From root@crcnis1.unl.edu Sun Aug 20 08:59 EDT 1995
Date: Sun, 20 Aug 1995 07:51:43 -0500
Message-Id: <9508201258.AA03772@sunsite.oit.unc.edu>
From: listserv@unl.edu
Subject: GET SOILS-L LOG9506

Archive SOILS-L: file log9506, part 1/1, size 66207 bytes:

------------------------------ Cut here ------------------------------


From 72643.2531@compuserve.com Mon Jun 1 13:38:16 1995
Date: 01 Jun 95 17:38:16 EDT
From: Philip Small <72643.2531@compuserve.com>
Subject: Dipyridyl, FE(II), wetlands
Message-Id: <950601213816_72643.2531_DHL31-1@CompuServe.COM>

I asked for and received the soils-l recipient list and see that we are now
back up to 509 subscribers. This is great news.

Noting that I _am_ on the list but have not been receiving any postings
from soils-l in weeks (soilschem on the other hand has been fairly
active) I thought maybe it was time to stir things up a little:

Would anybody like to discuss Dipyridyl as a field redox tool?

2,2' Dipyridyl indicator dye (CAS # 366-18-7) is a readily available and
inexpensive tool for confirming reduced conditions in saturated
soil. Dipyridyl (pronounced dye-pier'-i-dil not dippy-riddle, although the
latter is a fetching alternative) turns immediately _bright_ red in the
presence of free Fe(II). Soil scientists are in general agreement that the
solubilization of iron, with Fe(III) reduced to Fe(II), defines the boundary
between anaerobic and aerobic soil conditions. This is as opposed to
denitrification or Mn solubilization which occur in anoxic (but less
extreme pE) conditions.

Unfortunately dipyridyl is not in common use. Some differences in
opinion about its workings have cropped up within the soil science
community. Specifically that dipyridyl is prone to giving false positives.
In my experience, false positive readings due to energy input from solar
radiation are so faint and develop so slowly that they are easily
differentiated from true positive readings. The false positive in the
presence of metallic iron from shovels, trowels and probes, is likewise
easily managed with a little common sense. An environmental engineer
associate informs me that dipyridyl is used in his state GI field spill
response kit and that it responds in the presence of very high levels of
chromium and mercury. I have used it on moist but aerobic biosolids
with elevated heavy metals and not gotten a positive reaction. IMHO, if
you get a false positive from heavy metals, you have more important
concerns than the accuracy of this indicator dye for detecting reduced
chemistry.

I promote dipyridyl for routine use by food processor sprayfield operators
to detect the onset of anaerobic soil conditions associated with excess
hydraulic loading and oxygen demand. I use dipyridyl while delineating
wetlands to observe the onset, extension and persistence of reducing
conditions within the capillary fringe.

I have developed a great fondness for this indicator over the years but
this is not to say that dipyridyl is without its weaknesses. I would be
interested in a free and open discussion about the use of dipyridyl with
any and all interested individuals. Inquiries welcome also.

Phil

--
Philip Small, RPSS | The Soils Group, Inc. provides |
72643.2531@compuserve.com | comprehensive soil science |
Phone: 509-452-5450 | consulting. Offices in Hawaii, |
Fax: 509-457-8301 | Washington, Idaho and Indiana |



From ensreddi@kraken.itc.gu.edu.au Fri Jun 2 18:36:15 1995
Date: Fri, 2 Jun 1995 08:36:15 +1000 (EST)
From: Matthew Redding <M.Redding@ens.gu.edu.au>
Subject: Re: Dipyridyl, FE(II), wetlands
In-Reply-To: <950601213816_72643.2531_DHL31-1@CompuServe.COM>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.950602083306.12887A-100000@kraken>

Hi All,

On Thu, 1 Jun 1995, Philip Small wrote:

> differentiated from true positive readings. The false positive in the
> presence of metallic iron from shovels, trowels and probes, is likewise
> easily managed with a little common sense. An environmental engineer
> associate informs me that dipyridyl is used in his state GI field spill
> response kit and that it responds in the presence of very high levels of
> chromium and mercury. I have used it on moist but aerobic biosolids
> with elevated heavy metals and not gotten a positive reaction. IMHO, if
> you get a false positive from heavy metals, you have more important
> concerns than the accuracy of this indicator dye for detecting reduced
> chemistry.

Sounds good so far, but have you any idea at what levels you get a
positive response related to heavy metals ? If the levels are in the
1000's of ppm, then it could be of some use in the future.

Thanks,
Matt Redding



From sjordan@chainsaw.win.net Sat Jun 3 19:46:23 1995
Message-Id: <207@chainsaw.win.net>
Date: Sat, 03 Jun 1995 17:48:38
Subject: Re: Dipyridyl, FE(II), wetlands
From: sjordan@chainsaw.win.net (Steve Jordan)

>Would anybody like to discuss Dipyridyl as a field redox tool?
>
>2,2' Dipyridyl indicator dye (CAS # 366-18-7) is a readily available and
>inexpensive tool for confirming reduced conditions in saturated
>soil.

Besides showing potential wetlands, could this indicator be useful
to identify agricultural soils that to be drained and the depth of
tile drainage.

I am a farmer along the coast of California. We have problems on
some soils with perched water table. We have altificially drained
about 1/4 of my ranch. There is a nagging concern that in years
of high rainfall that my drainage may be inadequate, perhaps that
shallow enough or perhaps some undrained fields need draining.
While fighting flood water it is not the time to be augering
piezometers and measuring water levels.



From Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk Wed Jun 7 11:46:13 1995
Message-Id: <sfd58f17.008@kvl.dk>
Date: Wed, 07 Jun 1995 10:46:13 +0100
From: Tara Singh Gahoonia <Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: root length by image analysis

Dear Friends,

Is there any one who has experience
(or know someone with experience or
himself intend to use scanner and
image analysis) in measuring root
parameters, for example root length,
diameter etc?
Many thanks in advance

Tara S Gahoonia
Fax +45 35283460

Email :
Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.KVL.Dk



From Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk Wed Jun 7 13:42:24 1995
Message-Id: <sfd5a2d0.025@kvl.dk>
Date: Wed, 07 Jun 1995 12:42:24 +0100
From: Tara Singh Gahoonia <Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: Rigimesh

Dear friends,

In an old publication from 1972:
Hsieh J J C, Gardner W H and
Campbell (1972): Expetimental control
of soil water content in the vicinity of
root hairs, published in Soil Sci. Soc.
Amer. Proc., Vol. 36.
This publication was a part of J.J.C
Hsieh#s Ph.D thesis (1962).
These people used a Stainless steel
screen with the openings 28-30
microns, that time called Rigimesh type
W and available from Pall Trinity Micro.
Corp., Cortland, N.Y. I was try to get
more information on the availability the
Rigimesh but without success. Can
some one help me further to find out if
such mesh still is available or the
possible new address of the company

Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.KVL.DK
Fax. +45 35283460



From Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk Wed Jun 7 14:22:50 1995
Message-Id: <sfd5a94f.036@kvl.dk>
Date: Wed, 07 Jun 1995 13:22:50 +0100
From: Torsten Muller <Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: Rigimesh -Svar

If you do not have a big success with your ring-questions, we could try to
send a e-mail to one of the discussion groups on internet. I am logged in to
a group named "soil science". This should be the right place for your
questiones. If you want to log in yourself, you can also ask Bernd. He
knows how to do this!

Torsten



From BHUANG@GAES.GRIFFIN.PEACHNET.EDU Wed Jun 7 05:07:10 1995
Message-Id: <199506071259.AA01062@crcnis1.unl.edu>
Date: Wed, 07 Jun 95 09:07:10 EDT
From: Bingru Huang <BHUANG@GAES.GRIFFIN.PEACHNET.EDU>
Subject: root length measurement

There are many people using root scanner and imaging system for root
measurements. Dr. Dave Eissenstat (dave_eissenstat@agcs.cas.psu.edu)
and others at Penn State are using scanner. I am using one of the image
analysis systems.

Bingru Huang | Crops and Soils Science
| Georgia Experiment Station
INTERNET: | 1109 Experiment Street
BHUANG@GAES.GRIFFIN.PEACHNET.EDU | Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797 USA
BHUANG@GRIFFIN on BITNET
DIALCOM: 157:AGS634 FAX: (404) 229-3215


From Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk Wed Jun 7 17:29:32 1995
Message-Id: <sfd5d7ea.077@kvl.dk>
Date: Wed, 07 Jun 1995 16:29:32 +0100
From: Tara Singh Gahoonia <Tara.S.Gahoonia@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: Rigimesh -Svar -Svar

thanks Torsten,
It will be great to log to the discussion
group "soil sciences". I subscribed to
two other group e.g. soil-L and
soil-chem. But soil sciences will also be
useful. How to subscribe to it? I will talk
to Bernd or to you.
tara



From dan@quetzalcoatl.com Wed Jun 7 08:21:04 1995
Date: Wed, 7 Jun 1995 14:21:04 -0600
From: Daniel Fuka <dan@quetzalcoatl.com>
Message-Id: <199506072021.OAA01105@death_elephant.quetzalcoatl.com>
Subject: Re: root length by image analysis

It has been mentioned to me by Paul Mutch (USDA-ARS at Washington
State University) that there some such project going on in the agronomy
department up there in Pullman. I am not certain of his email address
but his phone number is 509-335-2792 (USA). You may be able to get
an email address for Paul from Keith Saxton ksaxton@mail.wsu.edu .
Just let him know that you are trying to get hold of Paul for a
root study that he was involved in.

Hope that this is of some use,
dan


From thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu Wed Jun 7 10:16:22 1995
Date: Wed, 7 Jun 1995 17:16:22 -0700 (PDT)
From: Hodges <thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu>
Subject: Re: root length by image analysis
In-Reply-To: <199506072021.OAA01105@death_elephant.quetzalcoatl.com>
Message-Id: <Pine.ULT.3.91.950607171550.16009D-100000@beta.tricity.wsu.edu>

The email address is Bill Pan <PAN@WSUVM1.CSC.WSU.EDU>
Tom
Tom Hodges, Cropping Systems Modeler
USDA-ARS email: thodges@beta.tricity.wsu.edu
Rt. 2, Box 2953-A voice: 509-786-9207
Prosser, WA 99350 USA Fax: 509-786-9370
== ## Rent this space ## ==
If this represents anything, it is only my opinion.

On Wed, 7 Jun 1995, Daniel Fuka wrote:

>
> It has been mentioned to me by Paul Mutch (USDA-ARS at Washington
> State University) that there some such project going on in the agronomy
> department up there in Pullman. I am not certain of his email address
> but his phone number is 509-335-2792 (USA). You may be able to get
> an email address for Paul from Keith Saxton ksaxton@mail.wsu.edu .
> Just let him know that you are trying to get hold of Paul for a
> root study that he was involved in.
>
> Hope that this is of some use,
> dan
>


From FENGHUI@onrsgu2.agr.ca Sun Jun 7 19:44:32 1995
Date: 07 Jun 1995 23:44:32 -0400 (EDT)
From: "Fenghui Wang - OLRU, Agriculture Canada" <FENGHUI@onrsgu2.agr.ca>
Message-Id: <01HRFY94B6EQ000OJI@GW.AGR.CA>

Subscribe soils-l Fenghui Wang


From FENGHUI@onrsgu2.agr.ca Sun Jun 7 19:45:38 1995
Date: 07 Jun 1995 23:45:38 -0400 (EDT)
From: "Fenghui Wang - OLRU, Agriculture Canada" <FENGHUI@onrsgu2.agr.ca>
Message-Id: <01HRFYAPAUCY000OJI@GW.AGR.CA>

Unsubscribe soils-l Fenghui Wang


From Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk Thu Jun 8 12:45:08 1995
Message-Id: <sfd6e3c7.038@kvl.dk>
Date: Thu, 08 Jun 1995 11:45:08 +0100
From: Torsten Muller <Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: soil biology, soil biochemistry

Who knows newsgroups focussing on soil biology and soil biochemistry?

