========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Aug 1997 21:55:42 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Robert A. Roach" Subject: Save the thistle MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Andy, Thanks for that interesting article. The USDA has been proposing tighter = controls on introducing organisms for biocontrol. The last proposal I = looked at went a little too far and it was dropped. It'll be back in a = modified form. Many introduced weeds are serious pests of rangeland and = many successful biocontrol programs have yielded great benefits. In = many cases they reduce or eliminate pesticide use. Case in point: = Eucalyptus psyllid. Nurseries growing this cut green used to spray = maximum strength chemical cocktails and get poor control. The growers = sent an entomologist to Australia. He returned with a parasitic wasp = that has reduced the pest populations below the economic threshold with = no pesticide use. They do evaluate these organisms before introduction, = probably much more than in the 60's. =20 Of course one man's meat is another's poison. To the beekeeper, yellow = star thistle is a good forage plant but to the cattle rancher it = destroys rangeland and draws blood from his horse's legs. The native = thistles probably don't do him much good either. Other weevils are = being spread at this time to control YST.=20 Bob Roach ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 01:08:51 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mary Caldwell Subject: Re: BEE-L Digest I want to resubscribe to the BEE-L Digest since I am changing my on-line service. How do I accomplish this? Please let me know... Thanks! ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 17:48:46 +1200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mark Horsnell Subject: mould on brood comb Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" i've just opened the hives after a looooooooong wet winter.......... generally the bees have all moved up to the 2nd brood chamber & things r humming along; but the odd hive has got mould on some frames in the bottom chamber. i know...... i forgot to raise the hive lid off the hive mat thru the winter to let the condensation escape..... but that's not my point.... will the bees clean up the mouldy frames for the coming season, or do i have to replace them? :-( any advice appreciated mark ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:41:05 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Computer Software Solutions Ltd Subject: Lifting Supers etc mechanically Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" This is my first year beekeeping. I am a lomg way from a young lad, and I find lifting supers difficult enough. What I was wondering was, if any beekeeper has devised something as follows: A tripod, with flat pieces of mild steel at the ends of chains, which could be inserted between the hive boxes at the required places. Then by using a handle attached to a screw, lift the boxes concerned, swing the load to a work bench or wheelbarrow and then slowly lower the boxes. Because you would have one hand free, you could then smoke the bees to keep them out of the way when the two surfaces touch, and thereby avoid crushing bees. When returning the supers to the hive, you could then suspend the boxes over the hive and then lower them until they are almost touching the hive. Then a quick smoke all around to clear the bees to avoid crushing, and then a final lowering into position. You could lift all the supers as one unit if you did not want to examine individual ones, thereby keeping bee disturbance to a minimum. I would love to hear comments Sincerely Tom Barrett 49 South Park Foxrock Dublin 18 Ireland e mail: cssl@iol.ie ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 08:22:29 -0500 Reply-To: "Robert J. Cessac" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Robert J. Cessac" Subject: Re: walnut toxicity Comments: To: "\\Dr. Pedro P. Rodriguez" In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Dr. Pedro, I finally got to check the bees in my neighbors walnut tree. I was able to collect 50 drones and maybe 25 workers. I did not find any mites on any of the bees. I put a screen in front of the opening and just swept the bees into a jar. They were mostly drones. I used ether test first and did not see any mites, so then took the bees out of the jar for closer inspection and still did not find any mites. I have a bee hive made out of walnut lumber also and will check it for mites later this fall and again this coming spring and not use any thing for mites. At the present time this hive does not have mites. Earlier I had used some mineral oil in this hive, but ran out about four weeks ago and haven't been to town to get more. A few hives that I didn't treat with mineral oil did have some mites so I know they are around. I have a total of 10 hives at present. Will keep you and BEE-L informed. I deleted email from Penn university by mistake asking about walnut toxicity. Do you still have a copy? Thanks Bob Cessac K-B Ranch Natural Beef 2362 St. Rt. O Higbee, MO. 65257 rcessac@mail.coin.missouri.edu On Sun, 3 Aug 1997, Robert J. Cessac wrote: > If I collect bees to test for mites, they would be all field bees. I can > not get into tree to get to brood comb. Will the field bees have enough > mites to detect? How many bees should I collect to get a good test? > Thanks for the interest. Bob Cessac > > K-B Ranch > Natural Beef > > 2362 St. Rt. O > Higbee, MO. 65257 > > rcessac@mail.coin.missouri.edu > > On Sun, 3 Aug 1997, \Dr. Pedro P. Rodriguez wrote: > > > Robert J. Cessac wrote: > > Dear Robert: > > I am very much interested in your findings Re: walnut wood mite > > toxicity. Please keep abreast of your findings. Also, I would like to > > suggest that you try to find out now if indeed the walnut tree hive > > has\does not have mites. There are several reasons for my thinking. > > The most important reason is that the one hive in the tree could die for > > a number of reasons before next Spring. Hence you would lose a > > magnificent opportunity to make that determination. Please forgive me > > for intruding into to trend of thoughts. It is only a > > suggestion from one that is very much concerned about bee mites and > > possible ways of combating them. > > Sincerely. > > Dr. Rodriguez. > > Virginia Beach, VA > > > > > > ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 10:02:16 -0400 Reply-To: dronebee@norfolk.infi.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "\\Dr. Pedro P. Rodriguez" Organization: Independent non-profit research Subject: Re: mould on brood comb MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Mark Horsnell wrote: Dear Mark: Not to worry. The bees will clean out the mold as soon as the colony gets strong enough and be in need of the combs. However, it means that the bees will waste harvest time in clean up. Which would you rather have? It might be to your advantage to provide new foundation and take advantage of the revenue differential. Best regards. Dr. Rodriguez Virginia Beach, VA ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 12:00:46 -0500 Reply-To: beeworks@muskoka.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: David Eyre Organization: The Bee Works Subject: Re: REPLACING QUEENS In-Reply-To: <33FCA9CB.2221@iso.net> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT On 21 Aug 97 at 15:49, Marvin Walker wrote: > I just got through replacing 3 queens. It would have been much > easier if they were marked. If you are planning on replacing queens > after 2 years, you might want to think about getting them marked. I Might I suggest that it should be part of every beekeepers management practice. It is truly amazing how much superscedure goes on without our knowledge! ******************************************* The Bee Works, 9 Progress Dr, Unit 2, Orillia, Ontario, L3V 6H1 Phone/fax 705-326-7171 David Eyre, Owner. http://www.muskoka.net/~beeworks ******************************************** ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 10:23:56 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Patrick M. O'Hearn" Subject: Fall Requeening MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit >From: allend@internode.net >The only drawback with fall requeening is that the populations are much >large rin the fall an dthe queen is harder to find. >Allen A method that has worked well for me and allows fall requeening but makes it easier to find the queen is to make up some splits, place new queens in them and, after several weeks, move these onto the hivestand of the hive to be requeened. Move the old hive away and let the field bees move to the split. Lots less bees to look through in the old hive. You can then either kill the old queen and recombine or, if you want to make increase, requeen the old hive which can be wintered as a standalone, or atop existing colonies, depending on the severity of your winter. Patrick M. O'Hearn Bears Choice Honey Aztec, NM ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 11:12:03 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rett Thorpe Subject: Extraction season MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain I am a first year beekeeper and have benefited immensely from this list. I would like to thank all of you who have responded to my previous questions. My package bees were placed in new equipment on foundation and are doing fine. I think that I'll end up with one deep off of each of my two hives. So I am feeling quite lucky. However as the summer season begins to close I have a couple of questions for you seasoned "keepers" 1) How do I know when it is the best time to remove the honey from the hives? Is there any way to tell that the season is over, or is it best to just ask some local person who is more experienced? 2) I bought a used 4 frame extractor, but it seems very large and I fear that with my small amount of honey, the bulk of it will end up stuck on the side of the extractor. Any comments? Rett Thorpe Salt Lake City, Utah ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 13:40:43 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Extraction Season MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT > > 1) How do I know when it is the best time to remove the honey from the > hives? Is there any way to tell that the season is over, or is it > best to just ask some local person who is more experienced? > After a season or five or ten you will learn to judge your seasons. It's part of the "zen" of beekeeping. However, it's ALWAYS best to ask a local more experienced beekeeper. I for one haven't a clue when (or even if) the flora that yields a fall crop in my parts produces in Utah. Furthermore, it varies from year to year and I can predict from New York how the flow will be in Utah this year. BEE-L is a great tool, but it pales compared to local expertise. > 2) I a 4 frame extractor the bulk of my small amount > of honey will end up stuck on the side of the extractor. Any comments? > Not a concern. Try it, you'll see and you'll learn. Congratulations on your crop in your first year! If I can remember that far back, I don't believe I did that well. Aaron Morris - I think, therefore I bee! ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 13:41:11 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Power Outage MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT It's a mad house around here right now preparing for the power outage this weekend. Remember, cnsibm.albany.edu will be off line from about 9 PM tonight through noonish Sunday. Have a good weekend! Harvest, extract, relax - have a homebrew, check mail Sunday evening. Aaron Morris ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 14:49:07 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ian Watson Subject: comb honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi all My brother Robert and I have never tried to produce comb honey..so we have a question or two... Just one for the moment.. Is dark honey from the fall flow acceptable for comb honey? Ian Watson realtor@niagara.com real estate agent gardener baritone beekeeper---> 11 colonies ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 15:14:00 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: Re: comb honey In a message dated 97-08-22 14:45:21 EDT, you write: << Is dark honey from the fall flow acceptable for comb honey? >> Dark honey is prone to crystalize quickly so it limits what can be used. ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 15:30:53 -0400 Reply-To: "Glen B. Glater" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: LBS from different size supers Can someone give me the estimates for the lbs of honey from a full: shallow super medium super deep super Please and Thank You.. --glen ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 14:46:34 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Calkins, Rob" Subject: removing supers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain Is there a preferred method of removing the bees from the super; so as to be able to remove the super? I tried some BEE-GO and did not have very much luck. The bees were upset by it, but didn't seem to leave the supers like I thought was going to happen. Do bee escapes work better? I have 4 hives and will be builiding up to 10 hives in the future. Thanks, Rob ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 15:56:17 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Steven Albritton Subject: Re: removing supers Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" I use BeeGo in Monroe, La and it works very good for me. Sometimes I have to add a little extra to get them to move. I also pick the super up with the Fume board still sitting on it. What's left can usually be run out with a few puffs of smoke. Well maybe sometimes with several puffs of smoke. At 02:46 PM 8/22/97 -0600, you wrote: >Is there a preferred method of removing the bees from the super; so as >to be able to remove the super? I tried some BEE-GO and did not have >very much luck. The bees were upset by it, but didn't seem to leave the >supers like I thought was going to happen. Do bee escapes work better? >I have 4 hives and will be builiding up to 10 hives in the future. > >Thanks, >Rob > > Steven Albritton LDS Communications, Sports America, Chauvin Honey Farms Monroe, Louisiana ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 22:37:09 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Computer Software Solutions Ltd Subject: Snelgrove Swarm Control System Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Hi All Can anybody enlighten me on the Snelgrove Swarm control system.? I have come across it somewhere in the beekeeping material which I have read, but cannot recall where. This is my first year in beekeeping and I imagine that I am facing swarms next year. I live in Dublin Ireland. Sincerely Tom Barrett 49 South Park Foxrock Dublin 18 Ireland e mail: cssl@iol.ie ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 14:54:12 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Does your browser choke on my notes? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that = each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes = problems for his e-mail and/or antivirus software (I'm not exactly sure = what the symptoms are). He says the problem is serious enough to make = him delete my notes without reading them except that the antivirus = routine reacts to the binary and forces him to deal with each one = individually. =20 He uses Pegasus in Windows 3.1, and I use Microsoft Exchange in Windows = 95. Is any one else having a similar problem? =20 Is any one else using Pegasus or MS Exchange without such problems? =20 Has anyone solved this sort of problem? =20 If so you can send your response directly to me since this isn't really = a topic that should live in perpetuity on the bee list. Michael mwr@hotcity.com=20 ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 18:19:35 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Elizabeth M. Bowles" Subject: Re: Fall Requeening MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit If some of you are going to re-queen your hives.......would you consider sending your old dead queen to me along with a drone and worker for my project display? I know I said I am going to use pictures and that is true but I am still going to have a small collection of real "live", dead, bees. :-) Why not let the old girl have a shrine on my biology classroom wall? > You can then > either kill the old queen and recombine or, if you want to make increase, > requeen the old hive which can be wintered as a standalone, or atop > existing colonies, depending on the severity of your winter. > > Patrick M. O'Hearn > Bears Choice Honey > Aztec, NM ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 02:16:37 GMT Reply-To: Tim_Sterrett@westtown.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tim Sterrett Organization: Westtown School Subject: removing bees from supers Is there a preferred method of removing the bees from the super? ************************************* I use benzaldehyde (banana oil) on a fume board. I have to remember to smoke the bees in the top super a little to get them started down. Some colonies leave each super in a matter of minutes; others are slower. If any brood is in the extracting super, the bees may not leave no matter what the beekeeper does. I would like to know when a professional beekeeper would consider a super empty of bees. The supers I take off often still have a good many bees in them. Tim Tim Sterrett Westtown, (Southeastern) Pennsylvania, USA tim_sterrett@westtown.edu ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 14:26:04 -0400 Reply-To: Hosanna@ictransnet.com Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Timothy A. Thompson" Organization: Hosanna Apiaries Subject: Re: Fall Requeening MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Elizabeth M. Bowles wrote: > If some of you are going to re-queen your hives.......would you > consider > sending your old dead queen to me along with a drone and worker for my > > project display? > > I know I said I am going to use pictures and that is true but I am > still > going to have a small collection of real "live", dead, bees. :-) > > Why not let the old girl have a shrine on my biology classroom wall? > > > Send me your address and I will send you some bees. Tim ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 06:49:41 +0000 Reply-To: aweinert@tpgi.com.au Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: aweinert Subject: (Fwd) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Forwarded message: I tried the method also but used the higher heat setting (1500 W). As I see it the uncapping of a cell results from both temperature and time: at higher setting you can uncap faster as cell cappings get the heat required to melt them faster. It is easy to learn the correct way to move the nozzle over the comb face. If you do it too slowly the result will be a diaphragm of wax over the cells. > The decapping results are excellent; the wax melts on the tops of the > cells and is then pulled by the surface tension of the liquid wax onto > the tops of the cell walls, leaving the honey free for extraction. In the first lot of honey combs I uncapped with hot air blower the results were excellent, too. However, uncapping the second lot caused some problems and I had to complement the hot air uncapping with a fork. In this lot most combs had dark cappings (honey touches the cappings without an air space under cappings) and these combs don't uncap well enough with hot air as the heat is transferred into the honey. (By the way, does somebody have an answer what determines the capping style with or without air space: the bees or the nectar source?). Similarly, if there is honey spilled onto the comb face, this also binds the heat and prevents the melting of the wax below. > The technique is so quick and easy that I am a convert, Me too, despite the incomplete results seen with the dark capped combs. By the way, the method itself to uncap the cells with heat is not new. There is at least an article in the finnish beekeeping magazine 'Mehilaishoitaja' in 1983 (Vol 17, p. 14-18) by Kauko Ahonen, who used a propane torch for the purpose. ============================================================================= * Seppo Korpela Agricultural Research Center of Finland * Phone INT + 358 3 4188 576 Institute of Plant Protection * FAX INT + 358 3 4188 584 FIN-31600 Jokioinen * E-mail seppo.korpela@mtt.fi Finland ============================================================================= ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 21:23:47 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Paul Cronshaw, D.C." Subject: Agrisurf Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" A new WEB site with Apiculture material Paul Cronshaw DC Cyberchiro and Hobby Beekeeper Santa Barbara, CA ***** Dear fellow agricultural enthusiast, We have borrowed your desktop real-estate for a minute to tell you about two great new agricultural resources. 1. AgriSurf! - the worlds largest searchable agricultural web index. 2. The AgriSurfer - the worlds first HTML compliant email newsletter for agriculture. AgriSurf! has links to everything agricultural on the internet - from wheat cropping to fish farming, from forestry to tillage equipment. If you are looking for agricultural info on the WWW - this is a great place to start. 'The AgriSurfer' brings the latest agricultural web happenings right to you email inbox! Not only does it include pictures, but also hot links right to the sites of interest. With more agricultural sites indexed than the two leading mainstream web indexes combined we think you will vastly increase your chances of finding the sites you need by using these resources. Our motto is 'more grain, less chaff' and our aim is to provide you with more and better information in less time. Our services are totally free. Please check us out! Happy Surfing! The AgriSurf! Management http://www.agrisurf.com agrisurf@agrisurf.com http://www.agrisurfer.com agrisurfer@agrisurfer.com === AgriSurf! does not support the use of indiscriminate spam. We have emailed you because we have reason to believe that it will be of interest to you. Our sincere apologies if this is not the case. Our return email addresses are valid. You will not be bothered with this notification again. You may be notified of our special offers for not-for-profit, and research/educational organizations if you are a member of such a group. ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 23:38:34 +-200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?J=F8rn_Johanesson?= Subject: test MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Just to se if there still is life Jorn ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 06:10:49 -0600 Reply-To: allend@internode.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: Allen Dick Organization: The Beekeepers Subject: Re: removing bees from supers Comments: To: Tim_Sterrett@westtown.edu In-Reply-To: <2740514782.57383307@westtown.edu> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > Is there a preferred method of removing the bees from the super? > ... Some colonies leave each super in a matter of minutes; others > are slower. If any brood is in the extracting super, the bees may not > leave no matter what the beekeeper does. I would like to know when a > professional beekeeper would consider a super empty of bees. The supers > I take off often still have a good many bees in them. This varies with the circumstances, however as a general rule, for each 500 to 1000 standard boxes we extract, we have at most one or two basketball sized clusters of bees that arrive in the hot room and go to the windows. We probably lose as many again on the way from the yards. Since we remove honey only in good foraging weather where possible, the bees start leaving the boxes voluntarily from the moment they are removed from the hives, and continue while they are being stacked on the truck. If you are able to pull the honey during a good honeyflow, simply removing the super(s) and standing them on end on the ground will result in virtually no bees remaining after a timespan of somewhere from several minutes to a day depending on circumstances. A bee blower is a handy device to have if things do not work out as planned and we always carry one (when we remember), however we seldom use it, since it is noisy, smelly, and time-consuming. The method described above is called 'tipping' or 'abandonment' and is widely used in Western Canada. There have been exhaustive discussions on this method of removing honey previously here on BEE-L and Gordon has preserved them at http://www.apis.demon.co.uk/December-96.html If you don't have web access -- or just prefer an email copy, just reply to me allend@internode.net -- not to this list, please -- with a message that has the words "send abandon" in the subject line and you will receive the text of that discussion as an email message. Allen ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 17:39:40 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re: bees and kids MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi All My daughter has worked out a very good solution for bees around kids and or neighbors. She has a covered deck on back side of her house in Stone Mountain Ga. The back yard is also fenced. Her husband constructed an 8' high fence form the corner of the deck to one corner of the house. He then covered the ground with roofing to keep down the grass. He also screened that end of the deck. This requires the bees to fly high enough that they fly over the kids. We have had as many as 4 colonies in Langstroth hives in this area, however I couldn't take good enough care of them since I only visited once a month or so. I removed the Lanstroth hives and installed a Top bar hive using one of the existing colonies. This has worked out very well due to the low maintenance nature of the TBH. My daughter can now manipulate the bees herself and harvest fresh honey herself. My son-in-law is allergic to stings of any kind. She harvests 1 or 2 bars at a time, shreds the comb and uses a salad spinner to spin out fresh honey for her table Frank & Phronsie Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ---------- > From: Richard H. Glassford II > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: bees and kids > Date: Tuesday, August 19, 1997 8:21 PM > > Hello, > > Maybe some of you could help me. I have a small orchard and a fairly > large garden. I would like to have one bee hive in the back yard but I > have 5 small children from the ages 4-13 that play in the back yard. >snip ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 22 Aug 1997 14:19:36 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: charpentier Subject: varroa traitement MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 what is the best site or studie on a different way to eliminate varroa th= an using apivar or apistan ,like a more natural method . thanks in advance for any reply = serge charpentier = france = ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 21 Aug 1997 18:12:29 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Crispin Foster Subject: Re: Honey Liquor In-Reply-To: <09184291011327@systronix.net> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 03:16 AM 8/18/97 -0500, you wrote: >Reply-to: Discussion of Bee Biology >From: Conrad Sigona > >> Does anyone on the Bee-List have a recipe for "honey liquor" that they would >> be willing to share. > >I sent a long email regarding mead directly to Mr. Harrison. If anyone else >would like it, ask me privately. > >Conrad Sigona >conrad@ntcnet.com As a new meadmaker (I have made 2 Batches) I would bee interested in your honeyliquor recipe --if you would bee prepared to share it. Thanks, Crispin foster > ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 05:44:14 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Bob Rolfness Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Michael Reddell wrote: > > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes problems for his e-mai > > He uses Pegasus in Windows 3.1, and I use Microsoft Exchange in Windows 95. > > Is any one else having a similar problem? > Is any one else using Pegasus or MS Exchange without such problems? > Has anyone solved this sort of problem? > > If so you can send your response directly to me since this isn't really a topic that should live in perpetuity on the bee list. > Michael > mwr@hotcity.com Michael - Yes, I have the same problem. Your first line in the above message, to me, is one very long one. I'm using Netsacape 2.02 and have had a simular experience with a couple others. Don't know the problem as I'm not a couputer guru, so if I'm really interested in the heading or subject line the message goes in the bit bucket. Regards, Bob ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 06:46:57 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Peter Wilson Subject: Re: removing bees from supers Comments: To: Tim Sterrett In-Reply-To: <2740514782.57383307@westtown.edu> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII If you only have a few hives ( I believe the original posting was from an Irish beekeeper with 4 colonies ) there are two other methods that have not been mentioned. First, a bee brush - a soft hand brush that is used to gently brush the bees off either side of the frame and back into the hive or to the front entrance, Put the frame into the empty box you brought with you. Secondly, and least expensive, is to grasp the frame by an ear ( hopefully it will be heavy) then sharply hit the back of the grasping hand with your other hand - presto! the bees will be knocked off by the shock and you put the, now bee free, frame into the empty box you brought with you. If you have just a few hives these low cost methods work well + the second technique works in many situations to remove bees from a frame. e mail pjwilson@freenet.edmonton.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 06:28:43 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Sid Pullinger Subject: Weight of honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 <<<>>>>>A recent query on the Bee List. Being temporarily crippled with a bad back, the curse of the beekeeper, I= can find time to try to settle this question as it has cropped up quite a= lot lately. The weight of a set volume of honey will vary according to temperature an= d density. For all normal temperatures and densities this variation is not= very great. Firstly we have two gallons, the Imperial and the American. The Imperial= gallon of water at normal temperatures weighs ten pounds. The American gallon is smaller, 0.8326 of the Imperial, thus 8.326 pounds of water According to the experts high density honey, 16% water content, at 60 degrees Fahrenheit, has a relative density of 1.431. On this basis a gallon Imperial will weigh 14.31 pounds and a gallon American 11.91 pound= s (11lb 14.5ozs) At 18% water, density is 1.4187, giving 14.187lbs and 11.81lbs respective= ly (11lbs 13ozs) At 20% water, density is 1.4043, giving 14.043 lbs and 11.692lbs (11lbs 11ozs) Thus the difference in weight between high and low density honey is 4.27o= zs for the Imperial and 3.5ozs for the American gallon. If we have some very high density honey, 14% water, then the American gallon just exceeds the 12lb mark. What is an average? Over the years I have found my honey to range from 15% to 19% water, with the bulk of it around the 17% mark. Honey of this= density or above will keep indefinitely. Honey at 18.5% water content or= above I judge to be at risk and would dispose of it quickly. As I use it= as a general sweetener in the kitchen and make a lot of mead that is whe= re it goes. I understand that in America honey is sold in varying quantities, large a= nd small. Here in England it is retailed in the shops and at the cottage ga= te in one pound jars, and to a lesser extent in smaller jars of twelve and eight ounces. At these small weights any variation due to density would = be negligible. Hope this helps and my aching back has not upset = my arithmetic. Sid P. ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 16:59:38 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "" Subject: New Book on Honey Shows Comments: To: AAPA-L@unlvm.unl.edu Wicwas Press, LLC, is pleased to announce the publication of its latest book: Honey Shows, Guidelines for exhibitors, superintendents and judges. The Authors are Roger A. and Mary Lou Morse. The book has been completed and is in stock at Wicwas Press, ready for immediate shipment. Visa, Mastercard and American Express are accepted for payment, as well as checks and money orders by mail. For further information, please contact: Wicwas Press, LLC., Lawrence Connor Editor, PO Box 817, Cheshire, CT 06410 USA Phone and Fax 203 250 7575. Email ljconnor@aol.com. Anyone interested in listing this title on their web site is encouraged to do so. Additional information and publication data are included in the following PRESS RELEASE Title: Honey Shows Subtitle: Guidelines for exhibitors, superintendents, and judges Authors: Roger A. Morse and Mary Lou Morse Residence: Ithaca, New York USA Affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca NY USA NON-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION A honey show is an opportunity for beekeepers to demonstrate their ability to package for show or market the same high-quality products that honey bees store in their hives. Many things can go wrong during the processing of hive products, resulting in contamination or unattractive results. This book allows the beekeeper and the honey show judge to search for all errors beekeepers can make when they prepare their product. GENERAL DESCRIPTION The book deals with the general guidelines and considerations of a honey show; the aspects of preparing liquid honey for show; the aspects of preparing crystallized honey for show; the aspects of preparing comb honey for show, the aspects of preparing cut comb honey for show; the aspects of preparing chunk and bulk frames for show. The authors also discuss aspects of preparation of beeswax, observation hives, novelties, gadgets, mead (honey wine), and baked goods and candy. Additional sections include discussion of grading methods for honey and beeswax as well as an addendum and show anecdotes. KEY FEATURES This book incorporates decades of experience to help beekeepers prepare honey, beeswax and other products in a professional manner. These methods may be used for competitive shows as well as for general sales market. There are many photographs add clarity to the subject, integrating basic beekeeping with hive product preparation. Special sections discuss the equipment used by judges in their work. RELATED WICWAS PRESS TITLES Professor Morse wrote the standard text on the production of mead in the book Making Mead (Honey Wine) (ISBN 1-878075-04-7). He also coauthored a book on beeswax by William Coggshall entitled Beeswax: Production harvesting, processing and products (ISBN 1-878075-06-3). Both titles are very popular and are available from Wicwas Press for retail or wholesale customers. TABLE OF CONTENTS The publication includes a detailed Table of Contents and a full index. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY With over 40 years as honey show judges, Roger and Mary Lou Morse divide the responsibility of judging a show, with Professor Morse taking the beekeeping-related areas and Mrs. Morse evaluating baked goods, candies and any related materials. The Morses spend summers in Ithaca and winters in Florida. Book Data: ISBN: 1-878075-07-1 SHIP DATE: August 1997 PRICE: $9.95 postpaid (surface mail outside USA) DISCOUNT: 1-5 copies 10%; 6 or more 40% FORMAT: Saddle-stitched PAGES: 36 TRIM: 7.5" wide x 9.5" high (approx.) ILLUSTRATIONS: 32 Black-and-white photos plus 3 drawings COVER: Purple ink on ivory cover card stock AUDIENCE: Ideal for beekeepers, apiculturists, entomologists, fair superintendents, judges, food specialists and craft specialists. SHELVING CLASSIFICATIONS: Entomology, Agriculture, Food, Hobbies & Crafts (End of press release and email message) ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 08:21:31 +0000 Reply-To: aweinert@tpgi.com.au Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: aweinert Subject: Re: Wintering Requirement MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > Date: Thu, 21 Aug 1997 17:08:42 -0700 > From: Andy Nachbar > Subject: Re: Wintering Requirement and feeding > So much talk of oils, (lipids), and the such for mite suppression it is a > wonder that someone has not looked at those natural oils found in pollens, > such as corn, safflower, and many others from the health view of those > lucky hives. Would not surprise me to find that bees in some areas of the > world that do not have mite or reduced mite problems have an abundance of > oil rich proteins available naturally. (Don't get all bothered about it, > just a passing of the gass in the wind.)} Translation I would not get my > hopes up as little has been done to study the areas that have varroa and > report no problems because more then likely the loss from varroa is a > combination of problems, and some areas may be most fortunate in not having > the right combination to cause loss. (Like one or more common virus.) In > any case corn oils are used to suppress mite populations by many beekeepers. > I have had a passing interest on this and have read in the Hive and the honey bee that cholesterol can help in brood production . Does anyone know of ways to add this to the diet or parries. ? The higherst easily obtainable cocentration of natural cholesterol is in egg yolk from a limited survey of books. ? Does anypone put this in their patties or is it just too expensive? Also the recipe's for bee food here in Australia include Soy flour. Is this a waste of resources? Regards Andrew ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 20:08:42 -0400 Reply-To: anscsche@entelchile.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andreas Sch|ck Organization: ENTEL S.A. Subject: Re: test MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Jxrn Johanesson wrote: > > Just to se if there still is life > > Jorn I posed the same question to me! I was scared all the humanship left the planet! God thank's some mails apeared few moments ago! Andreas ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 21:26:29 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "W. G. Miller" Subject: Re: mould on brood comb I have had bees clean up museum-grade mold in supers on several ocaisions. W. G. Miller Gaithersburg, MD ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 21:35:00 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Bill Mares Subject: removing supers -Reply Comments: To: RCalkins@Wolfgang.com Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain I swear by the three-channel bee escapes, which can be obtained at Better Bee in N.Y. You have to wait 24 hours, but almost all bees leave and you're not "smoking" them unnaturally. bill mares. "Bee happy in your work!" ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 18:36:12 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: Wintering Requirement Comments: To: aweinert@tpgi.com.au Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 08:21 AM 8/24/97 +0000, aweinert wrote: >> any case corn oils are used to suppress mite populations by many beekeepers. >I have had a passing interest on this and have read in the Hive and >the honey bee that cholesterol can help in brood production . >Does anyone know of ways to add this to the diet or parries. ? >The higherst easily obtainable cocentration of natural cholesterol >is in egg yolk from a limited survey of books. ? >Does anypone put this in their patties or is it just too expensive? I am sure someone has tried it, but don't recall who, and yes the recovery of cost is a factor in all ingredients. I personally have tried many far out things such as dried blood, all kinds of milk fractions, but not egg yolks. >Also the recipe's for bee food here in Australia include Soy >flour. Is this a waste of resources? "Soy" flower is somewhat of a scared cow when it comes to bee feed nothing bad I can say about it will go unanswered by it proponents. ("It must be good as so and so sells diets with it in it") It can be fed dry and the bees will collect it, as they will also collect sulfur dust, no one would expect bees to benefit from this. It can be fed in a patties and it will disappear. Its only real value may be to puff up a diet the same as one could use many other inert ingredients. If the diet does not contain yeasts its value is "0" unless one just likes to see his bees busy and materials being used. Soy protein in bee diets only uses up a lot of soy protein and the sugar needed to keep it from drying out. Without other proteins or natural pollen stored or coming into the hive it is of no value to honeybees. One word of caution. Anyone who plays...pays. Sometimes it is only cleaning up a mess in his hives, other times with some live yeasts they will start a colony of their own in the plywood of your truck bed and eat it up in a season or two. The ideal protein diet would be one that could be fed as a liquid and that was the one that I was/am looking for.(Honeybees consume only liquids.) The closest I got was a mixture that would turn off a hive from rearing any brood at all, in fact it also turned off their individual elimination processes. The facts are the in pollen, which is not what bees eat, one can find a great number of interesting things including very complex fats and sugars, some by themselves are toxic to bees, all great for study. I suspect these things are misinterpreted by many as essential elements in a bees diets and real work needs to be done on what the bees actually eat which is a mixture of dissolved proteins and sugars in solutions of fermented pollen proteins that may have little resemblance to the pollen it was made from. IMHO ttul, the OLd Drone ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 21:53:34 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mike De Sesa Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Bob Rolfness wrote: > > Michael Reddell wrote: > > > > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes > problems for his e-mai > > > > He uses Pegasus in Windows 3.1, and I use Microsoft Exchange in Windows 95. > > > > Is any one else having a similar problem? > > Is any one else using Pegasus or MS Exchange without such problems? > > Has anyone solved this sort of problem? > > > > If so you can send your response directly to me since this isn't really a topic that should live in perpetuity on the bee list. > > Michael > > mwr@hotcity.com > > Michael - Yes, I have the same problem. Your first line in the above > message, to me, is one very long one. I'm using Netsacape 2.02 and have > had a simular experience with a couple others. Don't know the problem > as I'm not a couputer guru, so if I'm really interested in the heading > or subject line the message goes in the bit bucket. > > Regards, > > Bob Bob It sounds like you need to tell netscape to "wrap long lines." For version 3 of Nestscape, it is under the View menu. ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 23 Aug 1997 12:51:30 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Albert W Needham Subject: Re: Heating wax to decap.. On Mon, 25 Aug 1997 06:49:41 +0000 aweinert writes: >Forwarded message: > >I tried the method also but used the higher heat setting (1500 W). As ........... >> The decapping results are excellent; the wax melts on the tops of >the cells and is then pulled by the surface tension of the liquid wax >onto the tops of the cell walls, leaving the honey free for extraction. Would not the melting wax that flows down into a cell actually reduce the interior space in that cell. If so, I would not think that to be a beneficial process as I recall reading previously on the List that over time the interior of the cell is reduced by the material surrounding the larvae...and then in time future generations are actually smaller in size? I believe that reasoning was cited as being a good reason to periodically replace old comb with new foundation. Al, ----------------------------------------------------------- awneedham@juno.com - Scituate,MA,USA Cerberus - Three Sites In One Honey Bees-LottoLand-Doktor Finkle http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/ ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 23:41:14 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: harvest Well I guess the list had god electricians as it was gone for only a blink. Been out pulling supers and getting the apistan in. Next Year I will get the apistan in even earlier if it still works. The honey I just harvested is very dark with a hint of coffee or chocolate- hard to describe the flavor. Might just get put aside for spring feeding as it does not compare to the midsummer and spring honeys. BTW I am in Southeast CT USA Average frost date here about 15 October ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 23:21:48 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Conrad Berube Subject: BEE FABLES, & Conrad B's new webpage location Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Howdy! A few weeks ago I posted a note pointing folks interested in mythology and folk tales involving bees to the web site that I shared with one of my best buds. Many thanks to those of you who tried to log in and notified me about problems at the site. After sending a nasty note to the system administrator I discovered to my embarassment that my buddy (who was/is going through some serious life changes and movements of personal effects) had let the account go into default. I took the opportunity to open a new account closer to where I actually live. So if any of you are interested in trying to check out the site, or need to alter bookmarks, or URL calls in your own web pages, this posting will act as mini web-page. Use the following links as you would a bookmark file (you can clip the portion below, and save it as a file-- make sure the filename ends with the extension ".HTM") Once on-line and in your browser, you can use the "open file" option (by typing in or clicking on the directory and filename you assign to this file) then double click on the colored portions to link to the sites):

The following two articles contain folk-tales or mythology dealing with honeybees: "How the Honeybee Got her Hum," American Bee Journal, March 1994
"The Bee-Riddled Carcass," Griffith Observer: Journal of the Griffith Observatory, July 1991

Hopefully the titles of the following articles will explain their content:
"Beeginings : the evolution of the honeybee (part 2)," American Bee Journal, (July, 1997)
"Beeginings : the evolution of the honeybee (part 1)," American Bee Journal, (June, 1997) HiveLights (October 1996)
"War and Bees : the use of bees in warfare," Dromore Buzzette (January/February 1997)
"Health: Propolis" . HiveLights, May 1996
"Bees in the Belfry; American Bee Journal, July 1989
"The Kenya Top-Bar Hive as a Better Hive in Developing Countries," American Bee Journal, August 1989
"The Kenya Top-Bar Hive as a Better Hive in Developing Countries," American Bee Journal, August 1989
a crude schematic for constructing a ktbh
Let me know what you think of the site, Bee well,

        -              Conrad Berube
       "  `            ISLAND CROP MANAGEMENT
       "   `           613 Hecate St.
