Volume 2, Number 10 1 October 1988 +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | NN NN AAAA MM MM VV VV EEEEEEE TTTTTTTT | | NNN NN AA AA MMM MMM VV VV EE TT | | NN N NN AA AA MM M M MM VV VV EE TT | | NN N NN AA AA MM M MM VV VV EE TT | | NN N NN AAAAAAAA MM MM VV VV EEEEE TT | | NN N NN AA AA MM MM VV VV EE TT | | NN NNN AA AA MM MM V V EE TT | | NN NN AA AA MM MM VVV EEEEEEE TT | | | | The International Newsletter for Vietnam Veterans | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ Editor in Chief: Todd Looney Assistant Editor: G. Joseph Peck Nam Vet is a special newsletter dedicated to Vietnam Veterans around the world, and provided electronically as a service to participants in the International Vietnam Veterans' Echo Conference (IVVEC) available on many FidoNet (tm) bulletin boards in the U.S., Europe, Canada, and Australia. Not all of the articles appearing in NAM VET are written by participants in the IVVEC, but the NAM VET is very much an electronic newsletter by, of, and for Vietnam veterans, their friends, wives, lovers, as well as all other interested military veterans and non-veterans. Articles from anyone wishing to express themselves about Viet Nam or related experiences are always welcome. We openly invite all to submit their writings for publication to the Vietnam Veterans Valhalla (143/27), the VETlink #1 (321/203), or to any node carrying the IVVEC whose sysop can forward your work from there. NAM VET is published monthly by the Vietnam Veterans Valhalla. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the NAM VET, it's staff or volunteers. This newsletter is made up of articles from a wide variety of sources. We are not responsible for the content of this information nor are any of the above mentioned parties. Duplication and/or distribution is permitted for non-commercial purposes only. For use in other circumstances, please contact Todd Looney by FidoNet electronic mail at 1:143/27, or in writing at: VIETNAM VETERANS VALHALLA, 28 CECIL AVENUE, SUITE 179, SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA, 95128, ATTN: NAM VET NEWSLETTER. NamNews 2-10 1 Oct 1988 Table of Contents 1. EDITORIAL ................................................ 1 Getting Nearer! .......................................... 1 In Summation ............................................. 2 2. SERVICES ................................................. 5 Cost-of-Living Adjustments for Veterans Next Effort ...... 5 Judicial Review Clears Committee ......................... 7 VA Hospital Beds Out of Service! ......................... 9 3. MEMORY ................................................... 11 The Story of One POW ..................................... 11 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang .................................. 15 A Day In Uniform - Eight Years Later ..................... 17 When ..................................................... 19 4. GENERAL .................................................. 20 Creches to Cope With Food Need ........................... 20 Vietnam War .............................................. 21 5. IVVEC NODELIST ........................................... 36 NamNews 2-10 Page 1 1 Oct 1988 ================================================================= EDITORIAL ================================================================= Getting Nearer! By Todd Looney Vietnam Veterans' Valhalla 1:143/27 San Jose, California How time flies when you're having fun, eh? It seems like only last month that Joe and I were screaming messages back and forth across the county trying to decide what we wanted to get into the first issue of NAM VET which was released into the BBS community last Veterans' Day. November 11, 1987 was a momentous occasion for us, not only because it was Veterans' Day and we both had our own memories to contend with, but because we were about to embark on a world first...publishing something as yet unheard...the NAM VET Newsletter. Does anybody know what this month is? Yes, I know it's the month of "All Hallows' Eve", but there's something just as sig- nificant happening as you read this issue. This month's edition of the NAM VET Newsletter represents a *full year* of success! I know I speak for Joe when I say "Thank You!". Thank you all for your continued support. This newsletter would not be here if it were not for you. And I'm not talking just about Vietnam-era veterans either, I'm referring to all the non-veterans who have contributed to this newsletter, both in articles as well as feedback. You're support has enabled Joe and I to trudge through the hours of preparations to get the newsletter out on time...a formidable task at times but one *well* worth the efforts. This is one of my most rewarding responsibilities. This month's issue is a little strange, and we apologize for that, we try usually to keep the whole thing in good shape, but E-mail was not on our side this time. Communications broke down and we munched a bunch of files. Chuck, your NVT_CBS5.MEM article needs to be re-submitted. We have article 6, but 5 died. Sorry. I also want to apologize to Mike Gordon, whose article about life behind the lines got munched during transmission from Joe's place to mine and didn't make it in this month's issue, it will be there next month Mike. Joe has a good copy but we couldn't get it here in time to put this issue to bed (a newspaper term...see, I'm learning!) Next month will be a great one. There will be the first issue of Volume 3, distributed as usual on the first Saturday of the month, and on top of that we want to publish a "Best of '88" issue of the NAM VET, featuring a select variety of articles previously published in this newsletter. To do that, we need your feedback. Joe and I have our favorites of course, but we need you to look back at previous issues and vote on *your* NamNews 2-10 Page 2 1 Oct 1988 favorites. There is a form in the back of this issue for you to fill out and mail here to the Valhalla if you don't have access to an electronic mailing system. Or you could complete the form and send it E-mail here to 1:143/27. All votes must be received no later than the first of November, and you should include the date of the issue your selections come from (and you can vote for as many as you want). Before I cut out and leave you to your reading, I'd like to remind you of our article submission specifications. One of the things *you* could to make Joe and my job a *lot* easier every month is adhere to the specifications outlines in NVETSPEC.ARC. Check with your local SysOp, if they don't have this document, please ask them to file request it from either the VETLink#1 in Massachusetts (1:321/203 2400 Baud max), Jerry Hindle in that Possum pit in Tennessee (1:18/6 FidoNet or 48/6 AlterNet 9600 Baud max), or from me here at the Valhalla in California (1:143/27 2400 Baud max). For those of you using Opus OMMM as your mailer, please utilize one of the many Bark-style file request programs or you'll waste a call. Joe and I (mostly Joe) spend several hours a month reformatting and spell-checking articles we receive in the mail. Adhering to these specifica- tions would greatly reduce our work. Thanks. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In Summation... Editorial by G. Joseph Peck VETLink #1 321/203 46/203 The nights are getting colder now; the heater comes on quite often, keepin' the family and I somewhat warm. For many, its a time to reflect on the passing of another year; for others, only but the beginning of plans for next spring and summer. De ja vu. I've been fascinated by the leaves on the trees. Seems like only yesterday I saw them appear as buds on naked skeletons; then as dressing; now, in what many of us know are their last days, they blaze in brilliant blood-red crimsons, orange-yellow greens, and hint at the copper-colored mahogany shroud they will soon become as the white of winter blankets the surrounding countryside. Many of US are like those leaves... Seems like only YESTERDAY... Vibrant; pulsing with the energy of our youth, we carefully observed the surrounding jungle, alert for even the slightest unnatural movement or sound; or trained ever-intensely here in the States, preparing for that time when we might go to the Nam... YESTERDAY it was that we surely believed that what we were doing meant something important to our country... I've heard many of the veterans talk - talk about their experiences; how they were treated when they returned home; the shock of being one moment in the bush and the next on a Freedom Bird homeward bound; heard them talk about their many nightmares NamNews 2-10 Page 3 1 Oct 1988 and how a few of 'em sleep still today with a towel rolled up under their heads to catch the sweat... heard them talk about the many, many jobs they've held - always searching, searching, searching for that elusive peace and sense of security... tried to be their friend when they remembered their losses... Somehow, I think about the leaves... Our "Day in the Sun?" Was it a parade we wanted? A monument? A statue? Average age of we Vietnam vets is 40.6. 40.6! The time of life when most of us should really be cemented in our careers and starting to put all the pieces together. 40.6 - and many of us are just beginning... to pick up where, a long time ago, things went into limbo; when we were thrown off-balance by reactions many of us didn't expect from our America... 40.6... Like the leaves... from good stock... cover good ground... Just thoughts... just thoughts... I've heard from a few of our Nam Vet contributors. Many of 'em ask: "Didya like the piece I wrote?" or "What did you think of..." I tell 'em to watch the IVVEC... surely if any of you were impressed or angered or (fill in the blank --------) you'd say somethin' in the echo... Todd; Myself; our many contributors - we all need FEEDBACK, we need to KNOW what articles you were pleased with; what articles made you think; what articles made you remember... or reminded you of that time "when..." How 'bout it? Something in this or the last few issues impress you, make you think, make you wonder? How 'bout sharing it with us, starting/sparking new conversations...? How about your neighbor - is s/he a Nam Vet? Is there something important about a vet you know that we'd all benefit by knowing? Can ya write at least a little about him/her? Somehow... I'm reminded about the leaves... and KNOW that where some are ablaze in brilliant splendor, others are waiting... ready... eager for forward motion... NOW would be a good time! Lastly... I'm still preparing some documentation and researching Title 38 for some EFFECTIVE actions that will bring better service to our nations veterans in the VA hospitals. Many things have been happening up here that have changed my timetable a bit. To those of you who have sent me your written claims, etc: THANK YOU - these are the things we need to bring about change - positive change. I hope to finish at least this FIRST of our efforts in the very near future. To those of you who were hoping for super-quick action, I apologize. LIFE has sorta kept me pretty busy lately but, as soon as possible, I'll be back on it and we'll put PART ONE into play. THANKS FOR YOUR PATIENCE... 