Date: Tue, 8 Mar 1994 20:48:00 -0700 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghalach a hAon (Elementary Irish Reading # 1) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a hAon 7 Ma/rta 1993 (Elementary Irish Reading No. 1) After a rather long hiatus, I am now going to be placing Elementary Irish Readings on Gaelic-L again. I will try to get one a week I will try to include grammatical notes on some of more difficult passages. If any of you have questions, please send them to me at: RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU This weeks passage is an article from the Irish science magazine, _An tEolai/_ on the benefits of eating vegetables. Sla/n Mi/chea/l Ce/n Fa/th a Bhfuil Glasrai/ Chomh Maith Duit? Le blianta ta/ na bia-eolaithe ag cur be/ime (1) ar ce/ chomh maith agus ata/ glasrai/ don duine. (2) Is le/ir le fada gur lu/ go mo/r an oiread ailsi/ (3) a fhaigheann daoine a itheann a la/n glasrai/ na/ daoine a itheann a la/n feola. Ceapadh gurbh iad na vitimi/ni/ agus na sna/ithi/ni/ sna glasrai/, ba mho/ ba chu/is leis an maitheas seo. (4) Ach le de/anai/ ta/ na cemiceoiri/ ag aimsiu/ an-chuid ceimicea/n eile nach bhfuil, ceaptar, aon ro/l cothaithe acu (5) ach a bhfuil cumas acu bac a chur le hailse ag ce/imeanna e/agsu/la da/ fa/s. (6) Fuarthas ceimicea/n ar a dtugtar geiniste/in (7) i bhfual daoine o/n tSeapa/in a itheann a la/n glasrai/ agus po/nairi/ soighe agus cuireann geiniste/in bac le fa/s fuileada/n nua, ce/im shuntasach i bhfa/s ailse. (8) Ta/ a la/n ceimicea/n frithocsai/deacha i nglasrai/ a fheidhmi/onn i gcoinne saorfhre/amhaithe, cu/is dama/iste go minic don DNA i gcealla an choirp (9) agus cu/is ailse da/ bhri/ sin. Ta/ a la/n einsi/mi/ i nglasrai/ freisin a fheidhmi/onn chun cu/iseanna e/agsu/la ailse a chur ar neamhni/ sa chorp. (10) Leanfar leis an taighde ar na glasrai/ go le/ir, (11) gan dabht le/ireofar bunta/isti/ eile agus leagfar ni/os mo/ be/ime amach anseo ar fheabhas na nglasrai/ do shla/inte an pha/iste agus an duine fha/sta. (12) [_An tEolai/_, Geimhreadh 1993/94] (1) ag cur be/ime ar - "to place emphasis on." Be/im is in the genetive because it is the object of a verbal noun. (2) ce/ chomh maith agus ata/ glasrai/ don duine.- "how good vegetables are for a person." Note how Gaelic uses the definite article to make a noun generic, where English uses the indefinite article. (an duine = a person) (3) gur lu/ go mo/r an oiread ailsi/ - "that there is considerably less number of cancers" (4) ba mho/ ba chu/is leis an maitheas seo - "which was more (likely) to be the cause of this good." (5) nach bhfuil, ceaptar, aon ro/l cothaithe acu - "which do not, it is thought, have a role in nourishment" (6) ag ce/imeanna e/agsu/la da/ fa/s - "with various stages of its (the cancer's) growth." (7) geiniste/in - a chemical, genistine (8) ce/im shuntasach i bhfa/s ailse - "a distinctive stage in the growth of cancer." (9) cu/is dama/iste go minic don DNA i gcealla an choirp - "often a cause of damage to the DNA in cells of the body." Note that the placement of the adverb "go minic - often" is different than in English. (10) a fheidhmi/onn chun cu/iseanna e/agsu/la ailse a chur ar neamhni/ sa chorp - "which act to nullify the various causes of cancer in the body." (literally: "to put to nothing the various causes of cancer in the body." Chun + a + a verbal noun used to indicate purpose. (11) Leanfar leis an taighde ar na glasrai/ go le/ir - "The research on all vegetables will continue" (12) leagfar ni/os mo/ be/ime amach anseo ar fheabhas na nglasrai/ do shla/inte an pha/iste agus an duine fha/sta. - "more emphasis will be placed here on the excellence of vegetables for the health of children and grownups." ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 14 Mar 1994 19:37:00 MST Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Do/ (Elementary Irish Reading # 2) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a do/ (Elementary Irish Reading # 2) This reading is somewhat more difficult than the first. Another article from _An tEolai/_, this time "The Latest News about the Ozone Layer." As before, if there are questions, you can reach me at RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU Sla/n, Mi/chea/l An Nuacht is De/anai/ faoin gCiseal O/zo/in Mar is eol do le/itheori/ an tEolai/, ta/ an ciseal frith- ultraivialait o/zo/in thuas san atmaisfe/ar a/ laghdu/ (1) le deich mbliana no/ mar sin ag ionsai/ ceimicea/n truaillithe ar leith. Is iad na clo/rafluaireacarbo/in (CFC) is measa i laghdu/ an o/zo/in. (2) Anois ta/ eolaithe i Meiricea/ tar e/is a fha/il amach (3) go bhfuil an me/adu/ de na ceimicea/in seo san atmaisfe/ar ag laghdu/ (4) ionas go measann siad nach (5) mbeidh siad ag me/adu/ a thuilleadh faoi dheireadh an che/id. (6) Measann siad freisin go mbeidh an ciseal o/ozo/in in ann (7) teacht ar ais ina dhiaidh sin bi/odh is go leanfaidh an teacht ar ais ar feadh suas le ce/ad bliain. (8) Ni/ hionann seo agus sa/bha/il iomla/n an chisil o/zo/in in aon chor ach ciallai/onn se/ go bhfuil na bearta ata/ i re/im ag rialtais agus tionscail ag dul i bhfeidhm ar an bhfadhb. (9) Ciallai/onn se/ freisin gur ga/ na bearta ce/anna a leanu/int agus a leathnu/ chun (10) an ciseal o/zo/in a thabhairt ar ais go cri/ochnaithe. (11) [_An tEolai/_ Geimhreadh 1993/94] (1) literally "at its reducing" i.e. "is being decreased." This is one way of rendering a passive in Irish. The instrument or agent is marked by "ag." The ozone layer is thus being decreased "ag ionsai/ ceimicea/n truaillithe ar leith," - "by the attack of special chemicals of pollution." Note that ceimicea/n is here in the genitive plural, a form which looks like the common singular. (2) "It is clorofluorocarbons which are the worst in reducing the ozone." "Is measa" is the superlative of "olc" - bad. Note that "o/zo/in" is genitive following the verbal noun "laghdu/." (3) "scientists . . . have found out." (literally "scientists . . . are after finding out."). ta/ + tar e/is + a + verbal noun is one way of forming the perfect tense in Irish. (4) "that the increase of these chemicals in the atmosphere is decreasing" (5) Nach (eclipsing) is the negative form of "go" - "that" (6) This rather long sentence is made more difficult because there are several levels of subordination. Take it a phrase at a time and it will be easier. The entire sentence can be translated: "Now scientists in America have found out that the increase of these chemicals in the atmosphere is decreasing, so that they think that they (the chemicals) will not increase any more by the end of the century." (7) "beidh . . . in ann . . ." - "will be able to . . ." (8) "even though the return (of the ozone) will continue in duration up to a hundred years." i.e. the return of the ozone layer to its former condition will take about a century. (9) Another tricky sentence: " This is not at all ("in aon chor") the same as the total preservation of the ozone layer, but they it does mean that the plans which are in effect in government and industry are going into operation on the difficult problem." (10) "chun" + object + "a" + verbal noun - "in order to" do something. (11) It also means that it is necessary to continue and broaden the same plans in order to finally bring back the ozone layer." ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 21 Mar 1994 15:47:00 MST Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Tri/ (Elementary Irish Reading # 3) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Tri/ (Elementary Irish Reading # 3) This weeks reading is taken from _La/_ 10 Feabhra 1994 - "A Traveling Storyteller!" As before, if there are questions, you can reach me at RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU Sla/n, Mi/chea/l Fear siu/lach sce/alach! Chuir Cu/irt Du/iche Chill Mhaighnea/n fear faoi athchur (1) go dti/ an 3 Feabhra chun a aitheantas a dhearbhu/.(2) Nuair a bhi/ an fear gan ainm sa chu/irt an tseachtain seo caite du/radh (3) leis an bhreitheamh go raibh seacht seoladh agus triu/r ban aige.(4) Dhearbhaigh Garda gur tha/inig triu/r ban chuig sta/isiu/n an Gharda le linn don fhear bheith ansin,(5) gach duine acu ag mai/omh gurbh i/ bean che/ile an fhir i/.