Subject: RE: Future

From: [email-masked] (Eric Decker)
Date: Thu, 6 Apr 95 15:25:00 -0500

K > Message-ID: <[email-masked]>
K > NNTP-Posting-Host: [email-masked]
K > X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL1]

K > you see food consumption, food preserving in the next 20, 30 or 40 years?
K > Do you see any trends now that will continue?

  World population continues to increase, fish population in the
oceans continues to decrease ... ten years ago I was of the opinion
overpopulation would lead to overfishing to extinction - we're almost
there.  A large part of the world's population which to this point
has depended on fish for protein will have to switch to a vegetable
based food supply. This will put enormous pressure on arable land with
added conflict over such land.

 We're heading toward more of a vegetable based society - even in the
decadent west. As air transportation systems become larger flying tree
ripened peaches from Chile to Toronto in January becomes a viable
proposition.

  Bird's Eye is moving to fresh rather than frozen in a big way. This
is happening in spite of highly efficient freezing and storage
facilities, trucking. The frozen vegetable is enhanced with the
advanced microwave ovens of the 90s which cook frozen vegetables
very nicely.  The move to fresh vegetables is driving the Bird's Eye
move - our local grocery stores are proof they are right.  In my
immediate area are four large stores - I'm hard pressed to see
anybody buying in the frozen foods section while the fresh produce
section is usually overcrowded.

 The explosion in the number of stand alone fresh fruit and vegetable
stores which compete head on with the grocery chains is additional
evidence.

  Chile and South Africa today, Australia will supply my table in a
few years.

   For those folks who have the time and effort, food preserving will
see a comeback. It's happening already.  10 years ago, one could find
canning supplies in only the old fashioned retailer. Today we see
canning supplies sold year round in department stores and in boutique
kitchen suppliers in fancy marble covered shopping malls.

   If I can't have it fresh, I'd like to have it on my pantry shelf
where I know what went into it.  The boomers are re-inventing the food
chain as they creep towards old age.

Last comment on fish .....

  Fish farming will see exponential growth in the decades ahead.  It
will be supplied fresh to the markets. Fish is often considered to be
a healthy food choice, we may yet eat as much fish as our
great-grandparents did but we'll not consume the mountains of salt
they did.  Already we have better health for passing up the salt.

  In the end, it isn't oil that is the most strategic commodity.

---------
Eric

                             11:23:31  04-06-1995
   
 * PMDBM  V1.75b #14 *

From [email-masked] Apr  5 23:25:23 1995
Date: Wed, 5 Apr 1995 19:42:37 -0500 (CDT)
From: Nancy Lee Bentley <[email-masked]>
To: [email-masked], [email-masked]
Subject: Foodsheds and Food Circles - corrected post

The message is being resent with apologies to sanet-mg and others 
for technical difficulties and poor transmission of "Foodsheds and 
Food Circles" message encountered 4/3 and 4/4. 
 
Nancy Lee Bentley
The Food Circle
PO Box 3083
Champaign, IL 61826-3083
(217) 586-3846
[email-masked]
[email-masked] (The Food Circle) 

       _Local Food Security:_
       _Foodsheds and Food Circles_

       Contents:
       The Foodshed and The Food Circle
       More Local Food Security and Food Systems Development Info/Issues
       References and Resources

       _The Foodshed and The Food Circle_
       The foodshed and the food circle are two concepts gaining recognition as
       model s or conceptual frameworks for describing local food systems.
       
        The foodshed concept, most often attributed to Arthur Getz's in his 1991
       Urban Foodsheds article in Permaculture Activist,  uses the analogy of a
       watershed to describe 'the area that is defined by a structure of supply'.  Getz
       used the image of a foodshed to answer the question of  "Where our food is
       coming from  and how it is getting to us" and to picture how the local and
       regional food supply system works.   Inherent in this concept, he empha-
       sized, was 'the suggestion of a need to protect a source, as well as the need
       to know and understand its specific geographic and ecological dimensions,
       condition and stability in order for it to be safeguarded and enhanced.'       
       
       Today the Madison, Wisconsin area Foodshed Working Group along with an
       active coalition of food coops, csa associations, farmer's markets, producer
       coops, bakeries and other food processors, a natural food warehouse/
       distributor, UWMadison and other active participants is the best example 
       of a local food system identifying with the foodshed concept.      
       
       The Food Circle is a dynamic, community-based and regionally-integrated 
       food systems concept/model/vision. In effect, it is  a systems ecology.  In
       contrast to the current linear production-consumption system, The Food
       Circle is a production-consumption-recycle model.   A celebration of cycles,
       this model mirrors all natural systems and is based on the fact that all stable,
       biological and other systems function as closed cycles or circles, carefully
       preserving energy, nutrients, resources and the integrity of the whole.  
       
       The graphic model is a wheel of concentric circles, illustrating how an
       integrated  food system flows from  ag inputs and production through
       consumption and waste recycling. Starting with the individual at the center
       and moving outward through the family and community circles,this model
       shows the food system and its parts work,   integrating  political, economic,
       communication and other factors. For example, the CSA farmer in the
       production sector is directly across the circle from the CSA consumer
       members, showing the direct marketing relationship.    
       
       The goal of The Food Circle is to consciously develop networks of
       sustainable, community- based and regionally-integrated food systems,
       capable of providing the basic food needs of their members, providing
       markets for local food and agricultural producers, providing cooperative
       communications and trading exchanges as clearinghouses for goods, services
       and information.  Finally, the concept fosters an awareness of food
       stewardship.   The bottom line is energy, values and the preservation of life. 
       In contrast to the current linear food "chain" or food system resembling a
       gas and energy guzzling snake with two funnels at each end,  The Food
       Circle depicts a fundamental closure, integration and healing of the food
       system we desperately need. The Food Circle  embraces the whole web,
       including the food system connections,  from a regional perspective. 

       The beauty of The Food Circle lies in its addressing a host of associated
       issues, making it adaptable to a broad range of multidisciplinary interests as
       an organizing vehicle, a teaching model, a community economic develop-
       ment and planning model, even an entrepreneurial model. 
       