'til next month... Show a brother/sister veteran NamNews 2-10 Page 4 1 Oct 1988 ... that YOU care Ci'ao for Ni'ao -Joe- ----------------------------------------------------------------- NamNews 2-10 Page 5 1 Oct 1988 ================================================================= VETERAN SERVICES ================================================================= COST-OF-LIVING ADJUSTMENTS FOR VETERANS NEXT EFFORT [Excerpt from LEGISLATIVE ALERT, by Senator David Karnes, (R-Nebraska)] WASHINGTON, DC -- Legislation cosponsored by United States Senator David Karnes was passed in the Senate elevating the Veterans Administration (VA) to a Cabinet level department, called the Depart- ment of Veterans Affairs. The changes made by the bill, S. 533 will take effect in January 1989. Cabinet level status is appropriate for the Veterans Administration because of the size and scope of its operations. The VA health care is the largest in the free world with 172 medical centers, 229 out- patient clinics, 117 nursing home care units, and 16 housing units for a total of 90,000 beds. Care is furnished for 1.2 million inpatients and over 18 million outpatients per year. The VA will distribute over $ 14 billion in income maintenance and approximately $626 million in education, training, and rehabilitation assistance payments in fiscal 1988. It operates a home guaranteed program with over 4 million loans currently guaranteed. Additionally, it adminis- ters the largest direct insurance program in the country. Perhaps more important, Cabinet level status will best serve American veterans, the American public, and the President by strengthening the Cabinet as a policy-making mechanism. "By elevating the Veterans Administration to a Cabinet level position, Congress has assured that veterans needs--and opinions--will be fully represented among the President's closest advisors." C O L A A L E R T Although VA Cabinet level status is a major victory for American veterans, more needs to be done. Senator Karnes is next addressing Cost-Of-Living-Adjustments (COLA's) for veterans. Karnes is pushing for the passage of S.2011, the Veterans' Compensation Cost-Of-Living Adjustment Act of 1988. He is asking that the bill come to the floor of the Senate in the next few weeks. S.2011 would increase the COLA for veterans with service-connected disabilities and increase the rates for dependency and indemnity compensation for the survivors of certain disabled veterans. Unlike many benefits paid by the federal government, veterans disability compensation is not indexed. An act of Congress is required to pro- vide and offsetting increase in veterans' disability compensation and survivors' dependency and indemnity compensation. The COLA which would take effect on December 1, 1988, would be the same percentage as the COLA which will automatically be provided for Social Security and VA pension beneficiaries effect on that same date. According to the projections Congressional Budget Office made in August of 1987, the VA/Social Security pension increase will be 5.3 percent. NamNews 2-10 Page 6 1 Oct 1988 Senator Karnes said, "Veterans have kept our country free. Veterans should not receive a COLA that is less than other benefit programs-- there needs to be equity for veterans and their COLAs. They have made large sacrifices for us in the past. Their COLA's are needed and necessary. [Interesting fact: There are 27.7 million American Veterans; 189,000 are Nebraska Veterans. How many live in your state?] The following is an Opinion Ballot. I'm sure you'll be very eager to complete and send to the Senators of your states: ------------------------------------------------------------- O P I N I O N B A L L O T Please check your response, detach ballot, place in a envelope and return with first class Postage to: (Your Senators name) U.S.Senate Washington D.C. 20510 ------------Senator ____________________, I support your efforts to maintain spending power for disabled veterans and their dependents through the cost-of-living adjustments. I am a veteran. I will be directly affected by legislation granting COLAs to veterans. (Please circle if true) ------------Senator ____________________, I support your efforts to Maintain benefits for veterans and their dependents cost-of-living adjustments although I am not a veteran. ------------Senator ____________________, I do not think we should increase for veterans. Additional Comments: NamNews 2-10 Page 7 1 Oct 1988 From the House Veterans Affairs Committee September 15, 1988 BILL WOULD AUTHORIZE INDEPENDENT COURT REVIEW OF VETERANS' CLAIMS, REMOVES CAP ON ATTORNEYS' FEES WASHINGTON - Controversial, complex, and emotional. That is Sonny Montgomery's description of the arguments that have been presented before his committee many times and in thousands of pages of testimony over the past several years on an issue that today may have finally reached resolution. The House Veterans' Affairs Committee voted 29 to 4 to report to the House legisla- tion that will authorize the establishment of an independent court of review for veterans' claims. "The time has come to resolve the matter of judicial review, in the spirit of compromise, I have come a long way from my original position," said Montgomery (D-MS), Chairman of the Veterans' Affairs Committee who, with Gerald Solomon (R-NY), the Committee's ranking Minority Member, developed the bipartisan compromise proposal that was approved today. "This package preserves the best of the present VA claims and appeals process and incorporates many new ideas strongly supported by the major veterans' organizations that we believe can strengthen that system," said Montgomery. Under the Montgomery-Solomon bill, H.R. 5288, the VA's Board of Veterans' Appeals would be replaced by an Article I (executive branch) court similar to the Court of Military Appeals and the United States Tax Court. The Article I court, or Court of Veter- ans' Appeals, would be entirely independent of the Veterans' Administration and, therefore, would not be bound by decisions of the VA Administrator, VA regulations, or the VA General Counsel. The Court of Veterans' Appeals would have exclusive jurisdiction to consider all questions - on claims for benefits under laws administered by the VA. The only matter that would not be sub- ject to review by the court is the schedule for rating disabili- ties for compensation purposes. Determinations by the Court of Veterans' Appeals on factual matters would be final and could not be reviewed by any other court. However, challenges to VA regulations, interpretations of statutes and matters of constitutionality could be appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and on to the Su- preme Court. Under provisions of the bill, limitations on attorneys' fees (there is now a $10 cap) would be lifted once the claim is brought before the Court of Veterans' Appeals. However, the attorney would be required to file a copy of the fee agreement and the court would be authorized to order a reduction in the fee if it is found to be excessive or unreasonable. "Feelings about judicial review still run the gamut from `leave the current system alone, it's fine' to `throw everything NamNews 2-10 Page 8 1 Oct 1988 into the Federal District Courts,'" said Montgomery. "I sincere- ly believe that we have struck the common ground that should appeal to every camp." NamNews 2-10 Page 9 1 Oct 1988 13,000 VA Hospital Bed Taken Out Of Service From the House Veterans Affairs Committee News August 29, 1989 WASHINGTON:P More than 13 thousand Veterans Administration hospital beds have been taken out of service and a Congressional panel wants to know why top VA management has painted over this and an array of other veterans' health care resource problems. The House Veterans Affairs Committee took a survey of the VA's 172 hospitals following initial staff site visits to 16 medical facilities across the country. During the site visits, staff discovered hundreds of closed beds due to severe staff shortages, which suggested critical system wide funding short- falls. The Committee's follow-up survey, conducted by question- naire, revealed that each VA hospital, on the average, has had to absorb $1.4 million in unfunded operating requirements thus far in fiscal 1988. According to the survey, hospital directors are being forced to juggle resources and are raiding equipment, drug, medical supply, maintenance, and other accounts in order to meet daily operating requirements. Inadequate VA funding has resulted in a barrier to competi- tion with the private sector for health care professionals, a plunge in the number of available medical care beds and, ulti- mately, less health care delivered to eligible veterans. The VA, however, at least at the Washington level, has not acknowledged its medical funding problems. "It is amazing the dramatic contrast between what we are learning from the field and what we are told officially by [the VA] Central Office [in Washington]," said Rep. G.V. "Sonny" Montgomery, Chairman of the House Veterans Affairs Committee. He referred to testimony presented to the committee over the past two years by VA Administrator Thomas Turnage in which Turnage defended Administration budget cuts and claimed the agency is "not making compromises" with VA funding levels. When asked why the agency is not requesting needed funds, VA Chief Medical Director John Gronvall told the Committee that an FY '88 supplemental appropriation to address the problems 'is judged not appropriate...in the view of other priorities in the Administration's budget. "[VA Central Office] is either oblivious to the problem--well-insulated from its true magnitude--or is toeing the Administration line with little regard for its consequences to American veterans," said Montgomery, adding that "the situation is not nearly as encouraging as the problem managers would have us believe." The survey found that 13,039 hospital beds (including medi- cal, surgical, and psychiatric beds) in VA medical centers have been reported unavailable for patient care primarily due to (1) renovation or construction projects; (2) lack of money; or (3) staff shortages due to recruitment problems or insufficient funds for salaries. The VA officially reports as of June 1988 an operating hospital bed average of 73,588. It is unknown how many of the out of service beds are in this official count but find- ings of the earlier 16 site visits--14 percent of "official" o73 operating beds were, in fact, out of service--have Montgomery NamNews 2-10 Page 10 1 Oct 1988 convinced that VA hospitals are being directed to meet "on paper" Congressionally-mandated minimum bed levels. A Committee staff report on the original site visits states that "since the official [operating] bed capacity is greater than the actual bed capacity, the occupancy rates cited by senior VA officials are artificially low and not likely to correlate well with hospital demand and efficiency. The number of eligible veterans who are being denied treat- ment as a result of inadequate health care funding is unclear, according to Montgomery, but he cautions, "Such a drastic level of bed closures necessarily yields a sharp decline in service quantity and quality." Though the Congress has fought to maintain "current service", or "straight line" funding levels, a seven percent health care inflation rate coupled with the increasing medical care demands of an aging veteran population has further diluted the budget's effectiveness. VA sources project a medical budget shortfall of $800 million in fiscal 1989, and VA medical care, construction and research continue to take direct broadsides from Administrative budget dictates. For instance, the VA has been forced to implement successive "productivity" increases that translate into staff reductions. As a result, an additional $130 million and more than 5,000 full-time employees have been taken from VA health care over the past three years. Montgomery singles out the work of hospital directors and other local management personnel as the sole encouraging finding in the Committee survey. "Local administrative and medical staff alike have been handed critically inadequate resources as a result of budget cuts. Their distress calls, until now, have gone unheard or unheeded, yet they still have managed to keep the ship afloat. In the entire process of VA health care delivery, they alone deserve the accolades. Excellent local management has kept veterans' health care solvent in recent years." Claiming it is time for "straight talk and tough questions," MONTGOMERY HAS SCHEDULED A SEPTEMBER 7 HEARING ON THE STATUS OF VA MEDICAL CARE OPERATING FUNDS. [Note from Todd] In attendance were representatives from: Ameri- can Ex-Prisoners of War, The American Legion, AMVETS, Blinded Veterans Association, Disabled American Veterans, Jewish War Veterans, Paralyzed Veterans of America, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and Vietnam Veterans of America. NamNews 2-10 Page 11 1 Oct 1988 ================================================================= MEMORIES ================================================================= The Story of One POW By Bill Herr, Jr. The following article consists of notes of a briefing given by U.S. Navy Captain Bill Franke who was a POW in Vietnam for 7 1/2 years. He was flying off of the U.S.S. Midway as a fighter pilot. On his second mission of 24 August 1965 while conducting a raid on Tan Hoa bridge, he was hit by a SAM [Surface-to-Air- Missile]. He and his co-pilot parachuted out of his crippled aircraft seconds before the aircraft exploded in a ball of flame. He was in a state of shock and as he was drifting to the earth and came to his senses he saw Vietnamese waiting for him below. Although he had experienced [only] a broken wrist and had shrap- nel in this body from the SAM hit and subsequent ejection from the aircraft, he didn't experience any pain and was wondering what awaited him when he hit the ground. Before he ever hit the ground the Vietnamese were on him with machetes. They cut the parachute risers and cut his clothes off. They cut everything off of him except for his undershorts. They even removed his shoes. All of his survival equipment and pistol were in the hands of the enemy. All of the training at SERE [Survival Escape Resistance and Evasion] School seemed not to be applicable. The first course of action that was taught in schooling was evasion which was not applicable since enemy troops were waiting for him on the ground as soon as his chute hit the ground. With all of his survival gear having been taken and without any clothes, shoes, or help, escape was out of the question. He was then tied up and blind- folded and put through the grueling experience of a forced march. It was during that march when he learned how difficult it is for Americans to survive a forced march without shoes. Eventually the Vietnamese recanted and gave him his shoes back only when he was tied up. Finally an old jeep came and met