From UCISRCY@SCSVXB.UNOCAL.COM Mon Nov 15 13:22:21 1993 Date: Mon, 8 Nov 1993 14:08:00 PST From: UCISRCY@SCSVXB.UNOCAL.COM Reply to: Alternative Energy Discussion List Subject: Alternative Energy FAQ This is a second draft of the AE FAQ. Please note the section on the types of AE systems and add to or correct it. (I wrote it off the top of my head...) It's also an attempt to develop a glossary of AE terms, please let me know what you think of it! We may need one or two more iterations of this draft before I can post it to News.Answers (besides the fact that I'm about to change jobs...) -- Chris This FAQ on Alternative Energy is an early attempt to provide answers to common questions about Alternative Energy (AE) as well as provide information on where to get more information. Permission is granted to reproduce the information in this document as a whole as long as there is no charge, or at most a nominal duplication fee to the end user. This is a working document, please send your additions or corrections to me and I'll add them to the list. Alternative Energy discussions have occurred in the following Usenet newsgroups: Alt.Save.The.Earth CA.Environment Sci.Energy Sci.Energy.Hydrogen Sci.Environment Talk.Environment There is also a mailing list on AE that is based on SJSUVM1.SJSU.EDU. This is not an exhaustive list by any means. Please see the Electric Vehicles FAQ for information specific to Electric Vehicles. This part last updated October 26, 1993. -- Chris Yoder Burn rubber, not gas! Chris@Pitzer.Claremont.Edu Drive electric today. 1) Common questions and answers 2) Electronic Lists 3) Alternative Energy BBS 4) Publications 5) Books 6) Alternative Energy Parts Suppliers 7) Associations 8) Research Agencies 9) Governmental Agencies F R E Q E N T L Y A S K E D Q U E S T I O N S Q: What types of Alternative Energy (AE) systems are there? First and foremost is energy conservation. Any energy that can be saved through conservation does not have to be generated, stored, transported, etc. Even Alternative Energy systems have an environmental cost associated with them, even if that cost is slight. Alternative Energy systems comes in many different forms. The following list is ordered alphabetically: - Alcohol-based fuels: Distillation of agricultural "waste" products into alcohol that is burned in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). - Bio-mass: Burning of agricultural "waste" products to produce heat which runs a heat exchanger to produce steam and drive a generator. - Compressed Natural Gas (CNG): A very clean burning fossil fuel. Used in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles converted by changing carburetors and adding high-pressure cylinders to hold the CNG. - Electric Vehicle (EV): A vehicle (car, bus, train, boat, cycle, etc) propelled by an electric motor. A pure EV has electricity supplied by batteries or by some form of electrical connection like overhead wires or wires in the track/road bed. A hybrid EV has an on-board Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) or electrical generator. - Fuel Cell: A device which takes hydrogen and oxygen and recovers the electrical energy released when they combine. In many cases only the hydrogen needs to be pure, the oxygen can come from surrounding air. The hydrogen can be stored in high-pressure cylinders or in a "metal hydride". The metal hydride is a substance that absorbs hydrogen and releases it when heated slightly. - Hydro: Use the potential energy of water flowing "down hill". Everything from large scale river dams with electric turbine generators to partial diversion of streams to drive water wheels to taping into tidal currents. - Geothermal: Use of hot volcanic rocks to generate steam. Typically done by drilling wells into hot spots and injecting water which turns to