸Ó¬O¦b <tt>/var/named</tt>¡D
¦]¦¹ <tt/pz/ ¬O¦ì©ó <tt>/var/named</tt> ¤§¤Uªº¡A¤]´N¬O¡A<tt>/var/named/pz</tt>¡D
<p>
ºÙ¬° <tt>/var/named/root.cache</tt> ªº³o­ÓÀÉ®×¬O¦b¦¹©R¦Wªº¡D
³o­Ó <tt>/var/named/root.cache</tt> À³¸Ó¥]§t:

<code>
 .       518400  NS      D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518400  NS      C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
;
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       192.112.36.4
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     3600000 A       192.33.4.12
</code>

<bf/°O¦í§Ú»¡¹L­n¥h±¼ªÅ¥Õ¦r¤¸!/
<p>
³o­ÓÀÉ®×´y­z¤F¦b³o­Ó¥@¬É¤Wªº®Ú¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D³o·|ÀH®É¶¡¦Ó§ïÅÜ¨Ã¥B<em/¥²¶·/¥[¥HºûÅ@¡D
¦p¦ó¯à«O«ù¥¦ÀH®É§ó·s½Ð°Ñ¨£<ref id="maint" name="ºûÅ@½g">¡D
¦b <tt/named/ ªº½u¤W¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¸Ì¦³³o­ÓÀÉ®×ªº´y­z¡A¦ý¬O³o¡A¥H§Ú¬Ý¨Ó¡A³Ì¾A¦X¨º¨Ç¤w¸g¤F¸Ñ <tt/named/ ªº¤H­Ì¡D
<p>
¦b <tt/named.boot/ ¸Ìªº¤U¤@¦æ¬O <tt/primary/ ³o¤@¦æ¡D
§Ú±N·|¦bµy«áªº³¹¸`¸Ì¸ÑÄÀ¥¦ªº¥Îªk¡A¥Ø«e¥u­n§â¥¦³]¬°¦b <tt/pz/ ¤l¥Ø¿ý¤U¤@­ÓºÙ¬° <tt/127.0.0/ ªºÀÉ®×:

<code>
@               IN      SOA     linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                1       ; Serial
                                28800   ; Refresh
                                7200    ; Retry
                                604800  ; Expire
                                86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                        NS      ns.linux.bogus.
1                       PTR     localhost.
</code>

±µ¤U¨Ó¡A§A»Ý­n¤@¥÷¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³³o¼Ëªº <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> ÀÉ®×:

<code>
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu
nameserver 127.0.0.1
</code>

`<tt/search/' ³o¤@¦æ«ü¥X¹ï©ó¥ô¦ó§A·Q³s©¹ªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙÀ³¸Ó·j´Mªº»â°ì¡D
`<tt/nameserver/' ³o¤@¦æ«ü¥X§Aªº¾÷¾¹¥i¥H¦b­þ­Ó¦ì§}¤W§ä¨ì¤@¥x¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡A
¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬O§A¦Û¤vªº³o¥x¾÷¾¹¡A¦]¬°§A¦b¥¦¤W­±°õ¦æ <tt/named/¡D
¦pªG§A·Q¦C¥X¦n´X­Ó¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹§â¥¦­Ì³£©ñ¦b¤@¦æ `<tt/nameserver/' ¸Ì¡A¥ÎªÅ®æ¹j¶}¡D
(ª`·N: <tt/named/ ±q¤£Åª¨ú³o­ÓÀÉ®×¡A¦Ó¬O¨Ï¥Î <tt/named/ ªº¦WºÙ¸Ñµª¾¹·|Åª¨ú¡D)
<p>
¨Ó»¡©ú¤@¤U³o­ÓÀÉ®×¦³¤°»ò§@¥Î: ¦pªG¬Y­Ó«È¤áºÝ¹Á¸Õ­n§ä´M <tt/foo/ ªº¸Ü¡A
¨º»ò­º¥ý¹Á¸Õªº¬O <tt>foo.subdomain.your-domain.edu</tt> ³o­Ó¦WºÙ¡A
µM«á±µ¤U¨Ó¬O <tt>foo.your-fomain.edu</tt> ³o­Ó¦WºÙ¡A³Ì«á«h¬O <tt/foo/ ³o­Ó¦WºÙ¡D
¦pªG¦³¬Y­Ó«È¤áºÝ¹Á¸Õ­n§ä´M <tt>sunsite.unc.edu</tt> ªº¸Ü¡A
¨º­º¥ý¹Á¸Õªº¬O <tt>sunsite.unc.edu.subdomain.your-domain.edu</tt> ³o­Ó¦WºÙ(¨S¿ù¡A¥¦¯u²Â! ¤£¹L¥¦´N¬O³o»ò°µ)¡A
µM«á±µ¤U¨Ó¬O <tt>sunsite.unc.edu.your-domain.edu</tt> ³o­Ó¦WºÙ¡A³Ì«á«h·|¬O <tt>sunsite.unc.edu</tt> ³o­Ó¦WºÙ¡D
§A¥i¯à¤£·|·Q©ñ¤Ó¦h»â°ì¨ì <tt/search/ ¸Ó¦æ¸Ì¥h¡A·j´M¥¦­Ì·|¦hªá®É¶¡¡D
<p>
³o­Ó½d¨Ò°²³]§AÄÝ©ó <tt>subdomain.your-domain.edu</tt> ³o­Ó»â°ì¡A
¨º»ò§Aªº¾÷¾¹¡A¥i¯à·|ºÙ¬° <tt>your-machine.subdomain.your-domain.edu</tt>¡D
¦b <tt/search/ ³o¦æ¸Ì¤£À³¸Ó¥]§t§Aªº TLD (³»¼h»â°ì Top Level Domain¡A¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¤¤¬O <tt/edu/ ³o­Ó»â°ì)¡D
¦pªG§A¸g±`»Ý­n³s½u¨ì¦b¥t¥~¤@­Ó»â°ì¸Ìªº¥D¾÷§A»ò§A¥i¥H§â¸Ó»â°ì¹³³o¼Ë¦a¥[¶i <tt/search/ ³o¦æ¸Ì:

<code>
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu other-domain.com
</code>

¨Ì¦¹Ãþ±À¡D«Ü©úÅãªº¬O§A±o©ñ¤J¯u¹êªº»â°ì¦WºÙ¨Ó¨ú¥N³o¨Ç¦WºÙ¡D½Ðª`·N¦b»â°ì¦WºÙªº³Ì«á­±¨Ã¨S¦³¥y¸¹ '.'¡D
<p>
±µ¤U¨Ó¡A®Ú¾Ú§A libc ª©¥»ªº¤£¦P»Ý­n­×¥¿ <tt>/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> ©ÎªÌ¬O <tt>/etc/host.conf</tt> ÀÉ®×¡D
<p>
<bf>/etc/nsswitch.conf</bf>
<p>
³o¬O¤@­Ó«ÜªøªºÀÉ®×¡A¥¦«ü¥X¨ì¦ó³B¥h¨ú±o¦UºØ¤£¦Pªº¸ê®Æ«¬ºA¡A±q¤°»òÀÉ®×©Î¬O¸ê®Æ®w¨ú±o¡D
¥¦ªº³»ºÝ¸g±`·|¥]§t¤@¨Ç¦³¥Îªºµù¸Ñ¡D§ä¥X¥H `<tt/hosts:/'  §@¬°¶}ÀYªº¨º¤@¦æ¡A¥¦À³¸Ó¬O³o¼Ë:

<code>
hosts:      files dns
</code>

¦pªGÀÉ®×¸Ì¨S¦³¥H `<tt/hosts:/' §@¬°¶}ÀYªº¦æ¨º»ò§â¤W­±³o¤@¦æ¥[¤W¥h¡D
¥¦¬O»¡µ{¦¡À³¸Ó¥ý¦b <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> ÀÉ®×¸Ì§ä´M¡AµM«á®Ú¾Ú <tt/resolv.conf/ ¸ß°Ý DNS¡D
<p>
<bf>/etc/host.conf</bf> 
<p>
¥¦¥i¯à¥]§t¦³¼Æ¦æ¡A¨ä¤¤À³¸Ó¦³¤@¦æ¥H <tt/order/ §@¬°¶}©l¦Ó¥B¥¦¬Ý°_¨Ó·|¹³³o¼Ë:

<code>
order hosts,bind
</code>

¦pªGÀÉ®×¸Ì¨S¦³ `<tt/order/'  ³o¤@¦æªº¸Ü¨º»ò§AÀ³¸Ó¶K¤@¥÷¤W¥h¡D
¥¦§i¶D¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¸ÑªR¨ç¦¡¥ý¦b <tt>/etc/hosts</tt> ¸Ì§ä´M¡AµM«á¬d°Ý¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹
(¦b <tt/resolv.conf/ ¸Ì§A»¡¦b 127.0.0.1 ³o­Ó¦a¤è)¡D
¦b¤j³¡¤À Linux µo¦æ®M¥ó¤¤³Ì«á³o¨â­ÓÀÉ®×ªº¤å¥ó¦b resolv(8) ªº½u¤W¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¤¤(°õ¦æ `<tt/man 8 resolv/' §Y¥i)¡D
³o¥÷½u¤W¥Î¤â¥U§ÚÄ±±o¥i¬Ý¡A¦Ó¥B¨C­Ó¤H¡A¯S§O¬O DNS ºÞ²zªÌ¡A³£À³¸Ó­n¾\Åª¥¦¡D
²{¦b´N°µ¡A¦pªG§A¹ï§A¦Û¤v»¡&ldquo;§Úµy«á±N·|¥h°µ&rdquo;¡A§A±N¥Ã»·¤£·|¥h±µªñ¥¦¡D

<sect1>°_©l named
<p>
³o¨Ç¥þ³¡§¹¦¨«á´N¥i¥H°_©l <tt/named/ ¤F¡D¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î¼·±µ³s½uªº¸Ü¨º»ò½Ð¥ý³s¤Wºô¸ô¡D
Áä¤J `<tt/ndc start/'  ¨Ã¥B«ö¤U <tt/RETURN/ Áä¡A¨S¦³¿ï¶µ¡D
¦pªG¥¦¤£¦æªº¸Ü¨º»ò¸ÕµÛ¨Ï¥Î `<tt>/usr/sbin/ndc start</tt>' ¨Ó¨ú¥N¡D
¦A¤£¦æªº¸Ü½Ð°Ñ¦Ò <ref id="qanda" name="FAQ"> ¤@¸`¡D
²{¦b§A¥i¥H´ú¸Õ§Aªº³]©w¡D·í§A¦b°_©l <tt/named/ ªº®É­Ô¦pªG§AÆ[¹î¤@¤U
(¨Ï¥Î <tt>tail -f /var/adm/messages</tt> «ü¥O)¨t²Î°O¿ý°T®§ÀÉ®×
(³q±`¬OºÙ¬° <tt>/var/adm/messages</tt> ªºÀÉ®×¡A¦ý¤]¥i¯à¦b <tt>/var/log</tt> ¤U¡A©Î¬O¥s <tt/syslog/ ªºÀÉ®×)
¨º»ò§AÀ³¸Ó·|¬Ý¨£¹³¼Ëªº¤@¨ÇªF¦è:
<tscreen><verb>
Jun 30 21:50:55 roke named[2258]: starting.  named 4.9.4-REL Sun Jun 30 21:29:03 MET DST 1996   janl@roke.slip.ifi.uio.no:/var/tmp/bind/named
Jun 30 21:50:55 roke named[2258]: cache zone "" loaded (serial 0)
Jun 30 21:50:55 roke named[2258]: primary zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" loaded (serial 1)
</verb></tscreen>