them. He was then trans- ported in a tied up and blindfolded position north to Hanoi. During the trip north, he was amazed at the amount of traffic. It was all trucks and busses, but they were cleverly camouflaged so as to not be visible from the air. During the trip north, he kept thinking how long would he be a POW and fear began to set in. Once at the Heartbreak Hotel [also known as "The Hanoi Hilton", a Hanoi prison], he was issued basic gear consisting of a teapot, a broken toothbrush, a tube of tooth paste from the Hanoi soap works which was to last for 6 months, a bar of lye soap that had to last for 2 months, a blanket, a mosquito net, a cup, and a small mat. It was tough to getting used to doing nothing and to have your life completely regimented as dictated by the North Vietnamese. NamNews 2-10 Page 12 1 Oct 1988 Capt. Franke found out that he had been declared KIA from another pilot that had been shot down 20 minutes after he was. The wingman aircraft saw the exploding aircraft and not the two chutes and consequently everyone thought Capt. Franke was dead and KIA from the SAM hit. This really brought out a sinking feeling in him realizing that everyone including his wife and family would think him dead. The most pressing thought on the POWS minds were how long they would be prisoners...from 4 months - 2 years most thought. After 7 years time was nothing. The first year is the toughest. The mind has to be placed in the proper frame. Getting used to doing nothing is one of the worst things. When a person would go on a hunger strike, the Vietna- mese would cut off the water. The problem with hunger strikes is the prisoner hasn't that much going for him and the more he eats the better his chance of escape. While in cell # 7, he received his first meal, it looked like Spaghetti-O's with ants all through it. New prisoners would pick through it, but old prison- ers wouldn't, they would lick the bowl clean. Prisoners wouldn't get rice. That was much too good for prisoners. Fortunately they would get bread, but it was speckled with weevils. No salt was in the diet. The bread was the life saver, a loaf a day made from Russian wheat that came from U.S. What was fed was what was [was collected from] the floor sweepings from the local economy. The diet basically was sewer greens from the sewer run-offs, full of clorophyl with no protein, but did keep one alive. That is what the summer diet was. In the winter time the diet would be pumpkin. They would boil it after being beat with a machete, and that was what the prisoners got. Bread, water, sewer greens, and pumpkin was the menu depending on the time of year. The POWS had two basic goals... [to] survive, and to return home with honor. The pows were pawns to be used against the U.S. in world public opinion. The interrogators wanted the prisoners to make statements. The code for military personnel is to give name, rank, serial number, and date of birth to the BEST OF ONES ABILITY. Capt. Franke recommends that one find out what they (the interro- gators) want and when it is at the point where you are going to lose it all, you give them something - not necessarily the truth - but something without giving away the store when they are giving QUIZ [interrogation]. Be polite and military and answer is No sir with a reason. The second goal is to return home with honor. One has to live with themselves so one has to be very careful as to how they conduct themselves. There wasn't a man there that didn't give away something that he didn't want to. The way to keep from going nuts is to communicate. When in solitary, you then communicate whenever you had the chance to talk with someone else. A code was set up when talking with another American. Camp rules and regulations prohibited talking and if you didn't answer truthfully and honestly you were pun- ished. They would segregate those that were dead [shown to be KIA by U.S.] from those that were listed as MIA and POW. The Rabbit, nickname for the head interrogator, would read the same papers U.S. troops would, and would get those papers from Hong Kong. Hence whatever was out in the press was common knowledge to the Vietnamese as well. Nels Tanner, another POW, had given out false names such as Clark Kent, Davey Crockett, etc when NamNews 2-10 Page 13 1 Oct 1988 under interrogation. This was printed in the press as a Vietna- mese Coup. When it was discovered that it was bogus information and that the Vietnamese had lost face and ridiculed in World public opinion, Tanner was punished and got electrical shock, put in irons etc. Some Americans couldn't stand it, and went over to helping the Vietnamese. So after this ploy, any news releases were cleared by two Americans who would say it was true or false. Don't let the interrogators talk you into giving away the store, everyone has a threshold of pain and give it a try before you start talking. Keep in mind that they would kill you if it would suit their purposes. Capt. Franke was 60 feet away from the interrogators when they kicked a man to death after having been gagged with a stick through the mouth. All the guards and inter- rogators spoke English. They would not let the prisoners learn Vietnamese. The information was spread through the walls with the knocking code. Capt. Franke was moved 28 times in 7 1/2 years, as they thought these moves were breaking up the communications network. It was a very traumatic experience during the moving. Americans never got out of their cells. Fortunately there were 3 Thai prisoners, and they were allowed out of their cells and were put to work during the day. They communicated with the Americans. One of the Thai's would hallow out sticks and put messages in them or pound them out on the wall. Are there any POWs left in Vietnam? His opinion is that everyone would have been killed since the Vietnamese would have done so since they are so much of a race to save face. By 1970 the POWs were pretty much entrenched in what was going on. There was a news box in each cell. They would put out news about the millions of people in the peace movement. Hearing about the constant peace movement protests really scared the prisoners into thinking about would they ever get out of Vietnam. Don't go to war if you don't intend to win. A prisoner realizes how insig- nificant they are in this life. The only thing that you are a part of is the little society in that prison. You would follow the orders of the SRO [Senior Ranking Officer] in order to return home with honor. The prisoners had to stick together, and there were no secrets in prison and [it was] tough to live if one betrayed the other POWs, and one always had to keep in mind wanting to return home with honor. 1972 arrived and prisoners were not being tortured, which was a change. The food was just the same, the bombing was halt- ed, and McGovern was running against Nixon and it was thought that the senior officers would never go home if McGovern was elected. When Nixon was elected and they heard the B52's coming,it sure made the prisoners feel good when the bombing came. All night long the bombing continued. Every once in a while you would see a big flash when a B52 would be hit with a SAM and 8 [more] Americans were killed. This is where the war should have started in 1965. Once a year you would get coffee, and turkey for Christmas. Be careful with how you think with what you hear or the POWs might get false hopes about returning home. On Christmas there wasn't any bombing but the next night it continued. The bombing was beginning to overwhelm the Vietnamese. No POW was ever hurt by the bombs [that we know of]. Finally all the doors were NamNews 2-10 Page 14 1 Oct 1988 opened and POWS were taken to camp commanders area and they were told they were going home. Each prisoner got told they were going home in the order shot down...after the sick and wounded. People were then placed in group cells instead of solitary cells. What were the POWs going to wear home? It was settled with the camp commander. When they left they were given a present from the Vietnamese of tooth brush and tooth paste. The prisoners were loaded in busses and were taken south to a build- ing where the Red Cross was located and then they were put into a bus and back to an airport and there were some C-130's and some C-141's [U.S. transport aircraft]. He was met by a Colonel and was told "Welcome to freedom." He was then led into a C-141 and transported to Clark AFB in the Philippines. He was shot down at age 39 and had missed 8 Christmases at home. Capt. Franke considers himself fortunate to be alive. Every man there learned to exercise in order to kill time so most were in pretty good shape. They were transported into a sterile hospital. He got into a shower and about 3 hours later was told it was time for chow. All kinds of chow. It was really great. Basically all prisoners had parasites and worms but other than that most were in good health. He stopped in Hawaii, went to Travis [AFB in California], and back to Balboa Navy Hospital [in San Diego]. Upon return was a shock seeing all of the kids, one married, one teenager and one 9 year old and all of a sudden had to be reaccepted into his own family. Most POWS were divorced in a short time after return. Many times the thinking and lifestyles had changed. Fortunately he is still married to the same lady for 39 years. He retired in 1977 after 33 years [service]. He does not put much credence in what Private Garwood says. He says he got his first mail in 1971 which was number 37 even though in since 1965. In 1967 he found out that he was changed to POW instead of KIA. He was changed to POW status from KIA status because of Stockdale getting some CIA invisible ink on the back of a letter listing him as a POW instead of KIA. He hates Jane Fonda as she is a Communist. Jane Fonda has put out a tape made outside of the camp showing her true colors. It [the tape] shook the feeling of the POWs wondering whether they would ever get out seeing the distention among the American people. How to keep from cracking up? Get past the self pity. Assume everything is going well at home. Memorize the list of who is there as POW. A simple slogan was among the POWs, each day is a small victory. Mental attitude is everything. No successful escapes. More trouble living together than living in solitary. NamNews 2-10 Page 15 1 Oct 1988 Things That Go Bump In the Night by Mike Dealey Lots of vets complain about noises that freak them out. Probably the one you hear about most is a car backfiring. Some guys claim it's like, "Lock...one magazine ball ammunition...load...ready on the right... the flag is up...prone...you have 5 seconds to get into position...unlock your weapons...fire when ready...fire, fire, Fire, FIRE!!! I dunno, a backfire doesn't seem to bother me. Oh, I jump, just like any normal person does. But the instant my mind recog- nizes it for what it is, everything's cool. To me it's not a "memory sound". Okay, maybe like some dummy trying to run a deuce and a half on JP-4, but not the sounds of bad stuff going down. Yet, some things do bother me. Like the sound of hogs coming in. Not those dinky little Sikorsky "loaches" like the News-8 Traffic Control uses, but your full-blown Hueys with their Lycoming turbo props going whomp, whomp, whomp. No matter where I am or what I'm doing, I can't help but look up at them. Just the sound of chopper blades makes my muscles start to tense up like I was getting ready to go out on a CA. However, I've found that if I catch it early, it's easy enough to shrug off. But if one of those birds ever started to flutter in on me...I dunno, I might just run screaming, "I ain't never gonna get on one of them _____ers again!" I did make that commitment back in the mid-70s. Here's what happened: I was forced to take an air shuttle from La Gardia to JFK. Thing turned out to be a chopper. Not a Huey, but some commercial jobbie that size-wise was like half way between a Sh_thook...oops, I mean Chinook and a 1D. Seated about 10 or 12 in plush seats like commercial airliners. At least I think it did; not sure because I had my eyes closed the whole time. Swore then I'd never get on another one. To me, choppers are for carrying instruments of war and body bags, not commercial passengers. But I found out a couple of years ago something that really blows me away big time: a rock concert. I got snookered into going to a KISS concert by some nephews and nieces that claimed "Unc" needed to "find out where it's at." Frankly, I wasn't too keen on the idea from time zero. Not that I don't like rock, it's my favorite music. Bon Jovi is doing some great stuff. Whitesnake, too. Even ol' David Lee Raunchy is a darn good entertainer. And that Samantha Fox! Woo-woo, world's greatest singer (you mean she can sing, TOO?). But I say, "Hey, what the heck. Anything to satisfy the natives." So we go. It was a setup from the start. I'm surrounded by this seething hoard of humanity. Scream- ing, yelling, jumping up and down, bumping into you, stepping on your toes...it's like a full frontal assault. Hot, sweaty...it's June or July...outdoor