steam and in turn drives a generator. - Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): In tropical areas the difference in temperature between surface and deep ocean water is sufficient to generate power. At least one test plant built off the Kona coast of the Big Island of Hawaii. - Propane: A very clean burning fossil fuel. Used in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles converted by changing carburetors and adding high- pressure cylinders to hold the propane. - Solar systems. There are four common types of solar systems. -- Hot Water: Direct conversion of solar energy into hot or warm water. Used to heat pools water and also for home use. Probably the most common form of AE in widespread use. -- Passive Solar Heat: Direct conversion of solar energy into space heating. There are many different design features to accomplish this, most of them rely on the fact that during the summer months the sun is more directly overhead than during the winter when it is lower in the sky in the direction of the equator. -- Photovoltaic (PV): Direct conversion of solar energy into electricity. Typical systems are silicon based. Common "individual" use in sunny areas. -- Heat Generation: (For lack of a better name...) Systems where a fluid (typically an oil or a sodium compound) is heated up to a high temperature. This fluid is typically run through a heat exchanger where water is turned to steam and run through a steam turbine connected to a generator. - "Underground" housing: Basically using earth as a thermal mass around a living space to regulate the temperature to be the average yearly temperature. - Wind: A whole set of devices that harness the energy of the wind. Most are link a generator to a spinning device and produce electricity. Some are mechanically linked to pumps or other devices and perform dedicated tasks. Common "individual" use in areas with an average wind-speed of 10 MPH or higher. Q: How much energy does it take to build an AE (PV, Wind, etc) system in relation to how much energy it produces? Tom Gray supplies the following information: In the meantime, I realize I do have some information with references on this topic. Tom /* Written 2:48 pm Feb 19, 1993 by tgray in igc:en.energy */ /* ---------- "--Wind's Net Energy, Emissions" ---------- */ ENERGY AND EMISSION BALANCE FAVORS WIND The energy generated by wind turbines pays for the materials used to make them in a matter of months, according to three separate European studies. The question, thought by industry analysts to have been effectively answered during the 1970s, has been raised anew recently by some critics of proposed new wind power plants, who have questioned whether the energy produced by a wind turbine justifies its construction. The question possibly arises from now-dated findings on the net energy pay-back of solar photovoltaic cells, according to Jos Beurskens, manager of renewable energy for the Dutch national energy research center ECN. Early solar cells had a negative energy balance, Beurskens said, but more recent products perform far better and pay back the energy consumed in their manufacture within ten years. As the performance of photovoltaics improves, so too will their energy balance. In contrast to photovoltaics, Beurskens said, wind turbines typically pay for themselves in a matter of months. With the assistance of Beurskens, Birger Madsen of the Danish firm BTM Consult, and Armin Keuper of the Deutsches Windenergie Institut, Wind Energy Weekly has pieced together statistics from two Danish and one German examination of wind's energy balance. The results, including full citations, are presented in the accompanying tables for use by the industry. The German study, by far the most extensive, examined wind turbines from 10 kW to 3 MW in size, while both Danish studies