TRICKLE-L digests for SEPTEMBER 1995

To AGRONOMY homepage @ SunSITE

From ab4el@ab4el.com Sat May 18 00:00 EDT 1996
From: Stephen Modena <modena@SunSITE.unc.edu>
Message-Id: <96051801.modena@sunsite.unc.edu>
Subject: TRICKLE-L LOG9509
Date: Sat, 18 May 1996 00:01:00 -0400 (EDT)

This is the compendium of TRICKLE-L digests for September 1995.

It was prepared from the daily digest mailings. Some digests
may be missing, because occasional mailings are lost en route.



From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Sep 1 22:31 EDT 1995
Date: Fri, 1 Sep 1995 21:23:15 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509020223.AA19313@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 286

Contents:
Any openings for an irrigation engineer? (Merriott@aol.com)
Re: PC-based controller (dhwrc@gate.net (Dale Hardin))
Re: Any openings for an irrigation engineer? (pdspyke@gate.net (Peter Spyke))

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Date: Thu, 31 Aug 1995 22:34:35 -0400 From: Merriott@aol.com Subject: Any openings for an irrigation engineer? Anyone know of an opening for an irrigation engineer? B.S. Ag Engineering, EIT, Irrigation Association Drip/Micro CID. Four years design experience. Creative, hard-working, dependable, team player. Ten years of computer experience. Likes working in the field and getting hands dirty. Willing to relocate. Especially interested in opportunities that would involve overseas travel. For full resume send E-mail to Merriott@aol.com or call 407-770-2056. Thanks, Randall Merriott Vero Beach, Florida <------------------------------>
Date: Fri, 1 Sep 1995 10:47:17 -0400 From: dhwrc@gate.net (Dale Hardin) Subject: Re: PC-based controller >How about measurement systems? For some crazy (actually not crazy) reason I >want to read and log water levels in wells. I know the manual way is best, >but probably not in this instance. >Steve Jordan @ Second Foundation > >If cost is a concern, I am contemplating using a pressure transducer and data logger setup from Automata, Inc. It seems to be the "best buy", but I haven't installed one yet. Please give me a call at 941-277-1984 (in Ft. Myers, Florida) and we can discuss the relative merits of various types of water-level recording systems in an agricultural environment. Dale Hardin <------------------------------>
Date: Fri, 1 Sep 1995 12:43:41 -0400 From: pdspyke@gate.net (Peter Spyke) Subject: Re: Any openings for an irrigation engineer? >Anyone know of an opening for an irrigation engineer? B.S. Ag Engineering, >EIT, Irrigation Association Drip/Micro CID. Four years design experience. > Creative, hard-working, dependable, team player. Ten years of computer >experience. Likes working in the field and getting hands dirty. Willing to >relocate. Especially interested in opportunities that would involve overseas >travel. > >For full resume send E-mail to Merriott@aol.com or call 407-770-2056. > >Thanks, Randall Merriott >Vero Beach, Florida > Randall, Can we get together at my office to talk about this? I could probably meet you in the afternoon next week on Wed or Thurs, 6 or 7. Is that possible? Pete Spyke. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Sep 2 22:31 EDT 1995
Date: Sat, 2 Sep 1995 21:23:57 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509030223.AA28426@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 287

Contents:
Re: Any openings for an irrig... (Dripigate@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Sat, 2 Sep 1995 14:29:56 -0400 From: Dripigate@aol.com Subject: Re: Any openings for an irrig... Contact Bill Bryan at Watertec Brawley California. 619-344-8000. He needs an engineer for his brawley operation. If you need more detail this weekend contact me at 209 883 9507. Good luck. Robin Franks. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Sep 3 23:07 EDT 1995
Date: Sun, 3 Sep 1995 21:55:32 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509040255.AA07211@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 288

Contents:
       ("JOSEPH RAJESWARAN" .<.957321@student.hawkesbury.uws.EDU.AU.>.)

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Date: Mon, 4 Sep 1995 12:44:26 EST From: "JOSEPH RAJESWARAN" .<.957321@student.hawkesbury.uws.EDU.AU.>. Subject: unsubscribe Joseph Rajeswaran <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Sep 4 23:38 EDT 1995
Date: Mon, 4 Sep 1995 21:55:57 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509050255.AA17348@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 289

Contents:
Re: your mail (D Neil Cooper .<.dncooper@violin.aix.calpoly.edu.>.)
unsuscribe (rayen@reuna.cl (Rayen Ltda. - Alberto Olivares))
Abstract #5 (MEAD2513@aol.com)
Re: Pulsating Micro-Sprinklers (Merriott@aol.com)

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Date: Mon, 4 Sep 1995 08:35:02 -0700 (PDT) From: D Neil Cooper .<.dncooper@violin.aix.calpoly.edu.>. Subject: Re: your mail unsubscribe trickle-l <------------------------------>
Date: Mon, 4 Sep 95 12:00 SAT From: rayen@reuna.cl (Rayen Ltda. - Alberto Olivares) Subject: unsuscribe Please unsuscribe me from your mailing list. I tried sending sending the following message: "unsubscribe pfc-update" to listproc@mail.gnn.com but it didn't work. <------------------------------>
Date: Mon, 4 Sep 1995 14:50:12 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Abstract #5 The fifth abstract I'm sending out for Trickle-L subscribers relates to some interesting research performed in Israel. While we have discussed high frequency drip irrigation previously on this mailing list, the following research focuses on taking the high frequency idea one step further. Since crop ET rates range from 0.2 to 1mm/hr (0.008 to 0.04 inch/hr), the scientists are trying to match that minute amount and hourly rate: hence their term "minute microirrigation" (MMI). They are basically using the "surge flow" concept developed for furrow irrigation systems and applying it to microirrigation irrigation. ***************************************************************** Pulsating Microirrigation for Optimal Water Use and Control in the Soil Elisha Kenig, Ester Mor and Gideon Oron Improved water use can be attained by employing minute microirrigation (MMI) methods whereby the water application rate is adjusted to the plants' water demand. This can be accomplished by two main methods: (a) drip irrigation with a mean minute emitter discharge in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 1/h (3.4 to 13.5 ounces); and (b) intermittent application using conventional micro sprinklers or sprayers, with a mean effective outlet flow in the range of 2 to 8 l/h (0.5 to 2 gallons), equivalent to conventional drippers, and wetting an area of 10 to 20 m2 (108 to 215 ft2). Both methods have an application rate which is lower by an order of magnitude than that of conventional irrigation. The reduced mean application rate is achieved by using pulsating devices at each irrigating outlet or at the head of a cluster of laterals. Field experiments were conducted to confirm the results of the efficiency of this approach. Keywords: Microirrigation pulsating, Soil moisture control, Drip irrigation Abstract taken from paper found on pages 615 to 620 in Proceedings of 5th International Microirrigation Congress, April 2-6, 1995, Orlando, Florida. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085-9659, USA. Phone: 616-429- 0300 FAX: 616-429-3852 EMAIL: HQ@ASAE.ORG ***************************************************************** While their abstract is rather brief, the main text of their paper refers to a pulsator which maintains constant water pressure within the pipe system. Microspray delivery rates in avocado and citrus orchard experiments were 0.22 mm/hr (0.0088 inch/hr) and in sand culture greenhouse studies, surface drip emitter delivery was 0.4mm/hr (0.016 inch/hr). Observations in the orchard experiments concluded no runoff and 40% water savings. The greenhouse experiment had a 47% reduction in water use and similar yields (carnation flowers) to conventional irrigation. Soil salinity was also lower in the greenhouse experiment compared to conventional operation. All this sounds good, but as usual, I have questions: 1) What exactly is a pulsator? 2) How many of these pulsators do you need per irrigation line or per hectare or acre? 3) Was the uniformity of the drip or microspray system measured during these bursts of water delivery and if so, how was the uniformity affected? 4) Is there anybody out there doing similar research or irrigation practice? How are you accomplishing this? Richard Mead Trickle-L owner/manager <------------------------------>
Date: Mon, 4 Sep 1995 16:51:07 -0400 From: Merriott@aol.com Subject: Re: Pulsating Micro-Sprinklers Pulsating micro-sprinklers were introduced in Florida several years ago for use in citrus. I'm not sure if these are what the abstract was referring to, but these have a small pulsator on each emitter. The ones I have seen have a chamber that fills with water, and once it's full it releases it all at once. One of the big selling points was that you could theoretically get just as good a coverage with these as a regular micro-sprinkler but with a much lower volume of water. So you could say put these in a system that had originally been undersized and get better uniformity or design a system with these to begin with and have a lower cost installation since you'd have smaller pipe, valves, etc. However, many growers in Florida tend to be suspicious of emitters that have moving parts, and in addition, the cost of these pulsating micro-sprinklers is higher. A lot of growers also use micro-sprinklers for frost protection and I doubt the volume would be high enough to do much good, although I think I heard that someone did some experiments on intermittent frost protection, which is a similar concept but I believe done with higher volumes of water. I'd like to hear from any growers, especially in Florida, who've used these and what their experience is. Were the maintenance problems any greater than with regular micro-sprinklers? Anybody try using these or another pulsing method during a freeze? <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Sep 8 02:25 EDT 1995
Date: Fri, 8 Sep 1995 01:14:33 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509080614.AA03709@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 290