Dr. Torsten M#ller
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Department of Agricultural Sciences
Section of Soil, Water and Plant Nutrition
Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1971 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
Phone: + 45 35283499, Fax: + 45 35283460
e-mail: torsten.muller@agsci.kvl.dk



From PENV-SW@wye.lon.ac.uk Thu Jun 8 13:26:02 1995
From: Stephanie White <PENV-SW@wye.lon.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 8 Jun 1995 13:26:02 GMT
Subject: intro + Dipyridyl, Fe (II), Wetlands
Message-Id: <7432A20B85@microlab1.wye.lon.ac.uk>

As this is my first post here is the requested introduction.
I am a 2nd year research student at Wye College, University of
London. My areas of interest are currently focussed on the
effectiveness and mechanisms of riparian buffer zones adjacent to
surface waters. In effect the riparian buffer zones I am
investigating are 5m wide fertiliser-free grass buffer strips located
on the SSSI area, Walland Marsh, East Sussex.

My current burning question is to do with using Dipyridyl as a redox
tool. I am looking for a quick method to indicate redox potential of
the soil underneath my grass strips but have a couple of questions
concerning its use.
Firstly what is the sensitivity of Dypyridyl and secondly how do you
make it up?


From Redhaird1@aol.com Sun Jun 11 18:29:01 1995
Date: Sun, 11 Jun 1995 22:29:01 -0400
From: Redhaird1@aol.com
Message-Id: <950611222900_68790308@aol.com>
Subject: Re: intro + Dipyridyl, Fe (II...

Stephanie-I too am interested in wetlands. I heard a Dr. Richardson from
Univ. of North Carolina give an interesting presentation on use of grass and
forested riparian buffer strips. You might want to check out some of his
publications. I have no exp. with dipyridyl but someone at U.S.D.A. Soil
Survey Laboratory in Lincoln, Nebraska might be able to help you.


From NRDOMAIN.NROGM.HSAUER@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US Mon Jun 12 06:37:37 1995
Message-Id: <sfdc34be.035@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US>
Date: Mon, 12 Jun 1995 12:37:37 -0600
From: Henry Sauer <NRDOMAIN.NROGM.HSAUER@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US>
Subject: Dipyridyl, FE(II), wetlands -Reply

Phil I am interested in apply this analytical method to mine waste
piles. The inability for accurate redox determination at depth
within refuse piles and mine waste facilities has in my experiences
been a major short fall in "judging" the status of sulfides,
selenium, iron, ect. I have briefly investigated the WaterLoo
Sampler and the Neutron Probe (indirect redox method) but the "DIPPY
RIDDLE" (sorry could not resist) sounds less expensive and easier.
Could you provide me with more information. Thanks in advance!



From BEK@mmf.ruc.dk Tue Jun 13 18:09:56 1995
From: "Bernd Kuemmel" <BEK@mmf.ruc.dk>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 17:09:56 +0100
Subject: Soils under Climatic Change ? + Introduction of myself !
Message-Id: <4DBB0EC549C@mmf.ruc.dk>

Hej All

Before I shortly will present myself I would like to pose a question.

It looks like we have to prepare for some rather rapid climate change in
the next decades caused by the greenhouse effect that is already high
and going to be rising for some years. A consequence of the climatic change
will be that plants will have to migrate by several hundreds of kilometres
when climate zones shift. This might in principle can be solved with
geoengineering for natural systems.
But what about soils? Will they be able to keep up with the pace of
climatic change. What are the chances of gaining new agricultural land
in eg the Nordic countries or Canada when the old grain belts will be
diminished? How fast will soils react to the changing climate?

And now about myself:
After having studied Meteorology in Bochum, Berlin and Copenhagen I
graduated at the latter with courses in dynamical meteorology and
climatology plus glaciology. Now I work in an energy-related project
but my main interest actually is late 20th early 21st century climatic
change. So I have applied for an assistent teachers job for a course in
Climatology, Hydrology and Earth Science at the Geographical Institute in
Copenhagen where one of the subjects will be soil genesis.
]:*)
>From the Danish World of subtitles:
Mit navn er Kommunalobligation, James Kommunalobligation!


From DUPLESSIS@gate2.cc.unp.ac.za Tue Jun 13 23:08:39 1995
From: "Chris Du Plessis" <DUPLESSIS@gate2.cc.unp.ac.za>
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 21:08:39 +200
Subject: SOIL SCIENCE CHAIR POSITION
Message-Id: <9506132253.4fddfad6.CSP@gate2.cc.unp.ac.za>

VACANT CHAIR OF SOIL SCIENCE:

UNIVERSITY OF NATAL
PIETERMARITZBURG
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
An equal opportunity, affirmative action university

CHAIR OF SOIL SCIENCE (PROFESSOR)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
(FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE)

REF: P40/95 CLOSING DATE: 14 July 1995

Applicants for the above post should have a PhD plus teaching and
research experience. Teaching experience at the undergraduate
level would be an advantage. Preference may be given to
candidates with substantial experience in soil fertility/soil
chemistry, but suitable candidates with expertise in any field
of Soil Science are encouraged to apply. The successful candidate
must provide academic and research leadership for the Soil
Science discipline, supervise postgraduate students and lecture
to undergraduates. Administrative experience would be
advantageous. For further details E-mail SAVAGE@AGRON.UNP.AC.ZA
or telephone 27-331-2605514.

The salary offered will be determined according to the
qualifications and/or experience of the successful applicant.

Application forms, details of the salary package and conditions
of service are obtainable from the Personnel Section, University
of Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 Republic of South
Africa (tel 27 331 2605277).