   _- -_`-_|'\  /`     Nanaimo, B.C.
 _/ / / -' `~()()      V9R 4K4
  \_\ _ /\-._/\/       (250)754-2482; fax (250)656-8922
       /   | |         email: uc779@freenet.victoria.bc.ca
      '`   ^ ^         http://nanaimo.ark.com/~cberube
========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 09:06:29 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Keith Hooker Organization: Technology Management Ltd Subject: Re: Raspberry Pollination This posting follows a discussion with a beekeeping colleague. We were discussing the main raspberry growing areas in the world and found our knowledge lacking. While I know there are large areas in Scotland (UK), and believe that Canada has similar large areas, as must India, New Zealand and other countries, details of these are unknown to us. Could anyone with details of areas where large plantations of raspberries exist pass these details to me to complete our knowledge. Please email direct to me. Thanks in advance. Keith >>> Keith JM Hooker <<< >>> WHITSTABLE Kent CT5 4ED UK <<< ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 14:07:38 +0200 Reply-To: jtemp@xs4all.nl Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jan Tempelman Organization: Home Subject: Re: varroa traitement MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-2 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit charpentier wrote: > > what is the best site or studie on a different way to eliminate varroa than > using apivar or apistan ,like a more natural method . > > thanks in advance for any reply > > serge charpentier > france try: http://www.xs4all.nl/~jtemp/index3.html -- Jan Tempelman / Ineke Drabbe | EMAIL:jtemp@xs4all.nl Sterremos 16 3069 AS Rotterdam, The Netherlands Tel/Fax (SOMETIMES) XX 31 (0)10-4569412 http://www.xs4all.nl/~jtemp/index3.html ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 07:05:16 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Donald Aitken Subject: Re: removing bees from supers In-Reply-To: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII We use a bee blower to clear the bees from the supers. If a honey flow is on we first go through and tip up all the boxes we are going to take. The blower is positioned behind the hive and the bees blown forward into the air.( no need for fancy chutes etc -they find their way back into their own hives quite nicely ). The box is then carried into the truck and covered with a piece of plywood. We can usually get all but two or three bees out of each box this way. After finishing the yard we move the truck away about a half a mile and take off the covers. Most of the remaining bees leave at this time. A load of 36 boxes comes into our extracting room with about twenty bees which we vacuum off the windows. If there is no honey flow on it is better to blow out each box as you take it off the hive. The bees start to rob the tipped up boxes fairly quickly and it is very difficult to blow the robbers out - they just fly directly back in. They do leave later if you take the covers off and wait about a half mile away. We use queen excluders and find it simplifies this operation immensely. You don't worry about blowing the queen away and you don't have brood in the honey supers. The brood really attracts the bees and they will not leave it voluntarily. Our results were much worse when we did not use excluders - probably one or two hundred bees per load. Donald Aitken 11710-129 Street Edmonton Alberta Canada T5M 0Y7 ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 10:27:51 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: bartlett Subject: Plastic foundation Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Plastic Foundation - the stiff kind like plasticell Would like to hear from people who have used it for a few of seasons. How easy is it to clean up? (can't put it in the solar extracter) If you put it back on after cleaning how well do the bees except it back? Any warping or cracking? Can you scrap it clean with a hive tool? Any damage when you do? Any little tricks to handling it? billy bee ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 07:22:45 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Andy L. Kettlewell" Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Stop talking about this in the group, it isn't bee related. Thank you At 09:53 PM 8/24/97 -0400, you wrote: >Bob Rolfness wrote: >> >> Michael Reddell wrote: >> > >> > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes >> problems for his e-mai >> > >> > He uses Pegasus in Windows 3.1, and I use Microsoft Exchange in Windows 95. >> > >> > Is any one else having a similar problem? >> > Is any one else using Pegasus or MS Exchange without such problems? >> > Has anyone solved this sort of problem? >> > >> > If so you can send your response directly to me since this isn't really a topic that should live in perpetuity on the bee list. >> > Michael >> > mwr@hotcity.com >> >> Michael - Yes, I have the same problem. Your first line in the above >> message, to me, is one very long one. I'm using Netsacape 2.02 and have >> had a simular experience with a couple others. Don't know the problem >> as I'm not a couputer guru, so if I'm really interested in the heading >> or subject line the message goes in the bit bucket. >> >> Regards, >> >> Bob > >Bob > It sounds like you need to tell netscape to "wrap long lines." For >version 3 of Nestscape, it is under the View menu. > > -- Andy L. Kettlewell Rungun305@Earthlink.net -- Greenfield, WI, USA -- Editor of the Piechowski Home page http://home.earthlink.net/~rungun305/ -- Second year trumpet Whitnall High School Class of '01 ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 10:38:00 +0000 Reply-To: tvf@umich.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ted Fischer Organization: U. Michigan Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology Subject: Re: comb honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit (Thomas) (Cornick) wrote: > > In a message dated 97-08-22 14:45:21 EDT, you write: > > << Is dark honey from the fall flow acceptable for comb honey? >> > Dark honey is prone to crystalize quickly so it limits what can be used. Color is not all that important. What is more crucial is the floral source. In my experience here in southern Michigan, goldenrod honey is water white, yet will crystallize in several days after extracting. When working with that, it is critical to promptly empty your honey tank!! Ted Fischer Dexter, Michigan USA ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 07:51:56 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Does your browser choke ... (Killing the thread - I hope) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I agree (see my original note-It was never intended to stay on the bee list) and by the way, I think the problem is fixed now. No need to write unless you are still having a problem with this note. But please contact me directly if my fix isn't working for you or if you have a similar problem and want to know what I did about it. Michael Reddell mwr@hotcity.com http://www.hotcity.com/~mwr ---------- > From: Andy L. Kettlewell > Date: Monday, August 25, 1997 7:22 AM > > Stop talking about this in the group, it isn't bee related. Thank you ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 11:11:21 +0000 Reply-To: tvf@umich.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ted Fischer Organization: U. Michigan Dept. of Anatomy & Cell Biology Subject: Re: removing supers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Calkins, Rob wrote: > > Is there a preferred method of removing the bees from the super; so as > to be able to remove the super? I tried some BEE-GO and did not have > very much luck. The bees were upset by it, but didn't seem to leave the > supers like I thought was going to happen. Do bee escapes work better? > I have 4 hives and will be builiding up to 10 hives in the future. > I always use BEE-GO, and have good results except when the weather turns cool. I use a bee blower to get out bees from supers that have a lot of burr comb or (heaven forbid!) brood. (I HATE brood in an extracting super - it is nothing but trouble.) Ted Fischer Dexter, Michigan USA ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 11:13:47 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Comb Honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT Ian Watson queried: >>> >>> << Is dark honey from the fall flow acceptable for comb honey? >> Thomas Cornick answered: >> Dark honey is prone to crystallize quickly so it limits what can be >> used. Another consideration, and perhaps more important, is that bees may not be inclined to pull foundation into comb on a fall flow. On a good fall flow this is not a concern. However, fall flows in these parts are fickle. Some years are great, others are best skipped. If it's a so-so year, the bees will start to pull and fill comb but will leave sections incomplete, which is ok with extracting combs but failure when talking comb honey. I'd skip the fall flow for comb honey production. In _Honey_in_the_Comb_, Killion strongly suggests that comb honey production season ends in July. Killion is located in Illinois. In my area (upstate New York) the season extends into August when good comb honey can still be produced, but after the end of July I switch the comb production hives over to extraction supers to avoid any incomplete combs. By the time fall blooms are starting my comb equipment is away for the season. I have mentioned repeatedly on this list _Honey_in_the_Comb_ by Eugene Killion. IMHO, _HitC_ is mandatory reading for anyone considering comb honey production. _HitC_ should be the comb honey producers' bible. Also check out Taylor's updated book, _New_Comb_Honey_. Killion's method is very labor intensive, Taylor's methods are easier (especially shook swarming, which is not a Taylor original). Both methods yield good results. Ted Fischer adds: >Color is not all that important. What is more crucial is the floral >source. In my experience here in southern Michigan, goldenrod honey >is water white, yet will crystallize in several days after extracting. > I may be wrong on this next statement (I've been known to be wrong before) but I think the water white honey to which Ted refers comes from asters, not goldenrod. However, it does granulate VERY quickly. Aaron Morris - I think, therefore I bee! ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 12:24:38 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Removing bees from supers (suited for Adam's FAQ?) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT So far on the removing supers thread: BEE-GO: never used it, hear it smells awful and isn't reliable in cool weather. Not a concern in Louisiana, but a big deal in upstate NY. BENZALDEHYDE: never used it, although I have heard rave reviews from those who have. I like the smell although I wouldn't want to sniff it all the time. No longer legal - banned as a carcinogen. BEE ESCAPES: there are many. The Porter bee escape (PBE) works, but is less than ideal. The springs need to be calibrated so they are spaced correctly to allow bees to squeeze out but not in and the PBE can clog with drones. Once they're clogged they are useless. A standard inner cover will accept a PBE (this CAN'T be a coincidence) but will only accept a single PBE. More than one PBE has been suggested but then one has to hack up an inner cover or build another piece of equipment. Also mentioned was the three path bee escape available from Betterbee. I've never heard it called a three path escape, I know it as a Canadian Bee Escape, Betterbee just calls them escape boards and I've come to call them "harvest boards" to avoid confusion, but when I mentioned harvest boards to Betterbee they didn't know what I was talking about. In any event, whatever you call them the escape board in like a standard inner cover except that the underside has a triagular piece of screen with openings at each corner. Placed under the supers to be harvested, bees exit through the center hole, encounter the screen and are forced to exit through one of the three corners. Having exited the bees are not able to reenter the honey supers. Escape boards require two trips to the apiary, one to install the escape board and another vist a day or two later to harvest. They work amazingly well! I bought one to check it out, figuring I was throwing away money on yet another bee escape, but when I saw the results I went back and bought one for each hive. I have since encountered mixed results: sometimes the bees vacate down to the last bee, other times a few to a hundred bees remain. With the escape board it is imperative to be sure that there are no spaces for bees to enter supers anywhere. If a gap is left somewhere on installation the beekeeper will come back a day or two later to a massive robbing scene! However, of all the nonchemical, nonmechanized methods of clearing supers the escape board is my favorite. BEE BRUSH and/or SHAKING: Effective, but labor intensive - only suited to a few hives. BEE BLOWER: Loud, bulky and 'spensive if you're buying a bee hive design blower. However, leaf blowers work just as well. Blows 'em out, leaves 'em empty and can double as a leaf blower! My personal preference is an escape board with a leaf blower to handle the straglers. Aaron Morris - I think, therefore I bee! ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 12:26:38 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Sid Pullinger Subject: Snelgrove MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 <<<>>> L E Snelgrove M.A M.Sc. and several titles in the bee world lived in Somerset, Southern England, published his book SWARMING. IT'S CONTROL A= ND PREVENTION, which ran to nine editions from around 1934 to1946. It will = be found in any good beekeeping library. A new re-print is available from = Northern Bee Books, Scout Bottom Farm, Mytholmroyd, Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire HX7 5JS Tel.01422 882751 for =A36.75 The method involves extra brood chambers and a special screen board splitting the stock and containing six apertures which are alternately shut or opened at different times. I looked at the method many years ago= and rejected it as too complex for the number of hives I was running. = Ideal, perhaps, for someone with few hives and time to spare. I settled long ago for routine 7 to 9 day inspections and a simple form of Demaree when swarming was started. Sid P. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 12:26:43 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Sid Pullinger Subject: Emptying supers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 <<<>>>> Benzaldehyde is a noxious chemical and is considered, I believe, carcinogenic so should be handled carefully. For the small beekeeper I can think of nothing better that the Porter escaoe, which has been in use for over one hundred years. They will empt= y supers to the last bee, cost little and do not wear out. I am still usin= g escapes bought forty years ago. Then they were all metal but today they appear in plastic. Two or three fitted to the escape board will clear a number of supers in 24 to 36 hours. Some argue that one must visit the hives twice. True, but on the first visit you lift off the supers, place the board, replace the supers. Not much of a problem there. On the second visit you lift off beeless super= s with no interference to the colony and remove the board. It is used again when the wet combs put back for drying out have to be removed for storage. Sid P. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 09:38:09 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: comb honey Comments: To: tvf@umich.edu In-Reply-To: <34016088.66A3@umich.edu> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 10:38 AM 8/25/97 +0000, Ted Fischer wrote: >(Thomas) (Cornick) wrote: >> >> In a message dated 97-08-22 14:45:21 EDT, you write: >> >> << Is dark honey from the fall flow acceptable for comb honey? >> >> Dark honey is prone to crystalize quickly so it limits what can be used. > >Color is not all that important. What is more crucial is the floral >source. In my experience here in southern Michigan, goldenrod honey >is water white, yet will crystallize in several days after extracting. >When working with that, it is critical to promptly empty your honey >tank!! AMEN! Most fall, early spring or cool season honey here in central California will crystallize very fast. Blue Curl, which is water white will start as soon as it is extracted and will set up on the walls of the extractor before it can drain out. Cotton honey which also can be ww in color will set up like a rock in a few days. The amount of crystils in the air and the temperature are the triggers. Holding the room temperature at 80+ degrees will slow crystallization down as will a good clean up job after each days run. Pumps that add air will speed up the process. Heating the extracting room or daily clean up with a steam cleaner may not always be practiable and more then once in the olden days I have dug honey out of a large tank of rock hard honey with a square pointed shovel standing on the honey without getting sticky. But the norm is it is a big sticky mess. ttul, the OLd Drone ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 12:39:58 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: Re: Emptying supers In a message dated 97-08-25 12:31:46 EDT, you write: << ******************************** I use benzaldehyde (banana oil) on a fume board. I have to remember >> always thougt banana oil was amyl acetate ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 13:57:22 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Snelgrove swarm control MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT > Subject: Snelgrove Swarm Control System > Can anybody enlighten me on the Snelgrove Swarm control system.? > > I have come across it somewhere in the beekeeping material which I have > read, but cannot recall where. > > This is my first year in beekeeping and I imagine that I am facing swarms > next year. > This question is too timely for me to be a coincidence. I just finished reading last night, _Swarming:_It's_Control_and_Prevention_ by L.E. Snelgrove. Written in the 1930s (1934?) the book speculates on the causes of swarming (the intro of the 1995 reprint points the reader to more current work by Winston) and discusses methodologies of the day to deal with swarming. Snelgrove designed a piece of equipment called a Snelgrove Board (the coincidences never cease!). A Snelgrove Board (SgB) is a piece of equipment very much like an inner cover with a few "extras". Rather than a hole in the center of an inner cover, the SgB has a much larger opening that is double screened, hence a SgB is sometimes referred to as a double screen board. Additionally, a SgB has entrances on three sides of the board on both top and bottom (six in total). The side with no entrances is the front of the board. For later discussion imaging that the top entrances are numbered 1, 3 and 5 for the right, back and left entrances and the bottom entrances are numbered 2, 4 and 6 for the right, back and left respectively. Towards the beginning of swarming season a SgB is used in combination with a queen excluder and hive manipulations on a double brood chamber colony to simulate a swarm while keeping both the parent population and swarming population combined at the same location! How is this possible? The hive manipulations consist of segregating the brood frames so those with eggs, larvae and brood are moved to the top hive body and empty frames are segregated to the lower body. This is another technique that hinges on finding the queen. When she is found she is moved to the lower brood chamber on a frame of eggs, larvae and unsealed brood. This should be the only frame in the lower brood chamber with any stages of brood - all other frames in the lower brood chamber should be empty or contain only stores (pollen, nectar and honey). Above the bottom brood chamber go a queen excluder, super(s), and the top brood chamber containing occupied brood frames. Three days later the super(s) will be occupied and the nurse bees will have passed through the queen excluder to the brood frames in the top chamber. At this point in time the SgB is inserted with entrance 1 open - all other entrances on the SgB are closed. For the next few days, field bees from the top brood chamber will exit through entrance 1 and join the population below the SgB by using the original front entrance. One week after the initial manipulation the beekeeper closes entrance 1 and opens entrances 2 and 5. Thus, the bees from the top brood chamber that "graduated" to field bees return to and reinforce the lower population by using entrance 2. During the next week the top brood chamber bees that become field bees will get accustomed to using entrance 5. While the bees in the lower chamber use either the original front entrance or entrance 2. At the end of the second week the beekeeper closes entrances 2 and 5 and opens entrances 3 and 6. Again the top brood chamber field bees reinforce the lower population by returning to the left hand lower entrance (entrance 6) and the top back entrance (entrance 3) becomes the top brood chamber's main entrance. By using the entrances in the SgB in a round- robin fashion, the top brood chamber becomes a "bee generator" for the lower colony. The top brood chamber, being queenless and initially containing all the eggs, larvae and brood will immediately commence to raise a new queen. However, the top brood chamber will not swarm because the population never reaches sufficient numbers to cast a swarm. The bottom chamber never swarms because the brood rearing cycle was interrupted by the initial manipulations. This method artificially casts a swarm from a colony, keeps both populations in a single unit, effectively sets up a two queen colony, and leaves a requeened colony at the end of the season when the upper and lower chambers are reunited. I can't wait 'till next year to give it a try. I already have the SgB, which I have always used as double screened boards to make splits, but I have never used them as intended. Live and learn. I'm sorry if the technique looses in the translation, but it is not my intent to rewrite Snelgrove's book. For full details and clarification, read the book. I found it fascinating in spite of its years! Aaron Morris - I think, therefore I bee! ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 13:01:22 -0600 Reply-To: Charles Harper Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Charles Harper Subject: Re: Plastic foundation MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit On Mon, 25 Aug 1997 10:27:51 -0400, bartlett wrote: >Plastic Foundation - the stiff kind like plasticell > >Would like to hear from people who have used it for a few of seasons. > >How easy is it to clean up? (can't put it in the solar extracter) If it has been in the brood nest for sometime and the waxmonth don't clean all of the black stuff off you can soak it in drain cleaner for seferal days and hose it off. >If you put it back on after cleaning how well do the bees except it >back? just as good as new, i only use the unwaxed as our honey flow is very intense. >Any warping or cracking? no if installed corectly, will take a bend if it is installed that way and nearly impossible to straigthen out >Can you scrap it clean with a hive tool? Any damage when you do? yes you can scrape it clean but too much force and too sharp tool will damage it. waxmonth damage to comb is only to comb not foundation. >Any little tricks to handling it? can be put on any time as bees will not chew it out honey flow or not. A small honey flow can produce cross comb but can be scraped off and let the bees start all over. Permendent i will not recomond as the cell walls are not as deep as plastic cell I have used it for several seasions 10+ and will not use any thing else as wax is too expensive comparied to the plastic foundation. >billy bee > Charles Harper Harper's Honey farm 1000 + Colonies ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 11:36:57 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Andy L. Kettlewell" Subject: Re: Plastic foundation Comments: To: Charles Harper Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" I really don't like the stuff. If you get a case of foul brood you can't render the frames because you have plastic in them. Go with the traditional foundation. At 01:01 PM 8/25/97 -0600, you wrote: >On Mon, 25 Aug 1997 10:27:51 -0400, bartlett wrote: > >>Plastic Foundation - the stiff kind like plasticell >> >>Would like to hear from people who have used it for a few of seasons. >> >>How easy is it to clean up? (can't put it in the solar extracter) >If it has been in the brood nest for sometime and the waxmonth don't clean all >of the black stuff off you can soak it in drain cleaner for seferal days and hose >it off. > >>If you put it back on after cleaning how well do the bees except it >>back? >just as good as new, i only use the unwaxed as our honey flow is very intense. > >>Any warping or cracking? >no if installed corectly, will take a bend if it is installed that way and nearly impossible >to straigthen out > >>Can you scrap it clean with a hive tool? Any damage when you do? >yes you can scrape it clean but too much force and too sharp tool will damage it. >waxmonth damage to comb is only to comb not foundation. >>Any little tricks to handling it? >can be put on any time as bees will not chew it out honey flow or not. A small honey >flow can produce cross comb but can be scraped off and let the bees start all over. >Permendent i will not recomond as the cell walls are not as deep as plastic cell >I have used it for several seasions 10+ and will not use any thing else as wax is too >expensive comparied to the plastic foundation. >>billy bee >> > >Charles Harper >Harper's Honey farm >1000 + Colonies > > -- Andy L. Kettlewell Rungun305@Earthlink.net -- Greenfield, WI, USA -- Editor of the Piechowski Home page http://home.earthlink.net/~rungun305/ -- Wisconsin Honey Producers Assoc. -- Second year trumpet Whitnall High School Class of '01 ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 15:23:27 -0500 Reply-To: beeworks@muskoka.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: David Eyre Organization: The Bee Works Subject: Re: Poor Capping. MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Some time ago the question of the air gap under cappings came up. I disagreed, at the time. I now have to retract my post. This weekend I opened a cut comb production hive, originally from a swarm caught last year. The capping was disgusting. Flat down on the honey, and because of that greasy looking. No way can I package it for cut comb. Our other hives have nice raised white cappings. Needless to say the hive is now marked for re-queening as soon as possible. In passing, this might be of interest. When this swarm was first hived it filled the entrance with propolis (Caucasian?) then after a few weeks it stopped. Interesting how hives will change over time!! ******************************************* The Bee Works, 9 Progress Dr, Unit 2, Orillia, Ontario, L3V 6H1 Phone/fax 705-326-7171 David Eyre, Owner. http://www.muskoka.net/~beeworks ******************************************** ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 17:41:50 -0400 Reply-To: "Glen B. Glater" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Can everyone share some honey/bee facts? For our extraction day this coming Sunday, I'd like to have a leaflet to hand out with some handy facts about honey and bees. Can people share their bee trivia with me? I promise to post my compiled list. Thanks! Here's what I have to start: Flight Speed 9 mph loaded 8 mph empty Nectar Collecting 50-80% of the flying bees are collecting nectar 100-1,500 flower visits per load 1-24 trips per day 36-50 microliters per load (50 microliters = 1 eyedropper drop) 5-150 minutes per trip 150 lbs of honey, in mileage, equals 13 round trips to the moon. (150 lbs equals the average yield of two bee hives in Virginia, USA, per year) (all of above from Adam Finkelstein adamf@sunsite.unc.edu) Thanks again! --glen ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 23:21:12 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Computer Software Solutions Ltd Subject: Irish Beekeeping Course Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Hi All A beekeeper could do worse next year, than combine a trip to Ireland with an excellent course on beekeeping which was held this year in July in Gormanston College about 30 kilometers outside Dublin Ireland. It lasts for 6 days, it is residential (dormitory accommodation) and is very good value. Add to this the presence of two pubs only 1.5 kilometers from the college, a swimming pool and a golf course in the college grounds, and you have a recipe which suits all tastes. I am a first year beekeeper and I attended this year. I was surrounded by 250 beekeepers, a few were beginners like myself, but most were more experienced and gave willingly of their knowledge. The lecturers were highly competent, and lectures were aimed at beginners and more advanced beekeepers. As well as Irish beekeepers, we had visitors from the UK, Wales, Isle of Man and the United States. In fact the guest lecturer was the President of the British Beekeepers Association. The Course Convener was Mr Michael Woulfe Railway House Midleton Co Cork Tel + 353 21 631011 Sincerely Tom Barrett 49 South Park Foxrock Dublin 18 Ireland e mail: cssl@iol.ie ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 17:40:33 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: The Bankses Subject: Re: Can everyone share some honey/bee facts? Comments: To: glen@midnight.com Here are a few that I got from the National Honey Board: How many flowers must honey bees visit to make one pound of honey? 2 million How far does a hive of bees fly to to bring us one pound of honey? 55,000 miles How much honey would it take to fuel a bee's flight around the world? About 2 tablespoons (one ounce) Wahkon On Mon, 25 Aug 1997 17:41:50 -0400 "Glen B. Glater" writes: >For our extraction day this coming Sunday, I'd like to have a leaflet >to hand out with some handy facts about honey and bees. > >Can people share their bee trivia with me? > >I promise to post my compiled list. > >Thanks! > >Here's what I have to start: > >Flight Speed > >9 mph loaded >8 mph empty > >Nectar Collecting > >50-80% of the flying bees are collecting nectar >100-1,500 flower visits per load >1-24 trips per day >36-50 microliters per load (50 microliters = 1 eyedropper drop) >5-150 minutes per trip >150 lbs of honey, in mileage, equals 13 round trips to the moon. >(150 lbs equals the average yield of two bee hives in Virginia, USA, >per year) > >(all of above from Adam Finkelstein adamf@sunsite.unc.edu) > >Thanks again! > >--glen > ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 19:16:14 -0700 Reply-To: vcoppola@epix.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Vince Coppola Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Michael Reddell wrote: > > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes problems for his e-mail and/or antivirus software (I'm not exactly sure what the symptoms are). > > He uses Pegasus in Windows 3.1, and I use Microsoft Exchange in Windows 95. > > Is any one else having a similar problem? I had this problem when I used Pegasus. Swithed back to Netscape mail and it has'nt happened again. ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 20:23:22 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "W. G. Miller" Subject: Re: Emptying supers 1) Porter Bee Escapes: They may work well in areas with cold nights, but in areas where we harvest in high summer (like Maryland), they are a waste of time. The bees don't go down to cluster in the hives on hot nights, so the bees don't go through the bee escape. 2) Bezaldehyde: If the stuff is now illegal to use in the US, somebody please tell Mann Lake because it is still in their catalog. This is my personal favorite, although it does need a warm day to work well. 3) Bee-go: I have used it. In the opinion of this beekeeper, the stuff is misnamed. It should be called "Everything Go", as the stink will chase away bees, spouses, and skunks. Never enter wax in a show from supers that were taken off with Bee-Go; the wax will stink of the stuff. 4) Bee Blowers: They sound like a good idea, but they are a bit pricey for my hobbyist/sideliner operation. W. G. Miller Gaithersburg, MD ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 21:11:29 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: John Wolford Subject: Queen MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I examined my strongest hive tonight, just to see how thing were going. I have 2 deep supers and one shallow super for brood. I didn't find any eggs except for a few scattered drones. Is this normal for this time of the year? Should there be more eggs?? John M. Wolford jmwolford@kih.net ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 19:04:31 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Andy L. Kettlewell" Subject: Re: Queen Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 09:11 PM 8/25/97 -0400, you wrote: >I examined my strongest hive tonight, just to see how thing were going. I >have 2 deep supers and one shallow super for brood. I didn't find any eggs >except for a few scattered drones. Is this normal for this time of the >year? Should there be more eggs?? >John M. Wolford >jmwolford@kih.net > No this is not normal. Is the egg pattern stattered like a shot-gun pattern, this is an idication of foulbrood -- Andy L. Kettlewell Rungun305@Earthlink.net -- Greenfield, WI, USA -- Editor of the Piechowski Home page http://home.earthlink.net/~rungun305/ -- Wisconsin Honey Producers Assoc. -- Second year trumpet Whitnall High School Class of '01 ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 22:05:41 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Martin Braunstein Subject: Re: Beekeeping Newsgroups MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi all, I would appreciate somebody providing information about all beekeeping newsgroups, the servers names and/or locations as well as the procedure t= o get connected. I have already tried to contact a newsgroup called: sci.agriculture.beekeeping, but with no success. If there's something I'm omitting or not doing right please let me know. Thanks in advance for your cooperation. Mart=EDn Braunstein Malka Caba=F1a Ap=EDcola e-mail: malka@webnet.com.ar ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 22:11:53 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Faith Andrews Bedford Subject: Re: removing bees from supers In a message dated 97-08-23 10:49:14 EDT, you write: << A bee blower is a handy device to have if things do not work out as planned and we always carry one (when we remember), however we seldom use it, since it is noisy, smelly, and time-consuming. >> We've found that we can use our electric leaf blower while taking the supers off the truck and moving them into the extracting rooom. Helps us get rid of the hangers on and doesn't smell a bit. Faith Andrews Bedford, Ivy VA and Tampa ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 24 Aug 1997 01:51:28 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Albert W Needham Subject: Books,etc. For those who may be interested - there is now a selection of books on Honey Bees & Beekeeping available at my site on Honey Bees: http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/beesite.htm For those who may be new on the list, this site also has available the freeware software program: -The HoneyBee- "About Honey Bees, Their Role In Nature & Their Value To Man" ver 2.0 This program is intended to be an educational program to provide positive public relations on behalf of our friends the Honey Bees. The magnificent close-up photos have been provided by P-O Gustafsson - a Swedish Commercial Beekeeper. Also has a slide show, which can be run separately for Fairs, Schools, etc. Documentation within program explains how to do this. BTW - P-O Gustafsson has created a program about Honey Bees in Swedish - which is real nice to look at even if you do not know Swedish. " Biet's Varld " is available for downloading at his site in Sweden: http://www.kuai.se/~beeman "The HoneyBee" Requires SVGA and will decompress itself after unzipping and run automatically in Dos or Windows. Needs about 2.4 MB. Sorry, but Mac version is not available. --------- Al, ----------------------------------------------------------- awneedham@juno.com - Scituate,MA,USA Cerberus - Three Sites In One Honey Bees-LottoLand-Doktor Finkle http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/ ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 21:30:48 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: comb honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Andy, Where are you located in central California? I'm in Gilroy. Michael ---------- > > Most fall, early spring or cool season honey here in central California... ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 11:10:11 GMT+0200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Garth Organization: Rhodes University South Africa Subject: Re: honey weights Hi all This post is not a criticism as such, just something I find interesting: The recent replies, and previous replies to the whole honey weight question always boil down to honey being so many pounds per gallon or other type of gallon at so many percent water. So: Beekeepers generally use a ten frame langstroth hive system with ten frame supers. We measure percentage water as a decimal system that works on calculators. Yet, some of the greatest economic powers in the world (past and present) ie the US and the UK use a mindblowingly complex non-functional system that is not decimal. So we have people refering to a non metric volume with a metric % system. I mean if one uses twelve as a basis for measuring wieghts, why not do percentages out of 120? I like the metric concept. Sell honey by the kilogram and I think it works out that a jam jar sized bottle is half a kilogram. This is easy to work out. You can say for example: a super that weighs say 20 kilograms will give you 40 bottles and use ones head to do the calculations. (approximately-eg depending on moisture etc.) Any how Keep well Garth Looking at his watch and trying to think how on earth somebody decided that a minute should be sixty seconds long yet a second is 100milliseconds?? and the lunar calendar has been abandoned yet we still use a seven day week? Oh well, call the noose history. --- Garth Cambray "Opinions expressed in this post may be those 15 Park Road of Pritz, my cat, who knows a lot about Grahamstown catfood." 6140 *garth@rucus.ru.ac.za* South Africa Phone 27-0461-311663 In general, generalisations are bad. But don't worry BEEEEEE happy. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 11:59:45 GMT+0200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Garth Organization: Rhodes University South Africa Subject: Where was the video camera Hi all Yesterday I had one of those very funny things happen. I smoked a small hive out of a wall. What I did was to make a small hole in the wall high up above the cluster and then pump smoke in. The bees quite happily bubbled out as they normally do. Now what usually happens when I do this is that the bees will choose the most impossible place you can imagine to settle. Then I go an collect the cluster put it in a photocopier paper box and leave it for two hours and collect them later. Well, yesterday things went wronng, I put a few puffs of smoke into the hole and out flies the queen, straight into my shirt (I don't wear protective gear for that sort of thing) and runs down my front, into my sleave. Now I did not want to squash her. Eventually everyone else in the hive came out too in a big mass and landed on my shirtsleave on the outside. So here I am with a cluster of bees around the top of my shirt just above the armpit. This poses a problem as one arm is unmoveable. (luckily the left) Next I try to walk over to my car to collect a box to shake them into. This is difficult and to reach in is worse. The owners of the house were watching incredulously from their lounge window. Next I got the box and stood over it, then did a rapid head banging stunt and the bees fell in the box. Then I carefully removed my shirt and turned it inside out and found the queen, popped her in a matcbox and put it in the other box, put a lid on, put the shirt back on, at which point I got stung for the first time on my head by a bee that got squished by the shirt I geuss. The owners asked if that was how one removed bees and I said it was one of the worst ways but it worked. Anybody else had queens fly out and run in funny places? Keep well Garth PS I sort of remember hearing that euro queens don't fly when iin egg laying condition. African queens can fly short distances, so thats how the smoking out works. --- Garth Cambray "Opinions expressed in this post may be those 15 Park Road of Pritz, my cat, who knows a lot about Grahamstown catfood." 6140 *garth@rucus.ru.ac.za* South Africa Phone 27-0461-311663 In general, generalisations are bad. But don't worry BEEEEEE happy. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 07:37:00 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: Re: comb honey In a message dated 97-08-26 01:44:34 EDT, you write: << Andy, Where are you located in central California? I'm in Gilroy. Michael ---------- > >> So what is garlic honey like anyway? ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 25 Aug 1997 11:04:52 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Sevigny, Marc" Subject: Queen in honey super MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit What is the best method for getting the queen back down into the brood chambers? My hive was honey-bound several weeks ago, and I "bottom super"ed without an excluder. I am now paying the price. Tomorrow, I'll be removing two medium honey supers for extraction. (They are above the super in which the queen is laying). The remainder of the frames in the honey super with the queen have some capped, some brood, and some nectar. Do I just leave the supoer with the queen alone and hope that she'l eventually move down? I fear that the brood chambers will become honey bound and the queen might not descend since much of the brood chambers are filled with honey.... Thanks for advice on managing this problem. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 13:43:00 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Christian <069474777-0001@t-online.de> Subject: apicultor aleman busca trabajo en latino-america Hola, mientras una estancia de 5 meses en Mexico obtuvo un gran interes de llegar a conocer mas de latino-america. Por eso ahora estoy buscando un trabajo en un apiario o un instituto de la investigacion de la abeja. Por la duracion de un o dos anos tengo la opportunidad de dejar mis abejas en manos de un amigo. Soy biologo y apicultor con 5 anos de experiencia y 100 colmenas. En el trabajo y el aprendisaje realizo todas las actividades hasta el tratamiento y la comercialisacion de la miel, cera y vino de la miel. Para obtener "miel organico" la varroa fue tratado sin pesticida pero con thymolum y acido formico. Quien puede ayudarme con direcciones para una solicitacion? Muchas gracias en adelante Saludos de Alemania Christian Schulte ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 22:54:33 +0900 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: j h & e mcadam Subject: Re: Snelgrove Swarm Control System Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" >Can anybody enlighten me on the Snelgrove Swarm control system.? L.E. Snelgrove, a British beekeeper, is the author of "Swarming, Its Control and Prevention" and "Queen Rearing." I obtained both of these through my apiarists supply company so they are still in print. "Swarming...." was written in 1934 and "Queen Rearing" in 1946. L.E. Snelgrove observed bee behaviour at great length and these observations are of great interest to any beekeeper. He went to great lengths to set down the exact procedure and timing of several methods of swarm control and queen rearing. I believe these instructions would allow any inexperienced beekeeper to successfully manipulate hives to control swarming or to rear queens. It is more difficult if your situation does not allow the instructions to be followed precisely. My hives are in up to 5 apiaries varying from 30 minutes to 1 hour drive from home and it is not practical for me to manipulate the hive daily as suggested. I have adapted the suggested procedure accordingly. However for a new beekeeper with hives close at hand, these procedures are certainly worth considering and will help greatly with understanding of how bees decide to swarm and how to interrupt the decision making process. Perhaps you could borrow the books through a library to see how relevant they are to your situation. You could also look for information on the Demaree system which is an adaptation of Snelgrove's procedure. Betty McAdam HOG BAY APIARY Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island j.h. & e. mcadam Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Subject: NEW LIST: ABEILLES - Discussion on bees in French Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" ABEILLES on MAJORDOMO@FUNDP.AC.BE To discuss Honey Bees in French ABEILLES is an open, unmoderated discussion list "in French" featuring bees and beekeeping. To subscribe, send the following command in the BODY of a mail to MAJORDOMO@FUNDP.AC.BE : SUBSCRIBE ABEILLES N.B. There is not the slightest ostracism in the "in French" which could be felt like a reservation. On the contrary, for the bee lovers who understand English, there is this well-established BEE-L list with today about 700 subscribers from 36 countries. The ABEILLES list is mainly intended for the people who are not familiar with English. Moreover, if some perfectly bilingual people could join us, this would really create profitable contacts between the two lists. It's our real wish. ----- Texte francais - French version ----- Nouveau forum: ABEILLES sur MAJORDOMO@FUNDP.AC.BE Buts: Un forum sur l'Apiculture, a tous niveaux, du debutant au professionnel, passionne ou pas; et toutes facettes : biologie generale et specialisee, pathologie, apitherapie, conduite de ruches, materiel, produits de la ruche, pollinisation, economie, etc. Mais aussi un carrefour entre les apiculteurs, hommes de terrain, et les chercheurs, hommes de laboratoire. Pour adherer a ABEILLES : envoyer la commande suivante (dans le texte du message, pas dans le sujet qui n'est pas pris en compte) (attention ! ABEILLES et pas ABEILLES-L): SUBSCRIBE ABEILLES au serveur de listes MAJORDOMO@FUNDP.AC.BE Remarque: Il n'y a pas le moindre ostracisme dans le "francophone" qui pourrait etre ressenti comme une restriction. Au contraire, pour les amateurs d'abeilles pour lesquels l'anglais n'est pas un frein, cette liste BEE-L qui compte deja plusieurs annees d'existence avec aujourd'hui plus de 700 membres pour 36 pays est parfaitement indiquee. La liste ABEILLES est destinee d'abord a ceux qui n'ont pas cette chance. Si, de plus, de parfaits bilingues viennent nous rejoindre, cela creerait reellement de fructueux contacts entre les deux forums. C'est vraiment notre souhait. The list-owners - Les gestionnaires: Jean-Marie Van Dyck Etienne Bruneau Philippe-A. Roberti ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 07:33:27 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Queen in honey super MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Find her first. If she turns out to be in the super, I would carefully set the frame she is on down across the top bars of the brood box and gently herd her to the bottom of the frame. Be careful not to injure her in the process. She won't like this much and will be eager to slip between two frames into the box below to get away from your prodding. Once she goes in, put the excluder on and let the brood mature out of the super. The comb will be darkened somewhat, and more attractive to wax moths, but useable. Michael ---------- > What is the best method for getting the queen back down > into the brood chambers? > > My hive was honey-bound several weeks ago, and I "bottom > super"ed without an excluder. I am now paying the price. > > Tomorrow, I'll be removing two medium honey supers for extraction. > (They are above the super in which the queen is laying). The remainder > of the frames in the honey super with the queen have some capped, > some brood, and some nectar. Do I just leave the supoer with the queen > alone and hope that she'l eventually move down? > > I fear that the brood chambers will become honey bound and the > queen might not descend since much of the brood chambers are > filled with honey.... > > Thanks for advice on managing this problem. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 08:07:29 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Andy L. Kettlewell" Subject: Re: Beekeeping Newsgroups Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Go to the site http://www.dejanews.com you will be able to post and read postings in that newsgroup At 10:05 PM 8/24/97 -0600, you wrote: >Hi all, > >I would appreciate somebody providing information about all beekeeping >newsgroups, the servers names and/or locations as well as the procedure to >get connected. > >I have already tried to contact a newsgroup called: >sci.agriculture.beekeeping, but with no success. > >If there's something I'm omitting or not doing right please let me know. > >Thanks in advance for your cooperation. > >Mart=EDn Braunstein >Malka Caba=F1a Ap=EDcola >e-mail: malka@webnet.com.ar > > -- Andy L. Kettlewell Rungun305@Earthlink.net -- Greenfield, WI, USA -- Editor of the Piechowski Home page http://home.earthlink.net/~rungun305/ -- Wisconsin Honey Producers Assoc. -- Second year trumpet=20 Whitnall High School=20 Class of '01 ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 08:23:06 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Queen MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Before I start in on this topic, questions like this need to identify the geographical region where the problem occurred. Sometimes this is the most critical factor in how to diagnose and proceed. When you ask a question about something odd happening in a hive, tell us where it is. I agree that this condition isn't normal, but foulbrood is one of several things it could be an indication of. Look for cells with dead larvae that have decomposed into a smelly gooey brown puddle in the bottom of the cell. If you find this, stick a toothpick or a pine needle or something in the puddle. Pull it out and see if the gooey stuff pulls away from the puddle in a ropey string on the tip of your probe. If so you have AFB. If you don't find any of this mess, good! It's probably some other problem. Since you said the existing brood is all drones I suspect that it is a queen failure. If it were AFB you would probably still see brood in all stages in a strong colony like this one. If the queen has failed, you might find queen cells, but not necessarily. Sometimes things don't go well and queen cells fail or don't get made at all. When that happens the last cells to hatch are the drones because they take a few days longer to mature. A more likely possibility is that the bees have made a new queen, and after she emerged, they tore down all the other queen cells. Theres a period of about 6 to 15 days (depending on weather on mating days mostly) between the time when she emerges and the time when she starts to lay. You might have opened up during that period. Put a frame of eggs and young brood in from another hive and see if they start queen cells. If not, you probably have a young queen. The new queen may be in the hive but not yet laying. If they start queen cells, introduce a new queen ASAP. They might have successfuly raised a queen that was subsequently eaten by a bird on a mating flight. It happens! It's too late in this case to make them start a new queen because the lag time of having to raise a queen from scratch and wait for her to start laying and then wait for her brood to emerge would seriously deplete the colony (by attrition) and you are bumping up against winter. If this turns out to be the case, you can give the colony a frame or two of sealed brood from another colony to shore them up until the newly introduced queen gets going. Depending on your location (see above) the bees will produce more or less new brood this time of year. It all hangs on the strength of the honey flow. Michael ---------- > > > No this is not normal. Is the egg pattern stattered like a shot-gun > pattern, this is an idication of foulbrood ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 08:39:31 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: comb honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I have never kept bees in the garlic but my understanding is that it's pretty basic honey - not garlic flavored. There's a lot of garlic grown for produce and for seed here, so it is a pretty significant nectar and pollen source in this area. We do have a lot of weird garlic products pop up around here in late July for the Garlic Festival though. Garlic ice cream and chocolate covered garlic come to mind. I've never tried either of these so please - don't ask! Michael ---------- > So what is garlic honey like anyway? ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 11:45:53 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Digest Cesar Flores Subject: brush uncapping I am now familiar with using knives, planes, heat blowers and chain uncappers to uncap honey cells. Does anyone have any experience using the device with the spinning brushes? Can it uncap uneven combs? What is the brush material/stiffness/size? What are the ad/disadvantages? In theory it appears excellent, a frame is held against the spinning brush and no heat is needed. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 08:53:32 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: comb honey In-Reply-To: <970826073659_622794267@emout18.mail.aol.com> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Los Banos, sometimes we can smell your area if the wind is right. At 07:37 AM 8/26/97 -0400, you wrote: >In a message dated 97-08-26 01:44:34 EDT, you write: > ><< > Andy, > Where are you located in central California? > I'm in Gilroy. > Michael > ---------- > > >> >So what is garlic honey like anyway? > > ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 10:20:18 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Andy L. Kettlewell" Subject: Re: comb honey Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Do you know Anton J. Nachbar Jr.? At 08:53 AM 8/26/97 -0700, you wrote: >Los Banos, sometimes we can smell your area if the wind is right. > >At 07:37 AM 8/26/97 -0400, you wrote: >>In a message dated 97-08-26 01:44:34 EDT, you write: >> >><< >> Andy, >> Where are you located in central California? >> I'm in Gilroy. >> Michael >> ---------- >> > >> >>So what is garlic honey like anyway? >> >> > > -- Andy L. Kettlewell Rungun305@Earthlink.net -- Greenfield, WI, USA -- Editor of the Piechowski Home page http://home.earthlink.net/~rungun305/ -- Wisconsin Honey Producers Assoc. -- Second year trumpet Whitnall High School Class of '01 ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 17:40:27 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mike Rowbottom Subject: How many people killed by honeybees worldwide? MIME-Version: 1.0 In a recent Natural History programme shown on BBC1 TV in the UK a claim was made along the lines " tens of thousands of people are killed annually by honey bees worldwide". I find this claim difficult to believe. In the programme it was put across rather sensationally, with ( need I say) reference to Africanised honey bees in the Americas. If the claim is incorrect I would like to strike a small blow for the facts, and for beekeeping, by presenting a more accurate picture to the Programme makers. The Programme producer argues that deaths from insect stings ( predominantly bees and wasps) are far greater than from all other venomous animals put together, and quotes a reference relating to America, North of Mexico to support this. She then states that the number of deaths from snake bites alone in the world exceeds 10,000 per year, and putting these two statements together, arrives at a basis for the claim. Does anyone have any information on the number of people worldwide that are killed as a result of honey bee stings? Are there any data on death rates in specific countries or continents? References to documented literature would be particularly helpful. Regards, -- Mike Rowbottom Harrogate North Yorkshire UK ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 15:51:47 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jim Moore Subject: Help needed to identify a tree in bloom in August I live in Massachusetts USA. and for the last week or so some trees in my neighborhood have been flowering (Aug 19-26 aprox). The trees are over 30 feet tall and have leaves shaped similar in shape to sycamore leaves or maple leaves. The tree bark in not peeling like a sycamore tree, however the flower looks something like a sycamore flower as shown in my tree book. The flower on this tree is a cluster of individual stems, each stem has a number of flower clusters similar in appearance to the sycamore flower picture in the book. In the book it has only one round cluster per stem. This tree has multiple clusters. The flower smells smilar to honeysuckle. The honey bees, bumble bees and and hornets have be all over this tree. Ascii art is a very poor mechanism for conveying the flower structure but here is an attempt: \|/ -o- /|\ \|/ / \|/ -------------O- ------------------------O- /|\ \ | /|\ \|/ \|/ sycamore -O- -O- in versus: /|\ /|\ bood See http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/ODNR/Education/ohiotrees/sycamore.htm for a nice image of a sycamore flower to get a better idea. NOTE: For a very nice site with excellant images I found while trying to identify the tree visit: http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/ODNR/Education/ohiotrees/treesindex.htm Ohio's Trees - "Ohio's Trees is based on a Department of Natural Resources brochure of the same name, original text by Guy L. Denny. Does anyone have a guess about what kind of tree it is? Thanks, ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 14:19:00 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Patrick M. O'Hearn" Subject: Irish Beekeeping MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hello all, I would like to second Tom Barrett's good recommendation for the Federation of Irish Beekeepers summer course at Gormanston. As the sole attendee from the USA I found the course to be very interesting. Talking about bees with several hundred other beekeepers, starting from early morning breakfast, through the daytime and evening classes, and till well past midnight at the pub was truly an unforgettable experience. In addition to lectures, there were practical demonstrations and a field trip to the Irish Agricultural College to look at the apiary there. The style of beekeeping practiced in Ireland and England is very different than U.S. beekeeping. The hive styles, frames, etc are not those used in the USA, Canada, or the rest of Europe (National and WBC hives). Honey flows differ tremendously from what we am used to in the western USA. (Patsy Bennet from the Irish research station at Clonroache says his records show that 100% of the seasons crop is derived from 15 days of honey flow, and, if it rains...there goes the crop). And, the bees are kept in a much more settled environment with "garden" beekeepers much more common than in my part of the US. The course emphasis is very much geared towards the small scale, intensive managment beekeeper and, while I did not learn a lot that was directly applicable to my management requirements, it was very helpful to learn about the other management styles because it made me question why I do a number of the things I have to do. Thinking about environmental reasons for different bee behavior (and beekeeper behavior) was very stimulating. This was the 50th consecutive year that the course has been held. It is now always held at Gormanston, just north of Dublin and is usually the third week in July, a good time to visit Ireland. I got to meet beekeepers from Ireland, England, Wales, the Isle of Man, Belgium, Japan, and France. The Irish National Honey show is held during the week as well and it was a great chance to see honey show displays from England and Ireland, as well as a good opportunity to buy a number of different types of honey at the end of the show. In short, its a great time, very inexpensive for the week, and a good excuse to visit Ireland. Patrick M. O'Hearn Bears Choice Honey Aztec, NM ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 16:30:22 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: bee fables Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what he was looking for, but it was a little expensive. During an inspection of the property, however, he found a hive of bees. He told the owner that he was deathly afraid of bees, and there was no way he could consider this piece of land. The landowner assured him that the bees were completely harmless, but the buyer would have no part of it. Finally, the landowner made an offer. The buyer would allow himself to be tied to a tree for an hour, nude, under the nest. So sure of the friendliness of his bees was the farmer that if ONE bee were to sting him, the farm would be his for free. The buyer thought it over and decided it was worth the risk. An hour later, the farmer walked out to the tree and saw the poor buyer slumped over in his bindings. Fearing the worst, he ran up to him and asked him if he had been stung. The city fella looked up and weakly said, "No, but doesn't that calf have a mother?" ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 22:19:13 GMT Reply-To: Tim_Sterrett@westtown.edu Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Tim Sterrett Organization: Westtown School Subject: Emptying supers (benzaldehyde) Discussion of Bee Biology,BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU,Internet writes: In a message dated 97-08-25 12:31:46 EDT, you write: << ******************************** I use benzaldehyde (banana oil) on a fume board. I have to remember >> always thought banana oil was amyl acetate ********************************************************** I made a mistake in saying that benzaldehyde is banana oil. Someone wrote to tell me that benzaldehyde is oil of almonds. Is benzaldehyde really listed as a carcinogen? Tim Tim Sterrett Westtown, (Southeastern) Pennsylvania, USA tim_sterrett@westtown.edu ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 21:31:51 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ian Watson Subject: Re: weight of supers..again... MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi all Recently someone asked about the weight of a super of honey, which I assume is what is called a 6 5/8 or "Illinois" super. I recall only one response, and so I'm asking again, because I'm interested in knowing the answer. I have read about how heavy a "full depth" or brood box of honey weighs, which they say is about 90 pounds, and since the 6 5/8 is roughly 2/3 the size, I guess a 6 5/8 should weigh about 60 pounds, but this seems wrong. The reason I'm curious is that I have one colony with 6 supers full already, and the "fall flow" hasn't even started yet. I think it might beat the world record of 400-ish pounds by the end of the season. I would weigh one myself, but I doubt my bathroom scales is accurate enough..hehehe...;) Thanks, Ian Watson realtor@niagara.com real estate agent gardener baritone beekeeper---> 11 colonies ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 20:48:33 -0600 Reply-To: ribac@wi.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Randy, Isa & Alina Chase" Subject: removing bees from supers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I have had real good luck by removing the supers during the evening hours and collecting them early the following morning before the hives become too active. The supers without brood are usually bee free and what few frames that have bees covering brood (usually drone brood) are quickly taken care of with either smoke, the bee brush or are left out to be clean up by robbers. No mess, no stink and best of all, no mad bees. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 21:10:42 -0600 Reply-To: ribac@wi.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Randy, Isa & Alina Chase" Subject: Re: Help needed to identify a tree in bloom in August MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Try contacting George Ayers at Michigan State University, Dept. of Entomology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1115. He has done a significant amount of research on bee forage and most likely would be very interested in a tree that blooms in August and is attractive to honey bees. He had an article in the American Bee Journal about two years ago that discussed late blooming (for North America) trees. One was a linden tree of asian origin. I can't recall the other tree. I would be interested in learning more about your tree. ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 16:39:38 -1000 Reply-To: "Thomas W. Culliney -- Dept. of Agriculture" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Thomas W. Culliney -- Dept. of Agriculture" Subject: European foulbrood in New Zealand? In-Reply-To: <199708190205.WAA13914@vtaix.cc.vt.edu> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII In a letter to the editor, published in the latest issue (August 1997) of the American Bee Journal, the writer, John Iannuzzi, states that he was informed by two New Zealand beekeepers that European foulbrood is found in New Zealand. Can anyone confirm this? Tom Culliney Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture culliney@elele.peacesat.hawaii.edu ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 03:02:43 +1200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Nick Wallingford Organization: Bay of Plenty Polytechnic Subject: Re: European foulbrood in New Zealand? Comments: cc: edwardsj@ra.maf.govt.nz, oneilb@ra.maf.govt.nz MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > In a letter to the editor, published in the latest issue (August 1997) of > the American Bee Journal, the writer, John Iannuzzi, states that he was > informed by two New Zealand beekeepers that European foulbrood is found in > New Zealand. Can anyone confirm this? I can state with confidence that New Zealand is free of European foulbrood. I can state this on the basis of (1) my own experiences within the industry, in a wide ranging geographic area (both islands) (2) the formal surveillance for exotic bee disease activities undertaken (3) the testing of bees destined for package bee exports (4) the testing of samples of 'suspicious' samples taken by beekeepers and MAF personnel. NZ is fortunate to be free of a number of economically significant honey bee diseases found elsewhere in the world. The NZ government believes maintenance of such a disease status is important, and therefore funds an exotic bee disease surveillance programme. Government personnel inspected 491 production apiaries throughout the country as part of this programme in 1995-96. The apiaries are chosen for their proximity to risk areas, including ports, rubbish dumps, and tourist areas. All hives in each apiary are inspected for visual symptoms of European foulbrood, with any suspect larvae analyzed (anaerobic culture) at a government bee disease diagnostic laboratory. At least 100 drone pupae in each hive are also visually inspected for the presence of Varroa and Tropilaelaps mites. A sample of at least 400 adult bees is then taken from each hive and analyzed at the government lab for the presence of Varroa mite and Tropilaelaps mite (alcohol wash), and Acarine mite (dissection). In addition to these targeted surveillance inspections, every apiary in NZ which supplies either queen bees or package bees is also sampled for exotic bee diseases. The samples (400+ bees) are processed by the government bee disease diagnostic lab. In the 1995-96 production year, a total of 509 production apiaries were sampled for exotic bee diseases. All suspicious bee disease symptoms reported by beekeepers are also investigated by government apiculture personnel, with samples analyzed by the bee disease diagnostic lab. In the 1995-96 production year, 48 such samples were analyzed, all but one for European foulbrood. All results were negative. (\ Nick Wallingford {|||8- home nickw@wave.co.nz (/ work nw1@boppoly.ac.nz NZ Beekeeping http://www.beekeeping.co.nz ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 02:11:37 -0400 Reply-To: mrayson@apk.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Michael J. Schuerger, Sr" Organization: Rayson Computer Services Subject: Re: How many people killed by honeybees worldwide? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit According to Chapter 27. "Allergy to Venomous Insects" by Justin O. Schmidt, Ph. D, Entomologist, in _The Hive and the Honey Bee_, Edited by Joe M. Graham, Dadant & Sons, the number of deaths per year from insects stings of all types in the US is _41_. Source quoted is Vital Statistics of the United States (1986.) The author estimates that of the 41 deaths, 17 will result from honey bee stings. If those numbers held up worldwide, you are talking less than 1,000 deaths/year from all stings. That program would be off by at least an order of magnitude, probably much more. I know this data is for the USA alone, but I would bet my estimate based on it is closer than some sensationalist newsie. Mike ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 10:20:07 GMT+0200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Garth Organization: Rhodes University South Africa Subject: Honey figures Hi all I was just reading about the so called record honey harvest of 400 pounds'ish. Reading through a book called 'Beekeeping in Southern Africa' it refers to an apairy located in the saligna plantations of the kwazulu natal (sub-tropical region) area. Of two hundred hives analyzed for honey production the average was about 150kilograms (prob about 300 pounds) with the best hive producing 240kg (480 pounds). This would probably mean that the world record for honey production probably sits quietly unknown somewhere in africa or south america? Just a thought. Keep well Garth --- Garth Cambray "Opinions expressed in this post may be those 15 Park Road of Pritz, my cat, who knows a lot about Grahamstown catfood." 6140 *garth@rucus.ru.ac.za* South Africa Phone 27-0461-311663 In general, generalisations are bad. But don't worry BEEEEEE happy. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:32:07 +0200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Janko Organization: Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana Subject: Update of Slovenian Beekeeping Homepage and Apimondia MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------516506ADB0464D19ADEBA21A" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------516506ADB0464D19ADEBA21A Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Dear Bee-lineres, I would like to announce one major upgrade of my beekeeping pages. I included separated directory to the Slovenian candidature for the Apimondia Congress in 2003. Slovenian beekeeping association is going to represent its candidature at the upcoming Apimondia congress in Antwerp, Belgium. Check out why we want to organize congress ! Anyway, read it to learn something about Slovenian Beekeeping tradition and current state of apiculture. You can also admire several photos of painted bee hive fronts. You are welcome to visit our web sites ! Slovenian Beekeeping http://www.uni-lj.si/~bfjanko/index.html Slovenia - candidate for the Apimondia congress http://www.uni-lj.si/~bfjanko/congress/main.html With regards, Janko --------------516506ADB0464D19ADEBA21A Content-Type: text/x-vcard; charset=us-ascii; name="vcard.vcf" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Description: Card for Bozic, Janko Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="vcard.vcf" begin: vcard fn: Bozic, Janko n: Bozic;Janko org: Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana adr: BF-Department of Biology;;Vecna pot 111;Ljubljana;;1000;SLOVENIA email;internet: janko.bozic@uni-lj.si title: Dr. tel;work: 386(61)12-333-88 tel;fax: 386(61)273-390 x-mozilla-cpt: ;0 x-mozilla-html: FALSE end: vcard --------------516506ADB0464D19ADEBA21A-- ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 21:37:37 +1000 Reply-To: psrobert@gil.com.au Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul & Sandra Roberts Subject: Re: Poor Capping. Comments: To: beeworks@muskoka.net MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit David, your comments were interesting but you did not identify your normal strain (race) of bee to add to the debate about which one gives those lovely white cappings. Previous postings and my own experience indicated that Caucasions were more likely to provide this outcome. One wonders how much influence the conditions and the source of the flow have on this. Regards Paul Roberts Brisbane Australia ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 15:50:42 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Paul Basehore Subject: Re: Pollen Cleaning Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Can anyone tell me how to clean bee pollen. I need to know if there us a machine or what I need to clean pollen. I heard of a gravity table used for this but I don't know what it is or how to build one. Thanks in advance for your replies. Paul Basehore in Okla. 15 Hives ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Aug 1997 10:16:18 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: jinnah@MAIL.NETROVER.COM Subject: outage Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Dear Sir, I have not been getting any mail since the outage. Kindly help me to get back on the list. Sincerely, Abbas ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 22:19:18 +0900 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: j h & e mcadam Subject: Re: Queen in honey super Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" >What is the best method for getting the queen back down >into the brood chambers? > A bit of frame sorting is in order here. Take out any full sealed frames of honey from the brood box. Select any frames from the super where the queen is laying that have unsealed brood/eggs or queen and place these in the brood box. Fill in the brood box with sealed brood or empty frames. If you are sure the queen is now in the brood box, use a queen excluder and any other frames of sealed brood, unsealed honey, pollen etc. can go in supers above. Otherwise leave the excluder off so the queen can find her own way down to the brood chamber. The bees will quickly re-arrange supplies to suit themselves and the queen will always lay wherever the brood is at the moment, that is, if she has been in an upper super but all the fresh brood is now down in the brood box she will return there to continue laying. Betty McAdam HOG BAY APIARY Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island j.h. & e. mcadam From: William Kreitzer Subject: Bee Escapes Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Where can I buy bee escapes such as the Porter Bee Escapes that were discussed? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:24:49 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Young, Robert" Subject: Colouring wax MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain I am interested in making bees wax candles from the wax rendered in my solar wax melter. Unfortunately, I don't know how to colour the wax (red, green, etc). Is there a standard reference for candle making that would answer this question? Thanks for your help. Rob Young ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 08:41:02 CDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Steve Arnold Subject: Bee sting statistics MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Mike, you wrote: "the number of deaths per year from insects stings of all types in the US is _41_. Source quoted is Vital Statistics of the United States (1986.) The author estimates that of the 41 deaths, 17 will result from honey bee stings." I am curious for comparision sake, does anyone know how many people in the US die each year from snake bites? Someone in my office claims that more people die of honeybee stings than snake bites, and I would like some facts to clear this up one way or another. Thanks, Steve in Alabama ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:28:30 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: John A Skinner Subject: Re: How many people killed by honeybees worldwide? In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Mike, This estimate seems "a bit high". In Chapter 27 of The Hive and the Honey Bee, 1992, page 1230, Justin Schmidt, includes a table of death rates in the US with all deaths from all causes= 2,086,440. deaths from cardiovascular= 977,700; cancer=461,400; smoking 150,000; alcohol 100,000; ...animal bites = 101; lightning= 85; sports collisions= 42; insect stings(all)=41 and honey bee stings = 17. The percent of total deaths due to honey bees for 1986 was .0008 . You might contact Justin Schmidt to see if he has any update information to address your question about presence of Africanized bees. grins, John John A. Skinner 218 Ellington Hall Extension Apiculturist University of Tennessee jskinner@utk.edu Knoxville, TN 37901 (423)974-7138 On Tue, 26 Aug 1997, Mike Rowbottom wrote: > In a recent Natural History programme shown on BBC1 TV in the UK a claim > was made along the lines " tens of thousands of people are killed > annually by honey bees worldwide". I find this claim difficult to > believe. In the programme it was put across rather sensationally, with > ( need I say) reference to Africanised honey bees in the Americas. If > the claim is incorrect I would like to strike a small blow for the > facts, and for beekeeping, by presenting a more accurate picture to the > Programme makers. > > The Programme producer argues that deaths from insect stings ( > predominantly bees and wasps) are far greater than from all other > venomous animals put together, and quotes a reference relating to > America, North of Mexico to support this. She then states that the > number of deaths from snake bites alone in the world exceeds 10,000 per > year, and putting these two statements together, arrives at a basis for > the claim. > > Does anyone have any information on the number of people worldwide that > are killed as a result of honey bee stings? Are there any data on death > rates in specific countries or continents? References to documented > literature would be particularly helpful. > > Regards, > -- > Mike Rowbottom > Harrogate > North Yorkshire > UK > ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 08:51:46 CDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Steve Arnold Subject: ...no subject... MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII der Manschaft ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:10:53 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "MR. E. Williams" Organization: Upper Canada College Subject: Teaching taxonomy beyond APIS... MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Good Day, I'm a High School Science (and, now, Philosophy) teacher trying to harmonize standard biological taxonomy with Aristotelian 'categories' or categorical propositions. In Plato's MENO, the simile of a virtues being like a swarm of BEES is made, so I thought I'd ask a favour... BEES: Animalia - Arthropoda - Insecta - Hymenoptera ---- then what ? Is "APIS" the 'Family' or 'Genus' of Bees ? And if it is the 'Genus', to what 'Family' to bees belong ? And what about HONEY Bees ? If German honey bees are "mellifera carnica", and Italian honey bees are "mellifera ligustica", is "Apis mellifera" the "Genus species" of honey bees in general, and "carnica" and "ligustica" sub-species, or is "mellifera" the "genus" and "carnica" the "species". And finally, where do bumble bees fit into all of this ? And what of 'yellow jackets', wasps, and hornets ? Any help with any of this would be greatly appreciated. I look forward to reading your answer(s)! Thanks, in advance... Evan Williams ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:05:59 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Eric Abell Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 07:22 AM 25/08/97 -0700, you wrote: >Stop talking about this in the group, it isn't bee related. Thank you >At 09:53 PM 8/24/97 -0400, you wrote: >>Bob Rolfness wrote: >>> >>> Michael Reddell wrote: >>> > >>> > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that >each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes >>> problems for his e-mai I have no objection. There are lots of topics that are touched upon that are not quite 'bee related'. This is causing some subscribers a problem and perhaps another subscriber can provide a solution. Eric Eric Abell Gibbons, Alberta Canada T0A 1N0 Ph/fax (403) 998 3143 eabell@compusmart.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:06:05 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Eric Abell Subject: Re: Emptying supers Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" > I would like to know when a professional beekeeper would consider a >super empty of bees. The supers I take off often still have a good many >bees >in them.>>>>> I use Honey robber (butyric anhydride, I believe). We use a blower if we are too fast or some bees simply refuse to leave. When using the blower, or if the bees are robbing they are back into the supers quickly. I use this as a measure of 'empty'. As we never get rid of all of the bees with the blower - if fumes leave no more than a blower does then the box is 'empty'. I try to leave the supers in the hot room at least 24 hours before extracting. We have a window and a 24 hour light over the window. 24 hours is enough to get rid of almost all of the bees in the supers and we can collect them from the window at our convenience. Eric Eric Abell Gibbons, Alberta Canada T0A 1N0 Ph/fax (403) 998 3143 eabell@compusmart.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 10:02:25 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Steven Albritton Subject: Emptying supers Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Here in North Louisiana it is hot most of the time so Bee Go works very good for me. I did make the mistake of picking up the bottle which had spilled one morning before going to work at LDS Communications. I thought I was ok, but must have brushed my hand against my clothes. I went to work and all the ladies in the office went nuts looking for that stink. I finally had to go home, take a shower, and change clothes before I could go back to work. I light my small bee house with a holegen light. Almost all bees that don't leave the supers end up frying in the light since I almost always must extract at night. Word must be getting around that if you stay in the super you end up landing in the light because I have very few bees left in the supers after using bee go. Steven Albritton LDS Communications, Sports America, Chauvin Honey Farms Monroe, Louisiana ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:06:52 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jerry J Bromenshenk Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? In-Reply-To: <199708271505.JAA07004@bernie.compusmart.ab.ca> from "Eric Abell" at Aug 27, 97 09:05:59 am MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hi: Binary attachments choke lots of e-mail systems. There would be no problem if everyone used the same computer platform, operating system, and mail software. Unfortunately, each platform and operating system uses its own approach to handling (coding, unencoding, etc.) binary files. Thus, if there is a mismatch, the receiver's system may choke or freeze. In general, binary files sent in a mime format tend to cause fewer problems. ASCII (text) files rarely cause any problems. Also, systems using a shared server may run out of disk space - our university system has several thousand users. A chain mail message or large influx of attachments on a given day will exceed the temporary storage space. In that case, all mail dumps, never to be seen again. If you only get a few e-mail messages per day, the occassional attachment usually is not a problem. Cheers, Jerry Bromenshenk ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 08:14:12 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: comb honey In-Reply-To: <199708261720.KAA21811@germany.it.earthlink.net> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 10:20 AM 8/26/97 -0700, Andy L. Kettlewell wrote: >Do you know Anton J. Nachbar Jr.? Yep, I know him very well. Some say he is just an old opinionated "son of a bee", which may be true as he has been connected with beekeeping since 1954. Once he was a commercial beekeeper from Los Banos, California, he also has had beekeeping operations in Meeker, Colorado, and Arivaca, Arizona. Well known in the beekeeping industry and by those who would regulate it and state and national legislatures. He was responsible, at times single handed, for the "beekeeper indemnification program", and deregulation of beekeeping in California and other states. He has proven that a few beekeepers can effect change in the USA if armed with the weapons of truth and no money. He is well know for his support of beekeeping research and is one of the few beekeepers who does support both basic and applied beekeeping research believe it or not. He is not a power broker in beekeeping politics and over the years has earned a reputation for honesty and straight talking and is respected for his original ideas. He takes great pride on the fact that he as a beekeeper with nothing to sell other beekeepers other then ideas and experience and has been honored as a speaker at state and national beekeeping meeting many times if only to balance out the programs which are many times overloaded with those outside the "hands on" beekeeping industry. Some say he is funny, he also has made grown men cry, and some have made a show of walking out when he speaks. He is often quoted by others... What else do you want to know. Personally I know he is OK, he takes St. John's Wart pills to keep it together. Is divorced but his X continues to be his friend. Several of the high school kids that worked for him are now large successful commercial beekeeper in California and North Dakota. One of them is his next door neighbor. In My Humble Opinion ttul, the OLd Drone "I have met him, and he is me" Anton J. Nachbaur, Jr is the payroll signature for Andy Nachbaur. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 08:28:24 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Eric makes a good point. I continue to get quite a few responses and this seems to be a fairly widespread problem. If you are not affected by the problem and have not yet started deleting these notes based on the subject line, you might want to do so. I'll try to encapsulate what I know about the problem so far. It was enough to solve the problem for me, and hopefully will allow us to put the subject to rest. Responses that I've received fall into 3 categories: 1. people whose recieved notes have the unwanted attachment. 2. people who are getting complaints from others about the attachments on their notes. 3.people who don't have any attachments and say there's no problem for them. I've noticed that some Pegasus users fall into category 1 and some Eudora users and Netscape Mail users do too. Other users of each of these browsers are in category 3. I haven't gotten consistent data from everyone but generally the older versions have the problem and the newer ones don't. For example, Pegasus 2.4 reported in category 1 but Pegasus 3.1 reported in category 3. I don't really know what causes the problem exactly, but it seems to have something to do with the text attributes of the sent mail and whether or not the receiving browser can handle them. MS Exchange has a sort of word processor interface that allows you to change fonts, tab text, insert graphics, etc. I don't know if the formatting instructions are an actual attachment or not in MSE, but some (older?) browsers appear to think so at any rate. SO the bottom line is, If you're in category 1, be sure you're using the latest possible version of your browser, and if you're in category 2, see if you can find a browser to use that doesn't do fancy formatting on your notes. I switched to MS Internet Mail because it has an easy migration path to preserve my existing MSE mail and folders. Hopefully I've put enough detail here to settle this so we can get back to beekeeping. ---------- > From: Eric Abell > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? > Date: Wednesday, August 27, 1997 8:05 AM > > At 07:22 AM 25/08/97 -0700, you wrote: > >Stop talking about this in the group, it isn't bee related. Thank you > >At 09:53 PM 8/24/97 -0400, you wrote: > >>Bob Rolfness wrote: > >>> > >>> Michael Reddell wrote: > >>> > > >>> > This week I recieved a complaint from a Bee-L subscriber who finds that > >each note I send to the list has a binary attachment that causes > >>> problems for his e-mai > > I have no objection. There are lots of topics that are touched upon that > are not quite 'bee related'. This is causing some subscribers a problem and > perhaps another subscriber can provide a solution. > > Eric > Eric Abell > Gibbons, Alberta Canada T0A 1N0 > Ph/fax (403) 998 3143 > eabell@compusmart.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 10:26:53 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Arbor J. Buchanan" Subject: Re: Teaching taxonomy beyond APIS... In-Reply-To: <1A829E32E28@fs2.ucc.on.ca> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Apis is the genus . But let's back up a bit: After the order name, Hymenoptera, comes the superfamily: Apoidea (Bees). Then we place honeybees in the family Apidae, along with bumble bees and orchid bees. Then, for honeybees, the subfamily name is Apinae, under which we place the genus and species names, Apis mellifera. As for yellow jackets, wasps and hornets, they are all in the family Vespidae (superfamily Vespoidea). I believe A. mellifera ligustica is a subspecies. On Wed, 27 Aug 1997, MR. E. Williams wrote: > Good Day, > > I'm a High School Science (and, now, Philosophy) teacher trying to > harmonize standard biological taxonomy with Aristotelian 'categories' > or categorical propositions. In Plato's MENO, the simile of a > virtues being like a swarm of BEES is made, so I thought I'd ask a favour... > > BEES: Animalia - Arthropoda - Insecta - Hymenoptera ---- then what ? > > Is "APIS" the 'Family' or 'Genus' of Bees ? And if it is the > 'Genus', to what 'Family' to bees belong ? > > And what about HONEY Bees ? If German honey bees are "mellifera > carnica", and Italian honey bees are "mellifera ligustica", is "Apis > mellifera" the "Genus species" of honey bees in general, and > "carnica" and "ligustica" sub-species, or is "mellifera" the "genus" > and "carnica" the "species". > > And finally, where do bumble bees fit into all of this ? And what of > 'yellow jackets', wasps, and hornets ? > > Any help with any of this would be greatly appreciated. I look > forward to reading your answer(s)! > > Thanks, in advance... > Evan Williams > ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:34:14 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Linda Campbell Subject: Help-Wild Hive with Varroa Mite MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I'm going to jump right in. Please excuse me if I am violating any rules = of the group. This is my first day on the list and I haven't been able = to find my answer elsewhere. First of all, I don't have bees, yet but I am concerned about the ones I = will be getting in the spring. A farmer down the road has a wild hive of honey bees that have been = making their home in the casing to a transmission of an abandoned = bulldozer on the edge of the woods. I've been keeping an eye on them, = looking for a swarm, since retrieval would be difficult to impossible as = they enter through one small screw hole. We recently noticed many bees = on the outside of the rusted casing. I looked closer and noticed that = many (90%) of the bees outside the hive have no wings. A friend says = they are deformed from varroa mite infestation and that the colony will = be dead in a month. This saddens me but of more concern is what happens = to the mites?=20 Will the mites still be alive and well and eager if my new colony comes = to this spot to rob honey from the dozer transmission. Should I leave = these bees to die or should I try to do something. It seems the bees are = doomed but I am most worried about the proliferation of the varroa = mites. Any suggestions or experience on the subject would be = appreciated. Thanks and apologies if this in inappropriate. Linda Campbell Suffolk, VA On the border or the Great Dismal Swamp ---------- ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 08:38:55 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Queen in honey super MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit This works if your super is a deep one. If it's a medium or shallow, you do not want to put the brood frames from it into a deep box. A friend of mine recently left a shallow frame in a deep box inadvertently and within 3 days it was locked up with brace comb in the empty space below the frame. Michael ---------- > From: j h & e mcadam > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Re: Queen in honey super > Date: Wednesday, August 27, 1997 6:19 AM > > >What is the best method for getting the queen back down > >into the brood chambers? > > > A bit of frame sorting is in order here. Take out any full sealed frames of > honey from the brood box. Select any frames from the super where the queen > is laying that have unsealed brood/eggs or queen and place these in the > brood box. Fill in the brood box with sealed brood or empty frames. If you > are sure the queen is now in the brood box, use a queen excluder and any > other frames of sealed brood, unsealed honey, pollen etc. can go in supers > above. Otherwise leave the excluder off so the queen can find her own way > down to the brood chamber. > > The bees will quickly re-arrange supplies to suit themselves and the queen > will always lay wherever the brood is at the moment, that is, if she has > been in an upper super but all the fresh brood is now down in the brood box > she will return there to continue laying. > > Betty McAdam > HOG BAY APIARY > Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island > j.h. & e. mcadam http://kigateway.eastend.com.au/hogbay/hogbay1.htm ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:35:43 -0400 Reply-To: "Glen B. Glater" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Benzaldehyde (I do know that gluteraldehyde has long been known as a carcinogen, but it appears that benzaldehyde is not (at least that's what *I* read from this information. Any chemists out there?) (actually, now that I think about it, I know a chemist at the EPA. Perhaps I'll drop him an email...) --glen o / cut along this line --X---------------------------------------------------------------------------- o \ http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/LT-Studies/TR378.html TR-378 Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzaldehyde (CAS No. 100-52-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) [Image] Chemical Formula: C7H6O - 3D Structure Benzaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde used in the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, perfume, soap, and dyestuff industries. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering benzaldehyde (99% pure) in corn oil by gavage to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 16 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, mouse lymphoma cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and Drosophila melanogaster. Sixteen-Day Studies: All rats that received 1,600 mg/kg died by day 2, and 2/5 males and 2/5 females that received 800 mg/kg died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of dosed and vehicle control rats were similar, with the exception of the 800 mg/kg groups, in which males were 14% lighter and females were 11% lighter than vehicle controls. All mice that received 1,600 or 3,200 mg/kg died by day 3. Final mean body weights of dosed and vehicle control mice were similar. No gross lesions attributable to benzaldehyde were detected upon necropsy. Thirteen-Week Studies: Six of 10 male rats and 3/10 female rats that received 800 mg/kg and 1/10 female rats that received 400 mg/kg died near the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of dosed and vehicle control rats were similar, with the exception of male rats receiving 800 mg/kg, which were 26% lighter than vehicle controls. Compound-related lesions seen in rats receiving 800 mg/kg, but not in those receiving 400 mg/kg, included degeneration and necrosis in the cerebellum, necrosis in the hippocampus, hyperplasia and/or hyperkeratosis in the forestomach, and degeneration or necrosis of the liver and of the tubular epithelium in the kidney. Nine of 10 male mice and 1/10 female mice that received 1,200 mg/kg benzaldehyde died by the end of the first week. Compound-related renal tubule degeneration and/or necrosis and reduction in final body weight were observed in the 600 mg/kg group of male mice. No reductions in body weight or compound-related lesions were seen in female mice. Based on observations of compound-related lesions involving the brain, forestomach, kidney, and liver of male and female rats and the kidney of male mice in the 13-week studies, 2-year studies were conducted by administering 0, 200, or 400 mg/kg benzaldehyde in corn oil by gavage, 5 days per week for 103 weeks to groups of 50 male and 50 female rats and for 104 weeks to groups of 50 male mice. Based on survival data from the 16-day and 13-week studies, groups of 50 female mice were administered 0, 300, or 600 mg/kg benzaldehyde for 103 weeks. Body Weights and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: Mean body weights of dosed rats and mice were similar to their respective vehicle controls throughout the studies. The survival of the high dose group of male rats was lower than that of the vehicle controls after 1 year; no other significant differences were observed between any groups of rats or mice (survival--male rats; vehicle control, 37/50; low dose, 29/50; high dose, 21/50; female rats: 33/50; 33/50; 29/50; male mice: 32/50; 33/50; 31/50, female mice: 30/50; 27/50; 35/50). Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-year Studies: The only effects of benzaldehyde were those seen in the forestomach of mice. The incidences of uncommonly occurring squamous cell papillomas of the forestomach in both exposure groups were significantly greater than those in vehicle controls (male: vehicle control, 1/50; low dose, 2/50; high dose, 5/50; female: 0/50; 5/50; 6/50). The increased incidences of papillomas were accompanied by dose-related increases in the incidences in forestomach hyperplasia (male: 7/50; 8/50; 16/50; female: 12/50; 23/50; 39/50). Genetic Toxicology: Benzaldehyde was not mutagenic in six strains of S. typhimurium and did not induce chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells, with or without exogenous metabolic activation. Benzaldehyde induced increases in trifluorothymidine-resistant mouse lymphoma cells in the absence exogenous metabolic activation and increased sister chromatid exchanges in CHO cells in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Sex-linked recessive lethal mutations were not induced in the germ cells of adult male D. melanogaster administered benzaldehyde by feeding or by injection. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female F344/N rats receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg per day. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female B6C3F1 mice, as indicated by increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and hyperplasia of the forestomach. Female rats and male and female mice might have been able to tolerate higher doses. Synonyms: artificial almond oil; artificial essential oil of almond; benzenecarbonal; benzene carbaldehyde; benzoic aldehyde; phenylmethanal Pathology Tables, Survival and Growth Curves from NTP 2-year Studies Report Date: March 1990 NTIS# PB90-253782/AS ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:37:48 -0400 Reply-To: "Glen B. Glater" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Benzaldehyde again Not only does it not appear to be a carcinogen, but check out this web site. This guy claims that it is related to amygdalin (laetrile) and can be used in some forms as a cure for cancer! Things that make you go hmmmm.... --glen http://www.ralphmoss.com/benz.html ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:58:42 -0400 Reply-To: "Glen B. Glater" Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Glen B. Glater" Subject: Official Carcinogens List No answer from my chemist friend yet, but I did find this. Benzaldehyde is noticibly *absent* from this list: --glen o / cut along this line --X---------------------------------------------------------------------------- o \ http://www.iarc.fr/monoeval/crthall.htm Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans As evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1-69 (a total of 836 agents, mixtures and exposures) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- This list contains all hazards evaluated to date, according to the type of hazard posed and to the type of exposure. Where appropriate, chemical abstract numbers are given [in square brackets]. For details of the evaluation, the relevant Monograph should be consulted (volume number given in round brackets, followed by year of publication of latest evaluation). Use a free-text search to find a particular compound. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans (74) Agents and groups of agents Aflatoxins, naturally occurring [1402-68-2] (Vol. 56; 1993) 4-Aminobiphenyl [92-67-1] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Arsenic [7440-38-2] and arsenic compounds (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group) Asbestos [1332-21-4] (Vol. 14, Suppl. 7; 1987) Azathioprine [446-86-6] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzene [71-43-2] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzidine [92-87-5] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Beryllium [7440-41-7] and beryllium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group) N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (Chlornaphazine) [494-03-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bis(chloromethyl)ether [542-88-1] and chloromethyl methyl ether [107-30-2] (technical-grade) (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan; Myleran) [55-98-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cadmium [7440-43-9] and cadmium compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Chlorambucil [305-03-3] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU; Semustine) [13909-09-6] (Suppl. 7; 1987) Chromium[VI] compounds (Vol. 49; 1990) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Ciclosporin [79217-60-0] (Vol. 50; 1990) Cyclophosphamide [50-18-0] [6055-19-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diethylstilboestrol [56-53-1] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987) Erionite [66733-21-9] (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ethylene oxide [75-21-8] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Helicobacter pylori (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994) Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) (Vol. 59; 1994) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996) Human papillomavirus type 16 (Vol. 64; 1995) Human papillomavirus type 18 (Vol. 64; 1995) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (Vol. 67; 1996) Melphalan [148-82-3] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 8-Methoxypsoralen (Methoxsalen) [298-81-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents (Suppl. 7; 1987) Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard) [505-60-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Naphthylamine [91-59-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nickel compounds (Vol. 49; 1990) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Oestrogen replacement therapy (Suppl. 7; 1987) Oestrogens, nonsteroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group) Oestrogens, steroidal (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group) Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Oral contraceptives, combined (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: There is also conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect aginst cancers of the ovary and endometrium) Oral contraceptives, sequential (Suppl. 7; 1987) Radon [10043-92-2] and its decay products (Vol. 43; 1988) Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Silica [14808-60-7], crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources) (Vol. 68; 1997) Solar radiation (Vol. 55; 1992) Talc containing asbestiform fibres (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tamoxifen [10540-29-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) (NB: There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin [1746-01-6] (Vol. 69; 1997) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2A to 1 with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Thiotepa [52-24-4] (Vol. 50; 1990) Treosulfan [299-75-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinyl chloride [75-01-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mixtures Alcoholic beverages (Vol. 44; 1988) Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin (Suppl. 7; 1987) Betel quid with tobacco (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coal-tar pitches [65996-93-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coal-tars [8007-45-2] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987) Salted fish (Chinese-style) (Vol. 56; 1993) Shale-oils [68308-34-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Soots (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tobacco products, smokeless (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tobacco smoke (Vol. 38, Suppl. 7; 1987) Wood dust (Vol. 62; 1995) Exposure circumstances Aluminium production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987) Auramine, manufacture of (Suppl. 7; 1987) Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coal gasification (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coke production (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987) Furniture and cabinet making (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Iron and steel founding (Vol. 34, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process) (Suppl. 7; 1987) Magenta, manufacture of (Vol. 57; 1993) Painter (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 47; 1989) Rubber industry (Vol. 28, Suppl. 7; 1987) Strong-inorganic-acid mists containing sulfuric acid (occupational exposure to) (Vol. 54; 1992) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans (56) Agents and groups of agents Acrylamide [79-06-1] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Adriamycin [23214-92-8] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Androgenic (anabolic) steroids (Suppl. 