concert. The Fire Dept is periodically spraying everybody down to keep us cool. Things are starting to seem unpleasantly familiar. On stage there's these strange looking dudes, faces painted with camo NamNews 2-10 Page 16 1 Oct 1988 paint, tongues trying to flick fur balls out of their own belly buttons. The smell of dew is so strong in the crowd that it reminds you of your hootch after getting back from a hot CA. I'm starting to get this feeling just like Nam...that I was dropped into the middle of a Disney movie set...the Wicked Witch, not Mary Poppins. The music is deafening. Coming out of speakers that must have had magnets that would erase a floppy disk at 50 meters. If I listen carefully I can hear the Moog making sounds like a sixteen ripping away. Then the harsh chatter of an AK. The traps sound like an RPD splattering tracers at my feet. I'm starting to sweat for more than one reason. The bass goes thunk, thunk like a 82-mm mortar tube. The bass drum sounds like...INCOMING! The dude on keys is doing funny sounds like those funky Laotian bugles. A cop on the sideline blows his whistle...the hair bristles on the back of my neck. I expect to hear the PA system blare out anytime, "American, this night you die!" The high-pumping adrenaline level of the crowd is infec- tious. BLAP! It hits me. All I can see is a sea of pith hel- mets and slant eyes. We're surrounded...it's Xe Than all over again. Somebody up ahead of me is screaming, "Make it, make it!" I think they're screaming 'medic'. By now the band's output is nothing but a steady palpitation of tracers. But all I can hear is that never-ending squelch...why won't the FAC answer...out of arty range...where's that FAC? Damn! Channel five..."Bird Dog, Bird Dog, this is Rover-One Actual. We have heavy contact. We are being overrun. Request IMMEDIATE extraction. Get us the ____ out of here. We're dead in oh-five!" About this time some stage hand pops smoke and the entire stage erupts into a fireworks display. Man, I about sh_t a block of C4. Crowd's eating it up...I'm getting the dry heaves. Freaked. Couldn't take it. Had to go sit in the car and wait for the others. Man, it was playback time...slo-mo, stick it in and twist it. Every scene retched its way up out of my subconscious in living panovision...after 17, 18 years. Glad no one could see my eyes. Glad I could hunker down in a car seat. Glad I hadn't accepted a suck off any joints. My assessment of rock concerts? Stark terror, Jack! So now my family thinks I'm an old fuddyduddy that doesn't like modern music. I just let 'em think it. They couldn't understand. But it's not a generation gap, it's an experience gap. Don't mean nothing. NamNews 2-10 Page 17 1 Oct 1988 A Day In Uniform - Eight Years Later By: Mike Gordon Flash Port BBS 720/7 18/7 (901)525-2710 Veterans of all services I have a challenge for you. Spend a day of the work week in your old uniform. I did and the reactions I got went a long way to helping me explain to myself what has happened in this country. The apathy for MIA's, POW's and the like. I was up most of the night preparing my old camouflage utilities for the day. Remember all those long nights spent preparing for inspections of one sort or another? This was no exception. It took about eight coats of boot polish to bring those old combat boots back to a respectable shine. I never did find a single one of my old Marine Covers so I had to improvise and use an old hunting hat. It did not do the uniform justice at all but that's the way it is eight years later. The day began a little earlier than usual. Resetting the chevrons, name tag and going bananas trying to find a button to replace the one that I notice missing not half an hour before I was due to leave for work. I never did find one but again that's the way it is eight years later. When I did get to work I was almost late so most of those I work with were already setting up for the day. Most took a quick look at who was coming through the door right at opening time. There was a difference this time when I walked in that door. I felt as though I was embarrassed. Eight years earlier I was proud (and still am proud) of the uniform, but this particular day something was different. I have not quite pinned it down to one special look that day. Initial reactions to the uniform from the work force was a mixed bag. It covered the total gambit of the spectrum from down right shear laughter to reserved stand off-ish-ness. As the day wore on, some of the people who had complemented me two earlier days on my dress (I wore dress clothes and a tie in a tie shirt and grease environment) were strangely stand offish. One of the two never did say a word to me that day. The other said only a casual; "hello" Other reactions were not what I expected in many ways. Memphis is a large city and familiar with the Navy installation just 20 miles to the North (NAS Millington - Electronics training facility) so I expected some positive reactions to the old uniform, but to my dismay my co-workers all seems to think I was going Dove hunting, or even worse was going to go crazy and kill a few people as the now famous postal employee did. One of the most memorable comments went something like this: "Well you have been driving that tank (1972 Impala) for years now NamNews 2-10 Page 18 1 Oct 1988 and didn't have a uniform for it now you do!" Another comment goes with what I said earlier. It went something like this: "When you go crazy and start killing people please remember I'm a friend and leave me out of it, PLEASE...." Then there was another lady who when catching sight of me exclaimed, "OH MY GOD!" I've had some time to try to sort through my personal feelings about wearing the uniform. It definitely brought back some memories both good and bad. It reminded me where I came from. I started replaying the last 20 years of my life over and over in my mind. Maybe this is what some would call flashbacks. I don't know, but it was definitely a day I will remember for a long time. The reactions of my co-workers served only to emphasize to me why this country is in the state of confusion it is. There is just no pride in a man wearing a uniform anymore. I'd wager a guess that if a World War Two veteran was to put on their uniform eight years after returning from the war they would not have been given the kind of reception I was. In all fairness, my co-workers are young and most have not been in service to their country at all but from them I did not expect to receive the coolishness that I did from other working NamVets! The President gives lip service to any questions about MIA's and POW's. He always says we are doing all we can to bring them home, but really doesn't fund the efforts nor publicize them either. The FULLEST ACCOUNTING POSSIBLE has been beat to death! The apathy shown by my "friends" shows only to well why our congressmen have allowed the VA Hospitals to deteriorate into such deplorable conditions. If I was to sum it all up in two words they would be apathy and disrespect. Apathy for those that served and their problems and disrespect of the uniform they served. What ever happened to American Honor, American Pride? I will repeat my challenge to all veterans reading this. Put on your old uniform for a weekday and watch the reactions of those around you. I hope your experiences will be better than mine. Only one thing I ask. Write about it and post it here in NamVet. I would like to read about others experiences. NamNews 2-10 Page 19 1 Oct 1988 W H E N Twenty years and still the nightmare continues in my mind. When does it stop or does it ever? I still hear the gun fire, the beat of the helicopter blades. I smell the rot of the jungle, I hear the Viet Cong. I see the faces of those I've killed, those who wanted to kill me. All the signs are there, the feeling that death is near. Will peace ever come for me? Must I live these memories every day in my mind? Oh, God! How I pray it will someday end, this war I believed in. The war my people hated, the people I fought for, the people who rejected me when I came home. The people who reject me now. I live with the memory, the guilt, the guilt they make me feel. I live it alone as do thousands of others who remember as I do. They build monuments to us now after all those years. In remembrance for the loved ones we lost. This helps the survivors of those left behind. Where are the monuments to the soldiers who survived. The ones who need the understanding. Those who went as boys and came home as old men. So young to lose so much so quick. The men who now stand alone with the nightmare. My question, are the dead the survivors? They are at peace. The Wall of Tears, a wall with all the names of my friends who believed as I did. All men should be free. Were we wrong? NO! Death will bring my peace. Then I shall be a survivor. I will have won the war. CPL T.E. Williams Vietnam (1965-1967) 1st INF. Division Co. A 1st Aun BN (Gunner) Co A !st 26th INF. (Machine Gunner) 18 month tour From the Armed Forces Reunion BBS On-line 7 days a week, 24 hours a day 300/1200/2400 baud (704) 667-8021 NamNews 2-10 Page 20 1 Oct 1988 ================================================================= GENERAL ARTICLES ================================================================= Creches to Cope With Food Need A project to improve the diet of families in Vietnam through fish-farming, small-animal husbandry and food-gardening has taken on added importance in the current food shortage facing the country. The threatening food crisis follows two years of poor harvests due partly to a series of natural disasters that caused extensive damage to rice and other crops. The government appealed urgently for international assistance in May, saying that three million people, 40 per cent of them children under 14 years old, were being affected. The UNICEF-assisted VAC project (the VAC acronym in Vietnamese stands for fish, animal and vegetable cultivation) is now being looked upon as a start in countering the adverse impact of such shortages on children. This effort to promote family nutritional self-reliance has been added to the day-care services project in rural areas. A pilot scheme to integrate nutrition, education and water and environmental sanitation was begun recently in 200 creches in Ha Nam Ninh province and Binh Luc and Xuan Thuy districts near Hanoi. Even without a food crisis, malnutrition is a major problem among children in Viet Nam, where more than half of those under six years old are underweight and suffer from energy-protein deprivation. Creches represent a good starting point in dealing with the problem as they are attended by 30 per cent of all children from six months to three years old. Many day-care centres in rural Viet Nam already have some fruit trees and a pig or two, the proceeds from which pay for creche staff and supplies. Communities will now be asked to contribute surplus produce and basic services. The Education Ministry will train a team of paediatricians, child psychologists, nutritionists and educationists to instruct directors of selected creches in proper feeding practices and in early childhood stimulation and pre-school education. Source: Asia Section, Programme Division, UNICEF New York. NamNews 2-10 Page 21 1 Oct 1988 Vietnam War By: S/SGT C.E. "Sonnie" Hensley USAF Retired (Medically) The nearly 20-year conflict between the United States and the indigenous revolutionaries in Vietnam ended in the mid-1970's with a victory for the Asian insurrectionaries. As the first major military defeat ever sustained by the U.S. government and a noteworthy triumph by Communist-led insurgents the Vietnam War had momentous ramifications in Southeast Asia, in the United States, and throughout the world. The conflict began in the mid-1950's as the United States took over from the French, who had colonized Indochina during the late 19th century. At first supporting the pro-American government of NGO Dinh Diem, then sending military advisors to aid Diem's campaign against the developing insurgency, then finally moving in with massive military power in the late 1960's, the United States eventually withdrew hastily between 1973 and 1975. Not only did the insurgents prove themselves capable of withstanding the U.S. military assault,with the help of military aid from the USSR and from China,but they also attracted support within the United States from an active peace movement that grew and became increasingly militant as the war in Vietnam escalated. ROOTS OF THE CONFLICT The Vietnamese insurgency had deep, historic roots, beginning long before World War II and relying for inspiration on earlier Vietnamese rebels who fought off Chinese domination. The French colonial presence generated an upper class of Frenchified Vietnamese landlords and officials who collaborated with the foreigners. Many of these Vietnamese were Roman Catholic converts, a group that later supplied much of the support enjoyed by the pro U.S. regimes of Ngo Dinh Diem and Nguyen Van Thieu. The future lay, however, with those Vietnamese who opposed the French,first, members of the old Vietnamese