Contents:
Re: Abstract #5 (Dripigate@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Fri, 8 Sep 1995 02:02:36 -0400 From: Dripigate@aol.com Subject: Re: Abstract #5 In practical terms, the design of the system must reach beyond mean E/T and give the operater the ability to respond on demand. I think I coined the phrase of"' High density drip" in the late 70's!!!! <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Sep 9 02:23 EDT 1995
Date: Sat, 9 Sep 1995 01:15:27 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509090615.AA29584@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 291

Contents:
Re: Books (storlie@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU)
Re: Abstract #5 (PHLASH79@aol.com)
Re: Abstract #5 (Chansamone Saiyasak .<.76073.3676@compuserve.com.>.)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Fri, 08 Sep 1995 14:34:10 -0400 (EDT) From: storlie@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU Subject: Re: Books Fellow Dripsters: The Cal Poly books are not free! So Hey, Mr. Burt - Why not save us some time and just print prices in your email? One who Inquired and Then Bought Even Though They Cost A Bunch, C. Storlie <------------------------------>
Date: Fri, 8 Sep 1995 19:20:59 -0400 From: PHLASH79@aol.com Subject: Re: Abstract #5 dear Richard, the "Pulsator" is brand name for a product. I will call you directly and give you a contact name and number. if anyone else desires the information please contact me directly at Landmark7@aol.com. Landmark Irrigation Jim Phene <------------------------------>
Date: 09 Sep 95 01:58:50 EDT From: Chansamone Saiyasak .<.76073.3676@compuserve.com.>. Subject: Re: Abstract #5 unsubscribe trickle-l <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Sep 10 02:24 EDT 1995
Date: Sun, 10 Sep 1995 01:16:04 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509100616.AA11245@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 292

Contents:
      Re: Abstract #5 ("Taunya Kopke" .<.tkopke@ozark.org.>.)
New member response (MEAD2513@aol.com)

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Date: Sat, 9 Sep 1995 08:28:08 +0000 From: "Taunya Kopke" .<.tkopke@ozark.org.>. Subject: Re: Abstract #5 Hi, I would also like the information. Thanks. > Date: Fri, 8 Sep 1995 18:18:01 -0500 > Reply-to: .<.trickle-l@unl.edu.>. > From: PHLASH79@aol.com > To: Multiple recipients of list .<.trickle-l@unl.edu.>. > Subject: Re: Abstract #5 > dear Richard, > > the "Pulsator" is brand name for a product. I will call you directly and > give you a contact name and number. if anyone else desires the information > please contact me directly at Landmark7@aol.com. > > Landmark Irrigation > Jim Phene > > Best Wishes, Taunya /----------------------------------------------------------\ Taunya L. Kopke (Fayetteville, AR - Zone 6b) tkopke@ozark.org (http://cavern.uark.edu/~ozarinfo/) \----------------------------------------------------------/ <------------------------------>
Date: Sat, 9 Sep 1995 12:58:11 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: New member response The following is a response from a new member: >1) Briefly, what is your affiliation with trickle/drip irrigation?< A: I'm the librarian at the San Diego County Water Authority. We are a public agency, a wholesaler of water to 23 agencies in San Diego county. These include 2 irrigation districts (Vista and South Bay), as well as several municipal water districts who serve primarily agricultural areas. We are concerned about water (& soil) quality & conservation w/regard to our agricultural customers, and need to stay abreast of the issues in the field, such as drip irrigation. >11) How did you find out about our mailing list? < A: I believe it was mentioned on another water list. Kim Laru K#u#Laru@marge.ccmail.compuserve.com <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Sep 11 02:27 EDT 1995
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 01:16:23 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509110616.AA21172@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 293

Contents:
Root observations (MEAD2513@aol.com)
Re:  Root observations (redling@gumbo.bae.lsu.edu (Robert Edling))

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Date: Sun, 10 Sep 1995 19:18:51 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Root observations Just to make things interesting this time, I will not deliver an abstract of the week with commentary as usual but instead discuss some stimulating research going on which involve plant roots. With the combined efforts of Dr. Ken Shackel (UC Davis pomologist) and a northern California company called "DendroTech", some fascinating root excavation* work is being performed in California almond orchards. Basically, technicians from DendroTech hook up a fire fighting nozzle and hose to a local water main and then blast the soil under a tree with water while simultaneously sucking the soil/water slurry with another hose at a rate of 600 gpm (2.3 cubic meters/min). This root washing process penetrates to a depth of 3.5 ft. (1.07 m) and a radius of 5-6 ft. (1.5 to 1.8 m). The excavation process takes about 40 minutes per tree. The main reason I'm mentioning this rather unique procedure is to point out what Dr. Shackel has observed. - Trees which were well watered all their lives had many roots, both deep and shallow. - Trees which were deliberately not given as much water were not well anchored, in fact one tree actually fell during the excavation process. - Over watering of trees did not develop proportionally more root mass. According to Dr. Shackel, "frequently irrigated trees had surprisingly deep and extensive root systems, while less frequently watered trees were smaller and the root systems reflected that size." These observations seem to confirm a growing philosophy in the drip irrigation arena: "High Frequency". Not only is high frequency irrigation efficient for water and nutrient application, controlling salinity and preventing excess drainage, but it seems to create a well developed root system for the uptake of soil water. At our Water Management Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), another type of root study has begun. Plexiglas tubes have been horizontally inserted into our new monolith lysimeters**. We will be inserting a video camera into the transparent tubes to observe root mass of the crop growing in the lysimeters. Upon video recording the tube exploration, the video tape will be digitally edited and each frame of interest will be quantitatively assessed for root length and density. The bottom line of this information is to observe and quantify differences between roots growing in shallow saline-water table conditions vs. roots growing without a water table using subsurface drip irrigation in both instances. This technology will be demonstrated at our upcoming Twin Lysimeter Open House (September 14, 1995) and pictures of this equipment at the Open House session will be offered on our Web homepage: (http://asset.arsusda.gov/wmrl/wmrl.html) Does anyone know of other types of root studies, or have experiences with root observations, especially relating to drip irrigation? If so, please share with the Trickle-L group. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * For more information concerning this hydraulic technology, see the July '95 issue of California Farmer (pages 10, 11 and 24). **A lysimeter is very simply a box of soil which sits on a sophisticated scale. Crops are planted in the lysimeter and changes in weight indicate evapotranspiration (ET) or rain fall, depending on weigh loss or gain, respectively. Our lab has 7 lysimeters throughout the state of California, ranging from 8 to 24 cubic meters (283 - 848 ft3) in volume. The various crops planted in the lysimeters include: peach, grape, cotton, alfalfa, reference grass and cantaloupe. All of our lysimeters have either surface drip or subsurface drip irrigation systems for water delivery. Richard Mead List owner/manager <------------------------------>
Date: Sun, 10 Sep 95 20:07:29 CDT From: redling@gumbo.bae.lsu.edu (Robert Edling) Subject: Re: Root observations The ARS unit stationed at Auburn had what they called a rizitron (sp) that consisted of a basement underneath a plot where plots were growing. There \ were glass/plexiglas walls on the soil mass so the root growth could be observed. Root growth and the diurnal dehydration/hydration of the roots was observed. I don't believe that the plots were irrigated, if they were I would guess it wasn't by trickle irrigation. Bob Edling LSU <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Sep 12 02:28 EDT 1995
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 01:17:04 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509120617.AA15940@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 294