7; 1987) Azacitidine [320-67-2] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Benz[a]anthracene [56-55-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Benzidine-based dyes (Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Benzo[a]pyrene [50-32-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) [154-93-8] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,3-Butadiene [106-99-0] (Vol. 54; 1992) Captafol [2425-06-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) [13010-47-4] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) para-Chloro-ortho-toluidine [95-69-2] and its strong acid salts (Vol. 48; 1990) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Chlorozotocin [54749-90-5] (Vol. 50; 1990) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Cisplatin [15663-27-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Dibenz[a,h]anthracene [53-70-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Diethyl sulfate [64-67-5] (Vol. 54; 1992) Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride [79-44-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Dimethyl sulfate [77-78-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Epichlorohydrin [106-89-8] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Ethylene dibromide [106-93-4] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea [759-73-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Formaldehyde [50-00-0] (Vol. 62; 1995) Human papillomavirus type 31 (Vol. 64; 1995) Human papillomavirus type 33 (Vol. 64; 1995) IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [76180-96-6] (Vol. 56; 1993) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) 5-Methoxypsoralen [484-20-8] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) 4,44-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) [101-14-4] (Vol. 57; 1993) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) N-Methyl-N4-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) [70-25-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea [684-93-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Nitrogen mustard [51-75-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosodiethylamine [55-18-5] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) N-Nitrosodimethylamine [62-75-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Phenacetin [62-44-2] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Procarbazine hydrochloride [366-70-1] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Styrene-7,8-oxide [96-09-3] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Tetrachloroethylene [127-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995) Trichloroethylene [79-01-6] (Vol. 63; 1995) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane [96-18-4] (Vol. 63; 1995) Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate [126-72-7] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Ultraviolet radiation A (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Ultraviolet radiation B (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Ultraviolet radiation C (Vol. 55; 1992) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Vinyl bromide [593-60-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 2B to 2A with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Vinyl fluoride [75-02-5] (Vol. 63; 1995) Mixtures Creosotes [8001-58-9] (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diesel engine exhaust (Vol. 46; 1989) Hot mate (Vol. 51; 1991) Non-arsenical insecticides (occupational exposures in spraying and application of) (Vol. 53; 1991) Polychlorinated biphenyls [1336-36-3] (Vol. 18, Suppl. 7; 1987) Exposure circumstances Art glass, glass containers and pressed ware (manufacture of) (Vol. 58; 1993) Hairdresser or barber (occupational exposure as a) (Vol. 57; 1993) Petroleum refining (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 45; 1989) Sunlamps and sunbeds (use of) (Vol. 55; 1992) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (225) Agents and groups of agents A-alpha-C (2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [26148-68-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acetamide [60-35-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) AF-2 [2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide] [3688-53-7] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Aflatoxin M1 [6795-23-9] (Vol. 56; 1993) para-Aminoazobenzene [60-09-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Aminoazotoluene [97-56-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole [712-68-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Amitrole [61-82-5] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Anisidine [90-04-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Antimony trioxide [1309-64-4] (Vol. 47; 1989) Aramite. [140-57-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Atrazine [1912-24-9] (Vol. 53; 1991) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Auramine [492-80-8] (technical-grade) (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Azaserine [115-02-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[b]fluoranthene [205-99-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[j]fluoranthene [205-82-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[k]fluoranthene [207-08-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzofuran [271-89-6] (Vol. 63; 1995) Benzyl violet 4B [1694-09-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bleomycins [11056-06-7] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Bracken fern (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bromodichloromethane [75-27-4] (Vol. 52; 1991) Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25013-16-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) beta-Butyrolactone [3068-88-0] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Caffeic acid [331-39-5] (Vol. 56; 1993) Carbon black [1333-86-4] (Vol. 65; 1996) Carbon tetrachloride [56-23-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ceramic fibres (Vol. 43; 1988) Chlordane [57-74-9] (Vol. 53; 1991) Chlordecone (Kepone) [143-50-0] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorendic acid [115-28-6] (Vol. 48; 1990) alpha-Chlorinated toluenes (benzyl chloride, benzal chloride, benzotrichloride) (Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Chloroaniline [106-47-8] (Vol. 57; 1993) Chloroform [67-66-3] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene [513-37-1] (Vol. 63; 1995) Chlorophenols (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorophenoxy herbicides (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4-Chloro-ortho-phenylenediamine [95-83-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) CI Acid Red 114 [6459-94-5] (Vol. 57; 1993) CI Basic Red 9 [569-61-9] (Vol. 57; 1993) CI Direct Blue 15 [2429-74-5] (Vol. 57; 1993) Citrus Red No. 2 [6358-53-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cobalt [7440-48-4] and cobalt compounds (Vol. 52; 1991) (NB: Evaluated as a group) para-Cresidine [120-71-8] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cycasin [14901-08-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dacarbazine [4342-03-4] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dantron (Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) [117-10-2] (Vol. 50; 1990) Daunomycin [20830-81-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) DDT [p,p'-DDT, 50-29-3] (Vol. 53; 1991) N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine [613-35-4] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4-Diaminoanisole [615-05-4] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether [101-80-4] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4-Diaminotoluene [95-80-7] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,h]acridine [226-36-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,j]acridine [224-42-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole [194-59-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene [192-65-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene [189-64-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene [189-55-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene [191-30-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane [96-12-8] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Dichlorobenzene [106-46-7] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine [91-94-1] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3,3'-Dichloro-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether [28434-86-8] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Dichloroethane [107-06-2] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) [75-09-2] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,3-Dichloropropene [542-75-6] (technical-grade) (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dichlorvos [62-73-7] (Vol. 53; 1991) Diepoxybutane [1464-53-5] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate [117-81-7] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Diethylhydrazine [1615-80-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diglycidyl resorcinol ether [101-90-6] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dihydrosafrole [94-58-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diisopropyl sulfate [2973-10-6] (Vol. 54; 1992) 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (ortho-Dianisidine) [119-90-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Dimethylaminoazobenzene [60-11-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole [25962-77-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,6-Dimethylaniline (2,6-Xylidine) [87-62-7] (Vol. 57; 1993) 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (ortho-Tolidine) [119-93-7] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dimethylformamide [68-12-2] (Vol. 47; 1989) 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine [57-14-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine [540-73-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene [105735-71-5] (Vol. 65; 1996) 3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene [22506-53-2] (Vol. 65; 1996) 1,6-Dinitropyrene [42397-64-8] (Vol. 46; 1989) 1,8-Dinitropyrene [42397-65-9] (Vol. 46; 1989) 2,4-Dinitrotoluene [121-14-2] (Vol. 65; 1996) 2,6-Dinitrotoluene [606-20-2] (Vol. 65; 1996) 1,4-Dioxane [123-91-1] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Disperse Blue 1 [2475-45-8] (Vol. 48; 1990) Ethyl acrylate [140-88-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ethylene thiourea [96-45-7] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ethyl methanesulfonate [62-50-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole [3570-75-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Furan [110-00-9] (Vol. 63; 1995) Glasswool (Vol. 43; 1988) Glu-P-1 (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) [67730-11-4] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Glu-P-2 (2-Aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) [67730-10-3] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Glycidaldehyde [765-34-4] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Griseofulvin [126-07-8] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) HC Blue No. 1 [2784-94-3] (Vol. 57; 1993) Heptachlor [76-44-8] (Vol. 53; 1991) Hexachlorobenzene [118-74-1] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hexachlorocyclohexanes (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hexamethylphosphoramide [680-31-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (infection with) (Vol. 67; 1996) Human papillomaviruses: some types other than 16, 18, 31 and 33 (Vol. 64; 1995) Hydrazine [302-01-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene [193-39-5] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Iron-dextran complex [9004-66-4] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isoprene [78-79-5] (Vol. 60; 1994) Lasiocarpine [303-34-4] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Lead [7439-92-1] and lead compounds, inorganic (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Magenta [632-99-5] (containing CI Basic Red 9) (Vol. 57; 1993) MeA-alpha-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) [68006-83-7] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Medroxyprogesterone acetate [71-58-9] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987) MeIQ (2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) [77094-11-2] (Vol. 56; 1993) MeIQx (2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline) [77500-04-0] (Vol. 56; 1993) Merphalan [531-76-0] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Methylaziridine (Propyleneimine) [75-55-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methylazoxymethanol acetate [592-62-1] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-Methylchrysene [3697-24-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) [838-88-0] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Methylenedianiline [101-77-9] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methylmercury compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) (NB: Evaluated as a group) Methyl methanesulfonate [66-27-3] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone [129-15-7] (uncertain purity) (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane [615-53-2] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methylthiouracil [56-04-2] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Metronidazole [443-48-1] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mirex [2385-85-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mitomycin C [50-07-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Monocrotaline [315-22-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone [3795-88-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nafenopin [3771-19-5] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nickel, metallic [7440-02-0] and alloys (Vol. 49; 1990) Niridazole [61-57-4] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nitrilotriacetic acid [139-13-9] and its salts (Vol. 48; 1990) (NB: Evaluated as a group) 5-Nitroacenaphthene [602-87-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Nitroanisole [91-23-6] (Vol. 65; 1996) Nitrobenzene [98-95-3] (Vol. 65; 1996) 6-Nitrochrysene [7496-02-8] (Vol. 46; 1989) Nitrofen [1836-75-5] (technical-grade) (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Nitrofluorene [607-57-8] (Vol. 46; 1989) 1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone [555-84-0] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]acetamide [531-82-8] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nitrogen mustard N-oxide [126-85-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Nitropropane [79-46-9] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Nitropyrene [5522-43-0] (Vol. 46; 1989) 4-Nitropyrene [57835-92-4] (Vol. 46; 1989) N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine [924-16-3] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosodiethanolamine [1116-54-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine [621-64-7] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile [60153-49-3] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) [64091-91-4] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosomethylethylamine [10595-95-6] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine [4549-40-0] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosomorpholine [59-89-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N'-Nitrosonornicotine [16543-55-8] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosopiperidine [100-75-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosopyrrolidine [930-55-2] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrososarcosine [13256-22-9] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ochratoxin A [303-47-9] (Vol. 56; 1993) Oil Orange SS [2646-17-5] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Oxazepam [604-75-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) Palygorskite (attapulgite) [12174-11-7] (long fibres, > 5 micrometers) (Vol. 68; 1997) Panfuran S (containing dihydroxymethylfuratrizine [794-93-4]) (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pentachlorophenol [87-86-5] (Vol. 53; 1991) Phenazopyridine hydrochloride [136-40-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenobarbital [50-06-6] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [63-92-3] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenyl glycidyl ether [122-60-1] (Vol. 47; 1989) Phenytoin [57-41-0] (Vol. 66; 1996) PhIP (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) [105650-23-5] (Vol. 56; 1993) Ponceau MX [3761-53-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ponceau 3R [3564-09-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Potassium bromate [7758-01-2] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Progestins (Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,3-Propane sultone [1120-71-4] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) beta-Propiolactone [57-57-8] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Propylene oxide [75-56-9] (Vol. 60; 1994) Propylthiouracil [51-52-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Rockwool (Vol. 43; 1988) Saccharin [81-07-2] (Vol. 22, Suppl. 7; 1987) Safrole [94-59-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Schistosoma japonicum (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Slagwool (Vol. 43; 1988) Sodium ortho-phenylphenate [132-27-4] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sterigmatocystin [10048-13-2] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Streptozotocin [18883-66-4] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) Styrene [100-42-5] (Vol. 60; 1994) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Sulfallate [95-06-7] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tetranitromethane [509-14-8] (Vol. 65; 1996) Thioacetamide [62-55-5] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Thiodianiline [139-65-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Thiourea [62-56-6] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Toluene diisocyanates [26471-62-5] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Toluidine [95-53-4] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Trichlormethine (Trimustine hydrochloride) [817-09-4] (Vol. 50; 1990) Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) [62450-06-0] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) [62450-07-1] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Trypan blue [72-57-1] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Uracil mustard [66-75-1] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Urethane [51-79-6] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (Vol. 63; 1995) 4-Vinylcyclohexene [100-40-3] (Vol. 60; 1994) 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide [106-87-6] (Vol. 60; 1994) Mixtures Bitumens [8052-42-4], extracts of steam-refined and air-refined (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Carrageenan [9000-07-1], degraded (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorinated paraffins of average carbon chain length C12 and average degree of chlorination approximately 60% (Vol. 48; 1990) Coffee (urinary bladder) (Vol. 51; 1991) (NB: There is some evidence of an inverse relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the large bowel; coffee drinking could not be classified as to its carcinogenicity to other organs) Diesel fuel, marine (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Engine exhaust, gasoline (Vol. 46; 1989) Fuel oils, residual (heavy) (Vol. 45; 1989) Gasoline (Vol. 45; 1989) (NB: Overall evaluation upgraded from 3 to 2B with supporting evidence from other data relevant to the evaluation of carcinogenicity and its mechanisms) Pickled vegetables (traditional in Asia) (Vol. 56; 1993) Polybrominated biphenyls [Firemaster BP-6, 59536-65-1] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) [8001-35-2] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme (Vol. 56; 1993) Welding fumes (Vol. 49; 1990) Exposure circumstances Carpentry and joinery (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dry cleaning (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 63; 1995) Printing processes (occupational exposures in) (Vol. 65; 1996) Textile manufacturing industry (work in) (Vol. 48; 1990) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 3: Unclassifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans (480) Agents and groups of agents Acridine orange [494-38-2] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acriflavinium chloride [8018-07-3] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acrolein [107-02-8] (Vol. 63; 1995) Acrylic acid [79-10-7] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acrylic fibres (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Actinomycin D [50-76-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Agaritine [2757-90-6] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Aldicarb [116-06-3] (Vol. 53; 1991) Aldrin [309-00-2] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Allyl chloride [107-05-1] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Allyl isothiocyanate [57-06-7] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Allyl isovalerate [2835-39-4] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Amaranth [915-67-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-Aminoacenaphthene [4657-93-6] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Aminoanthraquinone [117-79-3] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Aminobenzoic acid [150-13-0] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone [82-28-0] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol [99-57-0] (Vol. 57; 1993) 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol [121-88-0] (Vol. 57; 1993) 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol [119-34-6] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Amino-5-nitrothiazole [121-66-4] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) 11-Aminoundecanoic acid [2432-99-7] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ampicillin [69-53-4] (Vol. 50; 1990) Anaesthetics, volatile (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Angelicin [523-50-2] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Aniline [62-53-3] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Anisidine [104-94-9] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Anthanthrene [191-26-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Anthracene [120-12-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Anthranilic acid [118-92-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Antimony trisulfide [1345-04-6] (Vol. 47; 1989) Apholate [52-46-0] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Aramid fibrils [24938-64-5] (Vol. 68; 1997) Aurothioglucose [12192-57-3] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Aziridine [151-56-4] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-(1-Aziridinyl)ethanol [1072-52-2] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Aziridyl benzoquinone [800-24-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Azobenzene [103-33-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benz[a]acridine [225-11-6] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benz[c]acridine [225-51-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene [203-12-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[a]fluorene [238-84-6] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[b]fluorene [243-17-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[c]fluorene [205-12-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[ghi]perylene [191-24-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[c]phenanthrene [195-19-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzo[e]pyrene [192-97-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Benzoquinone dioxime [105-11-3] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzoyl chloride [98-88-4] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzoyl peroxide [94-36-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Benzyl acetate [140-11-4] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bis(1-aziridinyl)morpholinophosphine sulfide [2168-68-5] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether [111-44-4] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Bis(chloromethoxy)ethane [13483-18-6] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,4-Bis(chloromethoxymethyl)benzene [56894-91-8] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether [108-60-1] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl)ether [2386-90-5] (Vol. 47; 1989) Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether [1675-54-3] (Vol. 47; 1989) Bisulfites (Vol. 54; 1992) Blue VRS [129-17-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Brilliant Blue FCF, disodium salt [3844-45-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bromochloroacetonitrile [83463-62-1] (Vol. 52; 1991) Bromoethane [74-96-4] (Vol. 52; 1991) Bromoform [75-25-2] (Vol. 52; 1991) n-Butyl acrylate [141-32-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) [128-37-0] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Butyl benzyl phthalate [85-68-7] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) gamma-Butyrolactone [96-48-0] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Caffeine [58-08-2] (Vol. 51; 1991) Cantharidin [56-25-7] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Captan [133-06-2] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Carbaryl [63-25-2] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Carbazole [86-74-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-Carbethoxypsoralen [20073-24-9] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Carmoisine [3567-69-9] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Carrageenan [9000-07-1], native (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Catechol [120-80-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chloral [75-87-6] (Vol. 63; 1995) Chloral hydrate [302-17-0] (Vol. 63; 1995) Chlordimeform [6164-98-3] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorinated dibenzodioxins (other than TCDD) (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorinated drinking-water (Vol. 52; 1991) Chloroacetonitrile [107-14-2] (Vol. 52; 1991) Chlorobenzilate [510-15-6] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorodibromomethane [124-48-1] (Vol. 52; 1991) Chlorodifluoromethane [75-45-6] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chloroethane [75-00-3] (Vol. 52; 1991) Chlorofluoromethane [593-70-4] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene [563-47-3] (Vol. 63; 1995) 4-Chloro-meta-phenylenediamine [5131-60-2] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chloronitrobenzenes [88-73-3; 121-73-3; 100-00-5] (Vol. 65; 1996) Chloroprene [126-99-8] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chloropropham [101-21-3] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chloroquine [54-05-7] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chlorothalonil [1897-45-6] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane [75-88-7] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cholesterol [57-88-5] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chromium[III] compounds (Vol. 49; 1990) Chromium [7440-47-3], metallic (Vol. 49; 1990) Chrysene [218-01-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Chrysoidine [532-82-1] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) CI Acid Orange 3 [6373-74-6] (Vol. 57; 1993) Cimetidine [51481-61-9] (Vol. 50; 1990) Cinnamyl anthranilate [87-29-6] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) CI Pigment Red 3 [2425-85-6] (Vol. 57; 1993) Citrinin [518-75-2] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Clofibrate [637-07-0] (Vol. 66; 1996) Clomiphene citrate [50-41-9] (Vol. 21, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coal dust (Vol. 68; 1997) Copper 8-hydroxyquinoline [10380-28-6] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coronene [191-07-1] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Coumarin [91-64-5] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) meta-Cresidine [102-50-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) Crotonaldehyde [4170-30-3] (Vol. 63; 1995) Cyclamates [sodium cyclamate, 139-05-9] (Vol. 22, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cyclochlorotine [12663-46-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Cyclohexanone [108-94-1] (Vol. 47; 1989) Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene [27208-37-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) D & C Red No. 9 [5160-02-1] (Vol. 57; 1993) Dapsone [80-08-0] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Decabromodiphenyl oxide [1163-19-5] (Vol. 48; 1990) Deltamethrin [52918-63-5] (Vol. 53; 1991) Diacetylaminoazotoluene [83-63-6] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diallate [2303-16-4] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Diamino-4-nitrobenzene [99-56-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,4-Diamino-2-nitrobenzene [5307-14-2] (Vol. 57; 1993) 2,5-Diaminotoluene [95-70-5] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Diazepam [439-14-5] (Vol. 66; 1996) Diazomethane [334-88-3] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,c]anthracene [215-58-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenz[a,j]anthracene [224-41-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo-para-dioxin (Vol. 69; 1997) Dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene [5385-75-1] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibenzo[h,rst]pentaphene [192-47-2] (Vol. 3, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dibromoacetonitrile [3252-43-5] (Vol. 52; 1991) Dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] (Vol. 63; 1995) Dichloroacetonitrile [3018-12-0] (Vol. 52; 1991) Dichloroacetylene [7572-29-4] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Dichlorobenzene [95-50-1] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) trans-1,4-Dichlorobutene [110-57-6] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,6-Dichloro-para-phenylenediamine [609-20-1] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Dichloropropane [78-87-5] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dicofol [115-32-2] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dieldrin [60-57-1] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate [103-23-1] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dihydroxymethylfuratrizine [794-93-4] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dimethoxane [828-00-2] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4'-diisocyanate [91-93-0] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Dimethylaminoazobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate [140-56-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Dimethylangelicin [22975-76-4] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,5'-Dimethylangelicin [4063-41-6] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Suppl. 7; 1987) N,N-Dimethylaniline [121-69-7] (Vol. 57; 1993) Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite [868-85-9] (Vol. 48; 1990) 1,4-Dimethylphenanthrene [22349-59-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,3-Dinitropyrene [75321-20-9] (Vol. 46; 1989) 3,5-Dinitrotoluene [618-85-9] (Vol. 65; 1996) Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine [101-25-7] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4'-Diphenyldiamine [492-17-1] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Disperse Yellow 3 [2832-40-8] (Vol. 48; 1990) Disulfiram [97-77-8] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Dithranol [1143-38-0] (Vol. 13; Suppl. 7; 1987) Doxefazepam [40762-15-0] (Vol. 66; 1996) Droloxifene [82413-20-5] (Vol. 66; 1996) Dulcin [150-69-6] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Endrin [72-20-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Eosin [15086-94-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,2-Epoxybutane [106-88-7] (Vol. 47; 1989) 3,4-Epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclo-hexane carboxylate [141-37-7] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid [2443-39-2] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Estazolam [29975-16-4] (Vol. 66; 1996) Ethionamide [536-33-4] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ethylene [74-85-1] (Vol. 60; 1994) Ethylene sulfide [420-12-2] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate [103-11-7] (Vol. 60; 1994) Ethyl selenac [5456-28-0] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ethyl tellurac [20941-65-5] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Eugenol [97-53-0] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Evans blue [314-13-6] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fast Green FCF [2353-45-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fenvalerate [51630-58-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) Ferbam [14484-64-1] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ferric oxide [1309-37-1] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fluometuron [2164-17-2] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fluoranthene [206-44-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fluorene [86-73-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Fluorescent lighting (Vol. 55; 1992) Fluorides (inorganic, used in drinking-water) (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-Fluorouracil [51-21-8] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Furazolidone [67-45-8] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Furfural [98-01-1] (Vol. 63; 1995) Furosemide (Frusemide) [54-31-9] (Vol. 50; 1990) Gemfibrozil [25812-30-0] (Vol. 66; 1996) Glass filaments (Vol. 43; 1988) Glycidyl oleate [5431-33-4] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Glycidyl stearate [7460-84-6] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Guinea Green B [4680-78-8] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Gyromitrin [16568-02-8] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Haematite [1317-60-8] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) HC Blue No. 2 [33229-34-4] (Vol. 57; 1993) HC Red No. 3 [2871-01-4] (Vol. 57; 1993) HC Yellow No. 4 [59820-43-8] (Vol. 57; 1993) Hepatitis D virus (Vol. 59; 1994) Hexachlorobutadiene [87-68-3] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hexachloroethane [67-72-1] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hexachlorophene [70-30-4] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (Vol. 67; 1996) Hycanthone mesylate [23255-93-8] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hydralazine [86-54-4] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hydrochloric acid [7647-01-0] (Vol. 54; 1992) Hydrochlorothiazide [58-93-5] (Vol. 50; 1990) Hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hydroquinone [123-31-9] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4-Hydroxyazobenzene [1689-82-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) 8-Hydroxyquinoline [148-24-3] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hydroxysenkirkine [26782-43-4] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Hypochlorite salts (Vol. 52; 1991) Iron-dextrin complex [9004-51-7] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987) Iron sorbitol-citric acid complex [1338-16-5] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isatidine [15503-86-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (Isoniazid) [54-85-3] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isophosphamide [3778-73-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isopropanol [67-63-0] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isopropyl oils (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Isosafrole [120-58-1] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Jacobine [6870-67-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Kaempferol [520-18-3] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Lauroyl peroxide [105-74-8] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Lead, organo [75-74-1], [78-00-2] (Vol. 23, Suppl. 