scholar-gentry elite, and later, rebels of a more modern character, whose vision was an independent Vietnamese republic similar to the one taking shape under the direction of Sun Yat-sen in China. French repression, however, choked off all these forms of Vietnamese anticolonialism except for the Indochinese Communist party, organized by Ho Chi Minh from outside of Vietnam in 1930. Building up support, especially in those regions which had been scenes of earlier insurgencies, the Vietnamese Communists were poised for action as World War II began. World War II. Succumbing to German power in 1940, France was nominally governed during the war by the collaborationist Vichy Government. In France's overseas colonies, such as Vietnam, French Vichyite officials were in no position to oppose demands of Germany's Asian ally, Japan, for a joint occupation of the colony. Ho Chi NamNews 2-10 Page 22 1 Oct 1988 Minh and the Communists responded by the formation in 1941 of the Viet Minh, a coalition of most groups opposed to foreign domination of Vietnam, including "elders and prominent personalities "who were urged to emulate "the example set by our forefathers,who,rose up indignantly" hundreds of years earlier to repulsea Mongolian invasion. Animated by ancestral example and by the Leninist program for national liberation struggles, the Viet Minh made rapid progress during the war years. Ho Chi Minh's organization was an important component of the antifascist resistance movement in both Indochina and China, and because it was fighting against the Axis power in the region, Japan, it also received aid from the United States. In exchange for Viet Minh support in the common struggle, American officials promised to support Vietnamese bids for independence at the close of the war. These promises, however, did not represent a commitment by the highest levels of the U.S. government and were easily overlooked in the postwar era. As the military tide turned against Japan, the Japanese sought to curry favor with local nationalist forces. In Vietnam this meant supplanting the French, which the Japanese occupation forces did in March 1945, seizing the French garrisons and inducing the Annamese emperor Bao Dai to declare his country's independence. The Japanese action immensely aided the Viet Minh cause. Bao Dai made no real attempt to govern the country, and Ho Chi Minh's Communist-led insurgents emerged as the dominant political force. At the close of the war in August 1945, the Viet Minh seized control of Hanoi, forced the abdication of Bao Dai, and proclaimed the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The great powers, however, had little interest in the emergence of a socialist society on the Indochinese peninsula. U.S. president, Franklin Roosevelt, believed in the establishment of some sort of United Nations trusteeship for the former French colonies, but his successor, Harry Truman, wished to cement relations among the Western allies by permitting Great Britain and Chiang Kai-shek's government in China arole in reoccupying the region after the war. Hence, at the Potsdam Conference in August 1945, just as the Viet Minh forces were taking control in Vietnam, the great powers were planning to divide Indochina at 17 deg latitude, giving the north to China and the south to British forces. This occupation lasted only a few months, and French garrisons returned in 1946. The USSR did not oppose this first postwar partition of Indochina. First Indochinese War. By 1947, despite French assurances of formal independence to the three Associated States of Indochina, Cambodia (now Kampuchea), Laos, and Vietnam, the French Union looked like a revived empire. Assertion of Vietnamese autonomy became rebellion against the French colonial authority, especially in the south where the British occupation had provided a rapid reintroduction of French power. The First Indochinese War (in the post-World War II NamNews 2-10 Page 23 1 Oct 1988 period) had begun. The French had a hard time combating the Vietnamese insurgents, who had controlled some areas for nearly two decades and who had a vivid sense of the legitimacy of their August 1945 revolution. In 1949 the French reached an agreement with Bao Dai, who returned to Vietnam as head of state. This failed to have appreciable effect, however, and the following year the United States began to subsidize the French effort, thus setting the stage for the reolongation of conflict in Vietnam for another quarter of a century. The United States entered the war by supplying arms and materiel to the French colonial regime in Indochina on the grounds that the region was threatened by "Soviet Russian imperialism." American attitudes and policies reflected heightened cold-war fears and anxieties following the 1949 victory of Communist forces across the border in China. By 1954, U.S. aid represented 80 percent of the total French military budget for the war. Even this massive aid, however, could not ward off the Vietnamese victory, which came dramaticallyat the time of the Battle of Diem Bien Phu in the spring of 1954. The peace conference at Geneva quickly followed, arranging for a cease-fire; temporary partition of Vietnam at latitude 17 deg, with provision for eventual reunification and elections; and regroupment of combat forces, the Vietnamese to the north of the demarcation line, the French to the south. The War From 1955 to 1964 American policy makers had difficulty in accepting the victory of the Communist-led Vietnamese forces over the French, and in the mid-1950s the United States gradually became the successor to colonial power in the region. The Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower, which had blamed the Democrats for the"loss" of China to the Communist revolutionaries, attempted to create a stable, anti-Communist regime south of the 17 deg demarcation line. The compromised and weak Bao Dai was replaced by Ngo Dinh Diem, a Vietnamese Catholic with powerful U.S. supporters. Consolidating his power with the help of Catholic refugees from the north, who preempted local offices in violation of local tradition, Diem also refused to hold the elections that were scheduled in the Geneva Accords for 1956. When Diem also initiated an "agrarian reform" that actually returned land to locallandlords and reversed the more egalitarian policies of the Viet Minh, he virtually goaded the non-Christian peasantry into rebellion. The authoritarian regime found itself under attack from a variety of groups that Diem contemptuously called VIET CONG and that by 1960 would federate into the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (NLFSV). U.S. Policy. The U.S. government, viewing Diem as an exemplary Asian anti-Communist leader, began giving the South Vietnam regime increasing amounts of military aid in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The expressed basis for this deepening U.S. military involvement was the obligation to defend a friendly government NamNews 2-10 Page 24 1 Oct 1988 from "outside" attack and to halt the tide of Chinese Communist influence. Official policy statements ascribed the struggle in Vietnam to "aggression from the north," but independent observers could see little evidence of North Vietnamese involvement until the mid-1960's, whereas the repressive policies of the Diem administration seemed sufficient explanation of the growing insurgency in the south. Brushing aside such observations, the administration of John F. Kennedy assayed schemes to help the Diem government overcome the rebellion in Vietnam. Counterinsurgency Strategy. U.S. counterinsurgency strategy stressed isolating the local population from the active guerrillas and increasing the U.S. military presence both to augment combat forces and to impart confidence to the Diem government and the Army of South Vietnam (ARVN). U.S. experts designed "strategic hamlets" where peasants could be relocated to reduce their susceptibility to NLFSV propaganda and recruiting, but the population forcibly uprooted from village fields and deprived of ancestral shrines viewed the policy as another example of oppression by the remote Diem administration and its American allies. The hamlets became virtual concentration camps, a fact that propelled many Vietnamese into the Viet Cong. Increased U.S. military presence did bolster counter-insurgency forces, but in the long run this aspect of the strategy also backfired. At the beginning of the Kennedy presidency, fewer than 2,000 U.S. troops were in Vietnam. (There was also a small U.S. contingent in Laos waging a covert counterinsurgency campaign against the Communist-dominated PATHET LAO guerrillas.) Within a year that number doubled, and it rose to at least 15,000 by the crisis year of 1963. A considerable number of these troops were in such elite units as the Green Berets, trained in sophisticated techniques of jungle warfare and using technologically advanced equipment such as helicopter gunships. U.S. arms, ammunition, and materiel were made available to the ARVN on a massive scale. Although such a military effort achieved short-run success in inflicting heavy casualties on insurgent forces, in the long run it reinforced the growing conviction among Vietnamese that the Diem regime was so dependent on the United States that it could not be considered a legitimate government in Vietnam. NamNews 2-10 Page 25 1 Oct 1988 Guerrilla War. By contrast, the Viet Cong was, until 1965 at least, conducting a guerrilla war on the classic model, relying on local sources for most of its cadres and supplies. After the failure of Diem to hold elections in 1956, many Viet Minh fighters who had regrouped north of latitude 17 deg in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Accords returned to their villages and towns in the south. (The reappearance of these men gave some semblance of truth to the official U.S. position that the Vietnam War resulted from aggression from the north.) In the late 1950's and early '60's the guerrilla forces relied on the tactics of mobility, swift attack and withdrawal, assassination of Diemist village chiefs, and avoidance of large-scale engagements. Although a trickle of supplies arrived from North Vietnam, most of the weapons deployed were U.S. arms captured from the ARVN, leftovers from the anti-French struggle, or weapons handcrafted in clandestine jungle arsenals. Overthrow of Diem. Even with the massive U.S. aid, the Diem regime was not able to crush the insurrection. Meanwhile, its repressive policies were generating widespread opposition throughout society in South Vietnam. Disaffection appeared among the intelligentsia, in the ARVN, but especially in the Buddhist religious establishment. Heavy-handed repression by the government, in which Diem's Catholic family was heavily represented, stimulated dramatic acts of Buddhist protest, including the widely publicized self- immolation of an elderly Buddhist monk, Quang Due, at a Saigon traffic intersection in June 1963. Diem had clearly become a liability, and when a group of ARVN officers plotted to overthrow him, the plan had covert U.S. support. The coup took place on Nov. 1, 1963, and Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu were killed. A few weeks later John F. Kennedy was also assassinated, be- queathing the intractable Vietnam struggle to Lyndon B. Johnson. Tonkin Gulf Resolution. At first continuing the policies of his predecessor, supporting Diem's successors in Saigon with arms and increasing numbers of U.S. military personnel, President Johnson soon faced the same dilemmas that had plagued all American policymakers trying to devise an anti-Communist victory in Vietnam. Greater emphasiswas placed on military solutions, continuing a trend that would soon be called "escalation." The Johnson administration authorized missions inside North Vietnam, as well as continuing covert raids in Laos, which had formally been neutralized (1962) with the agreement of interested powers, including the United States. In the presidential-election year of 1964, Johnson had to fend off the criticisms of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater that excessive leniency was being shown North Vietnam. Goldwater repeatedly called for use of atomic weapons against the Viet- namese enemy. While portraying such statements as irresponsible NamNews 2-10 Page 26 1 Oct 1988 and needlessly belligerent, Johnson was pondering similar proposals from such "hawks" within his administration as Gen. Maxwell Taylor and Walt W. Rostow. The occasion to order air strikes against North Vietnam came in early August 1964, when two U.S.naval vessels tangled with North Vietnamese boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. In alleged retaliation for what many doubted was an actual attack on U.S. ships, Johnson ordered the bombing. At the same time he obtained from the U.S. Congress a resolution (the Tonkin Gulf Resolution of Aug. 7, 1964) empowering him "to take all necessary measures" to pursue the conflict in Vietnam. The War From 1965 to 1975 U.S. Escalation. The precedent had been set for the most devastating phase of