From ctread@pegasus.unm.edu Tue Jun 13 11:50:37 1995
Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 17:50:37 -0600 (MDT)
From: Carol Jane Treadwell <ctread@unm.edu>
Subject: introduction
Message-Id: <Pine.A32.3.91.950613171900.47573C-100000@pegasus.unm.edu>

Dear All,

I am introducing myself to the Soil-List as a first time
subscriber. My name is Carol Treadwell, I am pursuing a Ph.D. under the
direction of Dr. Les McFadden at the University of New Mexico. My
speciality is
soil geomorphology, I also have a background in ecology and remote
sensing. For my dissertaiton research I
am examining the role of semi-arid soils in the global carbon cycle. I
am doing this by identifying where the most stable soil carbon reservoirs
are in the landscape and, by tracking losses of carbon (e.g. areas of net
soil erosion).
I am also interested in taking a closer look at soil-vegetation
relationships from the stanpoint of how soil development and genesis
affect water movement and nutrient availability to plants and how this
might impact the distribution of plant communities in the landscape.
I am currently finishing my dissertation and desire a
post-doctoral positon within the next year. If anyone in this group has
a project that might benefit from my areas of specialization please
contact me at ctread@unm.edu. If you know of anyone looking for a
post-doc, please forward this note.

Before I conclude I would like to reply to the last message.
Soils seldom preserve evidence of climate change so they either are
relict or completely overprinted by climate change. In arid and
semi-arid climates aroyos seem to form as cliamte warms and dries. This
causes soil truncation as well as extensive erosion.
The question of how or if soils change over the time scale of
glacial-interglacial climate changes is an interesting one and one I have
thought of since doing my masters thesis in northern Ney York state. I
would be interested in hearing more about this.

Carol Treadwell


From Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk Wed Jun 14 10:49:12 1995
Message-Id: <sfdeb1bb.084@kvl.dk>
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 09:49:12 +0100
From: Torsten Muller <Torsten.Muller@agsci.kvl.dk>
Subject: soils and global change

Hi friends and Bernd Kuemmel!

we just began to work on soil biological and soil biochemical parameters as
indices of soil quality in different climatic areas in Europe.

Global change and its effects on soils was the subject in the expert opinion
1994 of the Scientific Advisory Commission of the German Government:
Welt im Wandel: Die Gef#hrdung der Boeden / Wissenschaftlicher Beirat
der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveraenderungen. Economica Verl.,
Bonn, 1994
Very interesting but (unfortunately) in German language.

An interdisciplinary research project on global change and its effects on
agriculture is located at the Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Landwirtschaft,
Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Phone: +49 531 596-1,
Fax: +49 531 596814

Dr. Torsten Mueller
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Department of Agricultural Sciences
Section of Soil, Water and Plant Nutrition
Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1971 Frederiksberg C (Copenhagen), Denmark
Phone: + 45 35283499, Fax: + 45 35283460
e-mail: torsten.muller@agsci.kvl.dk



From tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch Wed Jun 14 15:31:45 1995
Message-Id: <9506141127.AA08408@ifksun1>
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 13:31:45 +0200
From: tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch (Silvia Tobias)
Subject: Hello, I am new

Hello everybody,

I am a new member in the soils-l discussion group an I would like=
to introduce myself. My name is Silvia Tobias and I am working at=
the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. My work in soil science=
has the following topics:
Soil physics and soil mechanics; soil structure stability and carrying=
capacity; recultivated soils; application of remote sensing technologies=
for soil science.

The research projects I am working on are:

1. Influence of Pressure on Structure and Other Characteristics of=
Fertility of Agricultural Soils

Deformation and changes in soil structure of agricultural soils as=
a consequence of pressure should be described by soil mechanical=
approaches or theories. Soil mechanical test equipment is to be=
adapted for questions in soil sciences. Especially judging structure=
stability by methods used in road construction and geotechnique=
for the estimation of carrying capacity is to be checked. Standard=
or reference values for Swiss agricultural soils shall be determined.

2. Recultivated Soils: Determination of Physical Soil Properties=
by Remote Sensing Technologies

Recultivation is the technical restoration of soil after constructions=
or gravel exploitation. Sustainable using implies the observation=
of soil structure regeneration to know e.g. the time when the planned=
cultivation will not damage soil. The aim of this research project=
is to elaborate a combined application of remote sensing techniques=
used in geodesy and geophysics and examinations generally used in=
soil science to gain areal information about air and water support=
of the soil. The idea is to divide a recultivated area into different=
soil "units" by remote sensing observation and to locate spots with=
insufficient air permaeability and ideal positions for soil profiles.=
Frequent investigation by non invasiv remote sensing techniques=
shall simplify the observation of soil development after recultivation.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-----------------------------------------
Silvia Tobias
Institute for Land Improvement and Phone: +41-1-=
633 2527 =20
Water Management Secretary:=
+41-1-633 3002 =20
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Fax: +41-1-633=
10 84
Address:
ETH-Honggerberg E-mail:=
tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch
CH-8093 Zurich
----------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-----------------------------------------



From T.Mavromatis@uea.ac.uk Wed Jun 14 07:04:11 1995
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 12:56:38 BST
From: "T.MAVROMATIS" <T.Mavromatis@uea.ac.uk>
Message-Id: <00991DDE.C08335A0.3546@cpcmg.uea.ac.uk>
Subject: CROP DATA REQUSET FOR FRANCE

Hi all,

I would like to introduce myself as a new subscriber to this list. I am a
Ph.D student working at the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East
Anglia with Dr. P.D.Jones. For my thesis I am studying the impacts of climate
change on wheat through the use of crop climate models. A major part of my
research would be the application of AFRCWHEAT2, CERES-Wheat and EPIC in
france.
I am interested in particular for experimental sites close or in the following
areas in South Central France

Maine-te-Loire Sarthe
Indre-et-Loire Loiret
Cher Yonne
Vienne

I wasn't able so far to find any crop/management/soil data required by the
models so any help /information for any possible source of data would be
greatly appreciated.