       This Food Circle is actually a blueprint  model  I have been developing and
       nurturing for a number of  years, first publicly used by myself and other
       organizers of New York's first organic conference, Closing the Food Circle,
       held at Ithaca in 1984.  Since then the concept has grown slowly,
       organically,  through writing, presentations, university research, local
       organizing projects, local and regional workshops, and now the budding of
       plans for the first multidisciplinary  foodsystem conference, The Food Circle
       Network: Campaign for Sustainable Food Systems, targetted for 1996.  The
       Food Circle WWW page is also now under construction.

       Several communities, including Kansas City/Columbia, Missouri and
       Champaign-Urbana, Illinois are developing local food circles.    The Kansas
       City model incorporates a food policy council and membership in a statewide
       foodsystems task force, including a developing network  of  producers,
       consumers and neighborhood based local food circle projects have been
       organized.  Two yearly conferences have been held.  
       
       The Champaign-Urbana Food Circle, sprouting shoots in this Silicon Prairie
       testbed community, is still an informal consortium of  csa's, food coop,
       vegetarian restaurant, farmer's market, farmer's market nutrition coupon
       project,  UIUC,  organic/sustainable  producers in a Sustainable Agriculture
       Network and other activists, but  also includes the local electronic
       Prairienet/freenet as a component of its nervous system.  Local currency
       options, especially  incorporating electronic information/creditsystems, are
       being researched.  A precedent-setting national "Information Agriculture"
       conference, including Simulated Electronic Community  utilizing The Food
       Circle model,  is scheduled in Champaign -Urbana for  June 1995.    
         
       One key component of the local food circle operating model is
       communication. As Food Systems Development Coordinator with U of  I ,
       this past year I have been working with the Sustainable Agriculture Network
       and other groups to develop specialty/organic/ LOVA (locally- owned,
       value-added) approaches  for Illinois and Midwest producers.  An electronic
       marketing information service, including electronic marketing directory and
       marketing network development, has been proposed.  Meanwhile, we are
       working with the local CCNet (business net) Ag committee to get at least 50
       farmers up on Email before the summer, conceivably a lost cause now that
       "the fields are dry enough to work".          

       The work takes time,  growing organically, for  the people must develop    
        conviction  in the ecological basis for the model and then reorient their
       working or consuming relationships.   Barriers  abound, from the centralized,
       technocratic structure of agriculture to consumer obsession with speed and
       convenience.  Likewise,  as emphasized in the June 1994 Defining
       Sustainable Communities Conference, sponsored by the Tides Foundation, 
       "Sustainable communities require a different value system than the one
       which predominates in America today".   Yet,  the change will come,  the
       conversion will happen.  Inevitably, whether by choice or through economic
       collapse, we will end up returning to a  locally-based food system. 
             
       _More Local Food Security and Food Systems Development Issues_
       Other approaches to local food security and food systems development have
       been focused on formation of local/municipal  food policy councils.  Ken
       Dahlberg, at the Dept. of  Political Science, Western Michigan University,
       has done extensive research, written several papers on this top-down
       approach to local food systems development. He is currently coordinating
       the Local Food Systems Project, funded by W.K. Kellogg Foundation, which
       has been active in financial support and leadership in this area.  
       
        Charleston, SC; Kansas City, Mo; Knoxville, TN;  Philadelphia, PA; and St.
       Paul, MN, plus Onondaga County, (Syracuse)  NY have or have had food
       policy councils to coordinate local food systems in their municipalities, with
       varying degrees of success.  Some other cities with strong local food systems
       are Hartford, CT, Ithaca, NY, and Toronto, Ontario.  Food systems
       developments in  Los Angeles and East St. Louis, IL have been spearheaded
       by Urban and Regional Planners, rather than by food advocates per se.         
       
       In their paper "Community Food Security: A Food Systems Approach 
       to the 1995 Farm Bill", Andy Fisher and Bob Gottlieb of UCLA's  School of
       Architecture and Urban Planning,  brought out key issues to those activists
       attending the first Community Food Security Coalition's organizational
       meeting,  August 25th, 1994:
        
       "... the concept of food security is often associated with the phenomenon of
       hunger.  However, food security differs from hunger in certain crucial ways. 
       First, food security represents a community need rather than an individual's
       plight, as with hunger.   In this context, we define food security as 'all
       persons obtaining a culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through
       non-emergency (conventional) sources at all times.'   Second, whereas
       hunger measures an existing condition of depravation, food security is decid-
       edly prevention-oriented, evaluating the existence of resources -- both
       community and personal -- to provide an individual with adequate acceptable
       food...
       
       A food security analysis extends .. into an examination of the food system. 
       Questions of equity and sustainability are vital to the development of food
       security.... A food system offering security should have sustainability such
       that the ecological system is protected and improved over time.. and equity,
       meaning as a minimum, dependable access for all social groups".

       Within the organizing framework of these models, local food systems/
       community food security can provide a vehicle for coalition-building among
       those interested in anti-hunger advocacy, sustainable agriculture, nutrition,
       urban agriculture, local food policy and community development and other
       related issues.  

       We are approaching a time of integration, where growing numbers of food,
       agriculture and other professionals are recognizing the need for an integrated 
       local/regional  f ood systems approach  to really  address, analyze and solve
       the current challenges in food and agriculture today.  In this visually-oriented
       world, such models are critical tools in this emerging discipline.   They can
       help  increase understanding of our current food system, identify barriers and
       constraints to sustainability  and give us a vision and roadmap for realizing --
       making real --  an optimum food system. 

       

       
       _Resources and References_
       
       A partial listing of References and Resources on foodsheds, food circles,
       community food security and local food systems issues and information.
       
       References:
       
       An Introduction to The Food Circle:  A Stewardship 'Technology' 
       for the New Paradigm, by Nancy Lee Bentley,  EcoCity Journal,
       Winter 1994,  available from The Food Circle.
        
       Community Food Security: A Food Systems  Approach to the 1995 Farm
       Bill, by Andy Fisher and Robert Gottlieb, UCLA , for The Community 
       Food Security Coalition.
        
       Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability,
       edited by Patricia Allen, 1993.  New York, John Wiley.
       
       Defining Sustainable Communities, Report from the Conference, June 2-4,
       1994, $5.00 from  Neighborhood Funders Group, 1001 South Marshall
       Street,  Suite 55,  Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101; 910-724-9070.
       