the Vietnam War, massive air assaults on both North Vietnam and rebel-held areas in the south. Attacks by Viet Cong forces, such as the assault on Pleiku air base in South Vietnam in February 1965, called forth ever intensified bombing by the United States. In the midst of this escalating conflict, the South Vietnamese government tottered from crisis to crisis, with ministers succeeding each other in office with dizzying rapidity. Many observers believed that the deepened U.S. military commitment was necessitated by the political instability in the south after the assassination of Diem. Ironically, the U.S. presence was necessary to uphold the sagging morale of the government in Saigon, whose very instability was accentuated by its reliance on U.S. military support. Another factor in the escalation of the airwar was interservice rivalry between the U.S. armed forces. The U.S. Air Force was anxious to obtain a greater share of the vast appropriations becoming available for the Vietnam conflict, expenditures that were eventually to have a destabilizing effect on the domestic economy in the United States. The growing role of air power in the Vietnam War did not bring any reduction of U.S. ground forces; rather, the numbers of such forces in Vietnam steadily increased in the mid-1960s. Expanding their role from advising ARVN units to independent combat missions, American military forces grew to more than 180,000 by the end of 1965; a year later they totaled 385,000. By early 1968 more than half a million U.S. troops were deployed in Vietnam, engaged in "search-and-destroy" missions against rebel villages and installations. Given the nature of the struggle in Vietnam, however, American troops could not easily distinguish guerrilla fighters from the general population, in such a war, the two groups tended to merge. Hence, confining military attacks to combat targets was not always possible. Often civilian populations were the victims of U.S. armed assault, as in the case of the tragic massacre at My Lai hamlet in the spring of 1968. Air assaults were even more likely to inflict damage on nonmilitary targets, and thousands of NamNews 2-10 Page 27 1 Oct 1988 Vietnamese civilians perished from napalm attacks. As part of the strategy of isolating the guerrillas from their supporters in the peasantry, the American policy makers hit on the strategy of systematic destruction of the ecological system, the agriculture and forest cover, of rebel areas in Vietnam. The rationale was that the population would flee to urban areas under the protection of the ARVN and U.S. forces. Although based on questionable political and psychological, not to say moral, assumptions, the air war achieved many of its objectives. Four million persons, or about one-quarter of the population in South Vietnam, became refugees. Large portions of the countryside were laid waste and defoliated by a combination of bombing and herbicide spraying. In North Vietnam the U.S. bombing destroyed much of the transportation system and many industrial sites. Also, evidence began to accumulate of air strikes, whether accidental or calculated, against such civilian targets in the north as schools and hospitals. The Vietnam War began to take on the character of a mighty technological Goliath attacking a puny, agricultural David. Tet Offensive. By 1965, North Vietnamese army units appeared in the south, and the guerrillas were able to count on increased amounts of military aid from the USSR and from China. By 1967 the insurgents appeared to be faltering, or so American policymakers believed. Nonetheless, in the early part of the following year, the NLFSV took the grave risk of staging a coordinated, massive attack at about 120 targets during the Tet (New Year) festival in January-February 1968. Thirty-six provincial capitals, the old imperial capital of Hue, and the gigantic U.S. Tan Son Nhut air base were all hit by Viet Cong forces, guerrillas in the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon even penetrated the U.S. embassy compound and held it for 6 hours. Finally driven back, with staggering losses, from most of the positions they had taken during the Tet offensive, the Viet Cong had nevertheless demonstrated that once U.S. power was removed nothing could stop their domination, and that of their North Vietnamese allies, over South Vietnam. Antiwar Movement. If the sheer persistence of the Vietnamese guerrillas was the dominant factor in forcing a change in U.S. policy toward Vietnam in the late 1960's, another set of developments that shaped the outcome of the war was the growth of dissent and antiwar sentiment within the United States. U.S. universities comprised one main center for peace activism, a vast protest movement developed there from after the first "teach-in" was held in March 1965 at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Criticism of U.S. policy centered on the vulnerable theory of "aggression from the north" as the main factor in the Vietnam conflict and on the military means being used in the attempt to subdue the insurgents. Many Americans found it difficult to reconcile this attempt with any commitment to freedom, self-determination, or democracy. As the Johnson administration began to suffer from a NamNews 2-10 Page 28 1 Oct 1988 severe "credibility gap," a portion of the antiwar movement stepped up its protests. Major peace rallies took place in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 1966 and in the fall of 1967, when demonstrators marched on the Pentagon. Reappraisal of U.S. Policy. Within the government an agonizing reappraisal of Vietnam policy was taking place in the wake of the Tet offensive. The military, speaking through the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Gen. William C. Westmoreland, commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, dismissed the Tet offensive as a rebel defeat. At the same time, however, it asked for 100,000 more U.S. combat troops within 60 days, nor could it guarantee that additional troop requests might not be soon forthcoming. Some American officials (Defense Secretary Clark Clifford, for example) began to doubt that a U.S. victory in Vietnam was possible without crushing the country and jeopard- izing U.S. interests elsewhere. The troop request was rejected, and President Johnson, seeing the Vietnam war undermine his domestic "Great Society" programs, dramatically declared in March 1968 that he would not be a candidate for reelection in the fall. At the same time he cut back the bombing of North Vietnam. The ensuing presidential electoral campaign was at first a national referendum on the Vietnam War. The strong showing of the antiwar Democratic candidate Sen. Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary was one of the factors that influenced Johnson's with- drawal. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy also entered the Democratic race urging U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam and won several primaries before his assassination in June 1968. The Democratic National Convention, however, gave the nomination to Vice-President Hubert H. Humphery, a vocal supporter of Lyndon Johnson's escalation policies. Shortly before the election Johnson announced the cessation of bombing of North Vietnam and the establishment of peace negotiations in Paris (earlier but ineffectual discussions with the North Vietnamese had taken place in Warsaw). This pro- bably helped Humphrey's campaign to gather momentum, but he still lost the election to Richard M. Nixion. Nixon had earlier advocated a harsh policy toward the Indochinese revolutionaries, but as president from 1969 to 1974, he initiated a series of policies and was subject to a set of forces that eventually undermined the U.S. war effort. NamNews 2-10 Page 29 1 Oct 1988 Negotiations Although as fully committed to cold-war doctrines as his predecessor, President Nixon exercised in the early months of his tenure in the White House a certain tactical flexibility toward Vietnam. The stalled and hesitant efforts of the Johnson administration to arrange meaningful negotiations gave way to more serious efforts to get peace talks under way in Paris. The new administration was even able to convince an unwilling South Vietnamese regime, now headed by Gen. Nguyen Van Thieu, to participatein these nego- tiations, after preliminary agreement on the symbolic issue of the shape of the conference table was concluded. Antiwar agitation in the United States abated for a time as both activists and the American electorate appeared to be willing to give Nixon a chance to conclude peace in Vietnam. Internal events in both the United States and Vietnam, however, quickly came to dominate and shape events at the Paris negotiations, which dragged on until 1973. Vietnamization. A political shake-up in Saigon in the summer isolated the Thieu government further and rendered it even more dependent on the United States. This very dependency was one of the main propaganda issues raised by the NLFSV, and, coupled with growing popular resentment of the widespread destruction wreaked by American weapons, it created ever-increasing support for an ending of the war on the rebels' terms. By June 1969 the rebels of the NLFSV, along with other opposition groups in South Vietnam, organized a Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG), which eventually assumed its place at the Paris peace conference. In partial response to the increased legitimacy and prestige won by the insurgents, the Nixon administration began in the fall of 1969 to withdraw U.S. military detachments from Vietnam while intensifying the bombing raids in the south. Nixon explained the policy as one of "Vietnamization" of the war, although U.S. military expenditures for the war continued at record levels. Effects of the War in the United States. Despite the Nixon administration's expressed disdain for antiwar protesters (Vice-President Spiro Agnew dismissed them as "an effete corps of impudent snobs"), the domestic repercussions of the Vietnam War were becoming serious by 1969. The economy wasthe main problem. Lyndon Johnson had proclaimed that the United States could both prosecute the Asian conflict and pursue domestic policies such as the War on Poverty and federal aid to education. The war brought both an irresistible inflationary tendency in the economy as well as a deficit in the balance of payments. The general deterioration of the economy made it more difficult for the U.S. dollar to maintain its strength in the world's currency markets, it also created impediments to shifting resources into new capital development. None of these economic NamNews 2-10 Page 30 1 Oct 1988 tendencies can be traced solely to the Vietnam War, but clearly the Asian struggle accelerated weaknesses and problems that already existed. Protest against the Vietnam War was also again on the rise in 1969. It had come to affect the U.S. armed forcesthemselves, taking the form of desertion, insubordination, and political activism among the rank and file. As the army increasingly relied on black soldiers from the nation's urban ghettos, usually commanded by white officers, U.S. racial problems were trans- planted to Vietnam. Drug addiction also took its toll among the troops. Back home antiwar groups mobilized mammoth demon- strations, including one with about 250,000 in attendance in Washington in November 1969. Although most Americans did not identify with militant antiwar protesters, many doubted the necessity of a war against Communist-led insurgents in Vietnam when President Nixon was at the same time encouraging friendly relations with the two Communist superpowers, China and the USSR. It was a war, moreover, in which almost 50,000 Americans had died by 1970. Widening of the War to Cambodia and Laos. As the Paris peace negotiations languished, and the nsurgents gradually extended their control in South Vietnam despite the massive air attacks, developments in neighboring Cambodia and Laos dramatically altered the Vietnam conflict in 1970 and 1971. During March 1970 pro-American forces under Lon Nol in Cambodia staged a coup d'etat against the neutralist regime of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. The Communist led KHMER ROUGE quickly assumed control of most of the western provinces of Cambodia. Nixon ordered an invasion of Cambodia by U.S. and ARVN troops in April 1970, along with massive air attacks. Protests against the Cambodian "incursion" occurred at college and university campuses all over the United States, at Kent State University in Ohio national guardsmen fired on student protesters, killing four. The following year, however, the war effort crossed another border. Increased revolutionary activity by the Pathet Lao had put the right-wing Laotian government on the defensive, moreover the invasion of Cambodia had resulted in increased use by the North Vietnamese of supply routes, the so-called Ho Chi Minh Trail, in Laos. In February 1971, ARVN troops, supported by U.S. aircraft, crossed into Laos in an operation that proved a disaster. At the end of the 