¦pªG¦³¥ô¦óÃö©ó¿ù»~ªº°T®§¨º»ò´N¬O¦³­Ó¿ù»~µo¥Í¡A
<tt/named/ ±N·|«ü¦W¦³¿ù»~ªºÀÉ®×(§Ú·Q¬O <tt/named.boot/ ¥H¤Î <tt/root.cache/ ¨ä¤¤¤§¤@:-)¡D
±þ±¼ <tt/named/ µ{§Ç¨Ã¦^ÀYÀË¬d¨º¨ÇÀÉ®×¡D
<p>
²{¦b¥i¥H¥Î <tt/nslookup/ ¨ÓÀË¬d¤@¤U§Aªº¤u§@:
<tscreen><verb>
$ nslookup
Default Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

>
</verb></tscreen>

¦pªG³o¬O§A©Ò±o¨ìªº¦^À³¨º»ò¥¦¤w¸g¯à°÷¹B§@¡D§Ú­Ì§Æ±æ¬O³o¼Ë¡D±o¨ì¥ô¦ó¨ä¥¦¦^À³³£½Ð¦^ÀYÀË¬d¨C¤@¥ó¨Æ¡D
¨C¤@¦¸§A§ïÅÜ <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¤§«á§A³£±o¨Ï¥Î <tt/ndc restart/ ³o­Ó«ü¥O­«·s°_©l <tt/named/ µ{¦¡¡D
<p>
²{¦b§A¥i¥H¿é¤J¬d¸ß¡D¹Á¸Õ§ä´M¬Y¨Ç¾aªñ§Aªº¾÷¾¹¡D<tt/pat.uio.no/ Â÷§Ú¤£»·¡A¦b Oslo ªº¤j¾Ç¸Ì:
<tscreen><verb>
> pat.uio.no
Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

Name:    pat.uio.no
Address:  129.240.2.50
</verb></tscreen>

²{¦b <tt/nslookup/ ­n¨D§Aªº <tt/named/ §ä´M <tt/pat.uio.no/ ³o¥x¾÷¾¹¡D
µM«á¥¦(<tt/named/)ÁpÃ´¦b§A <tt>root.cache</tt> ÀÉ®×¸Ì©Ò«ü¦Wªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾÷¾¹¨ä¤¤¤@¥x¡A
¨Ã¥B±q¨º¸Ì¬d°Ý¥¦¸Ó¦p¦óÄ~Äò¤U¥h¡D¦b§A¨ú±oµ²ªG¤§«e¥i¯à±oªá¶O¤@ÂI®É¶¡¡A
¦]¬°¥¦·j´M§A¦b <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> ¸Ì«ü¦Wªº©Ò¦³»â°ì¡D
<p>
¦pªG§A¦A¸Õ¤@¦¸ªº¸Ü¨º»ò§A±N·|±o¨ì:
<tscreen><verb>
> pat.uio.no
Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:    pat.uio.no
Address:  129.240.2.50
</verb></tscreen>

ª`·N³o¦^§Ú­Ì©Ò±o¨ìªº `<tt/Non-authoritative answer:/' ³o¤@¦æ¡D
³o¥Nªí <tt/named/ ¦¹¦¸¨Ã¥¼¨ìºô¸ô¥~¥h¬d°Ý¡A¨ú¦Ó¥N¤§ªº¬O¦b¥¦ªº¼È¦s°Ï¸Ì§ä´M¨Ã¥B¦b¨º¸Ì§ä¨ìµª®×¡D
¦ý¬O¼È¦sªº¸ê°T<em/¥i¯à/·|¹L®É¡D©Ò¥H¥¦ÂÇ¥Ñ `<tt/Non-authorative answer:/' ¨Óª¾·|§A¦³³o­Ó(«Ü»´·Lªº)¦MÀI©Ê¦s¦b¡D
·í <tt/nslookup/ »¡³o¬O§A²Ä¤G¦¸¬d°Ý¬Y¥x¥D¾÷®É¡A³o¬O <tt/named/ ¯à¼È¦s¸Ó¶µ¸ê°T¨Ã¥B¥¿±`¹B§@ªº¤@­Ó°T®§¡D
§A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î `exit' «ü¥OÂ÷¶} <tt/nslookup/ µ{¦¡¡D
<p>
¦pªG§A¬O­Ó¼·±µ(ppp, slip) ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ½Ð¾\Åª<ref id="auto" name="¼·±µ³s½u±M¸`">¡A¸Ì­±¦³¤@¨Çµ¹§Aªº«ØÄ³¡D
<p>
²{¦b§Aª¾¹D¦p¦ó³]¥ß¤@­Ó¯à°÷¼È¦sªº <tt/named/ ¨t²Î¡D¨ÓªM°à°s¡A¤û¥¤¡A©Î¬O¥ô¦ó§A³ßÅwªºªF¦è¨Ó¼y¯¬§a¡D

<sect>¤@­Ó<em/Â²³æ/ªº»â°ì<label id="simple">
<p>
<bf>¦p¦ó«Ø¥ß§A¦Û¤vªº»â°ì</bf>

<sect1>¥ý¨Ó¤@ÂI¯Â²z½×
<p>
¦b§Ú­Ì<em/¯uªº/¶}©l¶i¦æ³o¤@¸`¥H«e§Ú±N·|´£¨Ñ§A¤@¨ÇÃö©ó DNS ¦p¦ó¹B§@ªº²z½×¡D
¦Ó§AÀ³¸Ó¾\Åª¥¦¦]¬°³o¹ï§A¦³¯q¡D¦pªG§A¤£¡¥·Q­n¡¦¨º»ò¦Ü¤Ö§A¤]±o«Ü§Ö¦a²¤Åª¤@¤U¡D
·í§A¬Ý¨ìÀ³¸Ó©ñ¶i <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¸Ì¥hªº¤º®e®É¦A°±¤î³oºØ²¤Åª¤è¦¡¡D
<p>
DNS ¬O¤@­Ó¶¥¼h¦¡ªº¨t²Î¡D¨ä³»ºÝ¼g§@ `<tt/./' ¦Ó¨äµo­µ¬° `root' ¡D
¦b . ¤§¤U¦³´X­Ó³»¼h»â°ì(TLDs)¡A³Ìª¾¦Wªº¬O ORG, COM, EDU  ¥H¤Î NET ³o´X­Ó¡A¦ý¬OÁÙ¦³§ó¦h¡D
<p>
¦b´M§ä¤@¥x¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ®É¬d¸ß·|¥H»¼°j¤èªk±q³»ºÝ¶}©l¡D
·í§A·Q­n§ä¥X <tt/prep.ai.mit.edu/ ªº¦ì§}®É§Aªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¥²¶·§ä¨ì­t³d <tt/edu/ ªº¤@¥x¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D
³o­Ó°ÝÃD¥¦·|¥h¬d°Ý <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×¡A¦Ó <tt/./ ¦øªA¾¹·|µ¹¥¦¤@¥÷ <tt/edu/ ¦øªA¾¹¦Cªí¡D
<tscreen><verb>
$ nslookup
Default Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1
</verb></tscreen>

¶}©l¬d°Ý¬Y¥x®Ú¦øªA¾¹¡D
<tscreen><verb>
> server c.root-servers.net.
Default Server:  c.root-servers.net
Address:  192.33.4.12
</verb></tscreen>

³]©w¬d¸ß«¬ºA¬° NS (¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹°O¿ý name server records)¡D
<tscreen><verb>
> set q=ns
</verb></tscreen>

¬d°ÝÃö©ó <tt/edu./ ªº¸ê®Æ¡D
<tscreen><verb>
> edu.
</verb></tscreen>

µ²§Àªº . ¦b³o¸Ì«D±`­«­n¡A¥¦§i¶D¸Ó¦øªA¾¹§Ú­Ì©Ò¬d°Ýªº <tt/edu/ ¬O¦b . ¤§¤Uªº¨º¤@­Ó¡A
³oµy¯àÁY¤p·j´Mªº½d³ò¡D
<tscreen><verb>
edu     nameserver = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu     nameserver = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET      internet address = 192.112.36.4
</verb></tscreen>

³o§i¶D§Ú­Ì <tt/*.root-servers.net/ ªA°È <tt/edu./ »â°ì¡A©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì¥i¥HÂÇ¦¹Ä~Äò¬d°Ý <tt/c/ ¦øªA¾¹¡D
²{¦b§Ú­Ì·Q­nª¾¹D¬O½Ö­t³d¤U¤@¼h <tt/mit.edu./ ªº»â°ì¦WºÙ:
<tscreen><verb>
> mit.edu.
Server:  c.root-servers.net
Address:  192.33.4.12

Non-authoritative answer:
mit.edu nameserver = STRAWB.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = W20NS.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = BITSY.mit.edu

Authoritative answers can be found from:
STRAWB.mit.edu  internet address = 18.71.0.151
W20NS.mit.edu   internet address = 18.70.0.160
BITSY.mit.edu   internet address = 18.72.0.3
</verb></tscreen>

<tt/steawb/, <tt/w20ns/ ¥H¤Î <tt/bitsy/ ­t³d <tt/mit/ »â°ì¡A¿ï¾Ü¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¨Ã¥B¬d¸ß <tt/ai.mit.edu/:
<tscreen><verb>
> server W20NS.mit.edu.
</verb></tscreen>

¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¤£¤À¤j¤p¼g¡A¦ý¬O§Ú¨Ï¥Î·Æ¹«¨Ó°Å¶K©Ò¥H³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ¬O¿Ã¹õªº«þ¨©¡D
<tscreen><verb>
Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
Address:  18.70.0.160

> ai.mit.edu.
Server:  W20NS.mit.edu
Address:  18.70.0.160

Non-authoritative answer:
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU

Authoritative answers can be found from:
AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU      nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU     internet address = 128.52.32.13
WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU     internet address = 128.52.35.13
ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.32.5
ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.37.5
GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.32.4
GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU   internet address = 128.52.36.4
TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.6
TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.38.6
MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU       internet address = 128.52.32.7
MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU       internet address = 128.52.39.7
</verb></tscreen>