Contents:
lysimeter studies (Spofford .<.engts@wntcdb.wntc.nrcs.usda.gov.>.)
Crop factors for Garlic (meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)
TEXAS ECO-FAIR '95 (Jkenoch@aol.com)
Response from a new subscriber (MEAD2513@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Mon, 11 Sep 95 05:35:46 PDT From: Spofford .<.engts@wntcdb.wntc.nrcs.usda.gov.>. Subject: lysimeter studies Additional root study work with lysimeters may have been done at the Prosser, WA Irrigation Research and Education Center, on grapes. Dr. Robert Evans was conducting some ET research and other researchers were utilizing the plot for various information. This work was conducted in the mid to late 80s and may still be ongoing. <------------------------------>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 10:45:25 +0930 From: meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au Subject: Crop factors for Garlic I wonder if any of you would have some crop factors/coefficeinst for Garlic. We have not been able to find any published to date. Cheers Tony M :-) ***************************************************** * Tony Meissner * * Senior Research Scientist (Soils) * * Primary Industries, South Australia * * PO Box 411, Loxton SA, Australia 5333 * * Tel. 085 95 9146 * * Fax: 085 95 9199 * * email meissner.tony@pi.sa.gov.au * ********************************************************* <------------------------------>
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 23:35:28 -0400 From: Jkenoch@aol.com Subject: TEXAS ECO-FAIR '95 --PART.BOUNDARY.0.375.mail02.mail.aol.com.810876913 Content-ID: .<.0_375_810876913@mail02.mail.aol.com.18274.>. Content-type: text/plain FYI: --PART.BOUNDARY.0.375.mail02.mail.aol.com.810876913 Content-ID: .<.0_375_810876913@mail02.mail.aol.com.18275.>. Content-type: text/plain; name="ECO-FAIR" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Reserve October 6 and 7, 1995 for ECO-FAIR TEXAS '95, a one-of-a-kind for= um for the exchange of ideas and information on the cutting edge of agric= ulture and social change.=0D=0DSustainable and profitable agriculture wil= l be the focus on Friday, October 6, 1995. Featured keynote speaker Dr. W= es Jackson's research team is conducting the first-ever work on developin= g a perennial grain crop. Dr. Jackson is in great demand as a speaker, an= d we are pleased to be able to include him in our program. =0D=0DIn addit= ion, Friday's program will offer a full day of workshops covering agricul= tural topics such as soil health, cost management, crop rotation, and far= m-scale composting along with much more to help farmers and ranchers beco= me more successful. Many of these workshops will offer practical experien= ce from practicing farmers and ranchers as well as nationally recognized= agricultural specialists. If you are farming or ranching and want to lea= rn the latest innovative techniques, you won't want to miss this event. =0D= =0DSaturday, October 7 will also offer an exciting range of workshops for= both rural and urban residents including eco-tips for the backyard gardn= er, organic landscaping, green building techniques and sustainable commun= ity strategies.=0D=0DECO-FAIR TEXAS '95 will be held at the Austin Conven= tion Center in Austin from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. More than 125 exhibitor= s from across the nation will display their products and services. Admiss= ion is $5 per day for the Trade Show and all workshops. For more informat= ion call Carole Berry at 512-451-5212. = --PART.BOUNDARY.0.375.mail02.mail.aol.com.810876913-- <------------------------------>
Date: Mon, 11 Sep 1995 23:41:22 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Response from a new subscriber The following is a survey response from a new subscriber, Tim Lewis. Welcome Tim !! >1) Briefly, what is your affiliation with trickle/drip irrigation?< I am a home owner who is concerned about conserving our natural resources so I use drip and soaker systems in my yard. I also like soaker/drip irrigation because we live in the humid mid-west where overhead watering promotes diseases on plants so soaker/drip irrigation reduces this problem. >2) What crops or plants do you use drip irrigation on?< 1,000 sq. ft. vegetable garden and some shrub and flower beds. >3) If using subsurface drip irrigation, what is the average depth of placement of the drip lateral?< na >4) What problems have you encountered with drip irrigation?< We have lots of lime in our water which clogs the systems easily. Sometimes dirt or debris gets in and clogs emmiters. >5) Fertigation is a real advantage of drip irrigation. What form of N, P and K have you been trying and to what success?< na >6) Have you experienced a reduction in fertilizer and/or water use?< Yes, water usage has decreased and plant growth and health has increased even though we experienced a near record hot summer. >7) Do you have water quality problems? If so, how do you tackle the situation? 8) How frequent do you irrigate? Many times a day or just one long session per day or several days?< I run the systems about every 3 days for 4 to 8 hours, depending on conditions and if I remember to turn it off. >9) Do you have rodent damage? If so, how do you control the problem?< no >10) Are you pleased with the uniformity of your system or systems? Were they designed correctly? 11) How did you find out about our mailing list?< Through H.O.M.E. BBS (I think). <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Sep 13 02:26 EDT 1995
Date: Wed, 13 Sep 1995 01:17:37 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509130617.AA10084@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 295

Contents:
 (Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia      .<.cgarcia@inialb.org.uy.>.)
response to Tom Meissner (Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia      .<.cgarcia@inialb.org.uy.>.)
 (evan@griffith.dwr.csiro.au (Evan Christen))

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Tue, 12 Sep 95 06:34:13 URU From: Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia .<.cgarcia@inialb.org.uy.>. Subject: I work at INIA National Research Institute of Agriculture of Uruguay. Our department is going to work with lysimeter into a rain out shelter, mainly in pear, peach, allium and sweet onion. The idea is begin to work in drip irrigation and roots growing but until now we do not have experience in this studies. --- <-------------------------------------------------------------------------->
Soil Water and Climate Department NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia ANDES 1365 P12 MONTEVIDEO URUGUAY cgarcia@inialb.org.uy CP 11100 SOUTH AMERICA <-------------------------------------------------------------------------->
<------------------------------>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 95 07:19:05 URU From: Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia .<.cgarcia@inialb.org.uy.>. Subject: response to Tom Meissner In relation to garlic coeficients, Dr. Burba from Argentina worked for more than 15 years in surface irrigation in garlic maily red garlic. His phone number is 0054-622-70304 INTA LA CONSULTA. He do not have e-mail. We work in irrigation on garlic since 3 years but until now we do not have crop coefficients. The rain is very irregular in our country so it was not possible estimate crop consumptive. --- <-------------------------------------------------------------------------->
Soil Water and Climate Department NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE Ing.Agr. Claudio Garcia ANDES 1365 P12 MONTEVIDEO URUGUAY cgarcia@inialb.org.uy CP 11100 SOUTH AMERICA <-------------------------------------------------------------------------->
<------------------------------>
Date: Tue, 12 Sep 1995 20:32:12 -0500 From: evan@griffith.dwr.csiro.au (Evan Christen) Subject: 1) Briefly, what is your affiliation with trickle/drip irrigation? CSIRO research project investigating salt and water balances in vineyards. Comparing drip irrigated vineyards with flood irrigated. Based in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area in New South Wales, Australia 2) What crops or plants do you use drip irrigation on? Drip is used on vineyards, citrus, tomatoes, cucurbits. The area under drip irrrigation is less than 5% of horticulture. There are considerable barriers to moving to drip. 3) If using subsurface drip irrigation, what is the average depth of placement of the drip lateral? Drip in perennial horticulture is surface, in vegetable crops is buried about 150mm 4) What problems have you encountered with drip irrigation? 5) Fertigation is a real advantage of drip irrigation. What form of N, P and K have you been trying and to what success? 6) Have you experienced a reduction in fertilizer and/or water use? 7) Do you have water quality problems? If so, how do you tackle the situation? Filementatious algae can be a problem. Water is very turbid. 8) How frequent do you irrigate? Many times a day or just one long session per day or several days? In peak season when ETo is 8-12mm/day irrigation is daily otherwise every few days. Profiles need to be wetted up before season starts, this is a heavy irrigation every day for afew days to develop a large wetted volume 9) Do you have rodent damage? If so, how do you control the problem? Foxes are biggest problem chewing through lines. 10) Are you pleased with the uniformity of your system or systems? Were they designed correctly? Designs tend to be OK, although extremes of weather may be a problem ( need large wetted volume). Management is a problem, scheduling and irrigation times are arbitary. Drip irrigation often run too long causing watertable rises. The 'Enviroscan" soil moisture monitoring system is gaining acceptance and is probably the way to go. Evan Christen Irrigation and Drainage Management for Horticulture CSIRO Division of Water Resources Griffith Laboratory Griffith NSW 2680 Australia Fax # 61 69 601600 "Errare Humanum Est" J.C. 50 B.C. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Sep 14 02:27 EDT 1995
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 01:17:49 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509140617.AA09087@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 296