       Food Policy Councils:  The Experience of  Five Cities and One County,
       by Kenneth Dahlberg, Paper presented to the Joint Meeting of the Agri-
       culture, Food and Human Values Society and the Society for the Study of
        Food and Society, Tucson, AZ, June 1994
        
       Hendrix College Project. by Melissa Beck Yazman,  available from 
       Gary Valen, Hendrix College, Conway,  AR 72032.
       
       Local Food Systems: Policies and Values Influencing their Potential, 
        by Kenneth Dahlberg, 1993. National Science Foundation supported
       project, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI.
       
       Planting the Future:  Developing an Agriculture that Sustains Land 
       and Community, edited by Ann R. Bird, Gordan L. Bultena, and 
       John C. Gardner.  1995.  available from Iowa State University Press, 
       2121 S. State Avenue, Ames, IA 50014-8300. 
        
       Regional Food Guidance:  A Tool for a Sustainable Food System, by 
       Jennifer Wilkens,  Presented at the joint meeting of the Association
       for the Study of Food and Nutrition and the Agriculture, Food and
       Human Values Society, Tucson, AZ, May 1994.
         
       Sustainable Community Values Project Preliminary Report, Workshop
       presentation by Verna Kragnes and others,  Eating Closer to Home CSA 
       Conference, Dec. 1994. University of Wisconsin, River Falls.   
       
       The Community Food Security Empowerment Act, January 1995, available
       from The Community Food Security Coalition c/o Hartford Food System. 
       
       Urban Foodsheds,  by Arthur Getz.  1991,  Permaculture Activist: 
       Vol VII, No.3.

       Resources:
       
       The Community Food Security Coalition;  Mark Winne, c/o the Hartford
       Food System, 509 Wethersfield Ave. Hartford, CT 06114.  203-296-9325; 
       203-296-8326  fax
       
       Andy Fisher, Robert  Gottlieb, UCLA Department of Urban Planning,
       405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095 310-825-1067; 310-206-5566 fax
       
       Kate Fitzgerald, Nessa Richman,  Sustainable Food Center, 1715 East
       Sixth St., Suite 200, Austin, TX  78702; (512) 472-2073; (512) 472-2075
       fax;  [email-masked]   
       
        Kenneth Dahlberg, Local Food Systems Project;, Department of Political 
       Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI  49008, (616) 387-
       5686;  (616) 387-3999 fax
       
       Anne deMeurisse, Minnesota Food Project, 2395 University Avenue, Saint
       Paul, MN 55114.  (612) 644-2038.
        
       Kate Clancy,  Department of Nutrition and Food Managerment, 034 Slocum
       Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York;  13244-1250; (315) 443-
       4554.
       
       Robert L. Wilson,  consultant to City of Knoxville Food Policy Council, 
       (615)-588-7168.  or Gail Harris, City of Knoxville, Food Policy Council, PO
       Box 51650, Knoxville, TN 37950-1650. (615)-546-3500. 
       
       Sally  Leong,  Foodshed Working Group, 793A Russell Laboratories, 
       UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin  53706 (608) 262-5309  

       Nancy Lee Bentley, The Food Circle, The Food Circle Network, PO Box
       3083, Champaign, IL, 61826-3083, (217)-586-3846,  [email-masked]
       for a packet of informational material including graphic linear and Food
       Circle models and a reprint of  the Eco-City Journal "An Introduction to The
       Food Circle" article,  send $6.95 to The Food Circle. 
       
       Ben Kjelsus, The Food Circle Project, 7121 Park Road, Kansas City, MO
       64129.  (816) 924-3003.
       
       Verna Kragnes, Philadelphia Community Farm,  Box 668, Osceola, WI
       54020;  (715) 294-3136.
       
       Rod MacRae, Toronto Food Policy Council, 277 Victoria Street, Toronto,
       Ontario  Canada  M5B 1W1 416-392-1107: 416-392-1357 fax

       
       Nancy Lee Bentley
       The Food Circle
       The Food Circle Network
       PO Box 3083
       Champaign, IL, 61826-3083
       (217)-586-3846
       [email-masked]
       
       For a packet of informational material including graphic linear and Food
       Circle models and a reprint of  the Eco-City Journal "An Introduction to The
       Food Circle" article,  send $7.95 payable to The Food Circle, address above. 

From [email-masked] Apr  7 11:17:26 1995
Date: Fri, 7 Apr 1995 07:39:36 -0700 (PDT)
From: "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)" <[email-masked]>
To: Principles of Sustainable Agriculture <[email-masked]>
Subject: Foodsheds and Food Circles - corrected post (fwd)

---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 1995 21:18:19 -0600 (CST)
From: Nancy Lee Bentley <[email-masked]>
To: [email-masked]
Subject: Foodsheds and Food Circles - corrected post

The message is being resent with apologies to the sustag list and others 
for technical difficulties and poor transmission of "Foodsheds and 
Food Circles" message encountered 4/3 and 4/4. 
 
Nancy Lee Bentley
The Food Circle
PO Box 3083
Champaign, IL 61826-3083
(217) 586-3846
[email-masked]  [email-masked] 
[email-masked] (The Food Circle) 

       _Local Food Security:_
       _Foodsheds and Food Circles_

       Contents:
       The Foodshed and The Food Circle
       More Local Food Security and Food Systems Development Info/Issues
       References and Resources

       _The Foodshed and The Food Circle_
       The foodshed and the food circle are two concepts gaining recognition as
       model s or conceptual frameworks for describing local food systems.
       
       The foodshed concept, most often attributed to Arthur Getz's in his 1991
       Urban Foodsheds article in Permaculture Activist,  uses the analogy of a
       watershed to describe 'the area that is defined by a structure of supply'.  Getz
       used the image of a foodshed to answer the question of  "Where our food is
       coming from  and how it is getting to us" and to picture how the local and
       regional food supply system works.   Inherent in this concept, he empha-
       sized, was 'the suggestion of a need to protect a source, as well as the need
       to know and understand its specific geographic and ecological dimensions,
       condition and stability in order for it to be safeguarded and enhanced.'       
       
       Today the Madison, Wisconsin area Foodshed Working Group along with an
       active coalition of food coops, csa associations, farmer's markets, producer
       coops, bakeries and other food processors, a natural food warehouse/
       distributor, UWMadison and other active participants is the best example 
       of a local food system identifying with the foodshed concept. 