7; 1987) Light Green SF [5141-20-8] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) d-Limonene [5989-27-5] (Vol. 56; 1993) Luteoskyrin [21884-44-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Malathion [121-75-5] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Maleic hydrazide [123-33-1] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) Malonaldehyde [542-78-9] (Vol. 36, Suppl. 7; 1987) Maneb [12427-38-2] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mannomustine dihydrochloride [551-74-6] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Medphalan [13045-94-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Melamine [108-78-1] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) 6-Mercaptopurine [50-44-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Mercury [7439-97-6] and inorganic mercury compounds (Vol. 58; 1993) Metabisulfites (Vol. 54; 1992) Methotrexate [59-05-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methoxychlor [72-43-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl acrylate [96-33-3] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-Methylangelicin [73459-03-7] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl bromide [74-83-9] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl carbamate [598-55-0] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl chloride [74-87-3] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Methylchrysene [3351-28-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Methylchrysene [3351-32-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-Methylchrysene [3351-31-3] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4-Methylchrysene [3351-30-2] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 6-Methylchrysene [1705-85-7] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Methyl-N,4-dinitrosoaniline [99-80-9] (Vol. 1, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine [101-61-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,4'-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate [101-68-8] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2-Methylfluoranthene [33543-31-6] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-Methylfluoranthene [1706-01-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methylglyoxal [78-98-8] (Vol. 51; 1991) Methyl iodide [74-88-4] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl methacrylate [80-62-6] (Vol. 60; 1994) N-Methylolacrylamide [90456-67-0] (Vol. 60; 1994) Methyl parathion [298-00-0] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Methylphenanthrene [832-69-9] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) 7-Methylpyrido[3,4-c]psoralen [85878-62-2] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl red [493-52-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Methyl selenac [144-34-3] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Modacrylic fibres (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Monuron [150-68-5] (Vol. 53; 1991) Morpholine [110-91-8] (Vol. 47; 1989) Musk ambrette [83-66-9] (Vol. 65; 1996) Musk xylene [81-15-2] (Vol. 65; 1996) 1,5-Naphthalenediamine [2243-62-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate [3173-72-6] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Naphthylamine [134-32-7] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1-Naphthylthiourea (ANTU) [86-88-4] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nithiazide [139-94-6] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) 5-Nitro-ortho-anisidine [99-59-2] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 9-Nitroanthracene [602-60-8] (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987) 7-Nitrobenz[a]anthracene [20268-51-3] (Vol. 46; 1989) 6-Nitrobenzo[a]pyrene [63041-90-7] (Vol. 46; 1989) 4-Nitrobiphenyl [92-93-3] (Vol. 4, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-Nitrofluoranthene [892-21-7] (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nitrofural (Nitrofurazone) [59-87-0] (Vol. 50; 1990) Nitrofurantoin [67-20-9] (Vol. 50; 1990) 1-Nitronaphthalene [86-57-7] (Vol. 46; 1989) 2-Nitronaphthalene [581-89-5] (Vol. 46; 1989) 3-Nitroperylene [20589-63-3] (Vol. 46; 1989) 2-Nitropyrene [789-07-1] (Vol. 46; 1989) N'-Nitrosoanabasine [37620-20-5] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N'-Nitrosoanatabine [71267-22-6] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosodiphenylamine [86-30-6] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Nitrosodiphenylamine [156-10-5] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosofolic acid [29291-35-8] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosoguvacine [55557-01-2] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosoguvacoline [55557-02-3] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosohydroxyproline [30310-80-6] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) 3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionaldehyde [85502-23-4] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanal (NNA) [64091-90-3] (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Nitrosoproline [7519-36-0] (Vol. 17, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nitrotoluenes [88-72-2; 99-08-1; 99-99-0] (Vol. 65; 1996) 5-Nitro-ortho-toluidine [99-55-8] (Vol. 48; 1990) Nitrovin [804-36-4] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Nylon 6 [25038-54-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Oestradiol mustard [22966-79-6] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Oestrogen-progestin replacement therapy (Suppl. 7; 1987) Opisthorchis felineus (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Orange I [523-44-4] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Orange G [1936-15-8] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Oxyphenbutazone [129-20-4] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Palygorskite (attapulgite) [12174-11-7] (short fibres, < 5 micrometers) (Vol. 68; 1997) Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) [103-90-2] (Vol. 50; 1990) Parasorbic acid [10048-32-5] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Parathion [56-38-2] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Patulin [149-29-1] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Penicillic acid [90-65-3] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pentachloroethane [76-01-7] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) Permethrin [52645-53-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) Perylene [198-55-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Petasitenine [60102-37-6] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenanthrene [85-01-8] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenelzine sulfate [156-51-4] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenicarbazide [103-03-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Phenol [108-95-2] (Vol. 47; 1989) Phenylbutazone [50-33-9] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) meta-Phenylenediamine [108-45-2] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Phenylenediamine [106-50-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine [135-88-6] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) ortho-Phenylphenol [90-43-7] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Picloram [1918-02-1] (Vol. 53; 1991) Piperonyl butoxide [51-03-6] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyacrylic acid [9003-01-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (other than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin) (Vol. 69; 1997) Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (Vol. 69; 1997) Polychloroprene [9010-98-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyethylene [9002-88-4] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate [9016-87-9] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polymethyl methacrylate [9011-14-7] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polypropylene [9003-07-0] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polystyrene [9003-53-6] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polytetrafluoroethylene [9002-84-0] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyurethane foams [9009-54-5] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyvinyl acetate [9003-20-7] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyvinyl alcohol [9002-89-5] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyvinyl chloride [9002-86-2] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Polyvinyl pyrrolidone [9003-39-8] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ponceau SX [4548-53-2] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Potassium bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate [23746-34-1] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Prazepam [2955-38-6] (Vol. 66; 1996) Prednimustine [29069-24-7] (Vol. 50; 1990) Prednisone [53-03-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Proflavine salts (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pronetalol hydrochloride [51-02-5] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Propham [122-42-9] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) n-Propyl carbamate [627-12-3] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Propylene [115-07-1] (Vol. 60; 1994) Ptaquiloside [87625-62-5] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pyrene [129-00-0] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pyrido[3,4-c]psoralen [85878-62-2] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Pyrimethamine [58-14-0] (Vol. 13, Suppl. 7; 1987) Quercetin [117-39-5] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) para-Quinone [106-51-4] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Quintozene (Pentachloronitrobenzene) [82-68-8] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Reserpine [50-55-5] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Resorcinol [108-46-3] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Retrorsine [480-54-6] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Rhodamine B [81-88-9] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Rhodamine 6G [989-38-8] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Riddelliine [23246-96-0] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Rifampicin [13292-46-1] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ripazepam [26308-28-1] (Vol. 66; 1996) Rugulosin [23537-16-8] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Saccharated iron oxide [8047-67-4] (Vol. 2, Suppl. 7; 1987) Scarlet Red [85-83-6] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Schistosoma mansoni (infection with) (Vol. 61; 1994) Selenium [7782-49-2] and selenium compounds (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Semicarbazide hydrochloride [563-41-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Seneciphylline [480-81-9] (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Senkirkine [2318-18-5] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sepiolite [15501-74-3] (Vol. 68; 1997) Shikimic acid [138-59-0] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) Silica [7631-86-9], amorphous (Vol. 68; 1997) Simazine [122-34-9] (Vol. 53; 1991) Sodium chlorite [7758-19-2] (Vol. 52; 1991) Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate [148-18-5] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Spironolactone [52-01-7] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers [9003-54-7] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Styrene-butadiene copolymers [9003-55-8] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Succinic anhydride [108-30-5] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sudan I [842-07-9] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sudan II [3118-97-6] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sudan III [85-86-9] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sudan Brown RR [6416-57-5] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sudan Red 7B [6368-72-5] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sulfafurazole (Sulfisoxazole) [127-69-5] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sulfamethoxazole [723-46-6] (Vol. 24, Suppl. 7; 1987) Sulfites (Vol. 54; 1992) Sulfur dioxide [7446-09-5] (Vol. 54; 1992) Sunset Yellow FCF [2783-94-0] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Symphytine [22571-95-5] (Vol. 31, Suppl. 7; 1987) Talc [14807-96-6], not containing asbestiform fibres (Vol. 42, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tannic acid [1401-55-4] and tannins (Vol. 10, Suppl. 7; 1987) Temazepam [846-50-4] (Vol. 66; 1996) 2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobenzidine [15721-02-5] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane [630-20-6] (Vol. 41, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane [79-34-5] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tetrachlorvinphos [22248-79-9] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tetrafluoroethylene [116-14-3] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts (Vol. 48; 1990) Theobromine [83-67-0] (Vol. 51; 1991) Theophylline [58-55-9] (Vol. 51; 1991) Thiouracil [141-90-2] (Vol. 7, Suppl. 7; 1987) Thiram [137-26-8] (Vol. 53; 1991) Titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] (Vol. 47; 1989) Toluene [108-88-3] (Vol. 47; 1989) Toremifene [89778-26-7] (Vol. 66; 1996) Toxins derived from Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum and F. crookwellense (Vol. 56; 1993) Toxins derived from Fusarium sporotrichioides (Vol. 56; 1993) Trichlorfon [52-68-6] (Vol. 30, Suppl. 7; 1987) Trichloroacetic acid [76-03-9] (Vol. 63; 1995) Trichloroacetonitrile [545-06-2] (Vol. 52; 1991) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane [71-55-6] (Vol. 20, Suppl. 7; 1987) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane [79-00-5] (Vol. 52; 1991) Triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether [1954-28-5] (Vol. 11, Suppl. 7; 1987) Trifluralin [1582-09-8] (Vol. 53; 1991) 4,4',6-Trimethylangelicin [90370-29-9] plus ultraviolet A radiation (Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4,5-Trimethylaniline [137-17-7] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline [88-05-1] (Vol. 27, Suppl. 7; 1987) 4,5',8-Trimethylpsoralen [3902-71-4] (Vol. 40, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene [118-96-7] (Vol. 65; 1996) Triphenylene [217-59-4] (Vol. 32, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tris(aziridinyl)-para-benzoquinone (Triaziquone) [68-76-8] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide [545-55-1] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,4,6-Tris(1-aziridinyl)-s-triazine [51-18-3] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate [115-96-8] (Vol. 48; 1990) 1,2,3-Tris(chloromethoxy)propane [38571-73-2] (Vol. 15, Suppl. 7; 1987) Tris(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide [57-39-6] (Vol. 9, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vat Yellow 4 [128-66-5] (Vol. 48; 1990) Vinblastine sulfate [143-67-9] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vincristine sulfate [2068-78-2] (Vol. 26, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers [9003-22-9] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinylidene chloride [75-35-4] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers [9011-06-7] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinylidene fluoride [75-38-7] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone [88-12-0] (Vol. 19, Suppl. 7; 1987) Vinyl toluene [25013-15-4] (Vol. 60; 1994) Wollastonite [13983-17-0] (Vol. 68; 1997) Xylene [1330-20-7] (Vol. 47; 1989) 2,4-Xylidine [95-68-1] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) 2,5-Xylidine [95-78-3] (Vol. 16, Suppl. 7; 1987) Yellow AB [85-84-7] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Yellow OB [131-79-3] (Vol. 8, Suppl. 7; 1987) Zectran [315-18-4] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Zeolites [1318-02-1] other than erionite (clinoptilolite, phillipsite, mordenite, non-fibrous Japanese zeolite, synthetic zeolites) (Vol. 68; 1997) Zineb [12122-67-7] (Vol. 12, Suppl. 7; 1987) Ziram [137-30-4] (Vol. 53; 1991) Mixtures Betel quid, without tobacco (Vol. 37, Suppl. 7; 1987) Bitumens [8052-42-4], steam-refined, cracking-residue and air-refined (Vol. 35, Suppl. 7; 1987) Crude oil [8002-05-9] (Vol. 45; 1989) Diesel fuels, distillate (light) (Vol. 45; 1989) Fuel oils, distillate (light) (Vol. 45; 1989) Jet fuel (Vol. 45; 1989) Mate (Vol. 51; 1991) Mineral oils, highly-refined (Vol. 33, Suppl. 7; 1987) Petroleum solvents (Vol. 47; 1989) Printing inks (Vol. 65; 1996) Tea (Vol. 51; 1991) Terpene polychlorinates (Strobane.) [8001-50-1] (Vol. 5, Suppl. 7; 1987) Exposure circumstances Flat-glass and specialty glass (manufacture of) (Vol. 58; 1993) Hair colouring products (personal use of) (Vol. 57; 1993) Leather goods manufacture (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Leather tanning and processing (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Lumber and sawmill industries (including logging) (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) Paint manufacture (occupational exposure in) (Vol. 47; 1989) Pulp and paper manufacture (Vol. 25, Suppl. 7; 1987) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans (1) Caprolactam [105-60-2] (Vol. 39, Suppl. 7; 1987) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Return to menu Complete list of Monographs and Supplements First published: 12 November 1995 Last updated: 28 February 1997 ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 09:27:00 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? In-Reply-To: <199708271506.JAA15418@selway.umt.edu> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 09:06 AM 8/27/97 -0600, Jerry J Bromenshenk wrote: >Binary attachments choke lots of e-mail systems. There would be no >problem if everyone used the same computer platform, operating system, and >mail software. How true, how sad.. I have several Internet connections and one of them is 100% UNIX to unix which can transmit binary but it is a chore to decode them. But it is sad that in this day of high graphics more binary files are not used in at least the NEWS groups. At one time there was good reason not to allow them but these conditions no longer exist and tens of thousands sex pictures are sent through the NEWS group servers each day with no problem. The problem is more the cost to the Internet provider in housing the 29,000+- news groups that now are around. List mailers are a little different and since they are set up to provide for the fast easy flow of mail from and to those with the lowest common connection using the e-mail channels they have reason to not encourage binary files if for no other reason then protecting the user or provider with the lowest common system. Technically there no longer is any reason for this but the smoke comes not from the providers but those who use the system and many of these have not the advantage of low cost unlimited Internet connections, that too is changing, but if it will ever bee 100% is anyone's guess. >Unfortunately, each platform and operating system uses its >own approach to handling (coding, unencoding, etc.) binary files. Thus, >if there is a mismatch, the receiver's system may choke or freeze. In >general, binary files sent in a mime format tend to cause fewer problems. >ASCII (text) files rarely cause any problems. It is true that each has his own hardware, but the software must meet the same standards set up by different committees, so all have the same standards when it comes to the actual material that moves between two points via the net. It is the end user who has the problem, and being one that would rather do it all in DOS I feel for all. >Also, systems using a shared server may run out of disk space - our >university system has several thousand users. A chain mail message or >large influx of attachments on a given day will exceed the temporary >storage space. In that case, all mail dumps, never to be seen again. Individual hardware problems should not be reason to regulate the Internet. Any system that will crash from lack of disk space will crash, and all systems do crash including the biggest on the Internet backbone. A direct connection to a Internet provider is cheep insurance,(20$ most areas USA for unlimited personal use) >If you only get a few e-mail messages per day, the occassional attachment >usually is not a problem. I wish this was so simple as I love to slip in a binary once en a while and I do, but those who use LIST mail or NEWS groups for attachments or binaries will find that their e-mail will increase with the "official warning's" of the net violations and if they continue will find their provider will drop their account. It boils my blood as a end user to have all this visual power in my PC and not be able to use it, but as a system operator I also know some of the why's. We are just behind the technology curve when it comes to e-mail use by LIST's and NEWS groups. A NEWS group could be set up for beekeeping binaries, and could be used for text messages also. There are also several miscellaneous binary NEWS groups that could be used by beekeepers. The problem always cuts to the end user and how many of them can or would use such a NEWS group. I MHO, ttul Andy- ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 13:24:36 -0400 Reply-To: mrayson@apk.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Michael J. Schuerger, Sr" Organization: Rayson Computer Services Subject: Re: Bee sting statistics MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Steve, the chart I have doesn't specifically break out snake bites. It probably is included in the category "Animal bites (dogs, etc.) which show _101_. Whichever cause (snakes or insects) is "more people die from..." IMnsHO we are talking about insignificant numbers. (Unless of course you or one of yours makes that statistic that year.) For comparison, more deaths from "Hourse & other animal riding" at 108, "Freezing" at 1,010, "Drowning" at 4,407, "Murder" at 19,628, and "Motor vehicle accidents" at 45,901. This of 2,086,440 deaths. Mike ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 15:15:20 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re: How many people killed by honeybees worldwide? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Journalist worldwide no longer care about the truth. All they do today is fill air time or news paper space. The more sensational the better because it gets them noticed. The number of people killed by honey bees is very small though I don't know the exact number. Most stinging incidents are from wasp, yellow jackets and bumblebees. I get calls all the time to remove honey bees then upon arrival, discover that they are yellow jackets or wasp and the home owner didn't know the difference. I just returned from one of those calls about an hour ago. The lady had even been stung. Other than in the movies I have heard very few instances of AHB attacks. The one death I know about was because a man decided to remove the bees from his house while using no protection. He received approximately 400 stings for his trouble. Frank & Phronsie Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ---------- > From: Mike Rowbottom > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: How many people killed by honeybees worldwide? > Date: Tuesday, August 26, 1997 12:40 PM > > In a recent Natural History programme shown on BBC1 TV in the UK a claim > was made along the lines " tens of thousands of people are killed > annually by honey bees worldwide". I find this claim difficult to > believe. snip > > Regards, > -- > Mike Rowbottom > Harrogate > North Yorkshire > UK ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 14:45:26 -0600 Reply-To: Charles Harper Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Charles Harper Subject: Re: Help-Wild Hive with Varroa Mite MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit On Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:34:14 -0400, Linda Campbell wrote: >I'm going to jump right in. Please excuse me if I am violating any rules of the group. This is my first day on the list and I haven't been able to find my answer elsewhere. > >First of all, I don't have bees, yet but I am concerned about the ones I will be getting in the spring. > >A farmer down the road has a wild hive of honey bees that have been making their home in the casing to a transmission of an abandoned bulldozer on the edge of the woods. I've been keeping an eye on them, looking for a swarm, since retrieval would be difficult to impossible as they enter through one small screw hole. We recently noticed many bees on the outside of the rusted casing. I looked closer and noticed that many (90%) of the bees outside the hive have no wings. A friend says they are deformed from varroa mite infestation and that the colony will be dead in a month. This saddens me but of more concern is what happens to the mites? > >Will the mites still be alive and well and eager if my new colony comes to this spot to rob honey from the dozer transmission. Should I leave these bees to die or should I try to do something. It seems the bees are doomed but I am most worried about the proliferation of the varroa mites. Any suggestions or experience on the subject would be appreciated. > >Thanks and apologies if this in inappropriate. > >Linda Campbell >Suffolk, VA >On the border or the Great Dismal Swamp > >---------- > The Bees and mites will be dead by spring. Charles Harper Harper's Honey farm Carencro LA. 900+ Hives ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 15:31:02 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re. Queen in Honey supers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit When I find a queen in the honey super, I take out my trusty queen catcher and catch her. I then lay the catcher on top of the brood frames for a few minuets. Having been trapped for a few minuets, she immediately runs down into the hive where she belongs. I then put on an excluder and reassemble the hive. No fuss, no big deal. I take the cover and inner cover off once a week to allow newly hatched drones to escape. Frank Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 13:55:17 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jerry J Bromenshenk Subject: Re: Does your browser choke on my notes? In-Reply-To: <3.0.3.32.19970827092700.007db100@calwest.net> from "Andy Nachbar" at Aug 27, 97 09:27:00 am MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Andy makes some good points. Personally, I prefer to put all binary files on a web page, ftp site, in a news groups, or even a bulletin board. Then let folks know where to find it. I never attach a binary file to an e-mail message, too many times it doesn't work, or fragments, or goes wierd. I prefer to let the end user choose whether she or he wants the file. Andy's suggestion that the receiver should get a better mail service isn't always an option. It isn't just a matter of cost. I have the luxury of a direct fiber connection. Unfortunately the gateway (over which I have no control or influence) is where the problem lies. Cheers Jerry ========================================================================= Date: Sat, 27 Sep 1997 21:17:19 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re: Help-Wild Hive with Varroa Mite MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit This year I set aside 4 hives to test the West Virginia essential oils method of mite control. They were my best producers and are at present my strongest colonies. Terrimician is the only other treatment they have had since July 96. At present they are my strongest colonies. In some bee yards I have lost some colonies treated in the traditional way. Having said this, I think that the tracking slurry could benefit this colony if it is smeared around the entrance hole in the transmission case. It would have to be put on in such a way that the bees have to walk through it to get in the nest. Info on this treatment at www.wvu.edu/~agexten/varroa.htm Frank & Phronsie Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ---------- > > On Wed, 27 Aug 1997 11:34:14 -0400, Linda Campbell wrote: > > they enter through one small screw hole. We recently noticed many bees on the outside of the rusted casing. I looked closer and noticed that > many (90%) of the bees outside the hive have no wings. A friend says they are deformed from varroa mite infestation and that the colony will be > dead in a month. This saddens me but of more concern is what happens to the mites? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 20:17:27 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Richard H. Glassford II" Subject: Strains of Bees MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Thanks for all those who responded to my message about having bees around kids. Since then I have decided to give it a try this spring. I have also joined a local bee club and hope to learn from them. I have another question for you all. I was reading the book Keeping Bees by John Vivian and he talked about different kind of bees you can order. Their are two different varieties of bees I am looking at for this springs hive. They are the Italians and Carniolans. I live in the rocky mountain just south of Salt Lake City (Utah the Bee Hive State). Can some of you talk about the advantages and disadvantages of these two strains. I know that some of you have to have stron opinions on this matter. Is it true that the Carniolans swarm more than the Italians and other varieties? Thanks for your help Rich ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 22:48:11 -0400 Reply-To: dronebee@norfolk.infi.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "\\Dr. Pedro P. Rodriguez" Organization: Independent non-profit research Subject: Re: BEE FABLES, & Conrad B's new webpage location MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Conrad Berube wrote: > Howdy! > > A few weeks ago I posted a note pointing folks interested in > mythology and folk tales involving bees to the web site that I > shared with one of my best buds. Many thanks to those of you who > tried to log in and notified me about problems at the site. After > sending a nasty note to the system administrator I discovered to > my embarassment that my buddy (who was/is going through some > serious life changes and movements of personal effects) had let > the account go into default. I took the opportunity to open a new > account closer to where I actually live. So if any of you are > interested in trying to check out the site, or need to alter > bookmarks, or URL calls in your own web pages, this posting will > act as mini web-page. Use the following links as you would a > bookmark file (you can clip the portion below, and save it as a > file-- make sure the filename ends with the extension ".HTM") > Once on-line and in your browser, you can use the "open file" > option (by typing in or clicking on the directory and filename > you assign to this file) then double click on the colored > portions to link to the sites):