(6) Thug an fear seacht seoladh san iomla/n agus ar seisean leis an Gharda. "Ni/ ghlacaim leis an do/l (7)--ta/ me/ fe/infhostaithe agus brodu/il as." Cuireadh faoi athchur e/ (8) le go dtiocfadh leis an Gharda (9) fiosruithe a dhe/anamh faoina aitheantas. (10) Notai/ Gramadu/la (Grammatical Notes) (1) "The district court of Cill Mhaighnea/n has remanded a man" (2) Chun + verbal noun to express purpose - "to confirm his identity." (3) du/radh is the past autonomous of deirim. It was said/reported (to the judge)." (4) Since there is no verb for "to have" in Irish, it is expressed using ta/ + ag + person. "That he had seven addresses and three wives." (5) literally "with the duration to the man to be there." i.e. "while the man was there." (6) "each one of them (acu) claimed that she was the wife of the man." (7) "I do not accept the dole." (8) "he was remanded." note the use of "e/" (instead of se/) as the subject of an autonomous verb. (9) "le go" + conditional, used for purpose - "so that he could come with the police" (10) "to make inquiries concerning his identity" Foclo/iri/n (Vocabulary) Cu/irt Du/iche - district dourt cuir faoi athchur - to remand gan ainm - anonymous dearbhaigh - to declare, confirm triu/r - three ( with persons) mai/omh (vn. of mai/gh) to claim, assert san iomla/n - in all, in total ar seisean - said he (introducing quote) fe/infhostaithe - self-employed bro/du/il as - proud of (it) ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 29 Mar 1994 18:06:00 MST Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a cheithre (Elementary Irish Reading # 4) Bunle/itheoireacht a ceithre The Children of Romania Pa/isti/ na Ro/ma/ine Ta/ tugtha le fios ag Coiste na bPa/isti/ Ro/ma/nacha nach fi/or do sce/alta (1) gur chuir roinnt la/nu/ineacha E/ireannacha a d uchtaigh di/lleachtaithe Ro/ma/nacha na pa/isti/ sin i ndi/lleachtlanna anseo nuair a fuair siad amach go raibh galar inchinne orthu. Du/irt urlabhrai/ leis an choiste go bhfuil 400 di/lleachtai/ Ro/ma/nacha sa ti/r seo agus nach raibh oiread is tuismitheoir amha/in (2) i dteagmha/il leo (3) faoi pha/iste a bhfuil galar inchinne air. Agus arsa an tAire Sla/inte, Brendan Howlin, "Is mian liom a ra/ go bhfuil an sce/al fiosraithe agam agus thiocfadh liom dearbhu/ nach bhfuil aon pha/iste o/n Ro/ma/in faoi chu/ram na seirbhi/si/ sla/inte sa ti/r seo. "Ni/l bunu/s ar bith leis na ra/flai/ seo agus no/ cruinneas sli/octha faoin sce/al a cuireadh si/os dom (4) i roinnt nuachta/n." [La/, 10 Feabhra 1994, leathanach 3.] Notai/ Gramadu/la (1) "that there is no truth to the stories" (2) "that there was not even one parent" (3) literally "in encountering with them" i.e "that they had encountered." (4) "which has been put down to me" i.e. "attributed to me" Foclo/iri/n tabhairt le fios go - to let it be known that coiste (m) committee la/nu/in (f., pl. la/nu/ineacha) married couple uchtaigh - to adopt di/lleachta (m., pl -ithe) orphan di/lleachtlann (f., pl. -a) orphanage galar (m) sickness, disease inchinn (f) brain urlabhrai/ (m) spokesman tuismitheoir (m) parent teagmha/il (f) encounter, contact an tAire Sla/inte - the Minister of Health is mian liom a ra/ - I wish to say fiosraigh - to inquire dearbhu/ (m) affirmation, assurance cu/ram (m) care bunu/s (m) origin, basis ra/fla (m., pl. -i/) rumor, report cruinneas (m) accuracy sli/octha (a) plausible ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 5 Apr 1994 07:26:00 MDT Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Cu/ig (Elementary Irish Reading # 5) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Cu/ig (Elementary Irish Reading # 5) This is another short piece taken from _La/_. Contact me if you have any questions. Mi/chea/l RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU The Wily, Sly Fox and the Wolf in Sheep's Clothing An Sionnach Sleamhain Sli/octha agus an Mac T/ire i Seithe Chaorach Gna/thla/ eile i saol an tsionnaigh--seilg ar feadh an lae, uaineoil i gcomhair bhe/ile an tra/thno/na. George Parkes, feirmeoir in aice le Log an Choire, Contae Ard Mhacha, bhi/ se/ i ndiaidh (1) caora agus a huain u/ra a ghlasa/il sa mhainnear thar oi/che an tseachtain