       The Food Circle is a dynamic, community-based and regionally-integrated 
       food systems concept/model/vision. In effect, it is a systems ecology.  In
       contrast to the current linear production-consumption system, The Food
       Circle is a production-consumption-recycle model.   A celebration of cycles,
       this model mirrors all natural systems and is based on the fact that all stable,
       biological and other systems function as closed cycles or circles, carefully
       preserving energy, nutrients, resources and the integrity of the whole.  
       
       The graphic model is a wheel of concentric circles, illustrating how an
       integrated  food system flows from  ag inputs and production through
       consumption and waste recycling. Starting with the individual at the center
       and moving outward through the family and community circles,this model
       shows the food system and its parts work as a web,  integrating  political,  
       economic, communication and other factors. For example, the CSA farmer in  
       the  production sector is directly across the circle from the CSA consumer
       members, showing the direct marketing relationship.    
       
       The goal of The Food Circle is to consciously develop networks of
       sustainable, community-based and regionally-integrated food systems,
       capable of providing the basic food needs of their members, providing
       markets for local food and agricultural producers, providing cooperative
       communications and trading exchanges as clearinghouses for goods, services
       and information.  Finally, the concept fosters an awareness of food
       stewardship.   The bottom line is energy, values and the preservation of life. 
       In contrast to the current linear food "chain" or food system resembling a
       gas and energy guzzling snake with two funnels at each end,  The Food
       Circle depicts a fundamental closure, integration and healing of the food
       system we desperately need. The Food Circle embraces the whole web,
       including the food system connections,  from a regional perspective. 

       The beauty of The Food Circle lies in its addressing a host of associated
       issues, making it adaptable to a broad range of multidisciplinary interests as
       an organizing vehicle, a teaching model, a community economic develop-
       ment and planning model, even an entrepreneurial model. 
       
       This Food Circle is actually a blueprint  model  I have been developing and
       nurturing for a number of  years, first publicly used by myself and other
       organizers of New York's first organic conference, Closing the Food Circle,
       held at Ithaca in 1984.  Since then the concept has grown slowly,
       organically,  through writing, presentations, university research, local
       organizing projects, local and regional workshops, and now the budding of
       plans for the first multidisciplinary  foodsystem conference, The Food Circle
       Network: Campaign for Sustainable Food Systems, targetted for 1996.  The
       Food Circle WWW page is also now under construction.

       Several communities, including Kansas City/Columbia, Missouri and
       Champaign-Urbana, Illinois are developing local food circles.  The Kansas
       City model incorporates a food policy council and membership in a statewide
       foodsystems task force, including a developing network  of  producers,
       consumers and neighborhood based local food circle projects have been
       organized.  Two yearly conferences have been held.  
       
       The Champaign-Urbana Food Circle, sprouting shoots in this Silicon Prairie
       testbed community, is still an informal consortium of  csa's, food coop,
       vegetarian restaurant, farmer's market, farmer's market nutrition coupon
       project,  UIUC,  organic/sustainable  producers in a Sustainable Agriculture
       Network and other activists, but  also includes the local electronic
       Prairienet/freenet as a component of its nervous system.  Local currency
       options, especially  incorporating electronic information/creditsystems, are
       being researched.  A precedent-setting national "Information Agriculture"
       conference, including Simulated Electronic Community  utilizing The Food
       Circle model,  is scheduled in Champaign -Urbana for  June 1995.    
         
       One key component of the local food circle operating model is
       communication. As Food Systems Development Coordinator with U of  I
       this past year, I have been working with the Sustainable Agriculture Network
       and other groups to develop specialty/organic/ LOVA (locally-owned,
       value-added) approaches  for Illinois and Midwest producers.  An electronic
       marketing information service, including electronic marketing directory and
       marketing network development, has been proposed.  Meanwhile, we are
       working with the local CCNet (business net) Ag committee to get at least 50
       farmers up on Email before the summer, conceivably a lost cause now that
       "the fields are dry enough to work".          

       The work takes time,  growing organically, for  the people must develop    
        conviction  in the ecological basis for the model and then reorient their
       working or consuming relationships.   Barriers  abound, from the centralized,
       technocratic structure of agriculture to consumer obsession with speed and
       convenience.  Likewise,  as emphasized in the June 1994 Defining
       Sustainable Communities Conference, sponsored by the Tides Foundation, 
       "Sustainable communities require a different value system than the one
       which predominates in America today".   Yet,  the change will come,  the
       conversion will happen.  Inevitably, whether by choice or through economic
       collapse, we will end up returning to a  locally-based food system. 
             
       _More Local Food Security and Food Systems Development Issues_
       Other approaches to local food security and food systems development have
       been focused on formation of local/municipal  food policy councils.  Ken
       Dahlberg, at the Dept. of  Political Science, Western Michigan University,
       has done extensive research, written several papers on this top-down
       approach to local food systems development. He is currently coordinating
       the Local Food Systems Project, funded by W.K. Kellogg Foundation, which
       has been active in financial support and leadership in this area.  
       
        Charleston, SC; Kansas City, Mo; Knoxville, TN;  Philadelphia, PA; and St.
       Paul, MN, plus Onondaga County, (Syracuse)  NY have or have had food
       policy councils to coordinate local food systems in their municipalities, with
       varying degrees of success.  Some other cities with strong local food systems
       are Hartford, CT, Ithaca, NY, and Toronto, Ontario.  Food systems
       developments in  Los Angeles and East St. Louis, IL have been spearheaded
       by Urban and Regional Planners, rather than by food advocates per se.         
       
       In their paper "Community Food Security: A Food Systems Approach 
       to the 1995 Farm Bill", Andy Fisher and Bob Gottlieb of UCLA's  School of
       Architecture and Urban Planning,  brought out key issues to those activists
       attending the first Community Food Security Coalition's organizational
       meeting,  August 25th, 1994:
        
       "... the concept of food security is often associated with the phenomenon of
       hunger.  However, food security differs from hunger in certain crucial ways. 
       First, food security represents a community need rather than an individual's
       plight, as with hunger.   In this context, we define food security as 'all
       persons obtaining a culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through
       non-emergency (conventional) sources at all times.'   Second, whereas
       hunger measures an existing condition of depravation, food security is decid-
       edly prevention-oriented, evaluating the existence of resources -- both
       community and personal -- to provide an individual with adequate acceptable
       food...
       