considered a "typical" Danish wind turbine of the period. The results of all three studies are comparable: utility-scale wind turbines installed in areas with commercially usable wind resources will pay for themselves within one year. As expected, much of the energy used to manufacture the turbine is contained in the rotor and nacelle. But more than one-third of the total energy consumed by the wind turbine is contained in the concrete foundation and tower. The Danish study for the Ministry of the Environment also estimated that a coal-fired power plant emits 360 times more SOx, NOx, and carbon dioxide to generate an equivalent amount of electricity over the 25-year life of a wind turbine. ENERGY BALANCE (PAYBACK) OF WIND TURBINES Wind Turbine Energy Energy Generated Payback Diam Power Consumed [Wind Regime] (m) (kW) (MWh) (MWh/yr) (months) ["Average Danish production"] 95 58 210 3.3 Source: Erik Grum-Schwensen, "The Real cost of Wind Turbine Construction," Wind Stats, Spring 1990, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp 1-2. Wind Turbine Energy Energy Generated Payback Diam Power Consumed [Wind Regime] (m) (kW) (MWh) (MWh/yr) (months) [Roughness Class 0 1 2] ------------- 150 212 529 395 315 4.8/6.4/8.1 Source: A. Gydesen. D. Maimann. P. B. Pedersen, "Renere Teknologi pa Energiomradet," Energigruppen, Fysisk Laboratorium III, Danmarks Tekniske Hoejskole, Miljoeministeriet, Miljoeprojekt Nr. 138, Denmark, 1990, pp. 123-127. Wind Turbine Energy Energy Generated Payback Diam Power Consumed [Wind Regime] (m) (kW) (MWh) (MWh/yr) (months) [Average Annual Wind Speed at 10 m Height 7 m/s 5.5 m/s 4 m/s 16 mph 12 mph 9 mph] ---------------------- 12.5 45 49 132 94 55 4.4/6.3/10.7 27 225 169 787 533 305 2.6/3.8/6.7 32 300 296 1,049 710 411 3.4/5.0/8.7 80 3,000 2,817 8,989 6,025 4,027 3.8/5.6/8.4 Source: G. Hagedorn. F. Ilmberger, "Kumulierter Energieverbrauch fuer die Herstellung von Windkraftanlagen," Forschungsstelle fuer Energiewirtschaft, Im Auftrage des Bundesministeriums fuer Forschung und Technologie, Muenchen, August 1991, pp. 79, 98, 100, 111. NOTE: In this study the primary energy used to construct the wind turbine was given in units of kWh. However, only 35% of the energy burned in a power plant is converted to useful work. To present the data from this study in a format consistent with that from the other studies, the kWh consumed has been multiplied by 0.35. PRIMARY ENERGY PAYBACK Payback Plant (months) --------------------------------------- Nuclear 0.7 Coal 0.7 Wind @ 7 m/s 2.5-7.5 Wind @ 5.5 m/s 3.8-11.4 Wind @ 4 m/s 6.3-22.7 Photovoltaic Monocrystalline @ 1,000 W/m2 87 Monocrystalline @ 2,200 W/m2 44 Multicrystalline @ 1,000 W/m2 85 Multicrystalline @ 2,200 W/m2 43 Amorphous @ 1,000 W/m2 56 Amorphous @ 2,200 W/m2 28 Source: G. Hagedorn. F. Ilmberger, "Kumulierter Energieverbrauch fuer die Herstellung von Windkraftanlagen," Forschungsstelle fuer Energiewirtschaft, Im Auftrage des Bundesministeriums fuer Forschung und Technologie, Muenchen, August 1991, pp. 79, 98, 100, 111. EMISSION COMPARISON BETWEEN A WIND TURBINE AND A COAL PLANT OVER 25 YEARS SOx NOx CO2 (tons) (tons) (tons) Wind [40 kg] 0.3 87 Coal 14 108 31,326 Source: A. Gydesen. D. Maimann. P. B. Pedersen, "Renere Teknologi pa Energiomradet," Energigruppen, Fysisk Laboratorium III, Danmarks Tekniske Hoejskole, Miljoeministeriet, Miljoeprojekt Nr. 138, Denmark, 1990, pp. 123-127. Q: How much AE generating capacity exists right now? Martin Schafer supplies the following: >From the 1993 Vital Signs, put out by the World Watch Institute World Wind Energy Generating Capacity -- 1981 18 megawatts 1982 80 1983 260 1984 657 1985 971 1986 1325 1987 1419 1988 1385 1989 1636 1990 1961 1991 2347 1992(prel) 2652 World Photovoltaic Shipments -- 1971 0.1 megawatts 1975 1.8 1976 2.0 1977 2.2 1978 2.5 1979 4.0 