Contents:
Environscan? (storlie@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU)
Environscan? - Reply (meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Wed, 13 Sep 1995 12:01:40 -0400 (EDT) From: storlie@AESOP.RUTGERS.EDU Subject: Environscan? Can someone briefly describe the Environscan soil moisture monitoring system? Thanks, C. Storlie <------------------------------>
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 09:03:58 +0930 From: meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au Subject: Environscan? - Reply The Environscan is a soil moisture measuring instrument developed in Australia. It works on the capacitance principle ie it measures the change in capicitance of the soil depending on the moisture level, as there is a large difference in the dielectric constant of soil, air and water. The Environscan measures the change in frequency response of the soil's capitance due to its soil moisture status. The calibration curve is supposed to be universal, but there is some evidence that this is not so. Care has to be taken in installation as air gaps can dramatically alter the response. There is a similar instrument manufactured in the States. Hope this is a simple enough explanation. Cheers Tony M :-) ***************************************************** * Tony Meissner * * Senior Research Scientist (Soils) * * Primary Industries, South Australia * * PO Box 411, Loxton SA, Australia 5333 * * Tel. 085 95 9146 * * Fax: 085 95 9199 * * email meissner.tony@pi.sa.gov.au * ********************************************************* <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Fri Sep 15 02:26 EDT 1995
Date: Fri, 15 Sep 1995 01:17:59 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509150617.AA06943@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 297

Contents:
Re: Environscan? - Reply (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))
Re: Environscan? Contacts (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))
Re: Environscan? Contacts (BRASERJ@aol.com)
EnviroSCAN - Calibration (Gabriel Levy .<.100237.1224@compuserve.com.>.)
ENVIROSCAN (evan@griffith.dwr.csiro.au (Evan Christen))

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 19:11:29 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Environscan? - Reply >The Environscan is a soil moisture measuring instrument developed in Australia. It works on the >capacitance principle ie it measures the change in capicitance of the soil depending on the moisture >level, as there is a large difference in the dielectric constant of soil, air and water. The Environscan >measures the change in frequency response of the soil's capitance due to its soil moisture status. >The calibration curve is supposed to be universal, but there is some evidence that this is not so. >Care has to be taken in installation as air gaps can dramatically alter the response. > >There is a similar instrument manufactured in the States. Hope this is a simple enough explanation. > >Cheers >Tony M :-) >***************************************************** >* Tony Meissner * >* Senior Research Scientist (Soils) * >* Primary Industries, South Australia * >* PO Box 411, Loxton SA, Australia 5333 * >* Tel. 085 95 9146 * >* Fax: 085 95 9199 * >* email meissner.tony@pi.sa.gov.au * >********************************************************* > > Tony, Please explain why the calibration curve use for the Enviroscan is not universal. Could you quote me your source &/or evidence that it is not so?? Cheers Peter M. _____________________________________________________________ Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist Agrilink P.O. Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: 09 275 9990 Fax: 09 275 9991 _____________________________________________________________ <------------------------------>
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 19:33:49 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Environscan? Contacts > Can someone briefly describe the Environscan soil moisture >monitoring system? > >Thanks, >C. Storlie > > > If you require detailed information regarding the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System, contact the manufacturer: Sentek Ric Gatto 69 King William St Kent Town South Australia 5067 Tel: + 61 8 363 0839 Fax: + 61 8 362 8400 Regards Peter Moller ____________________________________ Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist Agrilink P.O. Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: + 61 9 275 9990 Fax: + 61 9 275 9991 ___________________________________ <------------------------------>
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 09:19:36 -0400 From: BRASERJ@aol.com Subject: Re: Environscan? Contacts In a message dated 95-09-14 07:40:37 EDT, you write: > > I have an irrigation management company and have been in providing irrigation services to growers in the San Joaquine Valley of California. We currently use ET modeling to schedule field crops and neutron probes for trees and vines. I have used almost every technology available during the past 20 years including tensiometers, gypsum block, various ceramic cup type devices measuring soil suction, IRTs, etc. I have started to look at Enviroscan and the technology appears sound. The keys to success is the frequent logging of soil moisture. The manufacture has some really slick software from which you can analize soil moisture use patterns. The equipment is though quite expensive. Anyone who has practical, commericial experience? Ron Brase Crop Care Services Fresno, California <------------------------------>
Date: 15 Sep 95 02:07:32 EDT From: Gabriel Levy .<.100237.1224@compuserve.com.>. Subject: EnviroSCAN - Calibration The calibration equation used in the software of the EnviroSCAN soil moisture monitoring system is deemed "universal" as it has been generated using calibration data obtained from varying soil types. This data was generated by the CSIRO and Department of Agriculture in Australia and the United States Department of Agriculture in California. This equation is supplied as the default equation in the software and is more than adequate for the majority of users that are using the data for irrigations scheduling purposes. There never will be a soil moisture sensing system that would not require a calibration process (destructive sampling) to be performed if the user requires accurate absolute values on their particular soil type. The software provided with the EnviroSCAN has the ability for the user to enter their own calibration constants/equations. Rick Gatto Sentek Pty.Ltd. 69 King William St. Kent Town South Australia 5067 <------------------------------>
Date: Fri, 15 Sep 1995 01:10:35 -0500 From: evan@griffith.dwr.csiro.au (Evan Christen) Subject: ENVIROSCAN Regarding commercial application of the enviroscan: We have used it in vineyards with trickle and flood irrigation. Can set refill points by assessing the point of inflection on the soil moisture depletion curve. Can assess depth of water extraction = root zone depth. Can assess water use as vines come out of dormancy, extraction patterns and root development. Most importantly it gives a real time assesment of the irrigation practice, depth of wetting, water past the root zone and refill. It also helps to deal with summer rainfall, was the rain effective?, to what depth. the cost of 32 probes + logger + software is minimal compared to capital investment in a vineyard With current prices the cost would be returned with a 2 - 6 % increase in yield in a 40 ha vineyard The main drawback is a: maximum 8 sites per logger, finding representative sites in vineyard. however the cost of the access tube is minimal thus many can be installed and the probes moved around. The problem of tube installation appears to be largely solved. Soils that display a large degree of swell/shrink could be a problem if allowed to dry down to shrinkage limits. We have such soils but high watertables rarely allow excessive cracking. Evan Christen Irrigation and Drainage Management for Horticulture CSIRO Division of Water Resources Griffith Laboratory Griffith NSW 2680 Australia Fax # 61 69 601600 "Errare Humanum Est" J.C. 50 B.C. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Sep 16 02:28 EDT 1995
Date: Sat, 16 Sep 1995 01:18:09 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509160618.AA03339@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 298

Contents:
Re: ENVIROSCAN (GrapeGrowr@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Fri, 15 Sep 1995 14:34:31 -0400 From: GrapeGrowr@aol.com Subject: Re: ENVIROSCAN When you speak of costs, could you be more specific. Even Ball park numbers would be helpful. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Sep 17 06:28 EST 1995
Date: Sun, 17 Sep 1995 01:18:11 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509170618.AA13814@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 299