©Ò¥H <tt/weaties.ai.mit.edu/ ¬O <tt/ai.mit.edu/ ªº¤@¥x¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹:
<tscreen><verb>
> server WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU.
Default Server:  WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU
Addresses:  128.52.32.13, 128.52.35.13
</verb></tscreen>

²{¦b§Ú§ïÅÜ¬d¸ßªº«¬ºA¡A§Ú­Ì¤w¸g§ä¨ì¸Ó¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹©Ò¥H²{¦b§Ú­Ì±N­n¸ß°Ý <tt/wheaties/ Ãö©ó <tt/prep.ai.mit.edu/ ¥¦©Òª¾¹Dªº¥ô¦ó¨Æ±¡¡D
<tscreen><verb>
> set q=any
> prep.ai.mit.edu.
Server:  WHEATIES.AI.MIT.EDU
Addresses:  128.52.32.13, 128.52.35.13

prep.ai.mit.edu CPU = dec/decstation-5000.25    OS = unix
prep.ai.mit.edu
        inet address = 18.159.0.42, protocol = tcp
         #21 #23 #25 #79
prep.ai.mit.edu preference = 1, mail exchanger = life.ai.mit.edu
prep.ai.mit.edu internet address = 18.159.0.42
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = wheaties.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = grape-nuts.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = trix.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = muesli.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = count-chocula.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = life.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu      nameserver = mintaka.lcs.mit.edu
life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.80
alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu   internet address = 128.52.32.5
wheaties.ai.mit.edu     internet address = 128.52.35.13
wheaties.ai.mit.edu     internet address = 128.52.32.13
grape-nuts.ai.mit.edu   internet address = 128.52.36.4
grape-nuts.ai.mit.edu   internet address = 128.52.32.4
mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu  internet address = 128.52.32.11
mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu  internet address = 128.52.54.11
mintaka.lcs.mit.edu     internet address = 18.26.0.36
</verb></tscreen>

©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì±q <tt/./ ¶}©l³sÄò§ä¥X¦b»â°ì¦WºÙ¸Ìªº¤U¤@¼h¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D
¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î§A¦Û¤vªº DNS ¦øªA¾¹¦Ó¤£¬O©Ò¦³³o¨Ç­Ó¨ä¥¦ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A
§Aªº <tt/named/ ·íµM·|¼È¦s©Ò¦³³o¨Ç¦b¬°§A´M§ä³o­Óµª®×®É©Ò§ä¨ìªº¸ê°T¡A
¦Ó¥B¦b¤@¬q®É¶¡¤º¥¦¤£¥²¦A¦¸¬d°Ý¡D
<p>
¤@­Ó¤ñ¸û°_¨Ó«Ü¤Ö³Q½×¤Î¡A¦ý¬O¦P¼Ë­«­nªº¬O <tt/in-addr.arpa/ »â°ì¡D¥¦¤]¹³¡¥¥¿±`ªº¡¦»â°ì¤@¼Ë¬O±_ª¬ªº¡D
<tt/in-addr.arpa/ Åý§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¦b¾Ö¦³¥D¾÷¦ì§}ªº®É­Ô±oª¾¸Ó¥D¾÷ªº¦WºÙ¡D
¦b³o¸Ì¦³¥ó­«­nªº¨Æ±¡­nª`·Nªº¬O¦b <tt/in-addr.arpa/ ³o­Ó»â°ì¤¤ ip ¼Æ¦r¬O¥H¤Ï¦V¶¶§Ç®Ñ¼gªº¡D
¦pªG§A¦³¬Y¥x¾÷¾¹ªº¦ì§}: 192.128.52.43 ¨º»ò <tt/named/ ·|¥HÃþ¦ü <tt/prep.ai.mit.edu/ ³o­Ó½d¨Òªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³B²z:
§ä¥X <tt/arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A§ä¥X <tt/in-addr.arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡AµM«á¦A§ä¥X <tt/192.in-addr.arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A
§ä¥X <tt/128.192.in-addr.arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A±µµÛ§ä¥X <tt/52.128.192.in-addr.arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A
³Ì«á¦A§ä¥X©Ò»Ý¤§ <tt/43.52.128.192.in-addr.arpa./ ªº°O¿ý¡DÁo©ú¥G? (»¡¡¥¬Oªº¡¦)¡D
ÀY¨â¦~³o¤Ï¦Vªº¼Æ¦r¤]¤Þ°_¹L¤@¨Ç§xÂZ¡D
<p>
¨ä¹ê§Ú¬OÄF§Aªº¡DDNS ¨Ã«D§¹§¹¥þ¥þ¦a¹³§Ú§i¶D§Aªº³o¼Ë¹B§@¡D¦ý¬O³o¤w¸g°÷±µªñªº¤F¡D

<sect1>§Ú­Ì¦Û¤vªº»â°ì
<p>
²{¦b¨Ó©w¸q§Ú­Ì¦Û¤vªº»â°ì¡D§Ú­Ì±N·|³Ð³y¥X <em/linux.bogus/ ³o­Ó»â°ì¨Ã¥B©w¸q¨ä¤¤ªº¾÷¾¹¡D
§Ú¨Ï¥Î¤@­Ó§¹¥þ¬OµêÀÀ¥X¨Óªº»â°ì¦WºÙ¥H«K½T©w§Ú­Ì¤£·|ÂZ¶Ã¨ìºô¸ô¤Wªº¨ä¥¦¦a¤è¡D
<p>
§Ú­Ì¦­´N¤w¸g¥H <tt/named.boot/ ¸Ìªº³o¤@¦æ¶}©l¤F³o­Ó³¡¥÷ªº³]©w:

<code>
primary		0.0.127.in-addr.arpa		pz/127.0.0
</code>

½Ðª`·N¦b³o­ÓÀÉ®×¸Ìªº»â°ì¦WºÙµ²§À¨Ã¨S¦³¥[¤W `<tt/./' ²Å¸¹¡D
²Ä¤@¦æ§â©w¸q <tt/0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/ ªºÀÉ®×©R¦W¬° <tt>pz/127.0.0</tt>¡D
§Ú­Ì¦­¤w¸g«Ø¥ß¤F³o­ÓÀÉ®×¡A¥¦¬O³o¼Ëªº:

<code>
@               IN      SOA     linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                                1       ; Serial
                                28800   ; Refresh
                                7200    ; Retry
                                604800  ; Expire
                                86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                        NS      ns.linux.bogus.
1                       PTR     localhost.
</code>

½Ðª`·N¦b³o­ÓÀÉ®×¸Ì©Ò¦³ªº§¹¾ã»â°ì¦WºÙµ²§Àªº `<tt/./' ²Å¸¹¡A³o»P¤W­±´£¨ìªº named.boot ÀÉ®×§Î¦¨¹ï¤ñ¡D
¦³¨Ç¤H³ßÅw¥H <tt/&dollar;ORIGIN/ «ü¥O±Ò©l¨C­Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¡A¦ý³o¬O¤£¥²­nªº¡D
¤@­Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×ªº°òÂI(´N¬O¨ä©ÒÄÝªº DNS ¶¥¼h¬[ºc¦ì¸m)¬O¦b <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×ªº¡¥»â°ì¡¦¦æ¸Ì«ü©wªº¡A
¦b³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¸Ì¬O <tt/0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/¡D
<p>
³o­Ó¡¥°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¡¦¤¤¥]§t¤TºØ¡¥¸ê·½°O¿ý¡¦(resource records, RRs):
¤@­Ó¬O SOA ¸ê·½°O¿ý¡D¤@­Ó¬O NS ¸ê·½°O¿ý¥H¤Î¤@­Ó PTR °O¿ý¡D
SOA ¬O±ÂÅv°_©l(Start Of Authority)ªºÁY¼g¡D`@' ¬O­Ó·N«ä¬°°òÂIªº¯S®í¼Ð°O¡A
¦Ó¦]¬°³o­ÓÀÉ®×ªº¡¥»â°ì¡¦¦æ»¡¬O <tt/0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/ ©Ò¥H²Ä¤@¦æ¹ê»Ú¤W¬O«ü
<tscreen><verb>
  0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA.	IN	SOA ...
</verb></tscreen>
<p>
NS ¬O¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¸ê·½°O¿ý¡A¥¦§i¶D DNS ¤°»ò¾÷¾¹¬O³o­Ó»â°ì <tt/0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/ ªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡A¤]´N¬O <tt/ns.linux.bogus/.
¦Ó³Ì«áªº PTR °O¿ý»¡ <tt/1/ (µ¥©ó¬O <tt/1.0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA/, ¤]´N¬O <tt/127.0.0.1/)ªº¦WºÙ¬O localhost¡D
<p>
SOA ³o­Ó°O¿ý¬O<em/©Ò¦³/°Ï°ìÀÉ®×ªº§Ç¤å¡A¦Ó¥B¦b¨C¤@­Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¸Ì³£À³¸Ó¦³³o°ß¤@ªº¤@­Ó¡A³Ì¶}ÀYªº°O¿ý¡D
¥¦´y­z¸Ó°Ï°ì¡A¥¦±q¦ó¦Ó¨Ó(¤@¥xºÙ¬° <tt/linux.bogus/ ªº¾÷¾¹)¡A½Ö­t³d¨ä¤º®e(<tt/hostmaster@linux.bogus/)¡A
³o­Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¬O¤°»òª©¥»(serial: 1)¡A¥H¤Î¨ä¥¦¥²¶·°µªº¡A¦³Ãö¼È¦s»P¦¸­n¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹ªº¨Æ¡D
³Ñ¤UªºÄæ¦ì¦p refresh, retry, expire ¥H¤Î minimum §A¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î³o¥÷¤å¥ó¸Ì©Ò¥Îªº¼Æ¦r¦Ó¥BÀ³¸Ó¤£·|¥X°ÝÃD¡D
<p>
²{¦b­«·s°_©l§Aªº <tt/named/(¨Ï¥Î <tt/ndc restart/ «ü¥O)¨Ã¨Ï¥Î <tt/nslookup/ ¨ÓÀËÅç§Ú­Ì°µ¤F¤°»ò:
<tscreen><verb>
$ nslookup

Default Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

> 127.0.0.1
Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

Name:    localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1
</verb></tscreen>

©Ò¥H¥¦ºÞ²z±q <tt/127.0.0.1/ ±o¨ì <tt/localhost/ ªº¹Lµ{¡A«Ü¦n¡D
²{¦b¶}©l§Ú­Ìªº¥D­n¥ô°È¡A<tt/linux.bogus/ ³o­Ó»â°ì¡A
¦b <tt/named.boot/ ¸Ì ´¡¤J·sªº¤@¦æ <tt/primary/ «ü¥O:

<code>
primary               linux.bogus                     pz/linux.bogus
</code>