seo caite. Is deacair la/mh an uachtair a fha/il ar an sionnach, ach nuair a d'fhill an feirmeoir ar maidin fuair se/ roimhe ru/ndiamhair (2) a chuir seachr/an i bhfad o/ shin ar shaineolaithe fiabheatha agus beostoic. (3) Bh/i an chaora agus na huain sl/an beo ach bhi/ an sionnach bainneann ina lui/ marbh sa mhainnear. Cad e/ a tharla? Chonaic George bru/nna ar chorp an tsionnaigh--is cosu/il gur mharaigh an chaora i/ le soncanna agus i/ ag cosaint a rudai/ o/ga. (4) Go bhfios du/inn, ba seo an che/ad uair riamh a mharaigh caora sionnach. (5) Is minic cleas gan choinne ag an du/lra. (6) [La/, 10 Feabhra 1994] (1) "bhi/ se/ i ndiaidh . . ." literally "he was after locking up a ewe and her young lambs" i.e. "He had locked up a ewe and her young lambs." This is one of the ways that Gaelic has of rendering the English past perfect. (2) "He found before him a mystery" (3) literally "which long ago put a delusion on experts of wildlife and livestock" i.e. "in which experts of wildlife and livestock have long been mistaken" (4) literally "an she (the ewe) at protecting her young" i.e. "while protecting her young" "agus" is commonly used to introduce a phrase describing the circumstance under which the action previously described took place. (5) "this was the first time ever that a sheep had killed a fox." (6) literally "an unexpected trikc is often at Nature" i.e "Nature often has an unexpected trick. Foclo/iri/n gna/thla/ (m) an ordinary day ar feadh - throughout (with genitive) is deacair - it is difficult to (+ a + verbal noun) la/mh an uachtar a fha/il ar - to get the upper hand on someone baineann (a) female bru/nna (pl. of bru/ (m) a bruise) is cosu/il go - it seems that, apparently sonc(m., pl. soncanna) a poke, thrust go bhfios du/inn - as far as we know ========================================================================= Date: Sun, 17 Apr 1994 12:09:09 WET Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Marion GUNN Subject: Shelta >>>> LEARNERS: skip to end for vocabulary key to this snippet from IG article by Breanda/n Delap, published this wk in the _Irish Times_. A lament for the passing of the "secret language" spoken by familes who travel the roads of Ireland. As always, one has the feeling that what has been declared dead by observers may actually be making a bit of a comeback. Article raises linguistic/social points worth investigating --this is a language which has NOT been targeted by many researchers! Many academics reject Shelta as not being a separate langauge, having all the marks they see of the many dialects of English. Still, if one thinks about the survival tactics of most travelling peoples--ability to merge, chameleon-like, into whatever sorts of community they come into contact with, linguistically, if not socially!--no inaccessible mystery this, but rather a great opportunity for research for many an able scholar, for whom it should be relatively easy to pick up on such a thread, and follow it through, comparing behaviour & growth patterns with other "traveller languages". Know any Rom/Sinti? In the Irish and Scottish case (I have to admit to total ignorance of a Welsh example!) one must remember that this is not a matter of different ethnic groups, but of families with quite common surnames (Joyce, Stuart, Ward, etc.) who are nomadic. I could go on about this, but e-time is scarce, and I'd rather just hit usual button and let Delap speak for himself. mg --------------------------------------------------------------------- Sa che/ad chuid den dra/ma _King Henry IV_ le William Shakespeare, mai/onn an Prionsa Hal go dtig leis o/l le "any tynker in his own language". Is i/ seo an che/ad tagairt stairiu/il ata/ de/anta do Shelta (no/ "cant" no/ "gammon", mar a thugtar air go minic), teanga na dtaistealaithe. Ta/thar ann, ar ndo/igh, nach gcreideann gur fe/idir i/ a a/ireamh mar theanga ann fe/in ar chor ar bith, siocair go leanann si/ rialacha, struchtu/r agus comhre/ir na gramadai/ Be/arla, nach mo/r, le corr-athruithe san fhoclo/ir agus i gcu/rsai/ deilbhi/ochta. Is le/ir fosta nach bhfuil si/ go mo/r faoi bhla/th mar theanga