Contents:
Re: EnviroSCAN - Calibration (sjordan@seldon.terminus.com (Steve Jordan))
Re: Environscan? Contacts (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Fri, 15 Sep 1995 23:50:02 +0000 From: sjordan@seldon.terminus.com (Steve Jordan) Subject: Re: EnviroSCAN - Calibration > >The calibration equation used in the software of the EnviroSCAN soil moisture >monitoring system is deemed "universal" as it has been generated using .... Is that similar in function to the Troxler unit? Steve Jordan @ Second Foundation <------------------------------>
Date: Sun, 17 Sep 1995 07:01:34 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Environscan? Contacts >In a message dated 95-09-14 07:40:37 EDT, you write: > >> >> > >I have an irrigation management company and have been in providing irrigation >services to growers in the San Joaquine Valley of California. We currently >use ET modeling to schedule field crops and neutron probes for trees and >vines. I have used almost every technology available during the past 20 >years including tensiometers, gypsum block, various ceramic cup type devices >measuring soil suction, IRTs, etc. > >I have started to look at Enviroscan and the technology appears sound. The >keys to success is the frequent logging of soil moisture. The manufacture >has some really slick software from which you can analize soil moisture use >patterns. The equipment is though quite expensive. > >Anyone who has practical, commericial experience? > >Ron Brase >Crop Care Services >Fresno, California > > Dear Ron, I provide a water management service to irrigation managers in Western Australia to a range of horticulture crops, turf and effulent disposal systems. I phased out the neutron probe 4 years ago and now utilise the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System. It provides a richer picture of what is happening in the soil profile both in the root zone & below due to its ability to continously log soil moisture. Irrigation agronomists Australia wide have installed over 300 systems of the latest version (RT5) over the last 18 months and have plenty of commerical experience demonstrating that the economic benifits far out way the capital cost. We have done cost analysis to compare the three year cost of a range of soil measuring devices & find that the Enviroscan is in the same cost bracket. My business has changed since providing a neutron probe service in 1990 with a small group of customers limited to one region, to a business that utilises the Enviroscan with a broad range of customers spread 1000km north of Perth to 500km south of Perth. I utilise remote downloading & modem for data transfer & support whilst the soil moisture content is collected every day (60 min intervals) on site. If you need further info please contact: Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist Agrilink PO Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: + 61 9 275 9990 Fax: + 61 9 275 9991 Email: Agrilink@iinet.net.au Regards Peter Moller. <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Sep 19 16:49 EDT 1995
Date: Tue, 19 Sep 1995 15:41:32 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509192041.AA00699@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 301

Contents:
Abstract # 6 (MEAD2513@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Tue, 19 Sep 1995 00:38:37 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Abstract # 6 Sensors and automated irrigations have been previously discussed on Trickle-L (circa April 1995). However, no mention of any particular research (i.e. in abstract of the week format) has dealt with sensor actuated irrigation. Presented below is abstract #6 which discusses the issue of tensiometer actuated irrigations in apple orchards. As stated back in April, > "Setting a clock timer is considered 'automated', but doesn't allow for seasonal anomalies of climate. One could over irrigate on a unseasonably cool day or under irrigate on a strange hot day". < The one of the most effective ways to sense a need for irrigation is to monitor the soil moisture status. ***************************************************************** Soil Sensor Actuated Microirrigation of Apples M. Meron, R. Assaf, B. Bravdo, R. Wallach, R. Hallel, A. Levin and I. Dahan A field experiment was initiated in 1992, at Matityahu Hort. Exp. Farm, near Baram, Israel, to develop and test a soil sensor- actuated automatic irrigation system and to optimize sensor actuation thresholds for fruit yield and quality. Evaluation of the effect of wetted soil volumes on water use, fertility and vigor of apple orchards was a secondary objective. Irrigation was applied through one or two drip laterals per row, or by one mini- sprinkler per tree, each arrangement doubling the wetted soil volume from the previous one. Analog output transducer-equipped tensiometers actuated irrigation at preset thresholds of 15, 25, and 35 kPa (.15, .25 and .35 bar) soil water tensions*, and stopped irrigation when tension dropped to 10 kPa (.10 bar) at 0.4 m (16 in.) depth, thus eliminating deep percolation. The control system operated as predicted by initial simulation and the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated. Highest yields** were achieved at 25 kPa (.25 bar) soil water tension actuation, applying 450-550 mm (18-22 in.) water. Lower tension thresholds of 15 kPa (.15 bar), with 650-750 mm (26-30 in.) water applied, did not raise yields but increased fruit size and trunk growth. High thresholds of 35 kPa (.35 bar) with only 350 mm (14 in.) water, decreased both yield and vegetative indicators. Mini-sprinklers used considerably more water than drippers.*** No recognizable differences in water use were found between single and double drip lines per row. More experimentation will be needed to ensure that the optimal threshold (25 kPa or .25 bar) treatment, will maintain high yields, without negatively effecting orchard vigor and longevity. Keywords: Irrigation control, Automation, Soil suction, Threshold limits, Water use efficiency Additional information: Soil type was stony, brown clay loam. Tensiometers were placed .3m (12 in.) tangential to drip emitter pattern and 0.6m (24 in.) diagonally from the center of mini-sprinkler pattern at maximum irrigation intensity. The tension from the tensiometers were monitored by the minute. The monitoring was done using a Campbell Scientific 21x micrologger-controller. *Note: An increase in soil tension is associated with decreasing thickness of hydration which surrounds the soil-particle surface...thus increasing tension is associated with decreasing soil moisture ** 4-5.1 kg/m2 or 17.8-22.7 tons/acre ***According to my calculations, 222 mm or 8.7 in. on average. Abstract taken from paper found on pages 486 to 491 in Proceedings of 5th International Microirrigation Congress, April 2-6, 1995, Orlando, Florida. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085-9659, USA. Phone: 616-429- 0300 FAX: 616-429-3852 EMAIL: HQ@ASAE.ORG Richard Mead Trickle-L owner/manager USDA-ARS-WMRL <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Sep 19 16:49 EDT 1995
Date: Tue, 19 Sep 1995 15:41:32 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509192041.AA00699@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 301

Contents:
Abstract # 6 (MEAD2513@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Tue, 19 Sep 1995 00:38:37 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Abstract # 6 Sensors and automated irrigations have been previously discussed on Trickle-L (circa April 1995). However, no mention of any particular research (i.e. in abstract of the week format) has dealt with sensor actuated irrigation. Presented below is abstract #6 which discusses the issue of tensiometer actuated irrigations in apple orchards. As stated back in April, > "Setting a clock timer is considered 'automated', but doesn't allow for seasonal anomalies of climate. One could over irrigate on a unseasonably cool day or under irrigate on a strange hot day". < The one of the most effective ways to sense a need for irrigation is to monitor the soil moisture status. ***************************************************************** Soil Sensor Actuated Microirrigation of Apples M. Meron, R. Assaf, B. Bravdo, R. Wallach, R. Hallel, A. Levin and I. Dahan A field experiment was initiated in 1992, at Matityahu Hort. Exp. Farm, near Baram, Israel, to develop and test a soil sensor- actuated automatic irrigation system and to optimize sensor actuation thresholds for fruit yield and quality. Evaluation of the effect of wetted soil volumes on water use, fertility and vigor of apple orchards was a secondary objective. Irrigation was applied through one or two drip laterals per row, or by one mini- sprinkler per tree, each arrangement doubling the wetted soil volume from the previous one. Analog output transducer-equipped tensiometers actuated irrigation at preset thresholds of 15, 25, and 35 kPa (.15, .25 and .35 bar) soil water tensions*, and stopped irrigation when tension dropped to 10 kPa (.10 bar) at 0.4 m (16 in.) depth, thus eliminating deep percolation. The control system operated as predicted by initial simulation and the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated. Highest yields** were achieved at 25 kPa (.25 bar) soil water tension actuation, applying 450-550 mm (18-22 in.) water. Lower tension thresholds of 15 kPa (.15 bar), with 650-750 mm (26-30 in.) water applied, did not raise yields but increased fruit size and trunk growth. High thresholds of 35 kPa (.35 bar) with only 350 mm (14 in.) water, decreased both yield and vegetative indicators. Mini-sprinklers used considerably more water than drippers.*** No recognizable differences in water use were found between single and double drip lines per row. More experimentation will be needed to ensure that the optimal threshold (25 kPa or .25 bar) treatment, will maintain high yields, without negatively effecting orchard vigor and longevity. Keywords: Irrigation control, Automation, Soil suction, Threshold limits, Water use efficiency Additional information: Soil type was stony, brown clay loam. Tensiometers were placed .3m (12 in.) tangential to drip emitter pattern and 0.6m (24 in.) diagonally from the center of mini-sprinkler pattern at maximum irrigation intensity. The tension from the tensiometers were monitored by the minute. The monitoring was done using a Campbell Scientific 21x micrologger-controller. *Note: An increase in soil tension is associated with decreasing thickness of hydration which surrounds the soil-particle surface...thus increasing tension is associated with decreasing soil moisture ** 4-5.1 kg/m2 or 17.8-22.7 tons/acre ***According to my calculations, 222 mm or 8.7 in. on average. Abstract taken from paper found on pages 486 to 491 in Proceedings of 5th International Microirrigation Congress, April 2-6, 1995, Orlando, Florida. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Michigan 49085-9659, USA. Phone: 616-429- 0300 FAX: 616-429-3852 EMAIL: HQ@ASAE.ORG Richard Mead Trickle-L owner/manager USDA-ARS-WMRL <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Sep 20 16:52 EDT 1995
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 1995 15:41:58 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509202041.AA25408@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 302