Theodoros Mavromatis


From david.favismortlock@ecu.ox.ac.uk Wed Jun 14 16:09:26 1995
From: David Favis-Mortlock <david.favismortlock@ecu.ox.ac.uk>
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 16:09:26 GMT+1
Subject: Soils and global change
Message-Id: <1E00B72C36@nsa.ecu.ox.ac.uk>

Hi! A recent volume on the subject of 'Soils and Global Change' is:

Rounsevell, M.D.A. and Loveland, P.J. (eds) (1994). Soil Responses
to Climate Change. NATO-ASI series vol. I 23, Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.

Also, if your definition of 'Soils and Global Change' includes 'Soil
EROSION and Global Change', then you might be interested in the
following (does this constitute advertising?):

Boardman, J., Evans, R., Favis-Mortlock, D.T., and Harris, T.M.
(1990). Climate change and soil erosion on agricultural land in
England and Wales. Land Rehabilitation and Degradation 2, 95-106.

Favis-Mortlock, D.T., Evans, R., Boardman, J., and Harris, T.M.
(1991). Climate change, wheat yield and soil erosion on the English
South Downs. Agricultural Systems 37, 415-433.

Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D.T. (1993). Climate change and
soil erosion in Britain. Geographical Journal 159(2), 179-183.

Favis-Mortlock, D.T.(1995). The use of synthetic weather for soil
erosion modelling. In, McGregor, D.F.M. and Thompson, D.A. (eds).
Geomorphology and Land Management in a Changing Environment, Wiley,
Chichester, 265-282.

Favis-Mortlock, D.T. and Boardman, J. (1995 in press). Nonlinear
responses of soil erosion to climate change: a modelling study on the
UK South Downs. Catena 109.

Finally (and back to the more general definition), you also might be
interested in current and planned activities of GCTE (Global Change
and Terrestrial Ecosystems -- an IGBP Core Project) with regard to
soils and global change. For more info, contact the GCTE Focus 3
Officer:

John Ingram
GCTE Focus 3 Offices
Dept of Plant Sciences
University of Oxford
South Parks Road
Oxford, UK

email: john.ingram@plants.ox.ac.uk

Hope this is of use.

Regards
Dr David Favis-Mortlock

Address: Environmental Change Unit
University of Oxford
1a Mansfield Road
Oxford OX1 3TB
UK
e-mail : david.favismortlock@ecu.ox.ac.uk
fax : (+44) (0)1865 281181
phone : (+44) (0)1865 281180


From jp@unlinfo.unl.edu Wed Jun 14 07:31:14 1995
From: jp@unlinfo.unl.edu (jerome pier)
Message-Id: <9506141731.AA29291@unlinfo.unl.edu>
Subject: I'm leaving! Need a new List Owner.
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 12:31:14 -0500 (CDT)

Dear Soils-l Subscribers,

I have accepted a position which will take me away from
my pipeline to the Info Highway. Therefore, I am now looking for
someone who would be interested in being List Owner. It is not
necessary for the Owner to be in physical proximity to Nebraska.
The requirements are basically that the Owner must be an email
junkie who has a large enough quota to handle an increased mail
load (due to routing of mail error messages). The Owner should
also be patient enough to handle problems that arise with
subscribers. Other than that, it is quite simple. The benefits
are name (or at least email address) recognition amongst a global
community of like minded persons.
Please contact me directly at jp@unlinfo.unl.edu if you
are interested.

--
Sincerely,

Jerome Pier
Post-Doctoral Research Assistant
Biological Systems Engineering, Univ. Nebraska - Lincoln
jp@unl.edu



From jp@unlinfo.unl.edu Wed Jun 14 11:12:05 1995
From: jp@unlinfo.unl.edu (jerome pier)
Message-Id: <9506142112.AA01476@unlinfo.unl.edu>
Subject: Job Announcement: N. Carolina
Date: Wed, 14 Jun 1995 16:12:05 -0500 (CDT)

FOREST NUTRITION COOPERATIVE
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY


POSTION:

The Department of Forestry is looking for an outstanding
individual to serve as a research assistant with the North
Carolina State Forest Nutrition Cooperative (NCSFNC). The
appointment (non-tenure track) will be made on a 12-month basis
with a salary commensurate with experience.

Individual will coordinate the Cooperative's field trial program in
productivity/silvicultural relationships. Coordination of field trials
requires examining the effects of site preparation, vegetation
control, thinning, and fertilization on southern pine plantation
growth and nutrition. Responsibilites will include: work plan
development; trial establishment, measurement, and soil and foliage
sampling; summarization, analysis, interpretation of data, report
writing; liaison with cooperators, technology transfer, and
assistance in administrative functions. Extensive overnight travel
is required.

DATE AVAILABLE: September 1, 1995. Closing date: August
15, 1995.

QUALIFICATIONS:

Master of Science with a background in both forestry and soils;
knowledge and experience with research methods (including study
design, sampling methods, and statistical analyses), PC computing,
and SAS software are required. Familiarity with southern pine
silviculture and southeastern forest soils, and an interest in forest
nutrition is desirable. The ability to effectively communicate and
work as a member of a diverse team of research scientists, graduate
students, and forest managers is essential.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

NCSFNC is an internationally recognized research and technology
transfer program between the Department of Forestry at N.C. State
University and 20 forest land management organizations. The
program's objective is to discover new knowledge and disseminate
information needed to improve the production efficiency and
maintain the sustainability of southern pine stands throught the
silvicultural manipulation of site resources. Send letter of
application, resume, college transcripts, and names of three
references to:

H. Lee Allen, Director phone: (919) 515-3500
Forest Nutrition Cooperative fax: (919) 515-6193
Box 8008, Dept. of Forestry NCSU email: allenl@cfr.cfr.ncsu.edu

North Carolina State University is an Affirmative
Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Applications will be
considered without discrimination because of race, religion, sex,
age, or national origin.