       A food security analysis extends .. into an examination of the food system. 
       Questions of equity and sustainability are vital to the development of food
       security.... A food system offering security should have sustainability such
       that the ecological system is protected and improved over time.. and equity,
       meaning as a minimum, dependable access for all social groups".

       Within the organizing framework of these models, local food systems/
       community food security can provide a vehicle for coalition-building among
       those interested in anti-hunger advocacy, sustainable agriculture, nutrition,
       urban agriculture, local food policy and community development and other
       related issues.  

       We are approaching a time of integration, where growing numbers of food,
       agriculture and other professionals are recognizing the need for an integrated 
       local/regional  f ood systems approach  to really  address, analyze and solve
       the current challenges in food and agriculture today.  In this visually-oriented
       world, such models are critical tools in this emerging discipline.   They can
       help  increase understanding of our current food system, identify barriers and
       constraints to sustainability  and give us a vision and roadmap for realizing --
       making real --  an optimum food system. 

       
       _Resources and References_
       
       A partial listing of References and Resources on foodsheds, food circles,
       community food security and local food systems issues and information.
       
       References:
       
       An Introduction to The Food Circle:  A Stewardship 'Technology' 
       for the New Paradigm, by Nancy Lee Bentley,  EcoCity Journal,
       Winter 1994,  available from The Food Circle.
        
       Community Food Security: A Food Systems  Approach to the 1995 Farm
       Bill, by Andy Fisher and Robert Gottlieb, UCLA , for The Community 
       Food Security Coalition.
        
       Dietary Guidelines for Sustainability, by Joan Gussow and Kate Clancy,
       Journal of Nutrition Education, Vol.18, 1, 1986.
     
       Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability,
       edited by Patricia Allen, 1993.  New York, John Wiley.
       
       Defining Sustainable Communities, Report from the Conference, June 2-4,
       1994, $5.00 from  Neighborhood Funders Group, 1001 South Marshall
       Street,  Suite 55,  Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101; 910-724-9070.
       
       Food Policy Councils:  The Experience of  Five Cities and One County,
       by Kenneth Dahlberg, Paper presented to the Joint Meeting of the Agri-
       culture, Food and Human Values Society and the Society for the Study of
       Food and Society, Tucson, AZ, June 1994
       
       Hendrix College Project. by Melissa Beck Yazman,  available from 
       Gary Valen, Hendrix College, Conway,  AR 72032.
       
       Local Food Systems: Policies and Values Influencing their Potential, 
       by Kenneth Dahlberg, 1993. National Science Foundation supported
       project, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI.
       
       Planting the Future:  Developing an Agriculture that Sustains Land 
       and Community, edited by Ann R. Bird, Gordan L. Bultena, and 
       John C. Gardner.  1995.  available from Iowa State University Press, 
       2121 S. State Avenue, Ames, IA 50014-8300. 
        
       Regional Food Guidance:  A Tool for a Sustainable Food System, by 
       Jennifer Wilkens,  Presented at the joint meeting of the Association
       for the Study of Food and Nutrition and the Agriculture, Food and
       Human Values Society, Tucson, AZ, May 1994.
         
       Sustainable Community Values Project Preliminary Report, Workshop
       presentation by Verna Kragnes and others,  Eating Closer to Home CSA 
       Conference, Dec. 1994. University of Wisconsin, River Falls.   
       
       The Community Food Security Empowerment Act, January 1995, available
       from The Community Food Security Coalition c/o Hartford Food System. 
       
       Urban Foodsheds,  by Arthur Getz.  1991,  Permaculture Activist: 
       Vol VII, No.3.

       Resources:
       
       The Community Food Security Coalition;  Mark Winne, c/o the Hartford
       Food System, 509 Wethersfield Ave. Hartford, CT 06114.  203-296-9325; 
       203-296-8326  fax
       
       Andy Fisher, Robert  Gottlieb, UCLA Department of Urban Planning,
       405 Hilgard Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095 310-825-1067; 310-206-5566 fax
       
       Kate Fitzgerald, Nessa Richman,  Sustainable Food Center, 1715 East
       Sixth St., Suite 200, Austin, TX  78702; (512) 472-2073; (512) 472-2075
       fax;  [email-masked]   
       
        Kenneth Dahlberg, Local Food Systems Project;, Department of Political 
       Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI  49008, (616) 387-
       5686;  (616) 387-3999 fax
       
       Anne deMeurisse, Minnesota Food Project, 2395 University Avenue, Saint
       Paul, MN 55114.  (612) 644-2038.
        
       Kate Clancy,  Department of Nutrition and Food Managerment, 034 Slocum
       Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York;  13244-1250; (315) 443-
       4554.
       
       Robert L. Wilson,  consultant to City of Knoxville Food Policy Council, 
       (615)-588-7168.  or Gail Harris, City of Knoxville, Food Policy Council, PO
       Box 51650, Knoxville, TN 37950-1650. (615)-546-3500. 
       
       Sally  Leong,  Foodshed Working Group, 793A Russell Laboratories, 
       UW-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin  53706 (608) 262-5309  

       Nancy Lee Bentley, The Food Circle, The Food Circle Network, PO Box
       3083, Champaign, IL, 61826-3083, (217)-586-3846,  [email-masked]
       for a packet of informational material including graphic linear and Food
       Circle models and a reprint of  the Eco-City Journal "An Introduction to The
       Food Circle" article,  send $7.95 to The Food Circle. 
       
       Ben Kjelsus, The Food Circle Project, 7121 Park Road, Kansas City, MO
       64129.  (816) 924-3003.
       
       Verna Kragnes, Philadelphia Community Farm,  Box 668, Osceola, WI
       54020;  (715) 294-3136.
       
       Rod MacRae, Toronto Food Policy Council, 277 Victoria Street, Toronto,
       Ontario  Canada  M5B 1W1 416-392-1107: 416-392-1357 fax

       
       Nancy Lee Bentley
       The Food Circle
       The Food Circle Network
       PO Box 3083
       Champaign, IL, 61826-3083
       (217)-586-3846
       [email-masked]
       
       For a packet of informational material including graphic linear and Food
       Circle models and a reprint of  the Eco-City Journal "An Introduction to The
       Food Circle" article,  send $7.95 payable to The Food Circle, address above.