Contents:
Re: Enviroscan info,  Attn Scott Good (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))
Re: Enviroscan info required-Ed Biel (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))
Re: Enviroscan. Attn: Dennis Roll (agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller))
IAA Conference - Australia (meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Wed, 20 Sep 1995 14:46:51 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Enviroscan info, Attn Scott Good > >Peter, could you please send me some information on the Enviroscan Soil >Moisture Monitoring System........ >Thank you. >Scott Good > > >Scott M Good >6341 Wiley ST >Hollywood, Florida, USA 33023 > >E-mail: Scottgood@aol.com > > _________________________________________ Scott, Thanks for for enquiry. I will post detailed info to you regarding the Enviroscan specifications and also a copy of two technical papers, one presented at the Irrigation Assoc., of Australia's national conferance in 1994, outlining a case study of the economic benefits of irrigation scheduling of russet burbank potatoes.This was using the Enviroscan to collect continous soil moisture data & a water management service to provide the grower with agronomic support. The second paper outlines a case study of continous soil moisture monitoring in hardwood plantations irrigated with secondary treated effluent. Agrilink provides an integrated approach to water management in horticulture in Western Australia. The main areas are soils, irrigation system infrastructure & irrigation scheduling. Soils: a proposed irrigation development is soil mapped according to the soils water holding capacity. Soils with the same RAW value (readily available water) are grouped together to form a management unit. This is calcualted by adding up the millimetres of readily available water in each textural layer in the potential rootzone. A irrigation management plan is the outcome of this process which directly influences irrigation system design, farm layout (wind breaks, sheds), root stock &/or variety selection. Irrigation system infrastructure: the irrigation system must then be designed so as to deliver water to each management unit as defined in the soil mapping process, independently to the other units. This requires innnovative design which has a flexible control system to turn each management unit on at the demand of the crop & a pump system that can handle a range of flow rates from small to large units at one time. The system must also be uniform in application of water across the management unit. This is very important if regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is being used to control vegetative growth. Scheduling: Once the soils have been grouped & an irrigation system has been designed based on the soil data then effective irrigation scheduling can occur. My customers purchase the Enviroscan & I install it. I use this system to collect the soil mositure data, as it is in situ which saves me &/or the grower time & money in data collection, it provides a richer picture as it is continous (every hour) and the software is easy to use so as to interpret the data to understand the crop water use, stress, water logging, depth of irrigation etc. The benefits my customers are getting are improved efficiency with the use of water, power, & fertilizer, improved quality (larger friut size, minimal variation), improved yield & a more sustainable production system (reduction in leaching of water & fertilizer). The benefits are the result of being able to manage the soil moisture in the rootzone with accurate info and making the right decision to irrigate based on the actual crop's water requirements. For further information on the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System contact the manufacturer: Ric Gatto Sentek 69 King William St Kent Town South Australia 5067 Tel: + 61 8 363 0839 Fax: + 61 8 362 8400 Email: 100237.1224@compuserve.com Regards Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist _______________________________ Agrilink P.O. Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: + 61 9 275 9990 Fax: + 61 9 275 9991 Email: agrilink@iinet.net.au ________________________________ <------------------------------>
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 1995 15:01:04 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Enviroscan info required-Ed Biel >Peter Moller >Agrilink > >I have been watching with interest the discussion on Trickle-List re the >Enviroscan soil water monitoring equipment. Where can I get more info here in >N.S.W? What is the cost of the equipment? Is it suitable for smaller >orchard holdings? We presently use teneiometers to monitor soil moisture and >schedule irrigations - low initial cost but is info really sound. > >Looking forward to hearing from you on this. > > >Regards, Ed > >________________________________________________________ > >Edward Biel. | WANAKA ORCHARD > | 'High Marlowe' >E-mail: ebiel@tpgi.com.au | 70 Old Jerusalem Road. > | Oakdale. >Phone/Fax: 011 61 46 596254 | New South Wales. > | AUSTRALIA. > > GROWERS OF HIGH QUALITY POME AND STONE FRUIT >________________________________________________________ > > Dear Edward, Thanks for your enquiry. Across Australia a range of crops over a range of soil types are monitored using the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System. Also I have a wide range of production units in Western Australia using the Enviroscan from 10 hectares (potatoes) through 350 hectares of drip irrigation (effulent disposal on wooded treelot). If you contact the manufacturer they will provide you with the contact details of the nearest agronomist who can help to determine the system costings for your sized production system. For further information on the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System contact the manufacturer: Ric Gatto Sentek 69 King William St Kent Town South Australia 5067 Tel: + 61 8 363 0839 Fax: + 61 8 362 8400 Email: 100237.1224@compuserve.com Regards Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist _______________________________ Agrilink P.O. Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: + 61 9 275 9990 Fax: + 61 9 275 9991 Email: agrilink@iinet.net.au ________________________________ <------------------------------>
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 1995 16:01:09 +0800 From: agrilink@iinet.com.au (Peter Moller) Subject: Re: Enviroscan. Attn: Dennis Roll >I am an irrigation specialist (agronomist) with Alberta Agriculture at >Strathmore, AB, Canada, and am interested in the "Enviroscan" equipment for >determining soil moisture. We used to use neutron probes but have pretty >well "retired" that equipment now. > >I would like to know how the Enviroscan equipment works, labor(time required) >for reading, installing tubes, etc., prices, etc. Where can one obtain these >commercially, i.e. who manufactures them? I would like to obtain some >literature from the manufacturer of these. Any info you can e-mail would be >appreciated. Thanks.------------------------------------- >Name: Dennis Alexander Roll >E-mail: rolld@cadvision.com >Date: 03/02/95 >Time: 23:57:11 > >...What goes around comes around.... >------------------------------------- > > > Dear Dennis, Thanks for enquiry. It is good to hear from someone in Canada; I was born in Hamilton Ontario but my parents moved back to Australia when I was three years old!! I've got the info you have requested, but it is not all on computer, so can you email your postal address. For further information on the Enviroscan Soil Moisture Monitoring System contact the manufacturer: Ric Gatto Sentek 69 King William St Kent Town South Australia 5067 Tel: + 61 8 363 0839 Fax: + 61 8 362 8400 Email: 100237.1224@compuserve.com Regards Peter Moller Irrigation Agronomist _______________________________ Agrilink P.O. Box 260 Bassendean Western Australia 6054 Tel: + 61 9 275 9990 Fax: + 61 9 275 9991 Email: agrilink@iinet.net.au ________________________________ <------------------------------>
Date: Wed, 20 Sep 1995 17:05:19 +0930 From: meissner.tony@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au Subject: IAA Conference - Australia Notice of Irrigation Association of Australia Conference 14-16 may, Adelaide Australia AUSTRALIAN SOLUTIONS The Irrigation Association of Australia is pleased to announce IRRIGATION AUSTRALIA 1996 conference exhibition When: May 14th-16th 1996 Where: Adelaide Convention Centre Adelaide, South Australia <------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
Irrigation Australia '96 Conference Held at the same time as the Expo the Irrigation Australia '96 conference is on the theme of "Australian Solutions". The irrigation industry in Australia has been faced with a number of major challenges including diminishing water supplies, competition for existing supplies, poor quality water, ageing infrastructure and industry reform. Irrigation Australia '96 is the chance for irrigation industry professionals to meet with their colleagues from the region and share their experience and knowledge learned while developing solutions. The organising committee welcomes expressions of interest form potential delegates, speakers and exhibitors, and from any party who would like to be included on the mailing list for Irrigation Australia '96. <------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------>
Enquiries can be made to: Irrigation Australia '96 The Irrigation Association of Australia PO Box 10006 Gouger Street ADELAIDE SOUTH AUSTRALIA 5000 Tel: 61 8 262 6311 Fax: 61 8 302 3373 Email: "sparrow.denis@pi.sa.gov.au" <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************