ª`·N¡A¦b <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¸Ì»â°ì¦WºÙªºµ²§ÀÁÙ¬O¨S¦³ '<tt/./' ²Å¸¹¡D
<p>
¦b³o­Ó <tt/linux.bogus/ °Ï°ìÀÉ®×¸Ì§Ú­Ì±N·|©ñ¤J¤@¨Ç§¹¥þµêÀÀªº¸ê®Æ:

<code>
;
; Zone file for linux.bogus
;
; Mandatory minimum for a working domain
;
@       IN      SOA     linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                        199511301       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                        28800           ; refresh, seconds
                        7200            ; retry, seconds
                        3600000         ; expire, seconds
                        86400 )         ; minimum, seconds
                NS      ns.linux.bogus.
                NS      ns.friend.bogus.
                MX      10 mail.linux.bogus   ; Primary Mail Exchanger
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus. ; Secondary Mail Exchanger

localhost       A       127.0.0.1
ns              A       127.0.0.2
mail            A       127.0.0.4
</code>

Ãö©ó SOA °O¿ý¦³¨â¥ó¨Æ»Ý­nª`·N¡D­º¥ý <tt/ns.linux.bogus/ <em/¥²¶·/ ¬O¤@¥x¨ã¦³ A °O¿ýªº¯u¥¿¾÷¾¹¡D
¦b SOA °O¿ý¤¤¥Î CNAME °O¿ý¬°¦WºÙªº¾÷¾¹¬O¤£¦Xªkªº¡D¥¦ªº¦W¦r¤£¤@©w­n¬O <tt/ns/¡A¥¦¥i¥H¬O¥ô¦ó¦Xªkªº¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¡D
¦A¨Ó¡A<tt/hostmaster.linux.bogus/ À³¸Ó³Qµø¬° <tt/hostmaster@linux.bogus/¡A³oÀ³¸Ó¬O¤@­Ó¶l¥ó¦ì§}©Î§O¦W¡A
¬OºûÅ@³o­Ó DNS ªº¤H¸g±`Åª«Hªº¦ì§}¡D¥ô¦óÃö©ó¦¹»â°ìªº«H¥ó·|³Q°e¨ì³o­Ó¦ì§}¡D
¥¦ªº¦W¦r¤£¤@©w­n¬O <tt/hostmaster/¡A¥¦¥i¥H¬O¥ô¦ó¦Xªkªº¹q¤l¶l¥ó¦ì§}¡AµM¦Ó³o­Ó¦ì§} `<tt/hostmaster/' <em/À³¸Ó/¯à¤u§@¥¿±`¡D
<p>
¦b³o­ÓÀÉ®×¸Ì¦³¤@ºØ·sªº¸ê·½°O¿ý«¬ºA¡A§Y MX «¬ºA¡A©Î¬O¶l¥ó¥æ´«ªÌ¸ê·½°O¿ý(Mail eXchanger RR)¡D
³oºØ¸ê·½°O¿ý«¬ºA§i¶D¶l»¼¨t²Î¦a§} <tt/someone@linux.bogus/ ªº¶l¥ó­n±H°e¨ì­þ¸Ì¡A
´«¥y¸Ü»¡¤]´N¬OÀ³¸Ó±H°e¨ì <tt/mail.linux.bogus/ ©Î¬O <tt/mail.friend.bogus/¡D
¦b¨C­Ó¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ«e­±ªº¼Æ¦r¬O MX ¸ê·½°O¿ýªºÀu¥ýÅv¡A¼Æ¦r¤ñ¸û§C (10) ªº¸ê·½°O¿ý¬O¶l¥ó¥D­nÀ³¸Ó±H©¹ªº¾÷¾¹¡D
¦pªG¥¢±Ñ¥i¥H§â¥¦±H©¹¼Æ¦r¤ñ¸û°ªªº¾÷¾¹¡A¤@¥x¦¸­nªº¶l¥ó³B²zªÌ¡A¤]´N¬O¦b³o¸Ì¨ã¦³Àu¥ýÅv 20 ªº <tt/mail.friend.bogus/¡D
<p>
¥Î <tt/ndc restart/ ­«·s°_©l <tt/named/¡D¥H <tt/nslookup/ ÀËÅçµ²ªG:
<tscreen><verb>
$ nslookup
> set q=any
> linux.bogus
Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

linux.bogus
        origin = linux.bogus
        mail addr = hostmaster.linux.bogus
        serial = 199511301
        refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
        retry   = 7200 (2 hours)
        expire  = 604800 (7 days)
        minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
linux.bogus     preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.friend.bogus
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 127.0.0.2
mail.linux.bogus        internet address = 127.0.0.4
</verb></tscreen>

¤p¤ß¦aÀËÅç§A±N·|µo²{¤@­Ó¿ù»~¡D³o¤@¦æ
<tscreen><verb>
  linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
</verb></tscreen>
¥þ³£¿ù¤F¡D¥¦À³¸Ó¬O
<tscreen><verb>
  linux.bogus     preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus
</verb></tscreen>

§Ú¬G·N¥Ç¤F­Ó¿ù»~©Ò¥H§A¥i¥HÂÇ¦¹¾Ç²ß:-) ¥J²Ó¬Ý¬Ý¸Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×§Ú­Ì·|µo²{³o¤@¦æ
<tscreen><verb>
@		MX	10 mail.linux.bogus	; Primary Mail Exchanger
</verb></tscreen>
¿òº|¤F¤@­Ó¥yÂI¡D©Î¬O»¡¦h¤F­Ó `<tt/linux.bogus/'¡D
¦b°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¸Ì¦pªG¤@­Ó¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¤£¬O¥H¥yÂIµ²§À¨º»ò·|¦b¨äµ²§À¥[¤J°òÂI¡D©Ò¥H¤£½×¬O

<code>
@		MX	10 mail.linux.bogus.	; Primary Mail Exchanger
</code>

©Î¬O

<code>
@		MX	10 mail			; Primary Mail Exchanger
</code>

³£¬O¥¿½Tªº¡D§Ú¤ñ¸û³ßÅw«á­±³oºØ§Î¦¡¡A¥¦»Ý­nªº¥´¦r¤ñ¸û¤Ö¡D
¦b¤@­Ó°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¸Ì»â°ì¦WºÙÀ³¸Ó­n¤£´N¬O¼g¥X¨Ó¨Ã¥H `<tt/./'  µ²§À©ÎªÌ´N¬O¤@ÂI³£¤£­n¥]§t¶i¥h¡A
¦Ó¦b³oºØ±¡ªp¤U¨ä»â°ì¹w³]¬°°òÂI¡D¨ä¥¦¤H¤]³\³ßÅw±Ä¥Î¥t¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¡D
<p>
§Ú¥²¶·±j½Õªº¬O¦b <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¸Ì»â°ì¦WºÙ«á­±<em/¤£À³¸Ó/¦³ `<tt/./'  ªº¦s¦b¡D
§A¤£ª¾¹D¦³¦h¤Ö¦¸¦]¬°¦h¤F©Î¤Ö¤F¤@­Ó `<tt/./'  ¦Ó·d¯{¤F¨Ã¥B¹ï³\¦h¤H³y¦¨§xÂZ¡D
<p>
©Ò¥H¦b¥[¤J§Ú±j½Õªº­«ÂI«á±o¨ì¤@¥÷·sªº°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¡A¨ä¤¤ÁÙ¥]§t¤@¨ÇÃB¥~ªº¸ê°T:

<code>
;
; Zone file for linux.bogus
;
; Mandatory minimum for a working domain
;
@       IN      SOA     linux.bogus.    hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
                        199511301       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                        28800           ; refresh, seconds
                        7200            ; retry, seconds
                        604800          ; expire, seconds
                        86400 )         ; minimum, seconds

                NS      ns              ; Inet Address of name server
                NS      ns.friend.bogus.
                MX      10 mail         ; Primary Mail Exchanger
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus. ; Secondary Mail Exchanger

localhost       A       127.0.0.1
ns              A       127.0.0.2
mail            A       127.0.0.4
;
; Extras
;
@               TXT     "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"

ns              MX      10 mail
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                HINFO   "Pentium" "Linux 1.2"
                TXT     "RMS"
richard         CNAME   ns
www             CNAME   ns

donald          A       127.0.0.3
                MX      10 mail
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                HINFO   "i486"  "Linux 1.2"
                TXT     "DEK"

mail            MX      10 mail
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                HINFO   "386sx" "Linux 1.0.9"

ftp             A       127.0.0.5
                MX      10 mail
                MX      20 mail.friend.bogus.
                HINFO   "P6" "Linux 1.3.59"
</code>

§A¤]³\·|·Q­n²¾°Ê«e­±¤T­Ó A  °O¿ý¥H«KÅý¥¦­Ì¾aªñ¨ä¥¦ªº¬ÛÃö°O¿ý¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¹³³o¼Ë©ñ¦b³Ì«eºÝ¡D
<p>
³o¸Ì¦³´X­Ó·sªº¸ê·½°O¿ý: ¥D¾÷¸ê°T(HINFO: Host INFOrmation) ¥]¬A¨â­Ó³¡¥÷¡A
¨Ï¥Î¤Þ¸¹²[¬A¨C­Ó³¡¥÷¬O­Ó¦n²ßºD¡D²Ä¤@­Ó³¡¥÷¬O¾÷¾¹¤WªºµwÅé©Î¬O¤¤¥¡³B²z³æ¤¸¡A
¦Ó²Ä¤G­Ó³¡¥÷¬O¾÷¾¹¤Wªº³nÅé©Î¬O§@·~¨t²Î¡D<tt/ns/ ¦³¤@Áû Pentium CPU ¨Ã¥B°õ¦æ Linux 1.2 ¨t²Î¡D
TXT °O¿ý¬O­ÓÀH·Nªº¤å¦r°O¿ý¡A§A¥i¥H¥Î¥¦¨Ó°O¿ý¥ô¦ó¨Æ±¡¡D
¥¿¦¡¦WºÙ(CNAME: Canonical NAME)¥i¥H¥Î¨Óµ¹¨C¥x¾÷¾¹¼Æ­Ó¦WºÙ¡D
©Ò¥H <tt/richard/ ¥H¤Î <tt/www/ ³£¬O <tt/ns/ ªº¤@­Ó§O¦W¡D
«Ü­«­nªº¤@ÂI¬O A, MX, CNAME, ¥H¤Î SOA °O¿ý<em/¥Ã»·¤£¸Ó/°Ñ·Ó CNAME °O¿ý³]©wªº§O¦W¡A
¥¦­Ì¥uÀ³¸Ó°Ñ·Ó A °O¿ý©Ò³]©wªº¦WºÙ¡A©Ò¥H¹³³o¼Ëªº°O¿ý¬O¿ùªº