From [email-masked] Apr  7 15:32:37 1995
Date: Fri, 7 Apr 1995 10:35:34 -0700 (PDT)
From: "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)" <[email-masked]>
To: Principles of Sustainable Agriculture <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: Foodsheds and Food Circles - corrected post (fwd)

[Nancy: If you get this, you are on :-)  TH]

---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Fri, 7 Apr 1995 11:44:33 -0500
From: [email-masked]
To: "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)" <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re: Foodsheds and Food Circles - corrected post (fwd)

Actually, I would like to become a subscriber to your newsgroup.  I have
been wanting
to ever since I found out about it  ---  I believe I had tried to subscribe
once and
was unsuccessful.  For one thing, it sounds like the discussions in your
group are a
little more "real" if you'll excuse the expression -- or at least are more
assertedly involved in "getting to the core" of issues than some of the
others.  I'm learning alot about this new vehicle of communicating over the
Net, having literally plunged headlong into it only within the past few
months.  Yet, even in this "progressive" arena of sustainable agriculture,
as in so many arenas in our contemporary life, discussions are often limited
to "what the traffic will bear", especially within
the scientific community which must necessarily "prove" biodynamics, for
example.

Yet, I know from my many long, painstaking years of dedication to this work
and the
nurturance and refinement of this "Food Circle" vision, -- in its essence a
bridge to new paradigm ---  that our traditional reductionist thinking will
only take us so far.
Even within this scientific community, there must ultimately be a
recognition of the validity of an integrated, wholistic, systems approach in
solving our current problems, paradoxes and dilemnas in food and
agriculture.  Yes, Virginia there _is_ a connection, in fact a continuum,
between agriculture, food, nutrition, the health of our bodies and the
health of the planet.  Even the spirit of life.  All are interrelated and
interdependent.  In fact,  my analysis is that we are on the verge of a time
when we will witness the bridging of the spiritual and scientific.
Biodynamics is into this. This is really what the Food Circle is ultimately
about also. Which is one of the reasons why the time is only now right for
this model to emerge.  It will be a process, but I know many people of
consciousness who are ready for this.  Perhaps some of the dynamics of this
can come out on your listserv.   As Yeats says, "Progress in minute
particulars"...

I would appreciate it if you would either put me on the group list or email
me the
correct commands to become a subscriber.  Thank you for your work.         

Nancy Lee Bentley

>I look forward to getting it.  Try setting your left margin to 0 before
>saving it to an ascii file.  Also use a 12 point font, that should keep
>the number of characters/line down below 75.
>
>Good luck,
>Tom
>
>

From [email-masked] Apr  7 22:04:31 1995
Date: Fri, 07 Apr 1995 16:54:41 -0400
From: [email-masked]
To: [email-masked]
Subject: food security postings from SUSTAG-L

Greetings SANET-ters:

Below are some of the local food security/foodshed messages sent to
SUSTAG-L which were not copied to SANET, and one or two that were
sent directly to me.  Thanks to everyone who responded; I hope that
the sharing of knowledge among the grassroots food systems projects
from around the country will continue.  It seems like the re-
connection of the consumer and the local producer is a win-win
situation.

Best regards,

Tom Akin

-------------------------------------------------------
begin forwarded messages

Fri, 31 Mar 1995 16:36:05 -0600 (CST)
>From: William T Vorley <[email-masked]>
Subject: Foodsheds
To: [email-masked]
Message-id: <[email-masked]>
X-Mailer: EasyVincent 3.0
Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT

May I draw your attention to 2 articles Joel Salatin in New Farm:
Sept/Oct 91 8-12 and Jul/Aug 94 47-48. His "FARM" organization in
Willis VA looks very interesting.
--
Bill Vorley
[email-masked]
Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 3216 Agronomy Hall,
Iowa State
University, Ames IA Tel. (515) 294 7853, Fax. (515) 294 9696


>From: [email-masked]
Date: Wed, 5 Apr 95 10:36:15 EDT
Subject: Foodsheds (again)

The characteristic of a watershed (American usage) that makes it
precisely definable and useful is that not only does a particular
body of water always receive its water from a particular area, but
also the reverse: that the  water running off from a particular
place always follows the same course  (i.e., the line of steepest
descent) and always ends up in the same body of  water.  Is that
supposed to apply to a "foodshed" too?  That is, must a given 
farmer always sell everything through a single channel, to be
consumed in a  single place?   If a farmer produces both wheat and
vegetables, and sells the  vegetables in a local farmers' market,
must the wheat be sold there too?  A  stream of water doesn't
split and go to two places.  Unless we want to impose  the same
restriction on where farmers sell, maybe we need a "wheatshed," a 
"vegetableshed," and so on (maybe even a
"Not-otherwise-Classified-shed."   And if the farmer also raises
cows, would they be sold in the cowshed? 

William Lockeretz


---------- Forwarded message ---------
Date: Wed, 5 Apr 1995 09:55:50 CST
>From: Greg McIsaac <[email-masked]>
To: [email-masked]
Subject: Re: Linguistics (fwd)
On Wednesday April 5 Alasdare McKay described some confusions
around  the term "watershed" in the English speaking world and
argued that using the  term "foodshed" may create similar
confusions.   Being an engineer who works with water movement and
watersheds, I am in  agreement with Mr. McKay.  However, it seems
to me that much of the  confusion over watershed terminology occurs
on the international  level and it is not surprising that the 
objections to the term are coming from outside the US.  In the US,
the term "watershed" is most often used to describe an area that
sheds water to a particular outlet,  which is what everyone else in
the English speaking world refers to as a "catchment."   The ridges

 that divide catchments are referred to "watershed divides"  in the

US.   However, people in the US will still use the phrase
"watershed" to  refer to events or periods of time in which some
great change occurred (e.g. "It was a watershed in American
History").  In that usage they are  using the term "watershed" to
refer to the divide.  