1980 6.5 1981 7.8 1982 9.1 1983 21.7 1984 25.0 1985 22.8 1986 26.0 1987 29.2 1988 33.8 1989 40.2 1990 46.5 1991 55.3 1992(prel) 57.9 World Geothermal Electrical Generating Capacity 1950 239 megawatts 1955 246 1960 368 1965 558 1970 715 1975 1314 1980 2390 1981 2422 1982 2822 1983 3383 1984 4164 1985 5954 1986 6505 1987 7098 1988 7279 1989 8095 1990 8777 1991 9369 World Hydroelectric Generating Capacity (I don't recall if we include this in AE, but I'm including it for completeness. There are also charts of oil and coal use (in millions of bbl/day) and nuclear generating capacity) 1950 44596 megawatts 1955 67857 1960 157080 1965 214023 1970 282491 1975 366458 1980 466938 1985 555463 1990 628429 1991(prel) 643511 In 1992 Nuclear generation is at 328000 megawatts 1/2 of hydro, 100 times wind and 30 times geothermal. In 1992 Coal 2180 million tons of oil equivalent, down slightly from its peak in 1989 at 2218. In 1992 Oil is at 58.8 million barrels a day down slightly from its peak in 1990 of 59.5. I don't know how to convert those last numbers in power generated so that they can be compared. Q: What standards should I follow building my own AE system? 1) Safety comes first. This cannot be stressed too much. 2) Follow the "KISS" (Keep It Simple Stupid) standard whenever possible. 3) The National Electric Counsel has standards for electrical systems of all types, including AE systems. It's a good idea to meet or exceed these standards. Q: How do I compare Propane and Compressed Natural Gas numbers? >From Mike Prine CIRT : 1 Therm=100000BTUs 1000BTUs per cubic foot of natural gas (This varies but good for comparisons) 91500 BTUs per gallon of propane 4 Pounds per gallon of propane E L E C T R O N I C L I S T S AE@SJSUVM1.SJSU.EDU -- List Manager: Clyde Visser: CVISSER@UCRMATH.UCR.EDU General list for discussion of all practical aspects and applications of Alternative Energy. A message archive is maintained by the LISTSERV. For additions, send mail to LISTSERV@SJSUVM1.SJSU.EDU with a message consisting of: SUBSCRIBE AE your-firstname your-lastname To get a DIGEST form of the list instead of individual messages, send mail to LISTSERV@SJSUVM1.SJSU.EDU with a message consisting of: SET AE DIGEST (These two may be combined into one message.) EV@SJSUVM1.SJSU.EDU -- List Manager: Clyde Visser: CVISSER@UCRMATH.UCR.EDU General list for discussion of all practical aspects and applications of Electric Vehicles. 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ET-PLAN is a mailing list for members of the network organizing committee and for the planning of network support, scientific programs, workshops, seminars, etc. Subscription: contact eng-leong_foo_mircen-ki@micforum.ki.se Owner: Eng-Leong Foo (Ecotech'94, Network Manager) eng-leong_foo_mircen-ki@micforum.ki.se A L T E R N A T I V E E N E R G Y B B S ECIX files available via anonymous ftp from igc.apc.org EnviroLink Gopher. Can be accessed via telnet (username gopher) or anonymous ftp at envirolink.hss.cmu.edu Home Power BBS. (707) 822-8640 P U B L I C A T I O N S American Hydrogen Association 219 South Siesta, Suite 101 Tempe, AZ 85281 USA Backwoods Home Magazine Dave Duffy, Editor (805) 647-9341 P.O. Box 2630 Ventura, CA 93002 USA Home Power Richard Perez, Editor (916) 475-3179 P.O. Box 520 Ashland OR, 97520 USA Comment: Merged with Alternative Transportation News. A must have for those seriously interested in Alternative Energy issues. BBS: (707) 822-8640 -- Includes GIFs of graphs and diagrams PV Network News Paul Wilkins, Editor (505) 473-1067 2303 Cedros Circle Santa Fe, NM 87505-5252 USA Solar Mind Joe Stevenson (707) 463-1812, (707) 468-0878 759 South State, #81 Ukiah, CA 95482 USA $25/year 6 issues a year Comment: Wholistic Approach to Technology and Environment Solar Today (303) 443-3130 American Solar Energy Society 