<code>
foobar	CNAME	richard			; NO!
</code>

¤£¹L³o¼Ë¬O¹ïªº

<code>
foobar	CNAME	ns			; Yes!
</code>

ÁÙ¦³¤@ÂI¤]«Ü­«­nªº¬Oª`·N¥¿¦¡¦WºÙ©Ò³]©wªº¹ï¹q¤l¶l»¼¦ì§}¦Ó¨¥¤£¬O¦Xªk¥D¾÷¦WºÙ: 
<tt/webmaster@www.linux.bogus/ ¥H¤W­±ªº³]©w¦Ó¨¥¬O¤@­Ó¤£¦Xªkªº¹q¤l¶l»¼¦ì§}¡D
§Y¨Ï¥¦¦b§Aªº¨t²Î¤W¥i¥H¹B§@¡A¥i¥H¹w®Æªº¬O«Ü¤Ö¦³¹q¤l¶l¥óºÞ²zªÌ·|¥h¹ê¦æ³o¶µ³W«h¡D
Á×§K³o­Ó°ÝÃDªº¤èªk¬O¨Ï¥Î A °O¿ý(©ÎªÌ¤]¥i¯à¬O¤@¨Ç¨ä¥¦ªº¡A¹³¬O MX °O¿ý)¨Ó¨ú¥N¤§:

<code>
www	A	127.0.0.2
</code>

Paul Vixie, ¥D­nªº <tt/named/ ±M®a¡A«ØÄ³<em/¤£­n/¨Ï¥Î CNAME ³o­Ó³]©w¡D
©Ò¥HÀ³¸Ó¦Ò¼{¤£­n<em/«Ü/»{¯u¦a¥h¨Ï¥Î¥¦¡D
<p>
ÂÇ¥Ñ°õ¦æ <tt/ndc reload/ ¸ü¤J·sªº¸ê®Æ®w¡A³o·|¨Ï <tt/named/ ¦A¤@¦¸Åª¨ú¨äÀÉ®×¡D
<tscreen><verb>
$ nslookup
Default Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

> ls -d linux.bogus
</verb></tscreen>

³o·N«üÀ³¸Ó¦C¥X©Ò¦³ªº°O¿ý
<tscreen><verb>
[localhost]
 linux.bogus.                   SOA   ns.linux.bogus hostmaster.linux.bogus. (199511301 28800 7200 604800 86400)
 linux.bogus.                   NS    ns.linux.bogus                
 linux.bogus.                   NS    ns.friend.bogus               
 linux.bogus.                   MX    10   mail.linux.bogus
 linux.bogus.                   MX    20   mail.friend.bogus
 linux.bogus.                   TXT   "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
 localhost                      A     127.0.0.1
 mail                           A     127.0.0.4
 mail                           MX    10   mail.linux.bogus
 mail                           MX    20   mail.friend.bogus
 mail                           HINFO 386sx       Linux 1.0.9
 donald                         A     127.0.0.3
 donald                         MX    10   mail.linux.bogus
 donald                         MX    20   mail.friend.bogus
 donald                         HINFO i486        Linux 1.2
 donald                         TXT   "DEK"
 www                            CNAME ns.linux.bogus
 richard                        CNAME ns.linux.bogus
 ftp                            A     127.0.0.5
 ftp                            MX    10   mail.linux.bogus
 ftp                            MX    20   mail.friend.bogus
 ftp                            HINFO P6          Linux 1.3.59
 ns                             A     127.0.0.2
 ns                             MX    10   mail.linux.bogus
 ns                             MX    20   mail.friend.bogus
 ns                             HINFO Pentium     Linux 1.2
 ns                             TXT   "RMS"
 linux.bogus.                   SOA   ns.linux.bogus hostmaster.linux.bogus. (199511301 28800 7200 604800 86400)
</verb></tscreen>

«Ü¦n¡DÅý§Ú­ÌÀË¬d¥¦¹ï©ó³æ¿Wªº <tt/www/ ·|»¡¤°»ò:
<tscreen><verb>
> set q=any
> www.linux.bogus.
Server:  localhost
Address:  127.0.0.1

www.linux.bogus canonical name = ns.linux.bogus
</verb></tscreen>

...´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A<tt/www.linux.bogus/ ¯u¥¿ªº¦WºÙ¬O <tt/ns.linux.bogus/¡D
<tscreen><verb>
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus     nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
ns.linux.bogus  internet address = 127.0.0.2
</verb></tscreen>

¦Ó <tt/ns.linux.bogus/ ¾Ö¦³ 127.0.0.2 ³o­Ó¦ì§}¡D¬Ý°_¨Ó¤]«Ü¦n¡D

<sect1>Ä~Äò²`¤J
<p>
·íµM¡A³o­Ó»â°ì¬O°ª«×µêÀÀªº¡A¸Ì­±©Ò¦³ªº¦ì§}¤]³£¬O¡A¦Ó³o©Î³\·|Åý§A¦³¨Ç²V²c¡D
¯u¹ê»â°ìªº¤@­Ó¯u¹ê¨Ò¤l½Ð¨£¤U¤@¸`¡D

<sect>¯u¹ê»â°ìªº¨Ò¤l<label id="real-example">
<p>
<bf/³o¸Ì§Ú­Ì¦C¥X¤@¨Ç<em/¯u¥¿/ªº°Ï°ìÀÉ®×/
<p>
¨Ï¥ÎªÌ«ØÄ³§Ú¥[¤W¤@­Ó¥i¥H¹B§@ªº¯u¹ê¨Ò¤l¡A¦]¬°§Ú¹ï¯u¥¿¥i¹B§@ªº»â°ì¤ÎµêÀÀ½d¨Ò¤§¶¡®t§O¸ÑÄÀªº¤£°÷²M·¡¡D
<p>
Ãö©ó³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¦³¥ó¨Æ¥²¶·Án©ú: <em/¤d¸U¤£­n/§â¥¦©ñ¨ì§Aªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¤W!
§â¥¦·í§@°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¨Ó¾\Åª´N¦n¡D¦pªG§A·Q°µ¹êÅç¡A¥Î¤W­±µêÀÀªº¨Ò¤l¡D
§Ú¸g¹L LAND-5 ªº David Bullock ªº¦P·N¤~¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¡D³o¨ÇÀÉ®×ªº¤é´Á¬O 1996 ¦~¤E¤ë¤G¤Q¤é¡A
¦]¦¹¦pªG§A²{¦b¬d¸ß LAND-5 ªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¥i¯à·|µo²{¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡D
ÁÙ¦³¡A½Ð°O¦í¡A§R¥h«e­±ªºªÅ¥Õ :-)

<sect1>/etc/named.boot (©Î /var/named/named.boot)
<p>
§Ú­Ìµo²{»Ý­n¨â¦æ <tt/primary/ ªº¤Ï¦V°Ï°ì: ¤@­Ó¬O <tt/127.0.0/¡A¥t¤@­Ó¬O LAND-5 ªº¤lºô¸ô <tt/206.6.177/¡D
ÁÙ¦³¤@¦æµ¹ <tt/land-5.com/ ªº¥¿¦V°Ï°ì¡DÁÙ¦³¤@ÂI­nª`·Nªº¬O¤£¹³§Ú¦b³o½g¤å³¹¸Ì±NÀÉ®×©ñ¦b <tt/pz/ ¥Ø¿ý¸Ì¡A
¥L±N¥¦­Ì©ñ¨ì¥s°µ <tt/zone/ ªº¥Ø¿ý¡D

<code>
;  Boot file for LAND-5 name server
;
directory /var/named
;
; type          domain                          source file or host
cache           .                               root.cache
primary         0.0.127.in-addr.arpa            zone/127.0.0
primary         177.6.206.in-addr.arpa          zone/206.6.177
primary         land-5.com                      zone/land-5.com
</code>

<sect1>/var/named/root.cache
<p>
°O¦í³o­ÓÀÉ®×¬O°ÊºAªº¡A³oÃä¦C¥X¨Óªº¬OÂÂªº¡D§A³Ì¦n¦Û¤v¥Î <tt/dig/ ²£¥Í¤@­Ó·sªº¡D

<code>
; <<>> DiG 2.1 <<>> 
;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch
;; got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 6
;; flags: qr rd ra; Ques: 1, Ans: 9, Auth: 0, Addit: 9
;; QUESTIONS:
;;      ., type = NS, class = IN

;; ANSWERS:
 .       518357  NS      H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
 .       518357  NS      A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.

;; ADDITIONAL RECORDS:
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     222766  A       192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     299616  A       192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       192.112.36.4
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.     165593  A       198.41.0.4

;; Total query time: 250 msec
;; FROM: land-5 to SERVER: default ---- 127.0.0.1
;; WHEN: Fri Sep 20 10:11:22 1996
;; MSG SIZE  sent: 17  rcvd: 312
</code>

<sect1>/var/named/zone/127.0.0
<p>
¤£¹L¬O°ò¥»ªº¡A¤£¯à¬Ù²¤ªº SOA °O¿ý¡A¥H¤Î±N <tt/127.0.0.1/ «ü¦V <tt/localhost/ ªº°O¿ý¡D
¨âªÌ³£¬O¥²¶·ªº¡D¤£À³¦³¨ä¥¦ªºªF¦è¦b¦¹ÀÉ®×¤¤¡D³o­ÓÀÉ®×¥i¯à¥Ã»·¤£¥²§ó·s¡A°£«D§Aªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹©ÎºÞ²z¤H¦a§}§ïÅÜ¡D

<code>
@               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                199609203       ; Serial
                                28800   ; Refresh
                                7200    ; Retry
                                604800  ; Expire
                                86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                        NS      land-5.com.
        