From NRDOMAIN.NROGM.HSAUER@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US Thu Jun 15 03:01:10 1995
Message-Id: <sfdff663.043@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US>
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 1995 09:01:10 -0600
From: Henry Sauer <NRDOMAIN.NROGM.HSAUER@EMAIL.STATE.UT.US>
Subject: Soils under Climatic Change ? + Introduction of myself !

One of the many related concerns surounding the increase in
mid-latitude northern hemisphere temperatures is the effects of CO2
on the interrelationships between C3 and C4 plants. Many studies
have shown a competative edge for C3 spp. in arid and semi arid
environments which is generally not the case at this time. Just a
thought. Welcome to the list. Get that delete key ready!!!



From EASTBURN@delphi.com Thu Jun 15 14:56:38 1995
Date: Thu, 15 Jun 1995 18:56:38 -0400 (EDT)
From: Bob Eastburn <EASTBURN@delphi.com>
Subject: Dipyridyl, buy where?
Message-Id: <01HRQUJGBSK294FHKI@delphi.com>

Noting the discussion by Phil Small and others regarding wetlands> I have a question for the group. Where is a good place for an
independent consultant to obatain 2,2' Dipyridyl indicator dye? In my case
since I am connected with neither a university nor the NRCS, I don't know of a
source. Don't believe my regular suppliers - ie Ben Meadows - carry it . TIA

Robert Eastburn

[Robert Eastburn, CPSC Eastburn JOAT Eastburn@delphi.com REastburn@aol.com]
[1436 Clayton-Delaney Rd Clayton, DE, USA 19938-9794 302-653-0769 (tel/fax)]




From ChemCE@aol.com Fri Jun 16 19:29:26 1995
Date: Fri, 16 Jun 1995 23:29:26 -0400
From: ChemCE@aol.com
Message-Id: <950616232925_96581588@aol.com>
Subject: Re: Dipyridyl, buy where?

< FE(II),
wetlands> I have a question for the group. Where is a good place for an
independent consultant to obatain 2,2' Dipyridyl indicator dye? In my case
since I am connected with neither a university nor the NRCS, I don't know of
a
source. Don't believe my regular suppliers - ie Ben Meadows - carry it . TIA

Robert Eastburn>

check Aldrich Chemical in Milwaukee. They have an 800 number but I don't
know what it is.


From P.J.Harris@reading.ac.uk Mon Jun 19 09:31:02 1995
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 1995 08:31:02 +0100 (BST)
From: "Peter J. Harris" <P.J.Harris@reading.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: Dipyridyl, buy where?
In-Reply-To: <950616232925_96581588@aol.com>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.950619081438.18125A-100000@suma3.reading.ac.uk>

Aldrich chemical according to my latest catalogue is at:
1001 W St Paul Avenue,
Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53233,
Tel.414 273 3850
Fax.414 273 4979

Main hazard is that it has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals. Oral LD50 (rats) is 100mg /Kg so poisonous but not very.
Toxicological information
May cause irritation to the skin. The substance is absorbed through the skin.
May cause irritation to the eyes.
May be harmful if inhaled.
May be harmful if ingested in quantity.

Peter Harris.Reading University, UK.



From emc@misa.pfi.net Tue Jun 20 01:55:08 1995
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 1995 17:55:08 +0800
From: Roberto Verzola <emc@misa.pfi.net>
Message-Id: <199506190955.RAA08009@misa.pfi.net>
Subject: intro

We are brothers Roberto and Pio Verzola Jr. We work in Third World
computer communications and information services. We are also avidly
interested in organic farming, including Fukuoka's no-tillage,
no-chemical-input approach. Soils-related studies, particularly with
tropical-forest, grassland and montane soils, should help us consider
the scientific as well as social pros and cons of such an approach.

__
<<_/un\_>>
(oo)



From hennebert@pedo.ucl.ac.be Mon Jun 19 19:02:24 1995
Message-Id: <9506191555.AA14609@mendel.agro.ucl.ac.be>
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 1995 18:02:24 +0100
From: hennebert@pedo.ucl.ac.be (Pierre HENNEBERT)
Subject: Simple Water Soil Model to teach graduates

Dear subscribers,

I am looking for a simple model of water infiltration, retention and
transfer in soils, for educationnal purpose (MSc). The model should ideally
be implemented in a standard spreadsheet (Excel, ...). Optimally, it should
also propose some default water content/hydraulic conductivity/water energy
relationshisp as a function of texture, organic carbon, and bulk density.
It can be one-directionnal. It should preferrably use SI units (i.e. J per
cubic
meter).

Many thanks in advance

Pierre A. Hennebert



From dhoum@idirect.com Mon Jun 19 19:19:13 1995
Date: Mon, 19 Jun 1995 23:19:13 -0400
Message-Id: <199506200319.XAA10942@lucid.idirect.com>
From: dhoum@idirect.com (Rajesh Dhoum)
Subject: Introduction

Hello there! My name is Rajesh Dhoum. I am working on my Masters of
Applied Science degree (Chemical Engineering) at the University of Toronto
in Canada. My thesis topic deals with the remediation of uranium and
arsenic from low level radioactive waste contaminated soil. I have been
using sequential extraction procedures commonly used for the analysis of
soils to obtain an efficient method for the remediation of soil.

The burning question I have is regarding the different methods for the
analysis of soils other than sequential extraction. What other methods are
used to analyze soil for uranium, arsenic and matrix elements directly
(without washing) other than Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis (ENAA)?
Currently, this is the method that I am employing.



From P.J.Harris@reading.ac.uk Tue Jun 20 09:23:22 1995
Date: Tue, 20 Jun 1995 08:23:22 +0100 (BST)
From: "Peter J. Harris" <P.J.Harris@reading.ac.uk>
Subject: Re: Simple Water Soil Model to teach graduates
In-Reply-To: <9506191555.AA14609@mendel.agro.ucl.ac.be>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.950620081244.23417A-100000@suma3.reading.ac.uk>

Suggest you contact TLTP-CLUES, Centre for CBL(Computer based learning)
in Land Use and Environmental Sciences, William Guild Building,
University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 2UB, UK. <clues@aberdeen.ac.uk>
There is a package SPACTEACH originally developed here at Reading
University, Dept of Soil Science by Dr Lester Simmonds. It is a graphical
simulation of the changes in water content at various depths in the soil
profile which are brought about by infiltration, evaporation from the
soil surface, drainage, water flow between soil layers and uptake of
water by roots if a crop is present. We have used it at Reading for some
years in its original form for both BSc and MSc work.
TLTP-CLUES are working on a number of teaching packages.