2400 Central Avenue G-1 Boulder CO 80301 World Electric Transportation & Solar Explosion Clarence Ellers (503) 547-3506 PO Box 111 Yachats, OR 97498 USA $33/year monthly Comment: Buy/Sell/Swap EV Section B O O K S Consumer Guide To Solar Energy (Easy and Inexpensive Applications for Solar Energy) by Scott Sklar and Kenneth G. Sheinkopf Published by Bonus Books Inc. 1991 160 East Illinois Street Chicago Illinois 60611 ISBN 0-9299387-23-6 $9.95 Independent Home, The (Living Well with Power from the Sun, Wind and Water) by Michael Potts published by Chelsea Green Publishing Company 1993 PO Box 130, Route 2 Post Mills Vermont 05058-0130 ISBN 0-930031-65-2 (pbk.) $18.00 Available thru Real Goods New Solar Electric Home, The (the photovoltaics how-to handbook) by Joel Davidson Published by aatec Publications 1990 PO Box 7119 Ann Arbor Michigan 48107 ISBN 0-937948-09-8 Methane - the eternal flame by Raymond F Spargo Wind Power for Home & Business Paul Gipe -- Author Available for $35 from: Chelsea Green Publishing Co. P.O. Box 130 Route 113 Post Mills, VT 05058-0138 A L T E R N A T I V E E N E R G Y P A R T S S U P P L I E R S AAA Solar Sales and Service (505) 243-3212 (800) 245-0311 2012 Zearing Ave. NW. Albuquerque New Mexico 87104 USA Comments: Solar Heating (Pool, water, air) Install, parts(new/used) & service, System design (Merged with Solar Master so now do PV as well) Mail order and walk-in business Array Technologies, Inc. (505) 242-8024 PO Box 751 614 2 Street SW. (street address) Albuquerque, NM 87103 USA Comment: Wattsun solar tracking frames Backwoods Solar Electric Systems (208) 263-4290 8530-HP Rapid Lightning Creek Road Sandpoint Idaho 83864 USA Comment: Mail Order Home Business,Photovoltaic, DC heating pads, weekend seminars Bio Energy Systems (914) 647-6700 48 Canal St. Ellenville, NY 12428 USA Comment: Sol-R-Roll, a solar pool water heater Bobier Electronics/Sun Selector (304) 485-7150 Orders (800) 222-3988 Technical Support PO Box 1545 512 37th Street Parkersburg West Virginia 26101 Comment: OEM Linear Current Bosters, Charge Controllers Centre for Alternative Technology Machynlleth, Powys, Wales, United Kingdom SY20 9AZ Tel +44 654 702400 / 703743 Comment: All types of Renewable Equipment / Books / Courses and a very good place to visit for AE enthusiasts Cruising Equipment Co. (206) 782-8100 6315 Seaview Ave NW Seattle, WA 98107 USA Comment: OEM AmpHour Meters Heliotrope General (800) 552-8838 (619) 460-3930 3733 Kenora Drive Spring Valley, CA 91977 USA Comment: OEM Charge Controllers, Low voltage Disconnects, other controllers Jade Mountian (303) 449-6601 Customer support (800) 442-1972 Orders PO Box 4616 Boulder CO 80306-4616 USA Comment: Mail order catalog, Lots of unusual stuff like generator bikes educational toys/kits and books. PowerStar Products Inc. (408) 973-8502 10011 North Foothill Blvd Cupertino, CA 95014 USA Comment: OEM Inverters Real Goods Mail-order: "off-the-grid" + EV parts + green supplies (707) 468-9214, (800) 762-7325 (707) 468-0301 (FAX) 966-HP Mazzoni Street Ukiah, CA 95482-3471 USA Solar Industries (800) 227-7657 1985 Rutgers University Blvd Lakewood, NJ, 08701 USA Comment: EZ Heat, a solar pool water heater Solar Master Solar Services (505) 298-8803 (Merged with AAA Solar) PO Box 11635 Albuquerque NM 87192 USA Comment: PV, Thermal. Install, parts & service Solar Plus, The Sun Electric Company Gary Giles, President (604) 743-9796 or 1-800-661-4550 2460 Recreation Road, R.R.1, Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia, V0R 2W0 Canada Comment: Planning Guide & Product Catalog specializes in design, installation and sales of AE electrical generation (solar, wind, hydro) and all the related components. Works all over the Canadian and American Pacific North West. Solo Power / A Division of Zomeworks (505) 242-8340 (800) 279-7656 