From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Thu Sep 21 16:50 EDT 1995
Date: Thu, 21 Sep 1995 15:42:52 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509212042.AA24116@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 303

Contents:
Re: Capacitance probe discussion (MEAD2513@aol.com)
Re: Capacitance probe discussion (ScottGood@aol.com)

<---------------------------------------------------------------------->

Date: Thu, 21 Sep 1995 00:46:24 -0400 From: MEAD2513@aol.com Subject: Re: Capacitance probe discussion Due to the recent discussion about the Sentek EnviroScan* capacitance probe system, I thought it would be appropriate to discuss the Water Management Research Lab's observations with Sentek* and Troxler* capacitance probes. Both probes use a capacitance technique known as FDR (frequency domain reflectometry). Let me briefly discuss how a capacitance probe works (if you're rusty in basic electronics, get out your physics book). A capacitance sensor consists of a pair of electrodes (circular metal rings) connected to an oscillator. When the probe is inserted into a PVC access tube installed in the field and activated (using radio frequencies), the soil-water-air matrix around the PVC tube forms the dielectric of a capacitor which then completes an oscillating circuit. Changes in soil water content cause a shift in frequency. Our lab first experimented with the Troxler Sentry* 200 AP capacitance probe. It is a single probe/sensor portable unit, which hooks up to a multiplexer or directly to a reading unit. Using field and boxed soil conditions we observed the following: a) It is extremely critical to have good sensor-tube-soil contact for reliable estimation of soil moisture. When the soil was repacked in a boxed condition (~ 1 meter cube.....~35 cubic ft.), better correlations were obtained. b) A linear calibration equation comparing frequencies vs. true volumetric soil moisture status gave better results than factory or derived exponential calibration equations. c) True zone of influence readings did not begin until the probe was 30 cm (1 ft.) below the soil surface. The Troxler Sentry 200 AP unit did not at that time (circa mid to late 1993) have software for continuous datalogging. Hence, it was strictly a portable unit, similar to a neutron probe whereby it is carried from probe tube to probe tube for raw count readings. If you want detailed information about the Troxler* probe, contact Troxler.* I have heard through the rumor mill that the company has updated and improved their system. If you want detailed information concerning our results, send for the WMRL paper entitled "Capacitance Probe Use in Soil Moisture Measurements" (Mead, Paltineanu, Ayars and Liu). E-mail Paula Lynch at PLYNCH@CATI.CSUFRESNO.EDU for paper requests. About the time we were winding down our research with the Troxler* probe, we obtained an Sentek EnviroScan* RT5 system. The Sentek Enviroscan* RT5 system is not portable but is installed as an array of probes connected to a self contained datalogger. Each probe can attach up to 8 sensors in 10 cm (4 in.) intervals. Our initial and eventual goal was to install these probes in our monolith lysimeters which focus on shallow saline water table contributions to the crop root system. While the lysimeters were being constructed, we evaluated the Sentek* probes for measurement in different soil textures, bulk densities and soil water salinity. The Sentek* system uses a unique calibration setup system whereby raw readings are taken in air (Fa) and in a water basket (Fw). Sentek* defines this initial setup as 'Universal Frequency' (UF) as [Fa-F/Fa-Fw]. It is basically a ratio of the extremes of air and water sensor readings with an actual soil reading thrown in the numerator. Making a long story short, we found the following: a) There was a positive correlation between the UF and true soil volumetric water content in three soil types and 4 bulk densities, albeit significant differences occurred between the soil types and densities. b) There was some curvature in the calibration equations for clay and sandy loam soils, but only when quadratic regressions were derived. c) As soil salinity increased, sensor moisture values were positively skewed (looked wetter). After salinity levels of 15.4 ECe, the skewed values leveled off. We found that using saline water in the Fw (water basket) setup procedure seemed to lower the skewed values. Our studies imply that there is good volumetric soil moisture measurement using this system, yet site specific calibrations will have to be performed for the most precise measurements. "Wetter" than normal readings might occur from the probes when installed in saline environments. There is concern about shrink/swell soils (2:1 expanding clays) creating air gaps near or cracks adjacent to the access tube. According to Sentek*, there is a slurry recipe that involves a mixture of cement, kaolinite and water in certain ratios that is poured into the augured hole prior to access just tube installation. We have yet to try this technique. If you want more detailed information about the EnviroScan* RT5 system, contact Sentek.* If you want detailed information concerning our results, send for the WMRL paper entitled "Evaluating the Influence of Soil Texture, Bulk Density and Soil water salinity on a Capacitance Probe Calibration" (Mead, Ayars and Liu). Again, contact Paula at PLYNCH@CATI.CSUFRESNO.EDU . The obvious advantages of 'both' FDR capacitance probes are: 1) Relinquished radioactive hassles (both regulation and exposure). 2) Lack of random counting error and quick response in readings. 3) Relatively light weight. 4) Good accuracy as long as there is good soil-tube contact and relatively low saline conditions. 5) The potential to continuously monitor a soil profile (permanent installation). 6) Access tube installation time is equivalent to neutron probe tube installation. Stay tuned to Trickle-L for future discussion of TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) probes. Richard Mead Soil Scientist USDA-ARS-WMRL Trickle-L owner/manager *The USDA-ARS does not endorse the product name, but only uses it for descriptive terminology for the benefit of the reader. <------------------------------>
Date: Thu, 21 Sep 1995 15:38:43 -0400 From: ScottGood@aol.com Subject: Re: Capacitance probe discussion Richard, Thanks for the tech primer on FRD's and the references for more info. Scott Good Scottgood@aol.com <------------------------------>
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From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Mon Sep 25 01:55 EDT 1995
Date: Mon, 25 Sep 1995 00:44:14 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509250544.AA16445@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 304

Contents:
EnviroSCAN Info (Gabriel Levy .<.100237.1224@compuserve.com.>.)