labhartha san am i la/thair agus gur beag duine de bhunadh an lucht taistil a bheadh a/balta comhra/ leanu/nach a dhe/anamh ann. Murab ionann is mionlaigh eitneacha eile, a/fach, ni/ raibh an lucht siu/il scoite amach go hiomla/n riamh o/ thromlach an phobail cionn is go raibh siad go mo/r i dtuilleamai/ do/ibh nuair a bheadh siad ag lorg oibre no/ de/irce. Ni/ nach ionadh mar sin go bhfuil an Shelta mu/nlaithe ar theanga an tromlaigh suite. Ina theannta sin, ni/ ar bhonn focail no/ ar bhonn teangeolai/och amha/in a dhe/antar teanga a shainiu/ go hiondu/il ach de re/ir cu/insi/ so/isialta fosta. Sa do/igh che/anna, ni/ do/cha go bhfuil se/ fe/ara/ilte neamart a dhe/anamh de na difri/ochtai/ so/isialta ata/ idir an lucht taistil agus an lucht suite agus Shelta a/ mheas againn. Is cinnte go bhfuil cur amach a/irithe ag achan taistealai/ ar an Shelta in ainneoin gurb e/ an Be/arla an gna/th-theanga labhartha acu. Is furast e/ a dhi/speagadh mar "bhe/arlagair" no/ mar "phatois", a/fach o/ tharla nach bhfuil sta/das so/isialta ar bith ag an gcomhluadar a labhrann e/. .... Ce/ go bhfuil an t-uafa/s cosu/lachtai/ struchtu/rtha idir Shelta agus an Be/arla, is follas gur shi/olraigh buna/ite na n-ainmfhocal a u/sa/idtear ann o/n nGaeilge. Deineadh e/ seo tri/ chonsain a mhalartu/ (_ludus_, solus; _kaihed_, cathaoir; _minker_, tince/ir), tri/ shiollai/ a aisiompu/ (_laici/n_, caili/n; _nuga_, gunna; _rodus_, doras) no/ tri/d an fhocal iomla/n a aistriu/ droim ar ais (_rik_, ci/or: _lu/k_, cu/l; _kam_, mac). tharla meitite/is, aistriu/ litreacha chun anagram a cheapadh fosta (_GoRed_, aiRGead; _lu/rP_, Plu/r; _aBu/rt_, aR Bith). Le focail eile ar no/s _t'al_ (leath), _d'unnik_ (Domhnach) agus _to/ber_ (bo/thar), si/ltear gur fha/g ce/adchumado/iri/ na teanga na poncanna--a d'u/sa/idti/ sa Ghaeilge scri/ofa chun se/imhithe a chur in iu/l--ar la/r. E/ sin no/ gur eascair siad o/ thre/imhse na/r fuaimi/odh an se/imhiu/ ar chor ar bith (tuairim is an dara haois de/ag). ... Deir Alice Binchy... a rinne ce/im ma/istreachta ar an teanga in ollscoil Oxford, go bhfuil suim mho/r a/ cur ag taistealaithe o/ga ann in athuair, mar go mbreathnai/tear air mar bhealach chun a bhfe/iniu/acht chultu/rtha a chur in iu/l. Chuige seo, reachta/iltear cu/rsa foghlamtha do dhe/ago/iri/ san Uaimh oi/che amha/in in aghaidh na seachtaine agus is cosu/il go bhfuil ra/chairt mho/r air... Foclo/ir Vocabulary an che/ad the first cuid part, piece dra/ma drama, play mai/onn x x boasts o/l drink tince/ir tinker an Uaimh Navan town (County Meath) tagairt reference stair history teanga an lucht taistil the language of the travelling people go minic often ar ndo/igh of course x a a/ireamh to count x comhre/ir syntax deilbhi/ocht morphology siocair go bhfuil x because x is fosta as well, also mionlach minority eitneach ethnic neamart a dhe/anamh de x to ignore x scoite amach go hiomla/n totally cut off tromlach majority ag lorg oibre seeking work ag lorg de/irce seeking alms x a dhi/speagadh to dismiss, belittle, x be/arlagair jargon fuaimniu/ sound, pronunciation comhluadar company, society cultu/rtha cultural faoi bhla/th flourishing MGUNN@IRLEARN.UCD.IE ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 11 Apr 1994 20:53:00 MDT Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6A (Elementary Irish Reading 6A) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6A (Elementary Irish Reading # 6A) This is a somewhat longer piece out of _La/_ that I have broken into three sections. It is about Brian Boru/, High King of Ireland and the Battle of Clontarf. As always, if there are questions I can be reached at RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU Mi/chea/l Maoileachlainn, Muircheartach agus Cath Chluain Tarbh Bhi/ e/ad agus fearg ar chuid den Eoghanacht cionn is gur bhain fear den Da/l gCais an ri/ocht di/obh. (1) Gabhadh ar Mhathu/in (2) agus mharaigh taoiseach darbh ainm Maolmhua go fealltach e/ sa bhliain 976 AD. Roimh i bhfad, d imir Brian di/oltas ar lucht leanu/na Mhaolmhua. Chuir se/ cogadh orthu agus briseadh iad i gcath Bhealach Leachta i gContae Luimnigh. Bhi/ Brian anois ina ri/ ar an Mhumhain. (3) Rinneadh Ard-Ri/ de Mhaoileachlainn a Do/ in AD 980.