45-day campaign the ARVN force of 16,000 had lost 3,800 kllled and 5,200 wounded. The widening of the war in Indochina stirred doubts about whether Nixon's policies were actually tending toward peace in the region. The Laotian operation, in particular, seemed to demonstrate that "Vietnamization" without a peace settlement would simply lead to increased Vietnamese deaths. As struggles continued in all three countries, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, NamNews 2-10 Page 31 1 Oct 1988 pressure mounted for progress at the stalled peace talks in Paris. Political opposition reappeared in the U.S. Congress, where such figures as Sen. George McGovern of South Dakota spoke out for new initiatives for peace. U.S. Troop Withdrawals. Troop withdrawals under Nixon's "Vietnamization" plan continued through 1971 and 1972, although accompanied by increased air strikes, naval bombardment, and artillery shelling. During the entire Vietnam War the United States dropped on Indochina five times the amount of explosives used in all of World War II and the Korean War combined. By this time, however, American soldiers were also leaving Vietnam by a few thousand each month. In 1971 the level had dropped to 139,000 men (from a peak of 543,000 in 1969), by August 1972 virtually all U.S. combat groups had been removed, leaving only a few thousand advisors and other military personnel. The question remained, however, of whether the ARVN could now assume the major ground-combat role against the revolutionaries, even when armed by the U.S. government and backed up by U.S. air strength and firepower. The Laotian operation of 1971 had not provided encouragement on that score. Military and Political Deterioration in South Vietnam. The coordinated offensive carried out by the insurgents in the spring of 1972 was a major test of the U.S. supported Saigon government's military and political capabilities. Communist forces, including North Vietnamese contingents, took over large areas in Quangtri province in the northern part of South Vietnam, substantial regions in the central highlands, and strategic sections close to the city of Saigon itself. In many areas the ARVN troops retreated in near rout, although they were eventually able to counterattack and recapture some of the lost territory. The offensive indicated that the military initiative had clearly passed to the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, the regime of Nguyen Van Thieu, continuing an earlier and seemingly inevitable process, isolated itself ever further. In an election campaign that embarrassed even the most enthus- iastic American supporters of the Saigon government and of the anti-Communist struggle in Vietnam, Thieu was the sole candidate for presidential office in 1971. His subsequent actions in closing independent newspapers, banning opposition political parties, decreeing the end of popular elections for local hamlet officials, and ordering rapid and erratic shifts in military command seemed a replay of the weaknesses of all the foreign- sponsored regimes beginning with Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem. Intensified Air War. The U.S. government's response to the deteriorating military and political situation in Vietnam was to escalate the air war and to down play the Paris peace talks, lest the anti-Communist side be obliged to accept an unfavorable settlement reflecting the actual balance of internal forces. The most intense phase of the bomb- NamNews 2-10 Page 32 1 Oct 1988 ing of North Vietnam began in 1972, with B-52 attacks against the port city of Haiphong, during which several Soviet merchant vessels were damaged. PRG and North Vietnamese delegations walked out of the Paris negotiations in protest, and the talks broke off altogether as the offensive continued in South Vietnam. In May the Nixon administration ordered mining of Haiphong and other North Vietnamese harbors. The military rationale for these attacks was to impede the flow of military and other supplies into North Vietnam, but another important factor was the sagging morale of the Saigon regime, which received short-term boosts by these dramatic but lethal demonstrations of military and technological might. Obliged to make such demonstrationsby its ties to the Saigon regime, the U.S. government was at the same time under intense international pressure to come to anaccommodation with the Communist insurgents. It attempted to solve its dilemmas by continuing "Vietnamization," intensifying bombing, and holding secret nego- tiations while the formal peacetalks were suspended. Participating in these talks was Nixon's foreign policy aide, Henry Kissinger, who, in discussions with North Vietnamese envoy Le Duc Tho, managed to draft a provisional peace agreement. This draft agreement was unacceptable to the Thieu government, however, and as the PRG-North Vietnamese offensive continued (with occasional cease-fires) into late 1972, the Americans marked Christmas in Vietnam with the heaviest air strikes to date. Whatever its effect on the Saigon regime, the bombing caused extensive damage in North Vietnam, including virtual demolition of the Bach Mai hospital in Hanoi. The North Vietnamese, however, had organized their society on the basis of traditional village patterns of communal defense, and large segments of the population had been moved out of the cities to protected sites in the countryside. The Christmas bombing of 1972, therefore, brought no noticeable weakening in the negotiating positions of either the North Vietnamese or the PRG. NamNews 2-10 Page 33 1 Oct 1988 The Paris Accords of January 1973. Nonetheless, a peace settlement was reached soon afterward. The bombing may have had some effect in inducing the North Vietnamese to stop stalling on minor negotiating issues, but the principal change in approach appeared to come from the Americans. Late in January 1973 the U.S. government overrode the vehement objections of the Thieu regime to reach an agreement with the North Viet- namese and the PRG that was substantially the same as the October draft. Apparently Nixon assured Thieu that the United States would "react very strongly and rapidly" in the event of a major violation of the agreement, but because of domestic political factors (including the Wateregate scandal, which began to break in the spring of 1973), as well as the long-apparent inability to find any military formula short of total destruction of the country to defeat the insurgents, he was unable to live up to these vague guarantees. The key terms of the Paris Accords were total U.S. military withdrawal, maintenance of rebel "areas of control" by PRG and North Vietnamese forces, the gradual creation of a government of "national reconciliation" in South Vietnam, and the eventual reunification of the country. Intentionally vague on some of the main provisions, the accords provided little more than a formula for continued conflict among the contending Vietnamese factions. The End During the following 2 years a constant process of jockeying for position and control went on, with the United States, distracted by the resignation of Richard Nixon and the accession of Gerald Ford to the presidency, playing a minimal role. The Thieu regime, beset by internal dissension and suffering from an apparently well-deserved reputation for corruption, was clearly on the way out. Finally, the PRG and the North Vietnamese launched their final offensive in the early months of 1975. They won initial spectacular victories as whole ARVN divisions (poorly led, demor- alized, and in some cases honeycombed with rebel sympathizers) abandoned the struggle and entire provinces fell into rebel hands. As the insurgent and North Vietnamese forces threatened Saigon, the Thieu regime resigned in April (Thieu himself fled Vietnam with a huge hoard of treasure) in favor of a caretaker regime that surrendered to PRG forces on April 30. Shortly there after, the Khmer Rouge and the Pathet Lao toppled the right-wing, United States-supported regimes in Cambodia and Laos. Thus, after nearly 20 years, the Indochina War was over. EFFECTS The Vietnam War took a staggering toll of life and suffering. The United States spent about $150 billion to wage the war, a sum that had deeply unsettling effects on the U.S. economy. More than 4 million tons of bombs were dropped on Vietnam, which along with the 18 million gallons of chemical defoliants sprayed reduced much of the fertile country to wasteland and created severe food shortages. Vietnam's dense forests were also severely damaged by herbicides. The effects of bombing and NamNews 2-10 Page 34 1 Oct 1988 defoliationon the health of the Vietnamese is incalculable. Some of the chemicals sprayed caused a marked increase in Down's syndrome, agenetic disorder causing severe mental deficiency, among Vietnamese infants. Stagnant water gathering in bomb craters increased malarial infection, and cancer rates also increased alarmingly. All this came in addition to the killing of approximately 1.7 million Vietnamese people, the wounding of another 3.2 million, and the orphaning of hundreds of thousands of children. U.S. casualties were 49,933 killed and 153,300 wounded. Nearly 12 million Indochinese were uprooted and made refugees before thewar was finally ended. Social dislocations caused by the conflict and by the protracted U.S. occupation were also severe. A segment of the Vietnamese population that for two decades had learned to live off American largess had to make the difficult adjustment to a spartan and impoverished socialist society. Many sought to flee the country by boat. Thousands were lost at sea, and those who reached ports in Southeast Asia were confined to refugee camps to await admission to the United States, Canada, France, and the other countries that agreed to accept limited quotas of refugees. The receding of U.S. power reactivated traditional power rivalries in Indochina. Disputes and armed clashes between the Vietnamese and Kampuchean (Cambodian) revolutionary regimes culminated early in 1979 when the Vietnamese overran Kampuchea and established a puppet regime there. By the end of 1979 the ravages of the preceding decade had brought Kampucheato the brink of mass starvation. Bibliography Braestrup, Peter, Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington, 2 vols. (1978); Burchett, Wilfred, Grasshoppers and Elephants: Why Vietnam Fell (1977); Caputo,Philip, A Rumor of War (1977); Cooper, Chester, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (1970); Dawson, Alan, 55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam (1978); Fall, Bernard B., The Two Vietnams, 2ded. (1966); FitzGerald, Frances, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam (1972); Gettleman, Marvin E., ed., Vietnam (1970); Goodman, Allan E., The Lost Peace: America's Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War (1978); Herr, Michael, Dispatches (1977); Hoopes, Townsend, The Limits of Intervention (1969); Hour, Ralph L., and Uphoff, Norman, eds., The Air War in Indochina (1972); Kraslow, David, and Loory,Stuart H., The Secret Search for Peace in Vietnam (1968); Marshall, S. L. A., Battles in the Monsoon (1967); The My Lai Massacre and Its Cover-Up: Beyond the Reach of the Law? The Peers Commission and Report (1976); Sheehan, Neil, et al., eds., Pentagon Papers as Published by the New York Times (1971); NamNews 2-10 Page 35 1 Oct 1988 Porter, Gareth, A Peace Denied: The United States, Vietnam and the Paris Agreement (1976); Salisbury, Harrison, Behind the Lines (1967); Schandler, Herbert, The Unmaking of a President: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam (1977); Schell, Jonathan, The Village of Ben Suc (1967); Van Tien Dung, Our Great Spring Victory (1977); Vo Nguyen Giap, National Liberation War in Vietnam (1971); Westmoreland, William C., A Soldier Reports (1976). NamNews 2-10 Page 36 1 Oct 1988 As of 3 June 88 these are the net/nodes that are currently listed as receiving the International Vietnam Veterans Echo. If your local BBS is not listed, please send a message to Joe Peck 321/203 (1-413-443-6313) or leave a message in the IVVEC/IWVEC. NET/ MAX NODE BBS NAME City/State/Country Phone BAUD ================================================================ 632/350 Yarra Valley BBS Melbourne Austr AU 61-3-848-331 1200 114/113 Corwin's Keep Tempe AZ 1-602-894-1470 2400 114/13 Corwin's Keep Tempe AZ 1-602-894-1470 2400 153/123 DAETECH Burnaby BC 1-604-420-2641 9600 153/135 DAETECH 2 Burnaby BC 1-604-420-9485 2400 153/501 Valley Hub Clearbrook BC 1-604-850-0021 2400 153/133 Hot Line Data Network Langley BC 1-604-533-0421 2400 220/20 Old Frog's Almanac Nanaimo BC 1-604-758-3072 2400 103/507 Philosopher's Log Anaheim CA 1-714-535-1258 9600 200/100 The Board Room Belmont Shores CA 1-213-498-6425 2400 161/502 Wildcat Benicia CA 1-707-746-5820 2400 161/66 Generic BBS Citrus Heights CA 1-916-722-3659 2400 203/66 Generic BBS Citrus Heights CA 1-916-722-3659 2400 161/1 Nerd's Nook Concord CA 1-415-672-2504 9600 202/401 jabberWOCky Escondido CA 1-619-743-9935 2400 161/34 Now and Zen OPUS Fair Oaks CA 