1011B Sawmill Rd. NW Albuquerque, NM 87104 USA Comment: Photovoltaic system design and parts walking+mail-order. Outlets in Albuquerque NM, Santa FE NM and El Paso Texas. SunAmp Power Company (602) 951-0699 8502 E. Cactus Wren Rd. Scottsdale, AZ 85253 USA Comment: OEM Meters, controllers Sun Family (714) 898-3084 (800) 822-7652 (714) 895-2618 (FAX) 5741 Engineer Drive Huntington Beach, CA 92649 Comment: Solar assist for existing water heater Sun, Wind, & Fire (503) 245-2661 or 1-800-397-9651 Alternative Energy Supply Co., Inc. 7637 S.W. 33rd Ave, Portland, OR 97219 Comment: Design Guide and Catalog for remote electric power generating equipment, and all the usual AE goodies. Trace Engineering (206) 435-8826 5916 195th NE Arlington, WA 98223 USA Comment: OEM Inverters Trojan Battery Company (310) 946-8381 or (800) 423-6569 12380 Clark Ave. Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670 USA Product: Lead-Acid Batteries U.S. Battery Company (909) 371-8090 or (800) 695-0945 1675 Sampson Av Corona, CA 91719 USA Product: Lead acid batteries Utility Free (303) 928-0846 Customer Support (800) 766-5550 Orders PO Box 228 Basalt Colorado 81621 Comment: New and Reconditioned Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Iron batteries plus other EA stuff Wattevr Works (209) 654-3627 PO Box 207 Ceder Creek San Andreas, CA 95249 USA Comment: High effeciency motors, washer conversion kits Wind and Sun The Howe, Watlington, Oxford, OX9 5EX England, Tel +44 491 613859 Comment: Electricity generating renewables and off-grid systems A S S O C I A T I O N S American Hydrogen Association (602) 921-0433 (602) 967-6601 (FAX) 216 S Clark Ave, Suite 103 Tempe, AZ 85281 USA American Institue of Architects/Asooc. of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Deane Evans, Dir ASCA/AIA Research (202) 785-5912 American Wind Energy Association (202) 408-8988 (202) 408-8536 (FAX) 777 North Capitol Street, NE, Suite 805 Washington, DC 20002 e-mail: awea@mcimail.com Center for Renewable Energy and Sutainable Technology (CREST) Michael Totten, Director 777 N. Capitol St NE, Suite 805, Washington, DC 20002 e-mail: totten@digex.net IMPCO Technologies, Inc. (310) 860-8666 16804 Gridley Place Cerritos, CA 90701-1792 USA Comment: CNG and LP conversion systems. (May have list of conversion firms.) Gaseous fuel carburetors and mixers, high and low pressure regulators, fuel lock-off valves, etc. They also have "closed loop" computer controlled systems for their carburetors and an electronic mixture control valve/gas mass sensor. R E S E A R C H A G E N C I E S Electric Power Research Institute P.O. Box 10412 Palo Alto, CA 94303 Comment: Research in PV systems and wind energy Institute for Bioregional Studies (902) 892-9578 446 University Ave. Suite 126 Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 8K3 e-mail: capferra@upei.ca National Renewable Energy Lab Ken Zweibel (303) 231-7141 1617 Cole Blvd Golden CO 80401-3393 Princeton Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Bob Williams (609) 258-5448 G O V E R N M E N T A L A G E N C I E S CARB, California Air Resources Board Public Information Office Contacts: Bill Sessa, Jerry Martin (916) 322-2990 P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95812 USA Comment: CARB was formed in 1969 (ZEV) Emissions Standards Adopted Sept 27, 1990 CARB, California Air Resources Board -- Southern CA Contact: Sylvia Vanderspek (818) 575-6703 NYSERDA, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Larry Hudson (518) 465-6251 ext 209 2 Rockefeller Plaza Albany, NY 12223 USA Comment: NYSERDA was formed in 1976 Operates a fleet of nearly 300 alternate-fuel vehicles U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficency and Renewable Energy (DOE/OEERE) Lou Divone (202) 586-5540 1000 Independence Ave SW Washington, DC 20585