1                       PTR     localhost.
</code>

<sect1>/var/named/zone/land-5.com
<p>
¦b³o¸Ì§Ú­Ì¬Ý¨ì³o­Ó¥²¶·ªº SOA °O¿ý¡A¥²­nªº NS °O¿ý¡D
§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¥¦¦³¤@­Ó¦¸­nªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹©ó <tt/ns2.psi.net/¡D
³o¤]À³¸Ó¬O¥²­nªº¡A<em/Á`¬O/«O¦³¤@­Ó¦¸­nªº¦øªA¾¹°µ¬°³Æ¥÷¡D
§Ú­ÌÁÙ¬Ý¨ì°µ¬° LAND-5 ­t³d©Ò¦³¤£¦PªA°Èªº¥D¾÷¡A¥¦¥H³\¦hªº CNAME °O¿ý°µ¨ì³oÂI
(¥t¤@­Ó°µªk¬O¥Î A °O¿ý)¡D
<p>
´N¹³§A±q SOA °O¿ý¬Ý¨ìªº¤@¼Ë¡A°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¥H <tt/land-5.com/ ¶}©l¡AºÞ²z¤H¬O <tt/root@land-5.com/¡D
§Ç¸¹(serial)¥H yyyymmdd ªº®æ¦¡¥[¤W·í¤Ñªº¸¹½X; ¥¦¥i¯à¬O 1996 ¦~¤E¤ë¤G¤Q¸¹¨º¤Ñªº²Ä¤»­Óª©¥»ªº°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¡D
½Ð°O¦í§Ç¸¹<em/¥²¶·/³æ½Õ¦a»¼¼W¡A³o¸Ì¥¦¥u¥Î<em/¤@¦ì/¼Æ¦rªí¥Ü·í¤Ñªº¸¹½X¡A
¦]¦¹¦b½s¿è¤E¦¸¤§«á¥L¥²¶·µ¥¨ì©ú¤Ñ¤~¯à¦A½s¿è³o­ÓÀÉ®×¡D[<tt/Ä¶µù/]
¦]¦¹À³¸Ó¦Ò¼{¥Î¨â¦ì¼Æ¦r¡D
<tscreen><descrip>
<tag/[Ä¶µù]/
ÅªªÌ¥i¯à·|©_©Ç¬°¤°»ò¤£¯à¥Î 1996092010 ? ³o­Ó¼Æ¦r¤]¬O»¼¼Wªº¡A©Ò¥H·íµM¥i¥H¡D
¦ý¨ì¤F©ú¤Ñ²Ä¤@¦¸½sÀÉ®×®É¸Ó¥Î¤°»ò©O? ¦pªG¥Î 199609211¡A¨º»ò³o­Ó¼Æ¦r´N¤ñ 1996092010 ­n¤p¤F¡D
³o¼Ë·|¦³³Â·Ð¡D¦]¦¹§@ªÌ«ØÄ³À³¥Î¨â¦ì¼Æ¦r¡A¦p 1996092006¡D 
</descrip></tscreen>

<code>
@       IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                        199609206       ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
                        10800           ; refresh, seconds
                        7200            ; retry, seconds
                        10800           ; expire, seconds
                        86400 )         ; minimum, seconds
                NS      land-5.com.
                NS      ns2.psi.net.
                MX      10 land-5.com.  ; Primary Mail Exchanger

localhost	A	127.0.0.1

router          A       206.6.177.1
        
land-5.com.     A       206.6.177.2
ns              CNAME   land-5.com.
ftp             CNAME   land-5.com.
www             CNAME   land-5.com.
mail            CNAME   land-5.com.
news            CNAME   land-5.com.

funn            A       206.6.177.3
illusions       CNAME   funn.land-5.com.
@               TXT     "LAND-5 Corporation"

;
;       Workstations
;
ws_177200       A       206.6.177.200
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177201       A       206.6.177.201
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177202       A       206.6.177.202
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177203       A       206.6.177.203
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177204       A       206.6.177.204
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177205       A       206.6.177.205
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
; {Many repetitive definitions deleted - SNIP}
ws_177250       A       206.6.177.250
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177251       A       206.6.177.251
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177252       A       206.6.177.252
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177253       A       206.6.177.253
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
ws_177254       A       206.6.177.254
                MX      10 land-5.com.   ; Primary Mail Host
</code>

¥t¤@¥ó­È±oª`·Nªº¨Æ©Ò¦³ªº¤u§@¯¸³£¨S¦³­Ó§Oªº¦WºÙ¡A¦Ó¬O¥Î¤@¶}ÀY¥[¤W³Ì«á¨â¦ìªº IP ¼Æ¦r¡D
¥Î³o¼ËªººD¨Ò¥i¥H¤j¶q¦aÂ²¤ÆºûÅ@¤u§@¡A¦ý¥i¯à¦³ÂI¤£¤è«K¡A¦Ó¥B¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¥i¯à¬O§Aªº«È¤á¤£º¡ªº¨Ó·½¡D

<sect1>/var/named/zone/206.6.177
<p>
§Ú±N¦b«á­±»¡©ú³o­ÓÀÉ®×¡D

<code>
@               IN      SOA     land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
                                199609206       ; Serial
                                28800   ; Refresh
                                7200    ; Retry
                                604800  ; Expire
                                86400)  ; Minimum TTL
                        NS      land-5.com.
                        NS      ns2.psi.net.
;
;       Servers
;
1       PTR     router.land-5.com.
2       PTR     land-5.com.
3       PTR     funn.land-5.com.
;
;       Workstations
;
200     PTR     ws_177200.land-5.com.
201     PTR     ws_177201.land-5.com.
202     PTR     ws_177202.land-5.com.
203     PTR     ws_177203.land-5.com.
204     PTR     ws_177204.land-5.com.
205     PTR     ws_177205.land-5.com.
; {Many repetitive definitions deleted - SNIP}
250     PTR     ws_177250.land-5.com.
251     PTR     ws_177251.land-5.com.
252     PTR     ws_177252.land-5.com.
253     PTR     ws_177253.land-5.com.
254     PTR     ws_177254.land-5.com.
</code>

¤Ï¦V°Ï°ì¦ü¥G¬O¾ã­Ó³]©w¤¤³ÌÅý¤HÀYµhªº³¡¥÷¡D¥¦¬O¦b§A¦³¾÷¾¹ªº IP ¼Æ¦r®É¬d¸ß¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¥Îªº¡D
¨Ò¦p: §A¦³¤@³¡ irc ¦øªA¾¹±µ¨ü irc «È¤áºÝªº³s½u¡D
¦ý§A¬O®¿«Âªº¦øªA¾¹¦]¦¹§A¥u§Æ±æ±µ¨ü¨Ó¦Û®¿«Â¤Î¨ä¥¦´µ³ô¦a¨ººû¨È°ê®aªº³s½u¡D
·í§A±µ¨ì¨Ó¦Û«È¤áºÝªº³s½u®É C µ{¦¡®w¯à°÷§i¶D§A³s½u¾÷¾¹ªº IP ¦ì§}¡A¦]¬°«È¤áºÝªº IP ¼Æ¦r¬O¥]§t¦b¶Ç¤Jªººô¸ô«Ê¥]¤¤ªº¡D
µM«á§A¥i¥H©I¥s¤@¨ç¦¡ <tt/gethostbyaddr/ ¥Hµ¹©wªº IP ¬d¸ß¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¡D
<tt/gethostbyaddr/ ¨ç¦¡·|¦V DNS ¸ß°Ý¡ADNS ´N·|¥X¥h¬d¸ß³o¥x¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¡D
°²³]«È¤áºÝ¨Ó¦Û <tt/ws_177200.land-5.com/¡AC µ{¦¡®w´£¨Ñµ¹ irc ¦øªA¾¹ªº IP ¬O <tt/206.6.177.200/¡D
¬°§ä¥X¾÷¾¹ªº¦WºÙ§Ú­Ì­n¬d¸ß <tt/200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa/¡DDNS ¦øªA¾¹­º¥ý§ä¨ì­t³d <tt/arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡D
µM«á§ä¨ì <tt/in-addr.arpa./ ªº¦øªA¾¹¡A¦A¨Ó¬O¤Ï¹L¨Óªº <tt/206/¡AµM«á¬O <tt/6/¡A
³Ì«á§ä¨ì¦b LAND-5 ­t³d <tt/177.6.206.in-addr.arpa/ °Ï°ìªº¦øªA¾¹¡D
¥Ñ¦¹§Ú­Ì±o¨ì <tt/200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa/ ªºµª®×¬O '<tt/PTR ws_177200.land-5.com/' °O¿ý¡A
·N«ü¾Ö¦³ IP <tt/206.6.177.200/ ªº¦WºÙ¬O <tt/ws_177200.land-5.com/¡D
¤£¹L´N¹³¦b¸ÑÄÀ <tt/prep.ai.mit.edu/ ¦p¦ó¬d¸ß®É©Ò»¡¡A³o¹Lµ{µy·L¦³ÂI¤£¹ï¡D
<p>
¦^¨ì irc ¦øªA¾¹ªº¨Ò¤l¡Dirc ¦øªA¾¹¥u±µ¦A¨Ó¦Û´µ³ô¦a¨ººû¨È°ê®aªº³s½u¡A¤]´N¬O¡A
*.no, *.se, *.dk¡D<tt/ws_177200.land-5.com/ ³o­Ó¦W¦rÅãµM¨Ã¤£²Å¦X¥ô¦ó³o¨Ç¡D
¦]¦¹¦øªA¾¹·|©Úµ´³s½u¡D¦pªG<em/¨S¦³/¸g¥Ñ <tt/in-addr.arpa/ °Ï°ì¨ì <tt/206.2.177.200/ ªº¤Ï¦V¹ïÀ³¡A
¦øªA¾¹±NµLªk¬d¨ì¾÷¾¹¦WºÙ¦Ó±N·|®³ <tt/206.2.177.200/ ¨Ó©M *.no, *.se ¤Î *.dk ¤ñ¸û¡A·íµM§ä¤£¨ì²Å¦Xªº¡D
<p>
¦³¨Ç¤H·|§i¶D§A¤Ï¦V¹ïÀ³¬d¸ß¥u¹ï¦øªA¾¹­«­n¡A©Î¬O¤@ÂI¤]¤£­«­n¡D
·íµM¤£¬O: ³\¦h ftp, news, irc ¬Æ¦Ü http ¦øªA¾¹±N<em/¤£/±µ¨üµLªk¬d¨ì¦WºÙªº¾÷¾¹³s½u¡D
¦]¦¹¨Æ¹ê¤W¾÷¾¹ªº¤Ï¦V¦WºÙ¹ïÀ³¬O<em/¥²¶·/ªº¡D

<sect>ºûÅ@¤u§@<label id="maint">
<p>
<bf/ºû«ù¥¦ªº¹B§@¡D/
<p>
ºû«ù¥¦­ÌªºÄ~Äò°õ¦æ¤§¥~¡A¹ï©ó <tt/named/ §AÁÙ¦³­ÓºûÅ@ªº¥ô°È±o­n°µ¡D
¨º´N¬Oºû«ù <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×ªº§ó·s¡D³ÌÂ²³æªº¤èªk¬O¨Ï¥Î <tt/dig/ µ{¦¡¡A
­º¥ý¤£¥[¥ô¦ó°Ñ¼Æ°õ¦æ <tt/dig/ µ{¦¡¡A§A±N·|¨ú±o±q§A¦Û¤v¦øªA¾¹±o¨ìªº <tt/root.cache/¡D
µM«á¥H <tt/dig @rootserver . ns/ ¬d°Ý©Ò¦C¥Xªº®Ú¦øªA¾¹¨ä¤¤¤§¤@¡D
§A±N·|ª`·N¨ì³o¥÷¿é¥X¬Ý°_¨Ó«D±`¦a¹³¤@­Ó <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×¡A°£¤F¤@°ïÃB¥~ªº¼Æ¦r¥H¥~¡D³o¨Ç¼Æ¦r¤£·|¦³¤°»ò§«Ãª¡D
§â¥¦¦s©ñ¨ìÀÉ®×¸Ì(<tt/dig @e.root-servers.net . ns &gt;root.cache.new/)¨Ã¥B¥Î¥¦¨Ó¨ú¥N­ì¥»ÂÂªº <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×¡D
<p>
¨ú¥N¤F­ì¥ýªºÀÉ®×¤§«á­n°O±o­«·s±Ò°Ê <tt/named/ µ{¦¡¡D
<p>
Al Longyear ±Hµ¹§Ú³o­Ó«ü¥O½Z¡A¥¦¥i¥H¦Û°Ê°õ¦æ¨Ó§ó·s <tt/named.cache/¡A¬°¥¦¦w¸Ë­Ó crontab ¶µ¥ØµM«á§Ñ¤F¥¦¡D
³o­Ó«ü¥O½Z°²³]§Aªº¹q¤l¶l¥ó¥i¥H¹B§@¦Ó¥B `hostmaster' ³o­Ó¶l¥ó§O¦W¦³©w¸q¡D§AÀ³¸Ó­×­q¥¦¥H«K²Å¦X§Aªº³]©w¡D