1-916-962-1952 9600 161/56 Nat'l Family Forum Freemont, CA 1-415-651-4147 2400 161/7 Mover Mouse BBS Fremont, CA 1-415-883-1644 2400 200/200 CSULB Long Beach, CA 1-213-494-8737 1200 161/39 Nightline Mather AFB, CA 1-916-362-1755 2400 161/509 Enterprize Pinole, CA 1-415-758-1650 2400 NamNews 2-10 Page 37 1 Oct 1988 161/11 The Byte Boutique Sacramento CA 1-916-483-8032 2400 161/5 River City II OPUS Sacramento, CA 1-916-646-9678 9600 161/943 Eagle's Nest Sacramento, CA 1-916-334-2822 9600 10/215 Silver BBS San Diego, CA 1-619-226-4502 2400 125/31 Echo Coord San Francisco CA 1-415-621-5206 9600 143/22 P-CAD's Board San Jose, CA 1-408-279-4908 2400 143/27 Vietnam Veterans Valhalla San Jose CA 1-408-293-7894 2400 143/86 Cat's Tail BBS S T O P San Mateo CA 1-415-349-8245 2400 125/78 Living Sober BBS San Mateo, CA 1-415-342-2859 2400 125/12 The Grape Vine Santa Rosa, CA 1-707-546-4938 2400 125/7 Survival Forum Santa Rosa, CA 1-707-545-0746 2400 103/501 Mount Silverthorn Tustin, CA 1-714-544-3369 2400 104/28 Pinecliff BBS Boulder, CO 1-303-444-7073 2400 128/13 COSUG-Colorado's User Clrdo Spg CO 1-404-548-0726 2400 128/16 Firenet Leader Colorado Spring CO 1-303-591-9600 2400 104/739 The Phoenix Parker, CO 1-303-841-9570 2400 104/51 P2 B2 South Denver, CO 1-303-329-3337 2400 141/488 Alice's Restaurant Branford CT 1-203-488-1115 2400 141/250 Wilton Woods Wilton, CT 1-203=762-8481 9600 135/27 Bitsy's Place Miami Beach FL 1-305-865-0495 1200 135/35 The Way Out BBS Miami, FL 1-305-665-3283 1200 363/9 Wit's End Orlanda, FL 1-305-894-0807 1200 363/10 Midas Touch Orlando, FL 1-305-648-1133 1200 366/38 Jolly Green Giant Shalimar, FL 1-904-651-3875 9600 18/43 Athens Echo Athens, GA 1-404-546-7857 9600 NamNews 2-10 Page 38 1 Oct 1988 370/10 OnLine OPUS Athens, GA 1-404-548-0726 2400 370/5 Athens Forum Athens, GA 1-404-546-7857 9600 12/7 HPCUA Honolulu HI 1-808-422-8406 9600 12/1 Aura Net Honolulu, HI 1-808-533-0190 2400 115/761 ICS/TRIX 1 OPUS Chicago, IL 1-312-761-7887 2400 115/529 Elk Grove Repeater Elk Grove Vlg IL 1-312-529-1586 2400 115/20 North Shore BBS Evanston, IL 1-312-491-2611 2400 115/429 Chicago Business Evanston, IL 1-312-491-2611 2400 11/109 Peoria OPUS Net Peoria, IL 1-309-691-5416 2400 11/202 The SouthSide BBS Indianapolis, IN 1-317-882-9330 1200 227/1 Michiana TechLine Mishawaka, IN 1-219-258-0286 9600 227/150 The SX Project Whiting IN 1-219-659-2711 2400 108/90 DATANET Information Syste Erlanger KY 1-606-727-3638 2400 108/50 The ZOO BBS Independence, KY 1-606-283-2040 2400 321/109 Pioneer Valley PCUG-1 Amherst, MA 1-413-256-1037 9600 321/201 Mountain Top Dalton, MA 1-413-684-2886 2400 321/202 Jones' Nose Great Barringto MA 1-413-243-0034 9600 321/203 VETLink #1 Pittsfield, MA 1-413-443-6313 2400 109/722 Ronnie's Roadies BBS Camp Springs MD 1-301-736-0135 1200 109/648 Falcon's Rock College Park, MD 1-301-345-7459 2400 13/29 Berkshire Board Essex, MD 1-301-574-1984 9600 13/33 Avi-Technic Lutherville, MD 1-301-252-0717 9600 13/30 The Futurists BBS Perry Hall, MD 1-301-529-0716 9600 261/628 Liberty Hall Reisterstown, MD 1-301-833-8933 2400 261/628.1 Systemhouse Link Reisterstown, MD 1-301-833-8933 2400 109/717 The Tin Badge BBS Silver Spring, MD 1-301-589-2016 1200 NamNews 2-10 Page 39 1 Oct 1988 1/214 Region 14 Echo Coor Minneapolis, MN 1-612-377-3398 2400 1/314 Software Dist Minneapolis, MN 1-612-377-3469 2400 282/1 Midwest Echo Star Minneapolis, MN 1-612-377-3469 9600 151/20 Metro Link Charlotte, NC 1-704-541-8626 2400 151/60 VMC-BBS Lewisville, NC 1-919-945-4850 2400 151/100 NC Central Raleigh, NC 1-919-851-8460 9600 151/1000 REDCON Raleigh, NC 1-919-859-3353 2400 143/99 Friend's BBS Omaha, NE 1-402-896-2669 2400 132/101 BBS Source Archive Nashua, NH 1-603-888-8179 2400 150/803 Jersey Vertex Moorestown, NJ 1-609-869-0139 2400 15/4 NASW New Mexico Las Cruces, NM 1-505-646-2868 2400 381/401 Border Connection Santa Fe NM 1-505-678-1318 2400 107/105 NY Transfer Staten Island, NY 1-718-442-1056 2400 108/105 Global Time Systems Cincinnati, OH 1-606-341-7910 2400 157/1 Auer Register Cleveland, OH 1-216-883-0578 2400 110/20 EDS Data Dayton, OH 1-513-455-2431 2400 157/501 The PC-Key BBS Girard OH 1-216-545-9205 2400 385/4 Info-Net Lawton, OK 1-405-357-6181 2400 385/6 Bink's Barn Lawton, OK 1-405-357-2473 2400 147/14 Dark Star TBBS Oklahoma City, OK 1-405-691-0863 9600 148/120 Genetic Research Vat Toronto ON 1-416-480-0551 2400 11/700 FCAU IBM Net Toronto, ON 1-416-427-0682 9600 221/156 Waterloo CBCS PUBLIC Waterloo, ON 1-519-746-5020 9600 221/157 Waterloo CBCS Echomail Waterloo, ON Unpublished 9600 105/16 Net 105 EchoMail Hub Portland, OR 1-503-761-3003 2400 NamNews 2-10 Page 40 1 Oct 1988 105/61 Shotgun OPUS Portland, OR 1-503-760-4521 2400 157/506 Beacon Hill OPUS Transfer, PA 1-412-962-9514 2400 362/1 The Mines of Moria Chattanooga, TN 1-615-344-9601 2400 362/501 Coconut Telegraph Chattanooga, TN 1-615-698-4858 2400 18/7 Flash Port Memphis TN 1-901-525-2710 2400 18/6 The Burnout Board Memphis, TN 1-901-353-4563 2400 130/5 CUSSNET UTA Arlington, TX 1-817-273-3966 2400 136/200 The Chai Way II Austin, TX 1-214-358-3738 2400 124/210 Hardwired Dallas TX 1-214-437-4075 9600 124/214 *CHRYSALIS* Dallas TX 1-214-895-9054 2400 124/106 CHAI Way II Dallas, TX 1-214-250-3323 9600 124/110 Flying Dutchman Dallas, TX 1-214-642-3436 9600 124/117 NCC-1701 Node 1 Dallas, TX 1-214-240-8821 2400 124/117 NCC-1701 Dallas, TX 1-214-240-8821 2400 124/14 Chrysalis Dallas, TX 1-214-985-9054 2400 124/200 Dallas Outbound Dallas, TX 1-214-437-4075 2400 124/201 Hardweird Dallas, TX 1-204-931-2987 2400 19/5 Micro Application El Paso TX 1-915-594-9738 2400 106/386 Information Center Exchan Houston TX 1-713-872-4429 2400 106/108 Stormy Weather I Houston, TX 1-713-644-4345 9600 106/111 Shutterbug's OPUS Houston, TX 1-713-880-4329 2400 106/113 The Opus Network Houston, TX 1-713-780-4153 2400 106/114 The Fireside Houston, TX 1-713-496-6319 2400 106/357 TMBBS Houston, TX 1-713-497-5433 2400 106/666 Anything Goes OPUS Houston, TX 1-713-997-2624 2400 NamNews 2-10 Page 41 1 Oct 1988 106/132 Fast BBS OPUS Katy, TX 1-713-392-0093 2400 382/1 Crystal Palace Lake Travis, TX 1-512-339-8037 2400 382/14 Corona Del Mar Rockport, TX 1-512-729-7026 9600 381/201 Pro Link San Angelo, TX 1-915-944-2952 2400 387/401 Comp-U-Gen II San Antonio TX 1-512-496-9373 2400 387/601 NCOA International BBS San Antonio TX 1-512-653-0409 2400 387/800 NCOA International BBS San Antonio TX 1-800-365-6262 2400 109/604 ShanErin Alexandria, VA 1-703-941-8291 2400 109/639 The RENEX BBS Woodbridge, VA 1-703-494-8331 2400 343/111 Lessor Puget TB Edmonds, WA 1-206-742-8067 2400 343/9 Everett OPUS Everett, WA 1-206-355-1295 1200 138/4 PTC Net Mount Vernon, WA 1-206-757-5248 2400 1/217 Region 17 Echo Coord Puyallup, WA 1-206-848-5317 2400 138/101 Story Board Puyallup, WA 1-206-848-5317 9600 138/3 Puget Sound Gateway Puyallup, WA 1-206-848-9232 2400 138/49 The Cohort Puyallup, WA 1-206-848-2646 9600 138/35 US HDS Human Service Seattle, WA 1-206-442-8127 2400 138/52 Burrell's Ballpark Tacoma, WA 1-206-752-4672 2400 139/640 Fox Valley Tech Appleton, WI 1-414-735-2513 2400 154/200 PC-Express Greenfield, WI 1-414-327-5300 2400 NamNews 2-10 Page 42 1 Oct 1988 ================================================================= WANTED ================================================================= By: Alex Humphrey If you would like a rubbing taken of the name of a relative, friend or loved one from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC, you can get it done by writing: Friends of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Inc. 4200 Wisconsin Avenue NW Suite 106-108 Washington DC 20016 Attention: Name Rubbing NamNews 2-10 Page 43 1 Oct 1988 NAM VET NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIPTION FORM The Nam Vet Newsletter is a nonprofit publication available free of charge to anyone wishing to have a copy. It can be obtained in electronic computer format by anyone having access to a computer and modem by dialing up any of the IVVEC hosting bulletin board systems listed in this issue of the Nam Vet. It can also be mailed to you in printed format if you are willing to pay the $1.67 cost for postage and the mailing envelope. If you desire to have the Nam Vet mailed to you in printed format, please complete the subscription form below, clip it out, and mail it to: Nam Vet Newsletter Vietnam Veterans Valhalla 28 Cecil Avenue San Jose, California 95128 If you send your payment in check or money order, please make it payable to Todd Looney. NAME_____________________________________________________________ STREET ADDRESS __________________________________________________ CITY/STATE/ZIP __________________________________________________ AMOUNT ENCLOSED ($1.67 per month desired) _______________________ If this subscription is for someone else, to whom shall we credit the gift? ______________________________________ oct88 ----------------------------------------------------------------- NamNews 2-10 Page 44 1 Oct 1988 Amerasian Registry DID YOU KNOW........ That of the Amerasian children, believed in number close to 20,000, fathered by U.S. Servicemen during the war in Vietnam, there are still approximately 12,000 living in Vietnam? Any U.S. veteran who have children in Vietnam and whose addresses are presently known, or who want to find their child in Vietnam, please contact: The Amerasian Registry Bruce W. Burns, Attorney at Law 95 South Market Street Suite 300 San Jose, California 95113 408-292-6683 Donations to help bring these children home may be sent to the above address. NamNews 2-10 Page 45 1 Oct 1988 Vote for your favorite articles of 1987/1988! VOTING FORM Please take the time to let us know what you what you considered your favorite ar6ticles for the previous year were. We are putting together a special Annual Issue chocked full of the best of the previous year. You can vote for as many articles as you want. YOUR NAME __________________________________________________ YOUR STREET ADDRESS _______________________________________ YOUR CITY/STATE/ZIP _______________________________________ BBS SYSTEM YOU USE TO PARTICIPATE IN IVVEC _________________ NET/NODE NUMBER OF THAT BBS SYSTEM __________________ ARTICLE TITLE ISSUE # ISSUE DATE --------------------------------------------------- 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________ Please either E-mail this completed form to 1:143/27, 1:18/6, or 1:321/203 before November 1, 1988. Or mail them post to: Vietnam Veterans Valhalla 28 Cecil Avenue, Ste. 179 San Jose, CA. 95128 ATTN: NAM VET ANNUAL ISSUE! Thanks for your support! NamNews 2-10 Page 46 1 Oct 1988 SOME GAVE ALL ... ! pow mia pow mia - BRING THEM HOME NOW! - pow mia pow mia ! ! O O ! ! ~~~~~ ~ ~ O~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~ O ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ! ! ~~~~ ~ ~~ O ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~O~~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ O~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ O ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~ ! ! ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ O ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ O ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ! ! ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ O ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ O ~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ ! ! ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ O ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ O ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ O ~_~_~_~_~_ ~ O ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ! ! ~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~ O ) O ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ /(O) / O \ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~ / / O \~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ! ! ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ / PRISONER / \~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ / / MISSING \~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ! ! ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~ / OF /\ \~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ! ! ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ / / \ IN \~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ! ! ~~~ ~~~ ~ / WAR / ~~ \ \ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~ ~ (_________ / ~ ~~ \ ACTION / ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ! ! ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ \ / ~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ! ! ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ \ / ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ! ! ~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ ! ! ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ! ! ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ! ! ~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~ SOME STILL GIVE ! ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ! ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ! ! mia pow mia pow - BRING THEM HOME NOW! - mia pow mia pow !