Nancy Lee Bently prefers the term food circle to describe what
seems  to be  a similar set of concepts, and this term may
eliminate  some of the confusion about foodshed terminology on the
international  level.  However, I don't particularly care for the
term food circle,  for two reasons.  A circle is a rather precise,
rigid, two  dimensional geometric form, that does not capture the
dynamic,  flexible, multidimensional character of food systems. 
The ecologists have had the term "food web" for quite some time and
that seems to capture what  much of what foodsheds and food circles
seem to be about.  Why not  use that terminology, since it seems to
be fairly well established,  is ecologically oriented and may
circumvent some confusion on the  international scene?
Gregory McIsaac
Agricultural Engineer
University of Illinois
 
 
   
> Date:          Wed, 5 Apr 1995 07:02:58 -0700 (PDT)
> Reply-to:      [email-masked]
> From:          "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)"
<[email-masked]>
> To:            Principles of Sustainable Agriculture <sustag-
[email-masked]> 
> Subject:       Linguistics (fwd)
> 
> 
> ---------- Forwarded message ---------
> Date: Wed, 5 Apr 1995 10:40:24 -0300
> From: Alasdair McKay <[email-masked]>
> To: "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)"
<[email-masked]> 
> Subject:  Linguistics
> 
> 
> > Presumably those folks having trouble with 'foodshed' and even
> >'watershed' have equal trouble comprehending 'software' (Duh, is
> > that a fabric treatment or something..?) and 'floppy.'
> 
> No very great problem with "foodshed" as an alternative to
> "store" "barn" "larder"  "pantry"  or the like, but when you
associate it with  "watershed" - which means different things to
different people, the intended meaning becomes very obscure.
>  
> > The 3 1/2" floppies must cause apoplexy, because they're not 
> > very bendable.
> 
> Some people have no curiosity  -- try dismembering one.
> 
> "Watershed" to me (and many others in the English-speaking world)
> means "a line on either side of which surface water flows under
> gravity into different river systems".  This is a precise concept
> and I have no difficulty in understanding it. The use of "shed"
> in this sense has also long been used to describe the parting of
> hair on the head in hair-styling circles ( left shed; middle shed
>; right shed ). 
> 
> I am also very well aware that there are many other people in the
> English speaking world who use the term "watershed" in quite a 
> different way -  usually to describe what I would call "catchment
> area", but in arid  areas, where flow under hydraulic pressure 
> may be more important than surface runoff and where no river
> system develops such that one cannot  speak of its catchment
> area, other definitions must be used. I have  often thought that
> this second usage of the term "watershed" must have come about
> through sloppy application of the first usage (arising out of a 
> mis-understanding of the concept), but I am open to correction on
> that point by anyone who has good linguistic historical evidence 
> on the matter.  After a time, one can get used to this Babel, 
> just as one contends with other foreign languages.
> 
> > C'mon, people.  I speak several languages, and the ongoing
> > beauty and strength of English is its very maleability and
> > adaptability; borrowing, adapting, adopting, shaping, modifying
> > words to expand and introduce meaning.

> 
> Undoubtedly - but most languages can do this.  If they could not,
> they would
never have evolved in the first place. Probably the way in which 
> English
differs to some extent is in the facility to commute the function 
> of a word
without altering its structure to fit verbal or other inflection :
> 
>    E.g. Shakespeare's use of "spaniel" as a verb.
> 
>  - But words which have been hammered out of words whose meaning
> is different to different people do begin to cause problems.
> Technical terminology will arise spontaneously when even the rich
> English vocabulary of "words to use when you don't know what to
> call something" prove inadequate for the situation. In very 
> narrow technical fields, only a few people need ever understand 
> such terms.
> Children, over the generations, have also invented vocabularies 
> for themselves. Usually these are left behind as things of 
> childhood, but some pickings may survive to enrich the language.
> 
> > English has become the language of preference for
> > international communication in large measure precisely 
> >_because_ its speakers can (and do) coin words like 'foodshed' 
> > to explain a concept.
> 
> Come on!  English is now an international language because the
> two  dominant Imperial powers of the last three centuries - 
> Britain and the  United States - both used English. An over-rapid
> evolution of the English  language at the present day would
> threaten its utility as the lingua franca of, say, the Orient
> rather than perpetuate it.
>  
> > If you want to stand up and wave the flag for integrated, 
> >corporate, centralised, and heavily subsidised agriculture, by
> >all means do it, and it can be discussed in those terms. 
> 
> I have no desire whatsoever to do this.
> 
> > Please don't, however, set
> > up a term such as 'foodshed' as a straw-man and attack the term
> > rather than discussing the concept.
> 
> The discussions about food supply are both interesting and
> important and should be conducted in a language which as many 
>people as possible can understand readily. In this particular
> topic, the invention of a lot of new technical terms may be
> unwise unless they are genuinely necessary for precise and 
> succinct discussion by some very specialised group of people. If
> nothing else, the proliferation of new terms makes me suspicious
> that someone is trying to "pull the wool" (if you get my drift). 
> I know "straw-men" in various guises from the West and the
> Orient, but do not  quite understand the relevance of the
> term here - although the meaning is  fairly clear from the
> context. I presume that this particular straw man  comes from
> some bit of literature with which I am unfamiliar. 
> 
> 
> Why don't I knock you up tomorrow morning and we'll go out and 
> have a look at this food shed of yours and then we'll find
> somewhere nice where  you can eat on me?
> 
> (Possibly offensive to some, but immediately recognisable by 
> others as nothing but an indication of willingness to come by at
> an early hour for a pre-prandial stroll around the foodshed
> followed by an invitation to breakfast a good restaurant.)
> 
> Alasdair McKay
> 