Best wishes,
Peter Harris,
Department of Soil Science,
The University of Reading,
P O Box 233,
Whiteknights,
Reading RG6 6DW, UK.



From tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch Tue Jun 27 11:49:20 1995
Message-Id: <9506270744.AA12532@ifksun1>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 1995 09:49:20 +0200
From: tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch (Silvia Tobias)
Subject: Stone/Clod Windrowing

The technique of stone/clod windrowing for potato cutlivation is recently
introduced in Switzerland. Already a heavy argument about the advatages for
farming and dangers for soil structrure is arising between farm industry
and soil protectors.

Can anybody help me with information about:
- energy demand of stone/clod windrowing in comparison with other
techniques in potato cultivation
- effect on soil structure by stone/clod windrowing
aggreat destruction by sieving
increase of erodibility
sealing
- suggested time for stone/clod windrowing: spring or autumn (soil
compaction because of tillage at high moisture contents)
- typical forms of damage according to soil type: heavy, clayey soils on
one side, stony soils on the other side
- development and rehabilitation of those soils after stone/clod
windrowing and crop rotation

Thank you

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------
Silvia Tobias
Institute for Land Improvement and Phone: +41-1- 633 2527

Water Management Secretary:
+41-1-633 3002
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Fax: +41-1-633 10 84
Address:
ETH-Honggerberg E-mail:
tobias@ifk.baum.ethz.ch
CH-8093 Zurich
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------



From PAH_OT@wye.ac.uk Tue Jun 27 17:43:33 1995
From: "OTLOGETSWE TOTOLO" <PAH_OT@wye.ac.uk>
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 1995 17:43:33 GMT
Subject: Production of very fine droplets in the Lab.
Message-Id: <2166E1522D@microlab1.wye.ac.uk>

Could anyone out there help with how I could produce very fine
droplets (0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.50 mm etc) for rainfall simulation
studies in the lab.

I have looked at a few papers in journals e.g.

1. Osuji, G.E. 1989. Raindrop characteristics in the humid tropics.
J.Env. Managt.

2. Osuji, G.E. Drop size, Drop Size Distribution....

3. Bruce-Okine, E and R. Lal. 1975. Soil erodibility as determined by
raindrop technique. J.Soil Sci.

So far I have been very unsuccesful in producing very fine droplets
using methods described in the above papers.

Your help is always appreciated.

Thank you

O.Totolo
Otlogetswe Totolo
Geology Lab
Wye College, University of London



From swhite@ag.Arizona.EDU Tue Jun 27 08:46:35 1995
Date: Tue, 27 Jun 1995 15:46:35 -0700
Message-Id: <9506272246.AA00313@ag.Arizona.EDU>
From: swhite@ag.Arizona.EDU (Scott A. White)
Subject: Re: Production of very fine droplets in the Lab.

On 6/27/95 Totolo wrote..."Could anyone out there help with how I could
produce very fine
droplets (0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.50 mm etc) for rainfall simulation
studies in the lab..."

This might have some useful information and or references.

Proceedings rainfall simulator workshop. 1979. USDA-SEA ARM-W-10:3-63.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~ Scott A. White Soil and Water Science ~~~
~~~ Research Specialist University of Arizona ~~~
~~~ (520) 621-1631 429 Shantz Bldg. #38 ~~~
~~~ FAX (520)621-1646 Tucson, AZ. 85721 ~~~
~~~ swhite@ag.arizona.edu ~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



From montas@ecn.purdue.edu Wed Jun 28 12:57:25 1995
Message-Id: <199506282257.RAA16049@alx8.ecn.purdue.edu>
Date: Wed, 28 Jun 1995 17:57:25 -0500
From: Hubert J Montas <montas@ecn.purdue.edu>
Subject: Preferential Flow Data Needed

Hi to all,

I am looking for data to perform a full validation of a
new deterministic model of preferential transport in
agricultural soils. The following will give you a short
background on the problem, a brief description of the
model, and the kind of data that I am looking for.
I would really appreciate it if you could email me
(if you have data of the type that I currently need) as
it would help me speed up my graduation process.

Sincerely,

Hubert J. Montas
Graduate Research Assistant,
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN, 47906

BACKGROUND:

I am currently working on a PhD in the Agricultural and
Biological Engineering Department at Purdue University. My
work is concerned with the development, analysis and validation
of a new model of solute transport in agricultural soils with
preferential flow pathways. The model has been presented at
the ASAE International Meeting, in Chicago last week
(ASAE Paper No. 95-2428) and a companion paper described a
Finite Difference approach to the solution of the model
equation (ASAE Paper No. 95-2255).

THE MODEL:

The model is deterministic and applies to steady-state
saturated flow conditions. Model development was limited
to non-sorbing, conservative solutes.

Preferential transport is modeled as a combination of
advection under a unidirectional spatially periodic
velocity profile, and longitudinal and transverse diffusion.

Under the assumptions used during the development of the
model, all parameters have a physical interpretation and
can be obtained independently of miscible displacement
experiments. The model can therefore be used in a purely
predictive mode if all parameters have been measured.
In essence, the velocity profile is obtained from the
unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil, its width
being determined from the size of aggregates present in the
soil. Also, the diffusion coefficient is obtained from
tables, and considerations of counter- and co-diffusion.