<code>
#!/bin/sh
#
# Update the nameserver cache information file once per month.
# This is run automatically by a cron entry.
#
(
 echo "To: hostmaster <hostmaster>"
 echo "From: system <root>"
 echo "Subject: Automatic update of the named.boot file"
 echo

 export PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin:
 cd /var/named

 dig @rs.internic.net . ns >root.cache.new

 echo "The named.boot file has been updated to contain the following information:"
 echo
 cat root.cache.new

 chown root.root root.cache.new
 chmod 444 root.cache.new
 rm -f root.cache.old
 mv root.cache root.cache.old
 mv root.cache.new root.cache
 ndc restart
 echo
 echo "The nameserver has been restarted to ensure that the update is complete."
 echo "The previous root.cache file is now called /var/named/root.cache.old."
) 2>&1 | /usr/lib/sendmail -t
exit 0
</code>

¦³¨Ç¤H¥i¯à¥Î ftp ±q Internic ±o¨ì <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×¡D
½Ð<em/¤£­n/¥Î ftp ¨Ó§ó·s <tt/root.cache/¡A¤W­±´£¨ìªº¤èªk§ó¬°«K§Q¡D

<sect>Bind version 8<label id="bind8">
<p>
Bind version 8 ¬O³Ì·sªº bind §Þ³N¡D§ÚÁÙ¨S¦³¹Á¸Õ¨Ï¥Î¡A¦ý David E. Smith &lt;<htmlurl url="mailto:dave@bureau42.ml.org" name="dave@bureau42.ml.org">&gt; ¦³¡D¥L¼g¤F³o¤p¸`ªº¨ä¾l³¡¥÷¡D
<p>
¨S¦³¤Ó¦hªº¤£¦P¡D°£¤F¨Ï¥Î <tt/named.conf/ ¦Ó¤£¬O <tt/named.boot/, ¨ä¾l³£¬Û¦P¡D
¦Ó¥B bind 8 ¥]§t¤F¤@­Ó perl «ü¥O½Z¨Ó±NÂÂ®æ¦¡ªºÀÉ®×Âà´«¦¨·sªº¡D
¨Ò¦p¤@¥÷¼È¦s±M¥Î¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹ªº <tt/named.boot/ (ÂÂ®æ¦¡):

<code>
directory /var/named
cache   .                                       root.hint
primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA                    127.0.0.zone
primary localhost                               localhost.zone
</code>

¦b«ü¥O¦C¤U¡A©ó <tt>bind8/src/bin/named</tt> ¥Ø¿ý¤¤Áä¤J:

<code>
named-bootconf.pl < named.boot > named.conf
</code>

³o·|²£¥Í <tt/named.conf/:

<code>
// generated by named-bootconf.pl

options {
        directory "/var/named";
};

zone "." {
        type hint;
        file "root.hint";
};

zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
        type master;
        file "127.0.0.zone";
};

zone "localhost" {
        type master;
        file "localhost.zone";
};

</code>

<p>
¥¦±N <tt/named.boot/ ¤¤ªº¨C¼ËªF¦è³£Âà´«¹L¨Ó¡AµM¦Ó¥¦¨Ã¥¼¥[¤J©Ò¦³ bind 8 ©Ò¤¹³\ªº·s±j¤Æ¤Î°t¸m¿ï¶µ¡D
³o¸Ì¦³¥÷¸û§¹¾ãªº <tt/named.conf/ °µ¦P¼Ëªº¨Æ¡A¦ý¬O®Ä²v§ó¦n¤@ÂI¡D

<code>
// This is a configuration file for named (from BIND 8.1 or later).
// It would normally be installed as /etc/named.conf.
// The only change made from the `stock' named.conf (aside from this
// comment :) is that the directory line was uncommented, since I
// already had the zone files in /var/named.

options {
        directory "/var/named";
        check-names master warn;                /* default. */
        datasize 20M;
};

zone "localhost" IN {
        type master;
        file "localhost.zone";
        check-names fail;
        allow-update { none; };
        allow-transfer { any; };
};

zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
        type master;
        file "127.0.0.zone";
        check-names fail;
        allow-update { none; };
        allow-transfer { any; };
};

zone "." IN {
        type hint;
        file "root.hint";
};
</code>

<p>
<tt>bind8/src/bin/named/test</tt> ¸Ì¦³³o­Ó½d¨Ò¡A¥H¤Î»â°ìÀÉ®×ªº«þ¨©¡A³\¦h¤H¥i¥Hª½±µ®³¨Ó­×§ï¨Ï¥Î¡D
<p>
»â°ìÀÉ®×¤Î <tt/root.hint/ (<tt/root.cache/) §¹¥þ¬Û¦P¡A§ó·s¥¦­Ìªº«ü¥O¤]¬O¡D

<sect>¼·±µ³s½uªº¦Û°Ê³]©w<label id="auto">
<p>
³o¤@¸`¸ÑÄÀ§Ú¦p¦ó³]©w¥H«KÅý¨C­Ó¹Lµ{¦Û°Ê¤Æ¡D
§Úªº¤èªk¥i¯à¤@ÂI³£¤£¾A¦X§A¡A¦ý¬O§A¥i¯à±q§Ú©Ò§@ªº¤@¨Ç¨Æ±¡¸Ì±o¨ì¤@¨ÇÂI¤l¡D
¦P®É¡A§Ú¨Ï¥Î PPP ¼·±µ¡AµM¦Ó¦³³\¦h¤H¨Ï¥Î slip ©Î¬O cslip ³s½u¤è¦¡¡A
©Ò¥H§Aªº³]©w¸Ì´X¥G¨C­Ó¦a¤è³£¥i¯à¸ò§Úªº¤£¦P¡D
¦ý¬O slip ¨Ï¥Îªº <tt/dip/ µ{¦¡À³¸Ó¯à°÷§¹¦¨§Ú©Ò§@ªº³\¦h¨Æ±¡¡D
<p>
¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¡A·í§Ú¨S¦³³s¤Wºô¸ô®É§Úªº <tt/resolv.conf/ ÀÉ®×³æ¯Â¦a¥]§t³o¤@¦æ
<tscreen><verb>
domain uio.no
</verb></tscreen>

³o½T«O§Ú¤£¥²µ¥«Ý¥D¾÷¦WºÙ¸ÑªR¨ç¦¡®w¥h¹Á¸ÕÁpÃ´¬Y¥x¤£¥i¯àÀ°§U§Úªº¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹¡D
¦ý¬O·í§Ú³s¤W½uªº®É­Ô§Ú·Q­n°_©l§Úªº <tt/named/ ¨Ã¥B¾Ö¦³¤@­Ó¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³«e­±©Ò´y­zªº <tt/resolv.conf/ ÀÉ®×¡D
§ÚÂÇ¥Ñ«O«ù¨â¥÷ <tt/resolv.conf/ ªº¡¥¼ËªO¡¦ÀÉ®×¡A<tt/resolv.conf.local/ ¥H¤Î <tt/resolv.conf.connected/ ¨Ó¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡D
«á­±³o¤@­Ó¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³«e­±©Ò´y­z¹Lªº <tt/resolv.conf/ ÀÉ®×¡D
<p>
­n¦Û°Ê¤Æ³s½u¨ìºô¸ôªº¹Lµ{§Ú°õ¦æ¤@­ÓºÙ¬° `ppp-on' ªº«ü¥O½Z:
<code>
#!/bin/sh
echo calling...
pppd
</code>

pppd ¦³­ÓºÙ¬° <tt/options/ ªºÀÉ®×¡A¥¦§i¶D pppd ¦p¦ó¨ú±o³s½uªº¤@¨Ç¯S®í¨Æ¶µ¡D
¤@¥¹§Úªº ppp ³s½u§¹¦¨«á pppd °_©l¤@­ÓºÙ¬° <tt/ip-up/ ªº«ü¥O(³o¦b pppd ªº½u¤W¨Ï¥Î¤â¥U¸Ì¦³´y­z)¡D
³o¸Ì¬O¸Ó«ü¥O½Z¸Ì­±ªº¤@³¡¥÷:

<code>
#!/bin/sh
interface="$1"
device="$2"
speed="$3"
myip="$4"
upip="$5"
 ...
cp -v /etc/resolv.conf.connected /etc/resolv.conf
 ...
/usr/sbin/named
</code>

´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§Ú¦b³o¸Ì°_©l§Úªº <tt/named/ µ{¦¡¡D·í ppp Â÷½u®É pppd °õ¦æ¤@­ÓºÙ¬° <tt/ip-down/ ªº«ü¥O½Z:

<code>
#!/bin/sh
cp /etc/resolv.conf.local /etc/resolv.conf
read namedpid &lt; /var/run/named.pid
kill $namedpid
</code>

©Ò¥H³o¦b³s½u®É°t¸m¨Ã³]©w¬ÛÃö¨Æ©y¨Ã¥B¦bÂ÷½u®É¸Ñ°£¸Ó°t¸m¨Ãµ²§ô¬ÛÃöµ{¦¡¡D
<p>
¬Y¨Çµ{¦¡¡A¨Ò¦p§Ú·Q°_ irc »P talk¡A°µ¤F¹L¦hªº°²©w¡A¬°¤FÅý¨ä¤u§@¥¿±`§A¥²¶·­×§ï§Aªº <tt/hosts/ ÀÉ®×¡D
§Ú¦b <tt/ip-up/ ¤W¥[¤J