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Date: 25 Sep 95 00:29:32 EDT From: Gabriel Levy .<.100237.1224@compuserve.com.>. Subject: EnviroSCAN Info Due to the interest in EnviroSCAN I have provided the following basic information. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ******************* How does EnviroSCAN work? ------------------------- EnviroSCAN combines state of the art electronics and software in a system that is simple to learn and practical to use. A solar powered, central logging facility is connected by cable to probes at each monitoring site. Probes can be located by cable runs up to 500 metres from the logger. Standard length probes of 0.5 metres are used for shallow rooted crops or turf while 1, 1.5 or 2 metre probes are used for tree crops, vines and broadacre crops such as cotton. In research, waste water management, environmental and mining applications probes of longer lengths such as 5, 10 or 15 metres are used. By contrast, in hydroponic and nursery applications, probes as short as 10 or 20cm are used. Each probe can be fitted with multiple sensors. The sensors snap on to the probe with slots provided every 10 centimetres allowing the user to specify the sensor depths. Up to 32 sensors are supported by 1 logger on 2 cable runs of up to 16 sensors with up to 4 probes on each cable run in any configuration. The sensors utilise electrical capacitance to measure soil moisture. The capacitance field generated between the two metal plates of the sensor extends beyond the PVC access tube into the surrounding soil. The capacitance field is affected by the dielectric constant of the material the field passes through. The dielectric of soil, regardless of whether it is sand, loam or clay, is relatively constant ranging from 3 to 6 while air is 1 and water is 80. Soil moisture is determined by the change in the amount of air and water in the soil structure. This changes with rainfall, irrigation, drainage, evaporation and crop water use. Using capacitance the changing ratio of air and water at each soil depth can be measured very quickly and accurately. The sensor readings are converted to volumetric soil water content using a default calibration equation in the software that takes into account the varying soil types. This calibration was established using gravimetric sampling which is the international standard used to calibrate methods such as the Neutron Probe. Data can be logged at intervals as short as every one minute and is downloaded to a computer for display. In sandy soils and vegetable crops it is usual to log at 10 minute intervals while in heavy soils and tree crops and vines it is usual to log at 15 to 30 minute intervals. Data is displayed in easy to read graphs allowing growers to make quick decisions about when to irrigate and how long to irrigate. EnviroSCAN has been extensively field tested with over 500 systems installed Australia wide. Independent testing by CSIRO, Department of Agriculture and Research groups have confirmed the accuracy and reliability of the information provided by EnviroSCAN. MARKET INFORMATION ****************** Who Uses EnviroSCAN? -------------------- EnviroSCAN is currently in use in the following crop types: Almonds Apples Apricots Artichokes Asparagus Avocados Bananas Berries Broccoli Brussell Sprouts Capsicums Carrots Cashews Celery Cherries Citrus - Orange, Lemon, Lime, Mandarin Cotton Cucumber Eggplant Flowers Grapes - Nursery, Table, Wine Hops Lettuce Lychees Macadamias Mangos Onions Pasture Peaches Pears Peas Potatoes Pistachio Nuts Plums Rockmelons Snow Peas Strawberries Sugarcane Sweetcorn Tomatoes - Field, Hydroponic Turf Watermelon Woodlots Waste Water Applications Mining Applications Hydroponics and Nurseries Growers, Grower Groups, Corporate Growers Government Departments (CSIRO, DPI, etc) Researchers, Consultants EnviroSCAN is suitable for use in all common soil types from course sand to cracking clay and will work in all soil moisture ranges from saturated to powder dry. DISTRIBUTION ************ The following are distributors of the EnviroSCAN and their contact details. AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTORS ----------------------- Northern Queensland Piccone Horticultural Ask for Marie Piccone Phone: 071 254 955 Fax: 071 254 961 Southern Queensland Crop Tech Research Ask for John Hall Phone: 071 597 433 Fax: 071 597 470 Northern Rivers Hortech Services Ask for Peter Broomhall Phone: 07 204 4521 Fax: 07 886 0389 Central Northern NSW McGregor Gourlay Ask for Paul Castor Phone: 067 524 122 Fax: 067 525 025 Central NSW/Hunter Valley Hacom Pty Ltd Ask for Warwick Harrison Phone: 063 640 257 Fax: 063 640 268 MIA / Griffith Quiprite Pty Ltd Ask for Andrew McLennan Phone: 069 623 766 Fax: 069 624 458 Northern Victoria Soil Moisture Monitoring Svcs Ask for Adrian Orloff Phone: 058 219 069 Fax: 058 219 079 Southern Victoria Irritech Management Svcs Ask for Graham Palmer Phone: 059 896 216 Fax: 059 896 086 Tasmania Serve-Ag Pty Ltd Ask for Peter Rand Phone: 004 270 800 Fax: 004 270 801 South Australia / Sunraysia Yandilla Park Services Ask for Trevor Sluggett Phone: 085 861 200 Fax: 085 851 394 Western Australia Agrilink Technology Ask for Peter Moller Phone: 09 275 9990 Fax: 09 275 9991 Email: agrilink@iinet.net.au Northern Territory Darwin Irrigation Supplies Ask for Brian Hood Phone: 089 411 955 Fax: 089 811 161 CALIFORNIA - USA ---------------- Handley Irrigation Ask for Dale Handley Phone: 209 798 2184 Fax: 209 798 2184 E-Mail: 71242.2636@compuserve.com Sentek is seeking distributors in other countries including Israel, South Africa, South America, New Zealand and Europe. Distributors are typically agronomic consultancy companies that provide an irrigation scheduling service (usually utilising the Neutron Probe) and maintain high credibility in their geographic area. The infrequency of data combined with the high cost of operating the Neutron Probe are the main reasons these companies are seeking alternate technologies to enable them to provide a service which is more economically viable at the same time providing real time agronomically credible data. PRICING ******* Pricing on the EnviroSCAN systems varies greatly dependent upon property size, crop type, soil type, etc. For general information purposes a basic system comprising 2 x 0.5 metre probes and 8 x sensors would cost approximately US$6,000 whereas as an 8 x 1.5 metre probe, 32 sensor system would cost approximately US$15,000. For a detailed quotation for your property/application please contact your nearest distributor or Sentek. GENERAL ******* For further information please contact: Manager/Product Development - Rick Gatto Marketing/Distribution/Pricing - Nigel Robinson Software - Gabriel Levy Agronomy - Peter Buss Sentek Pty Ltd, 69 King William Street, Kent Town SA 5067, Australia Phone +61 8 363 0839 Fax +61 8 362 8400 E-Mail 100237.1224@compuserve.com. <------------------------------>
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From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Tue Sep 26 01:55 EDT 1995
Date: Tue, 26 Sep 1995 00:45:09 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509260545.AA09260@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 305

Contents:
unsubscribe (lowell@CyberGate.COM (Lowell Zelinski))

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Date: Mon, 25 Sep 1995 15:27:25 GMT From: lowell@CyberGate.COM (Lowell Zelinski) Subject: unsubscribe unsubscribe What a long strange trip its been! <------------------------------>
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From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Wed Sep 27 01:57 EDT 1995
Date: Wed, 27 Sep 1995 00:46:02 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509270546.AA00449@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 306

Contents:
Any openings for an irrigation engineer in West Texas / Eastern NM ? (Merriott@aol.com)

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Date: Tue, 26 Sep 1995 20:45:30 -0400 From: Merriott@aol.com Subject: Any openings for an irrigation engineer in West Texas / Eastern NM ? I previously posted the following message. I will be in West Texas / Eastern NM / Oklahoma during the week of Oct 2-6 and would like to interview with those in the area who might be in need of my skills either now or in the near future. Will be checking messages and E-mail on a regular basis. Thanks, Randall Merriott ------------------------------------------------------------- Anyone know of an opening for an irrigation engineer? B.S. Ag Engineering, EIT, Irrigation Association Drip/Micro CID. Four years design experience. Creative, hard-working, dependable, team player. Ten years of computer experience. Likes working in the field and getting hands dirty. Willing to relocate. Especially interested in opportunities that would involve overseas travel. For full resume send E-mail to Merriott@aol.com or call 407-770-2056. Thanks, Randall Merriott <------------------------------>
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From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sat Sep 30 07:41 EDT 1995
Date: Sat, 30 Sep 1995 06:01:32 -0500
Message-Id: .<.199509301101.AA13018@crcnis1.unl.edu.>.
From: trickle-l@unl.edu
Subject: TRICKLE-L digest 307

Contents:
Re: EnviroSCAN Info (LodiCraig@aol.com)

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Date: Sat, 30 Sep 1995 06:18:19 -0400 From: LodiCraig@aol.com Subject: Re: EnviroSCAN Info In a message dated 95-09-25 01:37:22 EDT, you write: Over the past few years I have become very reliant upon neutron probe data. Looking at the grapevines and kneading the soil is good only to a point ... but only with accurate soil moisture data can I anticipate how the vine will respond to changing weather conditions. Not only do I want to confirm that field capacity has actually been reached in spring (or determine a saturated condition if it exists), but also must manage our grapes in a fairly tight range of high 'water deficiency' as we approach harvest. Thus I desire fairly high volumetric accuracy over a wide range. >How does EnviroSCAN work? >Using capacitance the changing ratio of air and water at each soil depth can be >measured very quickly and accurately. > I have completely oriented my thinking and decision criteria around neutron probe results ... specifically water status in terms of inches water per foot of soil. How accurately and repeatably can EnviroSCAN compare to neutron probe data? Does it provide equivalent information? Through what range of moisture does EnviroScan maintain its accuracy? <------------------------------>
End of Digest ************************
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