> > The following two articles contain folk-tales or mythology > dealing with honeybees: > > Hello fellow Bee-L recipients. Using left mouse click and "link to Navigator" I was able to save the two "fables" to a disk that I am using to collect this thread. Seemed rather easy. I hope that this post may be helpful to those of you who use Netscape as your browser.Best regards. Dr. Rodriguez Virginia Beach, VA. ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 23:52:06 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "MR WILLIAM L HUGHES JR." Subject: Re: honey weights Garth, We Americans are just to stubborn (lazy) to change to the metric system. I have a hard enough time with the American/English system to try and learn a new one. But what you save makes a lot on sense. Bill Hughes Bent Holly Honey Farm Brighton, Tennessee USA ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 22:58:39 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Re: Strains of Bees MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit The difference that first comes to mind between Italians and all the others is INTENSITY. The Carniolan and Caucasian colonies I've had never seemed to match the intensity and vigor of Italians. Maybe it comes from all those thousands of years foraging in oregano and thyme :) A more tangible and rational difference is winter brood production and spring buildup. Italians are from a warm temperate climate with mild winters. Consequently they don't always completely stop brood rearing even in cold winter conditions. They maintain a large winter cluster and expend stores trying to maintain a small brood patch in the center of the cluster. This isn't ideal in a climate where you have a lot of snow and cold weather. Even though it isn't ideal, they seem to manage. I always kept Italians in Idaho (sometimes as cold as -20 F) and Seattle (sometimes as cold as 16 F), and they did fine. On the other hand, Carnies are from the mountains of central Europe where winters are much more harsh. They shut down the brood nest in the winter and maintain a smaller winter cluster to save honey stores. You would think this would put them behind the curve in the spring, but they build up really fast and catch up with the Italians by mid spring. This rapid buildup tends to encourage swarming. I live in a climate similar to Italy, and I don't like Carnies for my location. We only have a few weeks when the bees can't fly and those weeks are scattered over about 3 months. Even when they can't fly, it's more because of rain than cold. There are minor nectar flows throughout the year, and buildup starts in December. I reported the very first swarm on the Bee List on February 24th this year. I see bees foraging on Eucalyptus and other available crops every month of the year. It drives me nuts to see a Carnie or Caucasian hive languishing through the balmy winter months because of an internal clock designed for hard weather. The Utah Rockies are a different story - Much more like the Alps, where Carnies came from. I didn't know enough back when I was in the Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho to try Carniolans, so I kept Italians there. I don't have much experience with Carnies in cold weather, but it makes sense that they would be a more winter hardy choice in such a location. A few other minor differences are that Italians propolize, rob, and drift more, Carnies are a little less productive and a little more gentle on average. My suggestion is that you start with one or two of each and see what you think. Pretty soon you'll end up as strongly opinionated as the rest of us! Michael ---------- >...Their are two different > varieties of bees I am looking at for this springs hive. They are the > Italians and Carniolans. I live in the rocky mountain just south of Salt Lake > City (Utah the Bee Hive State). Can some of you talk about the advantages and > disadvantages of these two strains. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 02:05:11 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Peter Wilson Subject: Re: Teaching taxonomy beyond APIS... In-Reply-To: <1A829E32E28@fs2.ucc.on.ca> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII This is how I understand the taxonomical classification of honey bees. Phylum - Arthropoda (Jointed Leg) Class - Insecta Order - Hymenoptera ( membrane , winged) Superfamily - Apoidea (the bees) Family - Apiodae (honey and bumble bees) Genus - Apis ( bee) Species - Mellifera (Honey bearing) Race -ligustica (Italian) (European) -carnica (Carniolian) -caucasia (Caucasian) -mellifera (German) (there are other races of European bees) (African) -adansonii -intermissa -unicolor -capensis -monticola -scutellata (Asian) -gandhiana -indica -japonica Other SPECIES Apis Cerana found in Asia Apis Dorsata Apis Florea Peter Wilson, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. email pjwilson@freenet.edmonton.ab.ca ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 06:25:35 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Trevor Weatherhead Subject: Re: Honey figures Garth wrote about the world record? for honey production. He quoted 240 kg in Africa somewhere. For the record I am not sure what the record is in Australia for a hive but for averages I know that Tim Smith, one of the brothers who founded Capilano in Australia, in the early 50,s had a year when he averaged over 10 tins per hive. A tin held 60 pounds. So he averaged over 600 pounds per hive. He and his brother, Bert, were running 300 hives then. I also know beekeepers in Australia who, over their whole operation of around 600 to 800 hives, have averaged a drum in a year. A drum holds about 300 kgs which would be 660 pounds. So if the average is around 600 pounds, then there must be individual hives that would be producing up to 800 pounds (my guess). This would be necessary to make up for those who do not produce the average. Trevor Weatherhead AUSTRALIA ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 04:12:01 GMT Reply-To: mejensen@worldnet.att.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mark Jensen Organization: No Junk Mail Subject: Re: Official Carcinogens List Comments: To: "Glen B. Glater" In-Reply-To: <199708271558.LAA11001@noon.midnight.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable On Wed, 27 Aug 97 15:58:42 +0000, "Glen B. Glater" wrote: >No answer from my chemist friend yet, but I did find this. >Benzaldehyde is noticibly *absent* from this list: However, our wax moth fumigant is not. I am now using sulfur. para-Dichlorobenzene [106-46-7] (Vol. 29, Suppl. 7; 1987) --=20 Mark Jensen Double J Apiaries mejensen@worldnet.att.net ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 14:20:03 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Sevigny, Marc" Subject: Apistan Treatment necessary? MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Both the county bee inspector and my own personal testing for varroa (visually inspecting drone larvae) showed no evidence of varroa in my first year hive. I am somewhat chemical averse, or at least prefer not to use any when no absolutely necessary. Is it customary to not treat a hive with Apistan if fairly confident the hive is not infested? ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 13:46:23 -0300 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Eunice Wonnacott Subject: Re: bee fables Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 04:30 PM 8/26/97 -0400, you wrote: >Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what >he was looking for, but it was a little expensive. During an inspection >of the property, however, he found a hive of bees. He told the owner >that he was deathly afraid of bees, and there was no way he could >consider this piece of land. > > This started out acceptably, and I forwarded it to a family member. Hours later I realized what REALLY had been said here. It would not be the first time that I have been accused of not having a sense of humor, but this note offends the individual reader, as well as the BEE-L which maintains a very high level of respectability . Surely there is some form of editing which takes place? The List Server??? What do others think? Now I will also apologize to my family. EDW "From The Cradle of Confederation" ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 08:34:13 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: James P Parkman Subject: Re: Teaching taxonomy beyond APIS... In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Two corrections to P. Wilson's taxonomical classification of the honey bee. 1) The bee family is spelled Apidae; 2) species names begin with a lower case letter, e.g., mellifera rather than Mellifera. Regards, Pat parkman Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 07:00:16 -0600 Reply-To: allend@internode.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: Allen Dick Organization: The Beekeepers Subject: Censorship again In-Reply-To: <199708271646.NAA07912@bud.peinet.pe.ca> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > "Fella was in the market to buy some acreage...." > This started out acceptably, and I forwarded it to a family > member. Hours later I realized what REALLY had been said here... > Surely there is some form of editing which takes place? The List > Server??? What do others think? Generally the members of this list exercise good taste and judgement, however what is considered good taste and appropriate varies from person to person. In the case of the 'fable' in question, it was pretty subtle. I can guess just what you eventually got out of it, but I might be wrong. Like many other things you encounter every day in the world, there are many meanings you can read into them, and what you get from them may say more about you than what you are observing. Obviously your initial understanding was innocent and favourable. I wonder what caused you to search for another interpretation? If you examine many everyday sayings -- ones you likely use regularly yourself -- you may discover they have very vulgar possible interpretations and likely origins. Now maybe you will find me a pain in the backside (Hmmmm) when I say this, however no one can protect you from your own mind. And at any rate -- fortunately for personal liberty -- most adults in the free world are far more worried about the proponents of censorship that they are about some off colour (possibly) joke -- and rightly so. The question of censorship has come up on this list from time to time and has not received much support. Most of us will not exchange our freedom for protection from spams, bad jokes, etc. Besides no one has volunteered to be 'God". I may have a slightly unique perspective on this, since I am regarded (not entirely unjustly) *by some* as a censor due to the fact that I do moderate and edit (read censor) articles for the Best of Bee list. Best of Bee incidently did not see fit the repeat the article in question (for other reasons than the possible meanings to some). As editor, I am constantly aware how impossible and arrogant it is for some one person or a group to try to decide what is fit for any other person or group, or what has merit. Often a trivial or naive comment on BEE-L stimulates a very worthwhile discussion -- one I would not have forseen. I regret every piece I omit, excepting only the trolls, and even they sometimes are fruitful. The unfettered interaction of a large number of free and diverse individuals is the basis of the power of the Internet, power that leads to huge productivity gains. It was the inability of centrally planned (censored) economies to function in the Information Age that lead to the dissolution and abdiction to free markets of the old Soviet Union and which will ultimately open up China and other repressed societies. The pen is truly mightier than the sword. Although it is not my purpose in the Best of Bee list to filter on the basis of anyone's taste in jokes, or pictures for that matter (a picture of some ladies with bare breasts appeared on sci.agriculture.beekeeping the other day), you might appreciate that such irrelevance is not repeated on Best of Bee. I'll repost the info about Best of Bee separately. Allen ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 07:16:14 -0600 Reply-To: allend@internode.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: Allen Dick Organization: The Beekeepers Subject: Re: Wintering Requirement MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT > "Soy" flower is somewhat of a sacred cow when it comes to bee feed > nothing bad I can say about it will go unanswered by it proponents. ("It > must be good as so and so sells diets with it in it") Now, Andy, I don't mean no disrespect, but howcum you are so sure of this? I'm not arguing with you -- and I am really interested in the truth of this cause it's costing me money not to know what my bees really really need, but I wonder on exactly what experience you base this strong assertion. > Without other proteins or natural pollen stored or coming into the hive > it is of no value to honeybees. Can you assure us that yeasts do work under such conditions? > The ideal protein diet would be one that could be fed as a liquid and > that was the one that I was/am looking for. (Honeybees consume only > liquids.) > The facts are that in pollen, which is not what bees eat, one can find a > great number of interesting things including very complex fats and > sugars, some by themselves are toxic to bees, all great for study. I > suspect these things are misinterpreted by many as essential elements in > a bees diets and real work needs to be done on what the bees actually eat > which is a mixture of dissolved proteins and sugars in solutions of > fermented pollen proteins that may have little resemblance to the pollen > it was made from. I find this pretty fascinating, since every beekeeper "knows" that bees eat pollen. Many know that it is made into bee bread. Now the exact process is hard to see, and little described. And as you point out they have to suck whatever they eat up a straw, so bread may not be the best description of what they eat. I guess we can assume that the conversion process from fresh pollen can't take too long, since the bees start brood rearing almost as soon as the pollen is in the door -- or do they? Allen ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:30:35 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Mark F Almond Subject: Terra-Patties MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit While checking out the Brushy Mountain Bee Farm catalog, I saw a recipe for making your own Terra-Patties (page 26) My question is after making up the patties, How can these patties be saved? Can you freeze them for future use without the loss of the active ingredient Terramycin? Recipe makes up 15 patties and I just got 5 hives of bees. For those interested in the recipe: 1 6.4 oz. pk. Terramycin 2 1/2 lbs. Crisco 5 lbs. Granulated Sugar Mix dry ingredients thoughly, then mix with Crisco. Divide into 15 equal portions and flatten into patties. Makes 15 patties. Use one per Hive. Mark F. Almond Concord, NC ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:32:08 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Offensive (or not) postings (was bee fables) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT > > It would not be the first time that I have been accused of not > having a sense of humor, but this note offends the individual reader, > as well as the BEE-L which maintains a very high level of > respectability. > Surely there is some form of editing which takes place? > The List Server??? What do others think? > Actually, no - there is no editing/reviewing/censoring that takes place on this list. It's an open forum free for all. Don't get me wrong, I'm sorry you were offended, truely I am. However there are others who got a chuckle out of the post and I suspect there are even a few who passed the post on at the water cooler or in the coffee shop. It may be the case that those who chuckled out number those who were offended or vice versa. It simply is not fair to deny one group or another the right to read (or not) something deemed inappropriate by the opposing camp. My objection to the content of the post is that it came under the guise of a fable, not as an off color joke. I expected a fable, what I read was a joke that obviously was offensive to some. I doubt you saw the Drew Carey show last night, but the main character was being sued for having posted an offensive (to some) cartoon on a company memo. In his closing statement to the court he rambled on about fear of offending this group or that group and how in this day and age no one will can anything for fear of being held accountable to others' morales. Drew's final colsing statement: "C'mon America, lighten up!". Again, I'm sorry you were offended. A hundred times, I'm sorry. But I'm thankful I live in a society where I can review everything and decide for myself. Respectfully submitted, Aaron Morris ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:38:49 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Conrad Sigona Subject: Re: bee fables In-Reply-To: <199708271646.NAA07912@bud.peinet.pe.ca> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII > >Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what > >he was looking for, but it was a little expensive. During an inspection > >of the property, however, he found a hive of bees. He told the owner > >that he was deathly afraid of bees, and there was no way he could > >consider this piece of land. > > > > This started out acceptably, and I forwarded it to a family member. > Hours later I realized what REALLY had been said here. I have no idea what you are speaking of. Conrad Sigona conrad@ntcnet.com ========================================================================= Date: Wed, 27 Aug 1997 23:04:17 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Albert W Needham Subject: Re: bee fables On Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:38:49 -0500 Conrad Sigona writes: >> Hours later I realized what REALLY had been said here. > >I have no idea what you are speaking of. > >Conrad Sigona >conrad@ntcnet.com > Conrad: It was the play on words at the end of the story that had a sexual innuendo to it. It didn't bother me personally, but I am not surprised it generated a comment. Al, ----------------------------------------------------------- awneedham@juno.com - Scituate,MA,USA Cerberus - Three Sites In One Honey Bees-LottoLand-Doktor Finkle http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:53:24 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "(Thomas) (Cornick)" Subject: Re: removing bees from supers In a message dated 97-08-28 06:29:57 EDT, you write: << I have had real good luck by removing the supers during the evening hours and collecting them early the following morning before the hives become too active. The supers without brood are usually bee free and what few frames that have bees covering brood (usually drone brood) are quickly taken care of with either smoke, the bee brush or are left out to be clean up by robbers. No mess, no stink and best of all, no mad bees. >> This year I have bee brushed 25 hives- a little time consuming but it works just fine. When I encounter brood in the honey supers it all gets combined in one super and put on the weakest hive. The remaining hives get apistan for fall and the hive with the brood gets a queen excluder. When the brood is hatched out the super goes above the inner cover to be moved down by the bees and the brood chamber gets its apistan as well. Usually a week or so after the other hives. Most of my hives are in friends yards in groups of four or so so this probably wouldnt work for the big guys. Tom ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 28 Sep 1997 09:38:10 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re: Terra-Patties MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I have been freezing these patties for a number of years now and it seems to work fine. Frank & Phronsie Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ---------- > From: Mark F Almond > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Terra-Patties > Date: Thursday, August 28, 1997 12:30 PM > > While checking out the Brushy Mountain Bee Farm catalog, I saw a recipe > for making your own Terra-Patties (page 26) My question is after making > up the patties, How can these patties be saved? Can you freeze them for > future use without the loss of the active ingredient Terramycin? Recipe > makes up 15 patties and I just got 5 hives of bees. For those interested > in the recipe: > > 1 6.4 oz. pk. Terramycin > 2 1/2 lbs. Crisco > 5 lbs. Granulated Sugar > > Mix dry ingredients thoughly, then mix with Crisco. Divide into 15 equal > portions and flatten into patties. Makes 15 patties. Use one per Hive. > > Mark F. Almond > Concord, NC ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 28 Sep 1997 09:55:00 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Frank & Phronsie Humphrey Subject: Re: Offensive (or not) postings (was bee fables) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Back in the late sixties after leaving the military, I was paired with an individual of a different race. He was a man that I immediately liked and respected. I put my foot in my mouth one day and tried to apologize. He immediately stopped me and said "If someone takes offense without understanding intent, then they are the one with a problem". I believe that if you look for something to be offended by, you will find it. My $.02 worth. Frank Humphrey beekeepr@cdc.net ---------- > From: Aaron Morris > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Offensive (or not) postings (was bee fables) > Date: Thursday, August 28, 1997 9:32 AM > > > > > It would not be the first time that I have been accused of not > > having a sense of humor, but this note offends the individual reader, > > as well as the BEE-L which maintains a very high level of > > respectability. > > Surely there is some form of editing which takes place? > > The List Server??? What do others think? > > > Actually, no - there is no editing/reviewing/censoring that takes place > on this list. It's an open forum free for all. Don't get me wrong, I'm > sorry you were offended, truely I am. However there are others who got > a chuckle out of the post and I suspect there are even a few who passed > the post on at the water cooler or in the coffee shop. It may be the > case that those who chuckled out number those who were offended or vice > versa. It simply is not fair to deny one group or another the right to > read (or not) something deemed inappropriate by the opposing camp. My > objection to the content of the post is that it came under the guise of > a fable, not as an off color joke. I expected a fable, what I read was > a joke that obviously was offensive to some. > > I doubt you saw the Drew Carey show last night, but the main character > was being sued for having posted an offensive (to some) cartoon on a > company memo. In his closing statement to the court he rambled on about > fear of offending this group or that group and how in this day and age > no one will can anything for fear of being held accountable to others' > morales. Drew's final colsing statement: "C'mon America, lighten up!". > > Again, I'm sorry you were offended. A hundred times, I'm sorry. But > I'm thankful I live in a society where I can review everything and > decide for myself. > > Respectfully submitted, > Aaron Morris ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 08:24:46 -0600 Reply-To: allend@internode.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: Allen Dick Organization: The Beekeepers Subject: Repost: Best of BEE-L MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Subscribing to 'Best of Bee' will bring you only selected and edited posts from BEE-L. This is a reduction of 10 to 90% in mail flow (about 75% in recent days). This option is best suited to experienced or professional beekeepers and others who wish to avoid very basic discussions, chatter, flames, misdirected posts, long quotes and 'me too' responses but still track the significant activity on the BEE-L mailing list. How to receive Best of Bee: Send email to HoneyBee@systronix.net, saying JOIN BESTOFBEE you@whatever.com (where 'you@whatever.com' is the actual email address to which you want the list to be sent). If you are a BEE-L subscriber and want to turn off BEE-L without losing the privilege of posting to BEE-L (in response to the messages received on 'Best of Bee'), send email to LISTSERV@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU saying SET BEE-L NOMAIL There are currently 291 subscribers to Best of Bee. For more information, send email to bees@systronix.net, saying SEND BESTBEE in the subject line. You will receive a text file in return. For those who want to know more about the selection and editorial policies of Best of Bee, send email to bees@systronix.net, saying SEND CRITERIA in the subject line. --- Allen allend@internode.net http://www.internode.net/HoneyBee/Spring.htm ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 10:38:27 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jim Moore Subject: Re: bee fables Offensive? I found the fable utterly preposterous! ;-) ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 08:41:47 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Michael Reddell Subject: Bee association facts MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit I'm part of a group in my town that's working on starting a new bee association. All the current participants are hobbyists and our primary goals are education and support for local beekeepers, and education (classroom visits, media input, etc.) and service mostly swarm removal) for the community. A few questions have come up. 1. Is it important to obtain nonprofit status for such an organization? We plan to maintain a budget that covers basic operating expenses but no more. We plan to fund the budget with dues received from members. No plans to hold fund raisers. We've been told that it's expensive and a red tape nightmare, and probably not worth our trouble unless we want to do a lot of fund raising and take donations. 2. What is a typical honorarium to pay to guest speakers? I'm sure this varies by region. If you are or have been an association officer somewhere in the U.S. and have info about how your club has answered these questions, I'd appreciate your input. Thanks, Michael Reddell mwr@hotcity.com http://www.hotcity.com/~mwr ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 09:44:28 -0600 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rett Thorpe Subject: Raw Honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain I have heard references made to "Raw" honey, and I was curious as to what steps have to be taken (or not taken) to label your honey as raw? Thanks for your replies Rett Thorpe Salt Lake City, UT First Year, Two Hives ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 11:47:34 EDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Aaron Morris Subject: Raw Honey MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7BIT Raw honey is a catch phrase that has no official, sanctioned, blessed by the Pope (or at least USDA) meaning. It's inferred meaning is "minimally processed" as in not heated, filtered, blended etc, etc. I doubt any honey sold as raw is straight from the extractor. I may be able to sell straight from the extractor honey once to a blind man, but I doubt I would get repeat sales. I like the term raw honey and have a label that reads "RAW and UNPROCESSED" which I tell my customers means that the honey was passed through a nylon filter to remove wax particles and foreign debris but was not processed further. Aaron Morris - I think, therefore I bee! ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 11:56:04 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Rory Stenerson <71762.1664@compuserve.com> Subject: Re: Strains of Bees MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 In a previous Bee-L posting Richard Glassford II had asked about differen= t strains of bees. I'm a first year beekeeper here in the Allegheny mountains (I know they look just like hills to you folks out there ) and I started with two nucs with Carniolan queens. One colony did indeed swarm in the first wee= k of June, but I was able to hive it and now have two shallows on the swarm= , three on the original colony, and five on the unswarmed colony. They're very gentle, I visit them everyday and they've been very easy to work. = With the abnormally cold nights we've been getting I'm glad I had Carniolans instead of the Italians, but I've got them on slatted racks anyway (you may have guessed I tend to pamper them .) You're best advice will probably come from the new friends you'll make in= your local bee association who will know which strains are best for your specific geographic/climatic area. I give you great joy, and welcome to the hobby. **************************************************************** * I believe that the phenomena of nature * * is the expression of infinitive intelligence * * I express my belief that all forms of life * * are manifestations of spirit * * and thus, we are all children of God, Peace * **************************************************************** * Rory Stenerson _ * * Member - Centre County Beekeepers Association _( )_ ^ * * V.P. - State College Underground Maltsters ( - ) * * State College, PA U.S.A. ^ ( - ^ ) ^ * * E-mail: 71762.1664@compuserve.com ( - - ) * * ( - +++ ) * **************************************************************** ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 08:53:35 PDT Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Dennis Subject: Re: Honey Liquor In-Reply-To: <3.0.1.32.19970821181229.0068d56c@pop.paonline.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII; X-MAPIextension=".TXT" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable This is the message I got when I subscribed to the Mead-Lovers Digest. = Perhaps it will help: ((( [This is a canned message.] Thanks for joining us on the Mead-Lover's Digest. A copy of some intro- ductory material is attached. Your first issue of the Digest should arri= ve soon...digests appear when there is enough material submitted, which is about every two or three days. Dick Dunn, Digest Janitor Boulder, Colorado USA Mead-Lover's Digest mead-request@talisman.com =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D Subject: Mead-Lovers Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Written by: John Dilley, Dick Dunn, Thomas Manteufel, Michael Tighe Maintained by: Dick Dunn, rcd@talisman.com Revision: 16.x (changes in progress) This document contains basic information and the answers to frequently asked questions about mead and mead making for the beginner. There is an electronic mailing list about mead, the "Mead-Lover's Digest"= . To subscribe or unsubscribe, send mail to mead-request@talisman.com (including both your email address and your "real name" unless you're sur= e your mailer will supply them). Please feel free to post any questions = you have after reading this document to the digest at mead@talisman.com. To make comments/suggestions/corrections to this document, contact rcd@talisman.com The History and Tradition of Mead Mead is a honey-based fermented beverage that has been produced and enjoy= ed since before the dawn of recorded history. Because of its antiquity, mea= d has acquired an almost magical reputation in our mythologies. For exampl= e, the term "honeymoon" is intertwined with the custom of drinking honey-bas= ed mead for a month (moon) after the wedding; this practice was said to ensu= re baby boys. Mead making was once the province of a select, trained guild. Now, it is open to all who have the patience and skill. You are continui= ng this long and honored tradition. Welcome aboard and enjoy. The Types of Mead Mead is classified not by the kind of honey from which it is made, but = by what else may be added to it for flavoring: * "Traditional" mead is made with only honey, water, and yeast, plus perhaps a small amount of acid (to balance the sweetness). * "Metheglin" is mead made with added herbs or spices, such as cloves or cinnamon. * "Melomel" is mead made with the addition of fruit or fruit juice to traditional mead. Melomel may also contain spices, as metheglin does= . * "Cyser" is a particular melomel made with apples or apple juice. * "Pyment" may have two interpretations: a melomel made with grapes or grape juice, or a wine sweetened with honey. * "Hippocras" is a spiced pyment. * "Sack" is a name (or an adjective) for stronger meads made with more honey than usual, and therefore more likely to be somewhat sweet. There are various other seldom-heard terms: "hydromel" (weak, literally "watered" mead), "rhodomel" (mead with rose petals), "omphacomel" (left = as exercise to the interested student), and so on. Depending on the initial amount of honey, and how attenuative (effective = at fermenting sugars) the yeast is, the final mead may be dry or sweet. Depending on the bottling process, the mead may be "sparkling" (carbonate= d) or "still" (no bubbles). What Kinds of Honey? There are many kinds of honey, based on which flowers the bees collected = the nectar from. Bees aren't loyal to any particular flower, so any characte= ri- zation of honey as being from a particular source (for example, "blackber= ry honey") can vary from absolutely true to a rough generality, depending = on what flowers the bees can find and how interesting they find them. Honey= s range in taste and color from the light clover through alfalfa to stronge= r tasting (and darker) such as buckwheat. There are many unusual honeys = to be found where there are unusual local flowers. Which honey you will use depends both on which you like the taste of, and what type of mead you = are trying to make. Stronger flavors go well in metheglins and heavier or sweet meads, while the milder honeys make a good base for melomels or dry traditional meads. Realize that a honey with an interesting-but-unusual taste can produce an overpowering character in mead. You can buy honey in bulk from roadside stands or health food stores. = You may be lucky enough to live near an apiary and be able to buy right from the beekeeper. Look in the phone book for honey, health food, or beekeep= ers. Sometimes, exterminators will remove hives, give the bees to beekeepers, = and sell the honey. University agriculture departments occasionally sell hon= ey. Be inventive. If all else fails, you may have to buy it from the grocery store. The honey will be either raw or processed in some way. Raw honey has bit= s of wax, bee parts, dust, pollen, microorganisms, and the like in it. You = have the most control in how you process raw honey, but you also have the most= to do. Honey may be filtered, or blended, or even heat-pasteurized to make = it clearer and less likely to crystallize. The more processed it is, the = milder it is likely to be and the less character it will give to your mead. The processing also dissipates some of the honey's aroma. Commercial, "groce= ry store" honey, crystal-clear and pale, is the most processed and is usuall= y not a good choice for meadmaking. Crystallized honey is normally acceptable for mead. In fact, it has two points in its favor: First, it generally indicates less processing, sinc= e one of the reasons for processing honey is to keep it from crystallizing. Second, it may be cheaper because it's less appealing to the average consumer. (One point against crystallized honey is that if the sugar is drawn out into large crystals, the liquid surrounding them can be low enough in sugar content to allow some fermentation from wild yeast.) To re-liquefy crystallized honey so you can pour it, just heat it gently. Adding Acid Acid is added to the "must" (the honey water mixture you're going to ferment) both to adjust the pH and to balance the sweet flavor of the honey. Yeast prefer an acidic environment. Many other micro-organisms don't. The acid you add protects the must until the alcohol level create= s a hostile environment for the competition. Acid can be added in many forms. Winemaking suppliers sell acid blends, powder or liquid. Acid is measured in "as tartaric", or how acidic the = must is compared to pure tartaric acid. For example, if the must is 0.5 perce= nt acid as tartaric, it is as acidic as if 0.5 percent of the must were pure tartaric acid. Inexpensive test kits will let you measure the acidity = so that you can adjust it. Acid blends are a combination of tartaric, citri= c, and malic acids. You may be able to get the individual acids used in ble= nds. Each contributes a slightly different taste in addition to acidity. The natural acid in fruits and berries will also acidify the must, for which reason melomels often need no additional acid. How to Prepare the Must The honey/water before fermenting is called "must". You will want to add= the honey to hot water in a large pot, but make sure the pot is not on the = heat while doing this because the honey will fall to the bottom and caramelize= (or stir vigorously if you leave it on the heat). Stainless steel or enamele= d kettles are preferred; aluminum is OK. Do not use iron, nor enameled ket= tles with cracks in the enamel. Some mead recipes recommend only heating the must enough to pasteurize = it. This is because boiling honey will drive off some of the delicate flavors= . Refer to the recipes from the Mead-Lovers Digest or the other references (below). If scum rises while heating or boiling the must, skim it off. It consist= s of wax, bee parts, pollen, etc., which don't help the flavor of the mead. An alternative preparation method involves the use of "Campden tablets" = or "sulfiting" to sterilize the must. If you're a winemaker, you'll recogni= ze this method. With the use of Campden tablets, it is not necessary to hea= t/ boil the must at all first, although some mead-makers do so anyway for = the sake of clarity of the final mead. If you use Campden tablets, follow = a recipe or instructions for quantity, preparation, delay times before addi= ng yeast, etc. Heating is probably easier than sulfiting for the beginning mead-maker. Yeasts Mead is more a wine than beer, with a final alcohol level anywhere betwee= n 10 and 18 percent. Wine yeasts, which have a higher alcohol tolerance, = may ferment slower at first (although some are remarkably fast) but will ferm= ent more completely than ale or lager yeast. They are also less likely to produce "off" tastes which take a long time to age out after the mead is finished. A partial list of some of the popular yeasts are: Champagne (multiple strains), Epernay, Flor Sherry, Steinberg, Prise De Mousse, Tokay, and various proprietary strains which are derived from these This list is by no means exhaustive. Each yeast will impart its own uniq= ue characteristic to the mead. Champagne ferments out very dry and has a = high alcohol tolerance. Epernay has a fruity bouquet. Flor Sherry has a high alcohol tolerance and contributes a flavor that goes better with sack mea= ds. Prise de Mousse is particularly neutral, fast-fermenting, and attenuative (leaves little residual sweetness). Some yeasts (such as Montrachet wine yeast) can produce noticeable levels of phenols (the throat-burning part of cough medicine), which age out eventually in bottle conditioning but are an unnecessary complication since there are yeasts that don't produce them. Yeast Nutrient Honey by itself is low in some of the nutrients that yeast need to reprod= uce and quickly ferment out the mead must. Fermentation times can be measure= d in months as the yeast slowly trickles along. This is a disadvantage becaus= e as long as the fermenting mead remains sweet and low in alcohol, it is invit= ing to contaminating bacteria and lacks a good layer of carbon dioxide (CO2) to protect against oxidation. Mead makers can add a nutrient to help the yeast, and normally should do so if the only fermentable ingredient is honey. Fruit, particularly grapes, will contribute needed ingredients; thus melomels have lesser or no requirement for nutrients. Nutrients are normally added when the must is prepared. There are several kinds of nutrients. Most winemaking shops will sell various salts designed for grape musts. While this is helpful for mead, too much can leave an astringent metallic flavor that will take months = or years in the bottle to age out. Yeast extract, pulverized yeast, is also available. Dead yeast are exploded ultrasonically or in a centrifuge, = and sold as a powder. Yeast extract will not leave the same metallic flavors as nutrients, but may be more difficult to find. It is not possible to make your own yeast extract at home. Fermentation Mead will take longer than beer to ferment. Fermentation times are often measured in months, so get another carboy. Mead likes to ferment a littl= e warmer than beer (70F - 75), but should be stored in a cool place to bott= le condition. You will have to rack mead (transfer it to a separate vessel, leaving behind the sediment) while