<code>
cp /etc/hosts.ppp /etc/hosts
echo $myip      roke >>/etc/hosts
</code>

<tt/hosts.ppp/ ¬OÂ²³æ¦a¥]§t¤F

<code>
127.0.0.1	localhost
</code>

¦Ó <tt/echo/ «ü¥O´¡¤J¤F§Ú¦¬¨ìªº IP ¸¹½X°µ¬°§Ú¾÷¾¹ªº¦WºÙ(roke)¡D
§AÀ³¸Ó§ï¥Î§A¦Û¤v¾÷¾¹ªº¦WºÙ¡A¥i¥H¥Î <tt/hostname/ «ü¥O¬d¥X¡D
<p>
·í§A¨S¦³³s½u¨ìºô¸ô¤W®É°õ¦æ <tt/named/ ¥i¯à¨Ã¤£Áo©ú¡A
³o¬O¦]¬° <tt/named/ ±N·|¹Á¸Õ°e¥X¬d¸ß¨ìºô¸ô¤W¦Ó¥B¨ä²×¤î®É­­(timeout)«Üªø¡A
¦Ó¨C¦¸¦³¬Y¨Ç­Óµ{¦¡¹Á¸Õ¸ÑªR¤@­Ó¦WºÙªº®É­Ô§A´N±oµ¥«Ý¨ì³o­Ó²×¤î®É­­¡D
¦pªG§A¨Ï¥Î¼·±µªº¸Ü§AÀ³¸Ó¦b³s¤Wºô®É°_©l <tt/named/ ¨Ã¥B¦bÂ÷½u®É±þ±¼¥¦¡D
¤£¹L½Ð°Ñ¦Ò <ref id="qanda" name="FAQ"> ¤@¸`ªº´£¥Ü¡D
<p>
¬Y¨Ç¤H³ßÅw¦bºC³tªº³s½u¤W¨Ï¥Î <tt/forwarders/ «ü¥O¡D
¦pªG§Aªººô»Úºô¸ô´£¨ÑªÌ¦b <tt/1.2.3.4/  ¥H¤Î <tt/1.2.3.5/  ³]¦³ DNS ¦øªA¾¹¨º»ò§A¥i¥H´¡¤J³o»ò¤@¦æ

<code>
forwarders 1.2.3.4 1.2.3.5
</code>

¨ì <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¸Ì¥h¡D<!--¦P®É¤]Åý <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×«O«ù¬°ªÅ¥Õ¡D-->
³o±N·|´î§C·½¦Û§A¥D¾÷ªº IP ¬y¶q¡A¥i¯àµy·L´£ª@³t«×¡D¦pªG§A¬O¨Ì½u¸ôªº¸ê®Æ¶q¥I¶Oªº¸Ü³oÂI¯S§O­«­n¡D
³oÁÙ¦³­Óªþ¥[»ù­È¡AÅý§A²æÂ÷§@¬°¤@­Ó¼È¦sªº <tt/named/ ºûÅ@ªÌ©ÒÀ³­t°_ªº³d¥ô: 
§A¤£»Ý­n¥h§ó·s¤@­ÓªÅªº <tt/root.cache/ ÀÉ®×¡D

<sect>±`¨£°ÝÃD¸Ñµª<label id="qanda">
<p>
¥»¸`¤¤§Ú±N¦C¥X¤@¨ÇÃö©ó DNS ¥H¤Î¥»¤å¥ó³Ì±`³Q´£¥Xªº°ÝÃD¡DÁÙ¦³¸Ñµª :-)
¦b¼g«Hµ¹§Ú«e½Ð¥ý¾\Åª¹L¥»¸`¡D

<enum>

  <item>¦p¦ó¦b¨¾¤õÀð¤§¤º¨Ï¥Î DNS ? 

  <p>¤@¨Ç´£¥Ü: `<tt/forwarders/', `<tt/slave/', 
  ¥H¤Î°Ñ¦Ò¥»¤å¥ó³Ì«á­±ªº¤åÄm¦Cªí¡D

  <item>¦p¦ó§Q¥Î DNS ´£¨Ñªº¥i¥Î¦ì§}©ó¬Y¤@ªA°È¡A¦p <tt/www.busy.site/¡A
  ¥HÀò±o­t²ü¥­¿Å©ÎÃþ¦üªº®ÄªG?

  <p>¬° <tt/www.busy.site/ ¥[¤W³\¦h <bf/A/ °O¿ý¡A¦Ó¥B¨Ï¥Î <tt/bind 4.9.3/ ©Î¥H«áªºª©¥»¡D
  ³o¼Ë <tt/bind/ ·|¨Ï¥Î round-robin ºtºâªk§ä´Mµª®×¡D³o<em/¤£¯à/¦b§ó¦­ª©¥»ªº <tt/bind/ ¤W¤u§@¡D

  <item>§Ú·Q¦b¤@«Ê³¬ªº Intranet ¤W¬[³] DNS¡D§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò°µ?

  <p>§â¼È¦sÀÉ®×¥á±¼¥u¯d°Ï°ìÀÉ®×¡D³o¤]ªí¥Ü§A±N¤£»Ý­n§ó·s¼È¦sÀÉ®×¡D

  <item>§Úªº¨t²Î¨S¦³ <tt/ndc/ µ{¦¡¡D§Ú¸Ó«ç»ò¿ì?

  <p>§Aªº¨t²Î¦w¸Ë¹L¤@ÂÂªº¡A¥i¯à¹L´Áªº <tt/bind/ µ{¦¡¡D
  ¦pªG¦w¥þ©Ê¹ï§A«Ü­«­n: ¥ß¨è±N <tt/bind/ ¤É¯Å¡D¦pªG¤£¬O¡A§A¤]¥i¥H¥Î³oÂÂªº¡D
  §A¥iª½±µ°õ¦æ <tt/named/ ¦Ó¤£¬O <tt/ndc start/¡D
  <tt/ndc reload/ ÅÜ¦¨ <tt/named.reload/ ¦Ó <tt/ndc restart/ ÅÜ¦¨ <tt/named.restart/¡D
  ©Ò¦³³o¨Çµ{¦¡¥i¯à³£¦b <tt>/usr/sbin</tt> ¸Ì¡D

  <item>¦p¦ó«Ø¥ß¦¸­n¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹?

  <p>¦pªG¥D­n¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹ªº¦a§}¬O <tt/127.0.0.1/¡A
  ¦b§Aªº¦¸­n¦WºÙ¦øªA¾¹ªº <tt/named.boot/ ÀÉ®×¤¤©ñ¤@¦æ:
  <code>
  secondary	linux.bogus		127.0.0.1	sz/linux.bogus
  </code>

  <item>§Ú§Æ±æÂ÷½u®É <tt/bind/ ¤´Ä~Äò°õ¦æ¡D

  <p>§Ú¦¬¨ì¨Ó¦Û Ian Clark &lt;<htmlurl url="mailto:ic@deakin.edu.au" name="ic@deakin.edu.au">&gt; 
  ªº«H¥ó¸ÑÄÀ¥L¦p¦ó¿ì¨ì³oÂI¡D
<tscreen><verb>
I run named on my 'Masquerading' machine here. I have 
two root.cache files, one called root.cache.real which contains 
the real root server names and the other called root.cache.fake 
which contains...

--------------
; root.cache.fake
; this file contains no information
--------------

When I go off line I copy the root.cache.fake file to root.cache and
restart named.

When I go online I copy root.cache.real to root.cache and restart
named.

This is done from ip-down & ip-up respectively.

The first time I do a query off line on a domain name named doesn't
have details for it puts an entry like this in messages..

Jan 28 20:10:11 hazchem named[10147]: No root nameserver for class IN

which I can live with.
	 
It certainly seems to work for me. I can use the nameserver for
local machines while off the 'net without the timeout delay for
external domain names and I while on the 'net queries for external
domains work normally

</verb></tscreen>

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</enum>

<sect>¦p¦ó¦¨¬°¤@­Ó¤j«¬ªº DNS  ºÞ²zªÌ<label id="bigger">
<p>
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<p>
¦s¦b¯u¥¿ªº¤å¥ó¡D¦b½u¤Wªº©Î¬O¦L¦nªº¡D­n¸ó¥X¥Ñ¤p«¬ DNS ¨ì¤j«¬ DNS ºÞ²zªÌªº¤@¨B¾\Åª´X¥÷³o¨Ç¤å¥ó¬O¥²­nªº¡D
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<em/DNS and BIND/ by C. Liu and P. Albitz from O'Reilly &amp; Associates, Sebastopol, CA, ISBN 0-937175-82-X¡D
§ÚÅª¹L¡A¥¦«Ü´Î¡D¦b¥t¤@¥» <em>TCP/IP Network Administration</em>, by Craig Hunt from O'Reilly..., ISBN 0-937175-82-X
¦³¤@¸`¬OÃö©ó DNS ªº¡D¥t¤@¥»¹ïºÞ²z DNS  «Ü¦nªº(©ÎªÌ¬O¹ï¥ô¦ó³o¤@Ãþ¤u§@³£«Ü¦n)®Ñ«h¬O
<em/Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance/, §@ªÌ Robert M. Prisig ®Ñ¸¹ ISBN 0688052304¡D
<p>
½u¤Wªº¸ê®Æ§A¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì§ä¨ì <url url="http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/">, <url url="http://www.isc.org/bind.html">;
±`¨£°ÝÃD¶°¡A°Ñ¦Ò¤â¥U(BOG; Bind Operations Guide)¬O¨ó©wªº©w¸q¥H¤Î DNS ¬ã¨sªº¤åÄm¡D
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¥t¤@¤è­± Arnt Gulbrandsen ¤w¸gÅª¹L BOG ¦Ó¥B¹ï¦¹«Ü¼ô¸Z :-)¡D
ºô¸ô·s»D°Q½×¸s <htmlurl url="news:comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains" name="comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains"> ¬O¦³Ãö DNS ªº°Q½×¸s¡D
¦¹¥~ÁÙ¦³¦n´X¥÷Ãö©ó DNS ªº RFCs¡A³Ì­«­nªº¥i¯à¬O³o¨Ç:
<descrip>

  <tag/RFC 2052/ A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie, <em/A DNS RR for specifying
  the location of services (DNS SRV)/, October 1996

  <tag/RFC 1918/ Y. Rekhter, R. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot,
  E. Lear, <em/Address Allocation for Private Internets/, 02/29/1996.

  <tag/RFC 1912/ D. Barr, <em/Common DNS Operational and Configuration
  Errors/, 02/28/1996.

  <tag/RFC 1713/ A. Romao, <em/Tools for DNS debugging/, 11/03/1994.

  <tag/RFC 1712/ C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, D. Baldoni,
  <em/DNS Encoding of Geographical Location/, 11/01/1994.

  <tag/RFC 1183/ R. Ullmann, P. Mockapetris, L. Mamakos, C. Everhart,
  <em/New DNS RR Definitions/, 10/08/1990.

  <tag/RFC 1035/ P. Mockapetris, <em/Domain names - implementation and
  specification/, 11/01/1987.

  <tag/RFC 1034/ P. Mockapetris, <em/Domain names - concepts and
  facilities/, 11/01/1987.

  <tag/RFC 1033/ M. Lottor, <em/Domain administrators operations
  guide/, 11/01/1987.

  <tag/RFC 1032/ M. Stahl, <em/Domain administrators guide/,
  11/01/1987.

  <tag/RFC 974/ C. Partridge, <em/Mail routing and the domain system/,
  01/01/1986.

</descrip>
</article>