(4) Ni/ raibh a sha/ru/ le fa/il in E/irinn mar shaighdiu/ir riamh roimhe.(5) Chuir se/ smacht ar na Lochlannaigh, agus ar na Laighnigh a bhi/ ag cuidiu/ leo. Ghabh se/ Baile A/tha Cliath. Ghlac se/ gialla ach, ar an drochuair, ni/ thiocfadh leis seilbh bhuan a choinnea/il ar Bhaile A/tha Cliath (6) cionn is nach raibh, ag an am sin, arm seasta ag an Ard-Ri/. Bhi/ a fhios ag Maoileachlainn go raibh ru/n ag Brian Boramha a chumhacht a leathnu/ agus rinne se/ iarracht stad a chur leis. Thug se/ ruaig ar Thuamhumhain agus chreach se/ du/iche Bhriain. D ionsaigh Brian an Mhi/ agus lean siad de, o/ am go ham, ag ionsai/ a che/ile.(7) Ni/or e/irigh le cheachtar acu i gcoinne an duine eile.(8) Da/ thairbhe sin, tha/inig siad le che/ile in aice le Loch Ri/bh ar an tSionainn agus rinneadh conradh eatarthu.(9) Socrai/odh ar Bhrian a bheith ina ri/ ar an taobh theas (Leath Mhogha) agus Maoileachlainn a bheith ina ri/ ar an taobh thuaidh (Leath Choinn).(10) Ni/or thaitin an socru/ seo le Maolmordha, Ri/ Laighean, mar bheadh cuid de Laighin faoi riail Bhriain. Fuair se/ cuidiu/ o/ Lochlannaigh Bhaile A/tha Cliath agus d e/irigh siad amach i gcoinne Bhriain. Bhris Brian orthu i gcath mo/r (11) ag Gleann Ma/ma i gContae Chill Mhanta/in, AD 999. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) "because a man of the Da/l Cais took the rule from them." (2) "Mahon was attacked" (literally "it was attacked on Mahon" (3) literally "Brian was now in his king of Munster." This is the standard way of expressing temporary rather than permanent attributes using the verb ta/. He had now become king, but hadn't always been. Permanent attributes are usually expressed using the copula, e.g. is fear e/. He is a man (and always has been). (4) literally "A high king was made of Maoileachlainn" i.e. Maoileachlainn was made (or became) high king. (5) literally "There was no surpassing of him to get in Ireland as as a soldier ever before." i.e. "There had never before been a greater warrior in Ireland than he was. (6) literally "He was not able to maintain permanant occupancy at Dublin" i.e. he was unable to permanantly occupy Dublin (7) "and they continued, from time to time, to attack each other." (8) literally "it did not rise to either of them against the other" i.e. Neither of them was successful against the other. (9) "and a treaty was made between them." (eatarthu = idir + iad) (10) "It was decided that Brian would be king of the southern part (of Ireland) (the District of Mogh) and Maeileachlainn would be king of the northern part (the District of Conn) (11) literally "Brian broke upon them in a great battle" i.e. he defeated them in a great battle. Foclo/iri/in Eoghanacht - the descendants of Eoghan Mo/r (men of Munster) cionn is go - because maraigh - to kill taoiseach (m) chieftain darbh = do + arbh - for whom is) darbh ainm Maolmhua - whose name was Maolmhua fealltach (a) deceitful, treacherous roimh i bhfad - before long di/oltas (m) revenge; imir di/oltas ar - take revenge on cuir cogadh ar - literally "to put war on" i.e. to make war on briseadh iad - "they were broken" i.e. defeated cuir smacht ar - literally "to put control on" i.e. to subjegate Lochlannach (pl. Lochlannaigh) Norseman, Viking Laighnach (pl. Laighnaigh) Leinsterman cuidigh - to help (le - someone) gabh - to capture giall (m., pl. gialla) hostage ar an drochuair - literally "on a bad time" i.e. unfortunately ni/ thiocadh leis - literally "it did not come to him" i.e. he was not able arm seasta (m) a standing army ru/n (m) secret; intention, purpose a chumhacht a leathnu/ - to extend his control iarracht (f) an attempt stad a chur leis - literally "to put a stop with him" i.e. to stop him thug se/ ruaig - to give chase, persue creach - to plunder du/iche (f) homeland, hereditary land ionsaigh - to attack Mi/ (older Midhe) Meath (the central part of Ireland) da/ thairbhe sin - as a result of this socraigh - to settle, arrange, decide taitin - to be pleasing (le) to socru/ (m) settlement, arrangement Laighean - Leinster riail (f) rule d'e/irigh siad amach i gcoinne Bhriain - they rose up against Brian ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 19 Apr 1994 07:46:00 MDT Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6B (Elementary Irish Reading 6B) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6B (Elementary Irish Reading # 6B) This is the continuation of the history of Brian Boru/ and the Battle of Clontarf taken from _La/_ 10 Feabhra 1994. Anois, chinn Brian ar bheith ina Ard-Ri/ ar E/irinn agus shi/l se/ beart Mhaoileachlainn a chur ar leataobh agus an ardri/ocht a ghlacadh chuige fe/in. (1) Pho/s Brian Gormlaith, ma/ithair Shitric, Ri/ Lochlannaigh Bhaile A/tha Cliath, agus thug se/ a ini/on mar bhean che/ile do Shitric. Bhi/ Gormlaith ina deirfiu/r le Mhaolmordha, Ri/ Laighean. De thairbhe an chleamhnais seo, bhi/ cumhacht mho/r anois ag Brian. Thuig Maoilseachlainn go raibh Brian ar ti/ an socru/ a rinne siad a bhriseadh. (2) Tha/inig Brian, le slua an-mho/r, go Baile A/tha Luain agus rinne se/ conradh le Cathal, Ri/ Chonnacht. D iarr Maoileachlainn cabhair ar Ui/ Ne/ill Thuaidh agus ar Aileach ach dhiu/ltaigh siad do/. Chuaigh Maoileachlainn go longfort Bhriain agus thug se/ suas an ardri/ocht.(3) Bhi/ Brian anois 61 bliain d aois agus ina Ard-Ri/ ar E/irinn.(4) An bhliain AD 1002 a bhi/ ann. Sa bhliain che/anna sin, thug Brian agus Maoileachlainn camchuairt na hE/ireann. Ar a mbealach ar ais, thug siad cuairt ar Ard Mhacha. Chuir Brian Boramha bronntanas o/ir ar an alto/ir agus taispea/nadh Leabhar Ard Mhacha do/.(5) Scri/obh Maolsuthan, anamchara Bhriain, i Laidin: "Scri/obhas an me/id seo i bhfianaise Bhriain, Impire na nGael." Ag teacht chun an bhaile do Bhrian,(6) d e/irigh easaontas idir e/ fe/in agus a bhean che/ile, Gormlaith, agus a bhi/ nimh san fheoil acu da/ che/ile.(7) Chothaigh si/ imreas idir a deartha/ir, Maolmordha, agus Brian. Du/irt si/ leis na/r cho/ir do/ bheith umhal do Bhrian,(8) ag i/oc ca/nacha agus ag tabhairt o/mo/is do/.(9) Ni/ raibh na Lochlannaigh toilteanach ach oiread ca/in a i/oc. B e/igean do Bhrian dli/ a chur i bhfeidhm agus talamh a bhaint di/obh mura n-i/ocfadh siad na ca/nacha.(10) Rinne na Laighnigh agus na Lochlannaigh ceangal le che/ile agus fuair siad cabhair o/ Ui/ Ne/ill Thuaidh. Scrios siad du/thaigh Mhaoileachlainn sa Mhi/. D iarr Maoileachlainn cabhair o/ Bhrian agus tha/inig se/ le slua mo/r agus chuir se/ ruaig orthu. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) "and he intended (shi/l se/) to set Maoileachlainn aside and take the high kingship for himself." (2) "Maoilseachlainn realized that Brian was about to break the arrangement that they had made." (3) "and he gave up the high kingship." (4) "Brian was now 61 years of age and high king of Ireland." (5) "and the Book of Armagh was shown to him." (6) Literally "at coming to the town to Brian" i.e. "As Brian came to the town." The preposition is used here to express the agent of the verbal noun used in a circumstantial clause. This use is literary. (7) Literally "there was poison of the meat at them towards each other", i.e. "they hated each other like poison." (8) "She said that it was not proper that he should be subservient to Brian." (9) note that "o/mo/is" is in the genitive. A noun object following a verbal noun is always in the genitive case. (10) "if they would not pay the tribute." Folo/iri/in cinn - to determine Sitric - Sigtrygg, the Viking king of Dublin de thairbhe - as a result of cleamhnas (m) marriage alliance ar ti/ - about to diu/ltaigh - to deny, refuse (with prep. do) longfort (m) camp camchuirt (f) tour; camchuairt a thabairt - make a tour bealach (m) way, road cuairt (f) visit; cuairt a thabhairt - pay a visit Ard Mhacha - Armagh Boramha (Boru/) the name of the villiage where Brian Boru/ was born bronntanas (m) gift, present; bronntanas o/ir - a gift of gold anamchara (m) confessor priest scri/obhas = scri/obh me/ i bhfianaise - in the presence of Impire (m) emporer easaontas (m) disagreement; d'e/irigh easaontas idir - a disagreement arose between . . . nimh (f) poison cothaigh - to stir up imreas (m) strife, discord