Subject: Re: pine needles

From: Kelly McGrew <[email-masked]>
Date: 27 Aug 1995 14:38:49 GMT

By reducing the surface area of the leaf, the amount of area in which 
transpiration occurs is minimized.  Compare to the cycads, many of 
which also have narrow leaves and grow in mesic conditions.

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From: Terry Hardig <[email-masked]>
Date: Sat, 2 Sep 1995 22:37:05 GMT

Pine needle leaves have several modifications that reduce 
moisture loss:

1)	A double epidermis
2)	A hypodermis
3)	Relatively thick cuticle
4)	Sunken stomata