---------- Forwarded message ---------
Date: Thu, 6 Apr 1995 21:49:02 -0700
>From: Bruce Gregory <[email-masked]>
To: [email-masked]
Subject: Re: Linguistics (fwd)
On Wednesday April 5 Greg McIsaac described some alternative word
useage to
"foodshed" presenting the ideas:
>the term "watershed" in the English speaking world and argued that
using the 
>term "foodshed" may create similar confusions.   Being an  
>engineer who works with water movement and watersheds, I am in  
>agreement with Mr. McKay.  However, it seems to me that much of
>the confusion over watershed terminology occurs on the
>international level and it is not surprising that the objections
> to the term are coming from outside the US.  In the US, the term
> "watershed" is most often used to describe an area that sheds
> water to a particular outlet, which is what everyone else in 
>the English speaking world refers to as a "catchment."   The 
> ridges  that divide catchments are referred to "watershed
>divides"  in the US.   However, people in the US will still use
the phrase "watershed" to  
>refer to events or periods of time in which some great change
occurred 
>(e.g. "It was a watershed in American History").  In that usage
they are  
>using the term "watershed" to refer to the divide.  
>
>Nancy Lee Bently prefers the term food circle to describe what
seems  
>to be a similar set of concepts, and this term may eliminate  
>some of the confusion about foodshed terminology on the
international  
>level.  However, I don't particularly care for the term food
circle,  
>for two reasons.  A circle is a rather precise, rigid, two  
>dimensional geometric form, that does not capture the dynamic,  
>flexible, multidimensional character of food systems.  The
ecologists have had 
>the term "food web" for quite some time and that seems to capture
what  
>much of what foodsheds and food circles seem to be about.  Why not

>use that terminology, since it seems to be fairly well
established,  
>is ecologically oriented and may circumvent some confusion on the 
>international scene?

A better alternative word has been buzzing through my mind of late,
most often
as another description on the "foodshed" idea. How about "foodnet"?
The growing,
transportation on the local, interstate or international scale all
depend upon
a system of networks, (such as the media we are using now. . .)
Networks of
natural systems, human made systems, you get the idea.   
Bruce Gregory
Mitchell Bay Farm 
[email-masked]
(8U---------- Forwarded message ---------
Date: Thu, 6 Apr 1995 10:03:30 -0400 (EDT)
>From: [email-masked]
To: "Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup)"
<[email-masked]> Cc:
Principles of Sustainable Agriculture <[email-masked]>
Subject: Re:
Foodsheds (again) (fwd)

Maybe its not is shed but a web.
Jonathan Haskett

On Wed, 5 Apr 1995, Tom Hodges (moderated newsgroup) wrote: > From:
[email-masked]
> Date: Wed, 5 Apr 95 10:36:15 EDT
> Subject: Foodsheds (again)
> 
> The characteristic of a watershed (American usage) that makes it
precisely  >
definable and useful is that not only does a particular body of
water always  >
receive its water from a particular area, but also the reverse:
that the  > water
running off from a particular place always follows the same course 
> (i.e., the
line of steepest descent) and always ends up in the same body of 
> water.  Is
that supposed to apply to a "foodshed" too?  That is, must a given 
> farmer
always sell everything through a single channel, to be consumed in
a  > single
place?   If a farmer produces both wheat and vegetables, and sells
the  >
vegetables in a local farmers' market, must the wheat be sold there
too?  A  >
stream of water doesn't split and go to two places.  Unless we want
to impose 
> the same restriction on where farmers sell, maybe we need a
"wheatshed," a  >
"vegetableshed," and so on (maybe even a
"Not-otherwise-Classified-shed."   > And
if the farmer also raises cows, would they be sold in the cowshed?
> William Lockeretz

Thomas Akin
Extension Educator
Plant & Soil Science Dept.
Bowditch Hal Box 30910
University of Massachusetts        TEL:  (413) 545-5236
Amherst, MA 01003-0910             FAX:  (413) 545-0260     
_/.óÜ.._1(Seasonal.News.CSA-newsletter]aÀsca-literatureFrom [email-masked] Sep 14 09:41:45 1995
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 1995 08:31:36 -0400 (EDT)
From: "Andy Clark, SAN Coordinator" <[email-masked]>
To: [email-masked]
Cc: [email-masked]
Subject: Request info on Subscription Farming (fwd)

Can anyone help with statistics or pointers to organizations in the know?
Andy

---------- Forwarded message ----------
Date: Wed, 13 Sep 1995 21:42:38 -0400
From: [email-masked]
To: [email-masked]

I am currently writing a story on subscription farming for the TV show
"Market to Market" seen on about 100 PBS stations.  Seeking any info you
may have on the numbers and national scope of what appears to be a trend
towards subsc. farming, i.e. subscribers (mostly urbanites) signing up for
weekly or bi-weekly bags of fresh produce (veggies, fruit, herbs...) from
a farm (usually organic) for the season.  This is not to be confused with
CSA (Community Supported Ag) which has shareholders who share risk and
reward (bounty) with the farmer and in some cases can review financial
documents.  CSA in its purest form would be a group of people hiring a
farmer to grow food for the group as is done in Japan.  Subscription
farming is sometimes referred to as being at the opposite end of the
scale, or is removed from the CSA umbrella entirely because the
relationship between farmer and subscriber is like a magazine subscription
-- you get the mag for as long as you subscribe and you have no direct say
over its production (you get what you pay for).  MOOREPRODS @ AOL.COM 
From [email-masked] Mar  9 20:07:36 1995
Date: Thu, 9 Mar 1995 16:18:19 -0800
Reply-To: [email-masked]
Sender: [email-masked]
From: [email-masked] (G.E. Bernhardt)
To: [email-masked]
Subject: Introductions
X-Listprocessor-Version: 7.1 -- ListProcessor by CREN

Hello!  My name is Susan Ornelas (recently changed from Susan Toms, I got
married) I have worked in Sustainable Agriculture for close to 20 years.
Currently I am working as an U.C. Agriculture Advisor on the Hoopa
Reservation in Northern California.  In this job I am working to develop
agriculture on the reservation, along with develop a sustainable agriculture
education program (also on the reservation).  Anyone had experience in this
type of endeavor?  If so, I would love to hear from you.

I have also developed a sustainable agriculture education program for
Humboldt State University.  This consists of a class which includes 2 hour
lectures/week along with a 3 hour/week lab on the farm.  The farm is a 2
acre Community Supported Agriculture project which has 35 shareholders.  We
mostly practice French Intensive practices, but we are facinated with
Fukuoka principles and are attempting to incorperate these theories into out
land management scheme.  On this site an extended Hmong family farms 1/4
acre.  We are working to cooperate and communicate more with this part of
our community.  Anyone had experience here?

Generally I am interested in curriculum being developed in these areas and
if anyone is developing outreach programs to bring sustainable agriculture
experience to elementary and highschool kids.  

Looking forward to this discussion!  Hello to Dan Dalthorp in entomology at
Cornell!

Susan Ornelas