Our preliminary tests with data from published experiments
(ASAE Paper No. 95-2428) were very promising, and we are
looking forward to a fuller validation, as well as a
comparison to other models. More specifically, we seek to
compare the predictions of our model to those of a
capillary-bundle model, the one-dimensional CDE, and the
two-region model with first-order interaction.

NEEDED DATA:

The data needed for the validation of our model are of two
types: 1) data to calculate model parameters, 2) data to
validate the model. Both data should come from experiments
performed on cores of undisturbed soil.

To evaluate model parameters, we need the unsaturated hydraulic
conductivity of the soil: K(theta), and some measure of aggregate
sizes.

To validate the model, we seek miscible displacement experiments
performed under steady-state saturated conditions, with tracers.
Ideally, breakthrough curves obtained at a variety of flowrates
would be available. This would allow us to verify whether our
model can represent the behavior of these breakthrough curves,
as well as how different (better/worse) it is from the capillary-
bundle model, the CDE, and the two-region model.

Also, under certain simplifying assumptions, it may be possible
to obtain the model velocity profile from transport experiments
performed in the high flux range. This can diminish, or eliminate
the need for independent measurements of the unsaturated hydraulic
conductivity.

Thanks in advance for all replies,

Hubert J. Montas
Graduate Research Assistant,
Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN, 47906


From Hui-Hai.Liu@ag.auburn.edu Thu Jun 29 15:50:08 1995
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 1995 09:50:08 +0600
From: Hui-Hai.Liu@ag.auburn.edu
Message-Id: <9506291450.AA06000@physics>
Subject: Re: Preferential Flow Data Needed

Dear Mr. Montas:

Your model seems very interesting to me. Can you send me a copy of
ASAE paper No. 95-2428. My address is: H. H. liu, Dept. of Agronomy
and Soils, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5412.

Thanks.


From hank@netcom.com Thu Jun 29 10:27:43 1995
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 1995 17:27:43 -0700
From: hank@netcom.com (Hank Roberts)
Message-Id: <199506300027.RAA05628@netcom.netcom.com>
Subject: Doing first inventory on 40 acres (N. Ca.): advice?

:h

I am a landowner with 40 acres and a little restoration funding to
grow native grasses th
that may be offered to me -- not yet in hand.

First need if we get funds will be to do a base survey of soils;
this is steep grassland/oak/pine, heavily used the past century.

Advice?


From george@talon.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov Fri Jun 30 01:15:59 1995
From: george@talon.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov (George Teachman)
Message-Id: <9506301316.AA08274@talon.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov>
Subject: Re: Doing first inventory on 40 acres (N. Ca.): advice?
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 1995 07:15:59 -0600 (MDT)
In-Reply-To: <199506300027.RAA05628@netcom.netcom.com> from "Hank Roberts" at Jun 29, 95 07:51:27 pm

> I am a landowner with 40 acres and a little restoration funding to
> grow native grasses that may be offered to me -- not yet in hand.
>
> First need if we get funds will be to do a base survey of soils;
> this is steep grassland/oak/pine, heavily used the past century.
>
> Advice?
>

Just so you know where I'm coming from:

I am a soil scientist with the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(formerly known as the Soil Conservation Service) with many years of
mapping under my belt.

My first suggestion would be to check with your local Soil Conservation
District (they may be called something different in your neck of the
woods, er pasture.) Most areas of the country have been mapped. That is
a soil survey may already be done for your 40. If you are really lucky, the
previous owner of your 40 may have been a Soil Conservation District
Cooperator and their may be an old management plan on file.

Second, if a survey has not been done and/or your 40 does not have an existing
management plan, become a Soil Conservation District Cooperator. It doesn't
cost anything to become a cooperator or to have District personnel prepare
a conservation plan. The District personnel will have an intimate knowledge
of the soils of your area (if your 40 has not been mapped they can arrange
for it to be mapped. At no charge to you.) and rangeland/pastureland
management. They will know what is best suited to your land and will create
an integregated plan for your 40 taking into account your management
objectives, capabilities, and desires.

You will be getting some of the premiere landuse planning expertise in the
world.

==========================================================================
== George Teachman ==
== Soil Scientist ==
== United States Department of Agriculture ==
== Natural Resource Conservation Service ==
== Fort Collins, Colorado ==
== 303-282-1960 ==
== ==
== george@talon.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov ==
== ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ==
== Welcome to earth, third rock from the sun. Cause and effect. ==
== There are only three laws of nature, and one exception. ==
== 1) F=ma; 2) E=m(c squared); 3) You can't push a rope ==
== From these three laws all others can be derived. ==
== Except those explained by CHAOS THEORY. ==
==========================================================================


From ndewar@bud.peinet.pe.ca Fri Jun 30 15:51:59 1995
Date: Fri, 30 Jun 1995 18:51:59 -0300
Message-Id: <199506302151.SAA13609@bud.peinet.pe.ca>
From: ndewar@cycor.ca (Norman Dewar)
Subject: Effect on soil pH of No-till

Question for the group:

What effect does no-till have on soil pH?

I've got limited experience with no-till but I'm encountering an apparent
problem with low pH in a field that is no-till for the second year. The pH
of the top inch of soil is only 4.6 but if I take a soil sample from the
top six inches the pH goes up to 5.5 in soil that has not been cultivated to
6.3 in soil that has been cultivated.

I have spring barley planted in this field and plants that are growing in
this top inch of soil are severely stunted and yellow. Where the seed was
sown slightly deeper and where the soil was cultivated, growth is normal.
I'm checking for herbicide residue also but feel now that the extremely low
pH is the problem.

Fertility is also slightly poorer in the no-till soil sample verus the
conventional
soil sample when both are taken from that top inch of soil.

Could someone tell me what is happening here or what the solution is?
Is this normal? Do I just keep planting below this acid band of soil?
Normal planting depth for barley in my region is one inch.

Thank you,
Norman Dewar
Barley, wheat and soybean grower in Prince Edward Island, Canada

------------------------------ Cut here ------------------------------



Prepared by Steve Modena AB4EL modena@SunSITE.unc.edu