it is fermenting. If you make any kin= d of mead beside traditional, you will have to rack about a week after star= ting to remove the bits of fruit or spices that settle out. Rack periodically after that to get the mead off the dead yeast and other matter that settl= es out--every 3-6 weeks depending on the rate of fermentation and settling. This improves the flavor and clarifies the mead. Initial fermentation of melomels made with fruit (not just juice) is easi= est in a food-grade plastic pail so that you can strain out the fruit before racking. Except for this, glass carboys with fermentation locks are the = best fermentation vessels. Mead does not tend to form the huge head that beer does when starting fermentation. Bottling First, you must make sure the mead has stopped fermenting. Mead is such = a slow fermenter that it may appear completely done, yet continue to fermen= t after bottling. This can turn a still mead into a sparkling one; it can = even produce enough pressure to cause the bottles to explode. Exploding bottl= es-- "glass grenades"--aren't funny. They're unpredictable and very dangerous= . To be sure the mead is done fermenting, take hydrometer readings spanning= a week or more and be sure the readings are not still falling. Dry meads = will also finish at a gravity below 1.000. As a mead finishes, it will "fall clear"--the initial cloudiness will settle out. Be careful, though, beca= use being clear is not enough. Choose appropriate bottles for the type of mead. Sparkling mead (carbona= ted, like champagne) will require a sturdy bottle, either sparkling wine (whic= h are thick enough to take the higher carbonation) or returnable beer bottl= es. Beer bottles should be crown-capped. Sparkling wine bottles can be corke= d if you use champagne corks and wire them down. American sparkling-wine bott= les can be crown-capped just as beer bottles can. European sparkling-wine = bottles cannot be reliably crown-capped--they have a crown-cap lip, but it's the = wrong size for standard caps. Still meads (uncarbonated, like normal wines) may be bottled in regular = wine bottles with standard corks, or in crown-capped bottles as above. Since pressure isn't an issue, almost any bottle with an airtight closure can = be made to work. Bear in mind, though, that the appearance of your bottles = is part of the first impression when you serve your mead. Mead that has finished fermentation and is then bottled will be "still" (flat). Sparkling mead is "primed" by adding a small amount of sugar at bottling time to produce a short renewed fermentation so that it is carbo= n- ated. For predictable results (again, to avoid "glass grenades"), you = should first let the mead finish fermenting in the carboy, then add just the amo= unt of sugar needed to carbonate it. Bottling a mead before it finished ferm= ent- ing (in hopes of capturing just the right amount of carbonation in the = bottle) can lead to under- or over-carbonation, and even in the best case won't = give the mead a chance to finish clearing before bottling. A normal amount = of priming sugar is about 4 ounces by weight for five gallons. If you want a still, sweet mead, you can use a lot of honey and let the mead ferment until the yeast finally gives up (because of the alcohol), then bottle. However, if you do this, it is strongly advised that you "stabilize" the mead with potassium sorbate to prevent the yeast from re- starting and slowly fermenting after bottling. Mead-makers have seen swe= et meads stop fermenting and remain stable for months, but re-start slowly = and produce dangerously carbonated meads in bottle. Note also that sorbate won't stop an active fermentation; it will only prevent dormant yeast fro= m re-starting. Store the bottles in a cool dark place. Mead is not as sensitive as beer= to light (unless you have hops in it), but should not be left in bright ligh= t. Wassail! While reading the mead-lovers digest you will occasionally see the word "Wassail". It's a toast, an expression of good will, much as a beer drin= ker might offer "Prosit" or "Cheers". The word derives from Old Norse throug= h Middle English, and means "be healthy". The dictionary lists two pronun- ciations (wahs'ul, wah-sale'). Legality In the USA, mead is classified as a wine. A brief, informal (not legal advice!) synopsis: Federal regulations allow an adult to make up to 100 gallons a year, or 200 gallons per year per household of two or more adults, for personal or family use, with no tax or license required. It may not be sold. Concentration (including but not limited to distilla- tion) is prohibited. State and local laws may impose additional restric- tions, so check first. The usual situation is that home mead-making is allowed in any locality where commercial wine can be sold. Repeat: this is NOT legal advice. Other Topics and Further Reading In addition to the Mead Lover's Digest there are some related forums you = may find interesting. The forums and their subscription addresses are: * Honey Bee Growers Digest: hbg-request@jpunix.com * Home Brew Digest (beer): homebrew-digest-request@aob.org * Cider Digest: cider-request@talisman.com When you're just learning a new hobby, it always helps to find other, mor= e experienced folks, both for guidance and to join "the community." Check = for homebrew clubs in your area; they often have subgroups interested in mead= . Some groups of the SCA (Society for Creative Anachronism) will have activ= e, enthusiastic mead-makers. Beyond this basic information you should refer to recipes and further rea= ding for details on how to make mead. Thanks to the gracious efforts of Steph= en Hansen at Stanford, we have an archive site for back issues of the Mead- Lover's Digest, various recipes, and this FAQ. The archives are availabl= e for anonymous FTP at ftp.stanford.edu in pub/clubs/homebrew/mead/. Books and Other Sources of Information (a partial list) readily available _Brewing_Mead/Wassail!_In_Mazers_of_Mead_, Lt. Col. Robert Gayre and Char= lie Papazian, Brewers Publications. ISBN 0-937381-00-4 _Making_Mead_, Bryan Acton and Peter Duncan, Amateur Winemaker Publicatio= ns. SBN 900841-07-9 (UK) _Making_Mead_(Honey_Wine)_, Roger Morse, WICWAS Press, ISBN 1-878075-04-7= . _On_Food_and_Cooking_, Harold McGee, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984, ISBN 0-684-18132-0. ("Cooking Science"--a general reference on science in the kitchen, but many relevant sections on fermentation, honey, fruits, spice= s, etc., and fun to read.) Zymurgy (the magazine of the American Homebrewer's Association) occasiona= lly has articles about mead-making. hard to find but worth pursuing The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digby, Knight, Opened. 1669. A transcription of the beverage recipes (over 100, mostly meads) from this book has been available from the International Bee Research Association (IBRA) [address was formerly listed in Cardiff, Wales; more recent information suggests London but gives no specific address] Copies may also be obtained from the Society for Creative Anachronism (SC= A) in the states. You might try the USENET group rec.org.sca for pointers. Some university libraries may have microfilm of the original Digby, or = a copy of a 1910 reprint with substantial annotation. _Beekeeping_at_Buckfast_Abbey_, Brother Adam, Northern Bee Books, ISBN 0-907908-37-3 on line The Mead Lover's Digest, Dick Dunn, Coordinator, Contact: mead-request@talisman.com. A WWW Mead Page, created by Forrest Cook: http://www.atd.ucar.edu/homes/cook/mead/mead.html (This contains, among other things, a link to the digest archives.) ))) Dennis Morefield Sideline Beekeeper, Oregon, USA denmar@mind.net ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 04:10:40 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Albert W Needham Subject: Downloading "The HoneyBee" My apologies. I received a couple of messages telling me that the link for downloading "The HoneyBee" did not work. I apparently messed that up when I was updating the page. It is now corrected. http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/beesite.htm Al, ----------------------------------------------------------- awneedham@juno.com - Scituate,MA,USA Cerberus - Three Sites In One Honey Bees-LottoLand-Doktor Finkle http://www.xensei.com/users/alwine/ ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 15:34:31 -0500 Reply-To: beeworks@muskoka.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: David Eyre Organization: The Bee Works Subject: Re: Help-Wild Hive with Varroa Mite In-Reply-To: <01BCB2DD.267A5840@mmc043.memach.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT On 27 Aug 97 at 11:34, Linda Campbell wrote: > infestation and that the colony will be dead in a month. This > saddens me but of more concern is what happens to the mites? > Will the mites still be alive and well and eager if my new colony > comes to this spot to rob honey from the dozer transmission. Should > I leave these bees to die or should I try to do something. It seems Everyone has answered this post, but, not the question. Varroa mites can't travel and will not survive after the hive dies out. Therefore as a possible site of reinfection, bearing in mind it will be spring next year before new bees come into the area, it won't be possible to reinfect anything. As a precaution, after the wild hive is dead, I would seal the entrance with expandable foam, or similar. The site might have Foul brood etc. ******************************************* The Bee Works, 9 Progress Dr, Unit 2, Orillia, Ontario, L3V 6H1 Phone/fax 705-326-7171 David Eyre, Owner. http://www.muskoka.net/~beeworks ******************************************** ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 14:56:51 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Arbor J. Buchanan" Subject: Re: bee fables In-Reply-To: <199708271646.NAA07912@bud.peinet.pe.ca> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII I, too, was offended by this crude joke. Arbor Buchanan Fayetteville, AR On Wed, 27 Aug 1997, Eunice Wonnacott wrote: > At 04:30 PM 8/26/97 -0400, you wrote: > >Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what > >he was looking for, but it was a little expensive. During an inspection > >of the property, however, he found a hive of bees. He told the owner > >that he was deathly afraid of bees, and there was no way he could > >consider this piece of land. > > > > This started out acceptably, and I forwarded it to a family member. > Hours later I realized what REALLY had been said here. > > It would not be the first time that I have been accused of not > having a sense of humor, but this note offends the individual reader, as > well as the BEE-L which maintains a very high level of respectability . > Surely there is some form of editing which takes place? The List Server??? > What do others think? > > Now I will also apologize to my family. > > > EDW "From The Cradle of Confederation" > ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 21:03:27 +0000 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology Comments: Authenticated sender is From: "M.S.Bain" Subject: Mechanical Beekeeper MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT One of my colleagues would like to construct a scale human figure as a model beekeeper to be part of an exhibit of beekeeping at a major honey show. If anyone has any information on how to construct such a figure and/or any information re suppliers of the necessary materials could they please let him know. Please write direct to:- Ken Hoare, 10 Oaks Road, Craven Arms, Shropshire, SY7 9RW, UK. Tel +44 (0)1588 672739 Or you can E-mail me at msbain@globalnet.co.uk Many thanks in anticipation Mike Bain M.S.Bain Lacon Villa Nook Lane Weston under Redcastle Shrewsbury SY4 5LP England Tel +44(0)1948 841249 ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 22:09:30 +-200 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?J=F8rn_Johanesson?= Subject: no answer before 8-9-1997 Comments: cc: Ken Morris MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I am off for Apimonda so asking for information about my Beekeeping = Software will have no effect before I am back from Belgium. You can meet me in the congress house, where I will be present with my = computer, and direct demonstration of the software. Watch out for EDBi Best regards Jorn Johanesson. Homepage and download of software: http://home4.inet.tele.dk/apimo/index.htm or=20 http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/agriculture/entomology/beekeeping/gen= eral/bin/apimo/ Best regards Jorn Johanesson ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 16:42:57 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Kim Flottum Subject: Raw Honey Standards There is an extensive article in the July issue of Bee Culture that defines current standards of Raw Honey. It was written by Micheal Meyer, a producer/packer from MO. There are some standards, and some ill defined standards that apply to retail, and wholesale honey, and others that apply to honey sold bulk to industrial users. It also suggests some imporvements that could be made to these standards. I will be happy to send a copy to anyone wishing one, so they can at least see what is, and what isn't with this product before they spend lots of energy on the subject. Send an email message to me directly, not the list, at BCULTURE@AOL.COM Kim Flottum, Editor, Bee Culture Magazine ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 16:53:28 -0500 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Edward Beary Subject: Re: Mechanical Beekeeper MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 09:03 PM 8/28/97 +0000, you wrote: >One of my colleagues would like to construct a scale human figure as >a model beekeeper to be part of an exhibit of beekeeping at a major >honey show. >If anyone has any information on how to construct such a figure >and/or any information re suppliers of the necessary materials could >they please let him know. >Please write direct to:- Ken Hoare, 10 Oaks Road, Craven Arms, Shropshire, SY7 >9RW, UK. Tel +44 (0)1588 672739 >Or you can E-mail me at msbain@globalnet.co.uk >Many thanks in anticipation Try Disneyland or EuroDisney. They have been making models like you describe for decades. The models that they have might be more than you want but they may know where to get the parts you need. Edward Beary Biology Dept SUNY Geneseo beary@uno.cc.geneseo.edu ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 17:10:32 +0200 Reply-To: jtemp@xs4all.nl Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Jan Tempelman Organization: Home Subject: Re: Teaching taxonomy beyond APIS... MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-2 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit nice list on my site on: http://www.xs4all.nl/~jtemp/sol_bee_life.html -- Jan Tempelman / Ineke Drabbe | EMAIL:jtemp@xs4all.nl Sterremos 16 3069 AS Rotterdam, The Netherlands Tel/Fax (SOMETIMES) XX 31 (0)10-4569412 ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 14:10:34 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Kerry Clark of AGF 784-2225 fax (604) 784 2299" Subject: Bee taxonomy MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: MULTIPART/MIXED; BOUNDARY="Boundary_[ID_ffIcwivO9X9Ag4dCVfcqVA]" --Boundary_[ID_ffIcwivO9X9Ag4dCVfcqVA] Content-type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII --Boundary_[ID_ffIcwivO9X9Ag4dCVfcqVA] Content-type: MESSAGE/RFC822 Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 11:14:45 PDT Subject: Taxonomy MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII Importance: normal A1-type: DOCUMENT The classification details change from time to time. The mellifera subspecies below are those in Hive and Honeybee 1992. Vol 27 of Apidologie (1996) has articles on the "new" Asian species list. Phylum - Arthropoda (Jointed Leg) Class - Insecta (head thorax abdomen) Order - Hymenoptera (membrane winged) Superfamily - Apoidea (the bees) Family - Apidae (honey and bumble bees, orchid bees, some stingless bees) Subfamily -Apinae (perennial social colonies) Tribe (only 1) -Apini Genus - Apis (hive bee) Species - mellifera ("honey bearing", western world) subspecies (Central Mediterranean and SW Europe) -ligustica (Italian) -carnica (Carniolan) -macedonia -sicula -cecropia (Western Mediterranean and NW Europe) -mellifera (Dark) -iberica -sahariensis -intermissa near east -syriaca -meda -adami -cypria -caucasia (Caucasian) -armeniaca -anatolica (African) -adansonii -unicolor -capensis -monticola -scutellata -lamarkii -yementica -litorea Asian species of Apis (open or cavity nesting hive bees) (In Malaysia, 4 species of Apis may be found foraging in the same tree) Apis cerana subspecies -cerana -indica -japonica -himalaya Apis koschevnikovi Apis nuluensis Apis nigrocincta Apis dorsata Apis laboriosa Apis florea Apis andreniformis --Boundary_[ID_ffIcwivO9X9Ag4dCVfcqVA]-- ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 14:27:05 -0700 Reply-To: snielsen@orednet.org Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "Susan L. Nielsen" Subject: Re: bee fables >I, too, was offended by this crude joke. >> >Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what What, will someone please explain, is so crude about a calf, apparently, sucking on some guy's fingers and toes? Anyone who has had this happen will know they can suck the life out of you. Unless, of course, the reader is trying to make something more out of it... ;-) Susan -- Susan Nielsen | Beehive: If you build it, snielsen@orednet.org | they will comb. -- ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 22:32:05 +-100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Beepress Subject: Bee louse and Varroa mites MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="---- =_NextPart_000_01BCB402.38E99E20" ------ =_NextPart_000_01BCB402.38E99E20 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hello everyone. This is my first post to Bee-L. Dr. Pedro Rodriguez has asked me to send a graphic post with the images of the Bee louse Braula coeca and that of Varroa jacobsoni for the benefit of those who may not have had the opportunity to differentiate between them.. Due to an unknown technical glitch the images did not show on his previous post, hence I am sending the images for him. I hope that the images will arrive correctly this time and that they will be useful. Best wishes. 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========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 18:34:58 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: bartlett Subject: Re: Strains of Bees Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit I think that we should try to raise our own queens from the hives that do the best in your area no matter what area you live in, or what kind of bees you have. The bees that adapt to your particular climate are going to be the best bees. After several years of selection you should have the bees that have adapted to your climate. Next best bet is to get bees or queens from somebody in your area that has raised their own queens for several years. Just an opinion ----- everybody has one! billy bee ---------- > From: Michael Reddell > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Re: Strains of Bees > Date: 28 ao{t 1997 01:58 > > The difference that first comes to mind between Italians and all the others > is INTENSITY. The Carniolan and Caucasian colonies I've had never seemed > to match the intensity and vigor of Italians. Maybe it comes from all > those thousands of years foraging in oregano and thyme :) > > A more tangible and rational difference is winter brood production and > spring buildup. > > Italians are from a warm temperate climate with mild winters. Consequently > they don't always completely stop brood rearing even in cold winter > conditions. They maintain a large winter cluster and expend stores trying > to maintain a small brood patch in the center of the cluster. This isn't > ideal in a climate where you have a lot of snow and cold weather. Even > though it isn't ideal, they seem to manage. I always kept Italians in > Idaho (sometimes as cold as -20 F) and Seattle (sometimes as cold as 16 F), > and they did fine. > > On the other hand, Carnies are from the mountains of central Europe where > winters are much more harsh. They shut down the brood nest in the winter > and maintain a smaller winter cluster to save honey stores. You would > think this would put them behind the curve in the spring, but they build up > really fast and catch up with the Italians by mid spring. This rapid > buildup tends to encourage swarming. > > I live in a climate similar to Italy, and I don't like Carnies for my > location. We only have a few weeks when the bees can't fly and those weeks > are scattered over about 3 months. Even when they can't fly, it's more > because of rain than cold. There are minor nectar flows throughout the > year, and buildup starts in December. I reported the very first swarm on > the Bee List on February 24th this year. I see bees foraging on Eucalyptus > and other available crops every month of the year. It drives me nuts to > see a Carnie or Caucasian hive languishing through the balmy winter months > because of an internal clock designed for hard weather. > > The Utah Rockies are a different story - Much more like the Alps, where > Carnies came from. I didn't know enough back when I was in the Bitter Root > Mountains of Idaho to try Carniolans, so I kept Italians there. I don't > have much experience with Carnies in cold weather, but it makes sense that > they would be a more winter hardy choice in such a location. > > A few other minor differences are that Italians propolize, rob, and drift > more, Carnies are a little less productive and a little more gentle on > average. > > My suggestion is that you start with one or two of each and see what you > think. Pretty soon you'll end up as strongly opinionated as the rest of > us! > Michael > ---------- > >...Their are two different > > varieties of bees I am looking at for this springs hive. They are the > > Italians and Carniolans. I live in the rocky mountain just south of Salt > Lake > > City (Utah the Bee Hive State). Can some of you talk about the > advantages and > > disadvantages of these two strains. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 19:04:05 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: bartlett Subject: Re: bee fables Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Now that things have lightened up a bit let's get back to the bees. (Tee hee) As most of you know it is getting close to the time when we should DEWORM our bees!!! For you new beekeepers, this is not hard to do, but is hard to keeptrack of the ones that you have already done. billy bee ; < ) ---------- > From: Jim Moore > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Re: bee fables > Date: 28 ao{t 1997 10:38 > > Offensive? > > I found the fable utterly preposterous! ;-) ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 19:15:06 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Robert Watson Subject: Re: bee fables In-Reply-To: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII The recent controversial "fable" was so offensive to me that i cannot even recall what the offense was! I read it and deleted it .... i think .... Hmmm...does someone still have it so they could forward it to me ... I must have missed the joke ... I want to see what i missed ... ;-) Robert C.L. Watson rwatson1@freenet.npiec.on.ca pipe organ technician organist - choirmaster early woodwind player hobby beekeeper homebrewer tenor ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 16:20:59 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: John Day Subject: Re: bee fables the surest way to draw attention to something is to complain about it. can we get on with our lives and let the few who were offended go away and mutter to themselves? john ps, don't flame me, i won't care. ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 16:18:49 -0700 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Andy Nachbar Subject: Re: Wintering Requirement Comments: To: allend@internode.net Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" At 07:16 AM 8/28/97 -0600, Allen Dick wrote: >> "Soy" flower is somewhat of a sacred cow when it comes to bee feed >> nothing bad I can say about it will go unanswered by it proponents. ("It >> must be good as so and so sells diets with it in it") > >Now, Andy, I don't mean no disrespect, but howcum you are so sure of this? >I'm not arguing with you -- and I am really interested in the truth of this >cause it's costing me money not to know what my bees really really need, >but I wonder on exactly what experience you base this strong assertion. I think you answered it for me, but if it works for you, use it as long as your are using yeast with it. From my experience for a fact I could not rear bees on soy flower of any kind, type, or brand in a beehive that does not contain pollen or have pollen coming in, but the bees will collect it and sometimes even put it in the hive. If you put enough sugar in it it will disappear, but you can do that with chopped up newspaper. But this is only my experience and what can be found in the literature in feeding tests done by others may be different. I would not ever say it could not be different for others the only thing I can say for sure is I don't use soy flower in any of my own bee diets because it did not add anything but cost to them for me. Its only use would be to cut a diet that had a more expensive protein, or maybe one that, let us say was a little hot in N. It would not increase the amount of brood reared for each pound fed without some outside help as above. >> Without other proteins or natural pollen stored or coming into the hive >> it is of no value to honeybees. >Can you assure us that yeasts do work under such conditions? 100% Guarantee it is better then soy flower alone and bee feed with soy flower added having done some work myself with bulk bees and a queens during the winter here in Los Banos that is ideal for this type of test as it is warm enough to rear brood without having it froze back but too foggy and overcast for bees to fly other then a hour or a day now and then to make a nature trip to the facilities in the sky that bees use. Nothing is more exciting then opening a hive in the middle of winter and finding healthy brood wall to wall because of your own inputs. Its a power trip when anyone can fool Mother Nature that way. Is this type of feed lot feeding of any value?, not really, other then knowing it can be done. Like the local beekeepers would ask "what value is a super hive of bees that is going to swarm the first good day in February?" or "a hive that needs a young queen before they are normally available" (Hawaii excluded). It is, in fact becomes a problem if you have several thousand box's of them ready to leave, but a problem that I believe I could find a solution for and would have liked to have and only the fact that the cost of the inputs were grater then the value of the end results has kept feed lot beekeeping from being a reality. But we can increase or extend the fall brood cycle, and start the spring one with supplemental feeding and some do in this area with excellent results. >> The ideal protein diet would be one that could be fed as a liquid and >> that was the one that I was/am looking for. (Honeybees consume only >> liquids.) >I find this pretty fascinating, since every beekeeper "knows" that bees eat >pollen. Many know that it is made into bee bread. Now the exact process >is hard to see, and little described. And as you point out they have to >suck whatever they eat up a straw, so bread may not be the best description >of what they eat. In fact most every beekeeper has seen the process but few have recognized it as that. If next time you are in a hive look for the pollen cells closest to the brood combs or in it and you will notice that some have what looks like a film or layer of liquid over it, this is the pollen the bees are consuming and it has been prepared for their use by lignification by other bees. If you look closer you will be amazed that what you see is not homogeneous and really can be fractions of food materials and varies from food cell to food cell. My own theory on this is that the bottom layer is the least nutritious but that's just a guess. That bottom layer would contain the most bee bread. How did I get so smart, well its a long story about some old bee guy's I loved from the USDA with 50+ years field experience each as beekeepers and scientists who never saw it all and continued to look. Frank and Sam were their name and they stopped by one day in the winter to see some special bees I had that flew in the winter here and did other wonderful things not normally seen in our local bees. The weather was our normal foggy overcast with only a degree or two between high and low in the 50 degree f. range. The bees cooperated and were not only flying when they arrived but were up to one of their tricks and that was collecting pollen for dead hives and using it to rear brood in their own hives. We all were very experienced bee observers and we all saw something for the first time, or at least two of us did as if I had not seen it earlier and followed the process I would have not been able to show others. I am sure the reason this is not seen more often is that the humidity has to be just right and normally inside a dead hive it would not be and when it is natural pollen is available. Anyway those special bees capped a friendship of many years and a trip to Washington to visit with Frank and see the old Senator's ball game, and input in a book by Sam on pollination. Both men are now working bees in heaven I am sure as I believe that for beekeepers even in heaven there can be no real vacations during the bee season and know that GOD does not allow plastic flowers of any kind there so it got to be tall clover for the old beekeepers who make the grade. >I guess we can assume that the conversion process from fresh pollen can't >take too long, since the bees start brood rearing almost as soon as the >pollen is in the door -- or do they? Part of the old never ending chicken and egg story. Brood rearing will start without pollen income on sugar or nectar income, at the least eggs will be laid. How far that brood develops depends on pollen income... Bees can feed brood for some time without pollen it if they were reared on a good natural balanced diet the fall before, fat bees you might say, but the conditions for making bee bread and rearing brood are the same conditions as for the natural fermation process so if the cluster is warm enough which in many areas is the coldest part of the winter broodrearing will start as they heat up naturally by consuming more honey then those say in central California 's interiour valley. Now bees reared under such conditions or any conditions that are not almost ideal are reported to have defects such as a shorter life span and lack of ability to feed brood so if that is the only bees you have left in your hive when things start to open up in the field they end up as the dink's or dead outs. Anyone can see broodrearing is a very complex issue and feed income, hive temperatures, age of the bees, and many other factors are present. Its no real wonder that such a large percentage of hives that die each season do, and how one year can be more disastrous then another, but its been that way for as far back as bee yard records go, well maybe, modern bee yard records as I am not sure those cave painting were morning the loss of honeybees or just predicting it. IMHO, not necessarily the way it is, but maybe just the way I see it. Some talk about the order of things in nature, what I have seen is the success of the disorder and variability in the nature of bees. ttul, the OLd Drone ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 21:31:17 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: "W. G. Miller" Subject: Re: Queen in honey super How do you get a queen out of a honey super? Pick her up and put her where she belongs, then put a queen excluder between the supers and the brood boxes. W. G. Miller Gaithersburg, MD ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 21:26:23 -0500 Reply-To: beeman52@worldnet.att.net Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Ken Lawrence Subject: Nice Beekeeper MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Hello Folks: This is Ken Lawrence on this side of the Computer about 25 miles North of Kansas City Mo. I am having to have surgery on my back and a tad on the PUNY side. I have a friend (Barry Birkey) (http://www.birkey.com) who lives in West Chicago Il. that drove down (about 510 miles oneway) last weekend with his daughter and helped another friend take off my last supers Saturday. I have 32 hives. He helped remove 73 supers. He then worked all day Sunday uncapping. When he got done I had about 4000 lbs total of honey from my hives. This was the second takeoff for my bees this year. Average of 125 per hive. I sure do THANK him. I have met some very nice people since I have been keeping bees (1971). He also stopped by Dadants in Hamilton Il. and picked up some supplies for my friend who runs a bee supply on the side. THERE ARE STILL SOME GREAT PEOPLE LEFT IN THE WORLD. Thanks again Barry. Before I close I have a 150 gallon Galv. tank with gate valve and honey funnel that anybody who wants it can come and get it. I have gone all Stainless steel. It needs to be coated inside again and I think I still have a quart. I think it measures 38 inches across and 34 inches deep. Hope everybody else has had a Great Honey Year. Maybe we will be hearing how different parts of the World came out on their Honey crops. Ken Lawrence ========================================================================= Date: Fri, 29 Aug 1997 03:58:47 +0100 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Computer Software Solutions Ltd Subject: Nice Beekeeper Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Ken Lawrence echoes my sentiments exactly when he speaks of nice beekeepers. I have only recently started beekeeping here in the Emerald Isle and I have made more genuine friends in the last 6 months than I have in the previous 30 years. Maybe it is because we live so close to nature that we really enjoy each others company. The BEE line is an excellent example (if one were needed) of how beekeepers sit down at their computers and type in long well thought out helpful messages to people they may never meet. In an increasingly selfish world, I am selfish enough to think that beekeepers have (perhaps with the strange assistance of the lovely little insects which we all adore) managed to break through the Selfish Barrier!. Anyway enough of the Philosophy! It is a splendid lovely activity which benefits nature and all who partake in it. Sincerely Tom Barrett 49 South Park Foxrock Dublin 18 Ireland e mail: cssl@iol.ie ========================================================================= Date: Thu, 28 Aug 1997 23:37:49 -0400 Reply-To: Discussion of Bee Biology Sender: Discussion of Bee Biology From: Chip McCurdy Subject: Re: bee fables Comments: To: snielsen@orednet.org MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit There was nothing written in that joke that was could have been found offensive. You people were offended by your own imagination. C. ---------- > From: Susan L. Nielsen > To: BEE-L@CNSIBM.ALBANY.EDU > Subject: Re: bee fables > Date: Thursday, August 28, 1997 5:27 PM > > >I, too, was offended by this crude joke. > > >> >Fella was in the market to buy some acreage. He found just what > > What, will someone please explain, is so crude about a calf, > apparently, sucking on some guy's fingers and toes? Anyone > who has had this happen will know they can suck the life out > of you. > > Unless, of course, the reader is trying to make something more out > of it... ;-) > > Susan > > -- > Susan Nielsen | Beehive: If you build it, > snielsen@orednet.org | they will comb. > > --