i/oc - to pay (also verbal noun) ca/in (f., pl ca/nacha) tribute o/mo/s (m) homage toilteanach (a) willing B'e/igean do Bhrian - Brian had to feidhm (f) function, use; rud a chur i bhfeidhm - to put something into effect bain rud de - to take something from someone ceangal (m) an agreement cabhair (f) help, assistance O/ Ne/ill Thuaidh - the northern branch of the O'Neals scrios - to destroy, ruin du/thaigh (f) homeland Mi/ (older Midhe) Province of Meath (the central part of Ireland) ruaig (f) a chase; thug se/ ruaig orthu - he gave chase after them ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 26 Apr 1994 07:59:00 MDT Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6C (Elementary Irish Reading # 6C) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 6c (Elementary Irish Reading # 6C) This is the last part of the short history of Brian Boru/ and the Battle of Clontarf. Mi/chea/l RHODESM@ASTRO.BYU.EDU Bhi/ an geimhreadh ag teacht faoin am seo agus cuireadh stad ar an chath.(1) I rith an gheimhridh, d ullmaigh an da/ thaobh le haghaidh an chogaidh a bhi/ le teacht.(2) Chuir na Lochlannaigh sce/ala chuig a muintir thar sa/ile agus tha/inig cabhlaigh mho/ra go Baile A/tha Cliath. Tha/inig Sigiurd as Inse Orc o/ir gealladh E/ire do/ mar ri/ocht (3) agus fir as na hInse Gall, as Albain agus as Sasana. Bhi/ an chuid ba mho/ de na Laighnigh faoi cheannas Mhaolmordha ansin re/idh chun catha.(4) La/ Fhe/ile Pa/draig, 1014 AD, d fha/g Brian Ceann Coradh agus slua mo/r leis as an Da/l gCais,(5) as gach cearn den Mhumhain agus de dheisceart Chonnacht. Ar Aoine an Che/asta, bhi/ an da/ arm ar aghaidh a che/ile amach. (6) Thosaigh an cath ag fa/inne an lae; troid gan chairde, gan tro/caire a bhi/ inti. (7) Bhi/ Brian anois 73 bliana d aois agus, de thairbhe a aoise, fa/gadh treoru/ an chatha ar a mhac, Murchu/.(8) Bhi/ faoi thuairim fiche mi/le fear ar gach taobh. Troideadh an cath (9) in aice le Cluain Tarbh, la/imh le be/al na Life. Mhair se/ o/ mhaidin go hoi/che agus b uafa/sach li/on na marbh ar pha/irc an a/ir.(10) Marai/odh an mho/rchuid de na taoisigh ar gach taobh sula raibh an cath thart,(11) ina measc Murchu/, mac Bhriain; Maolmordha, Ri/ Laighean agus Sigiurd, taoiseach na Lochlannach. Bhi/ an bua ag na Gaeil. Ag deireadh an chatha, bhi/ fear de na Lochlannaigh, Bruadar, ag teitheadh nuair a chonaic se/ Brian ina shui/ ina bhoth gan duine ar bith in e/ineacht leis. Rith Bruadar isteach agus mharaigh se/ Brian le buille da/ thua chogaidh. Glacadh corp Bhriain go hArd Mhacha agus cuireadh a chorp faoin ardalto/ir. (12) Notai/ Gramadu/al (1) literally "and a stop was put on the conflict" (cuireadh is an past autonomous form) i.e. "the fighting ceased" (2) "the battle which was to come" le with the verbal noun can express (as it does here) an action that is expected to take place in the (near) future. (3) "because Ireland was promised to him as a kingdom" (4) "The greater part of the Leinstermen, under the authority of Maelmordha, were there ready for battle." (5) "and a great host (was) with him from Da/l gCais (6) "the two armies were out in front of each other." (7) "it was a fight without respite, without mercy" This is a typical use of "ta/" (after a relative pronoun) using the preposition "i" to express a predicate, e.g. "Bean mhaith ata/ inti" - "she is a good woman." (8) "the directing of the battle was left to his son, Murchu/." (9) "the battle was fought" (10) "and horrible was the great number of dead upon the field of slaughter." (11) "A large part of the chieftains on both sides were killed before the battle was over" (12) "Brian's body was taken to Armagh and his body was buried under the high altar." Foclo/iri/in i rith - in the course of, during ullmhaigh - to prepare (le haghaidh - for) sce/ala (m) message; sce/ala a chur - to send a message thar sa/ile - overseas cabhlach (m., pl. cabhlaigh) navy, fleet Sigiurd - Sigurd, Earl of the Orkney Islands (Inse Orc) o/ir (conjunction) for, because geall - to pledge, promise Inse Gall - the Hebrides Islands Ceann Coradh - Kincora, the stronghold of Brian, near the mouth of the Shannon river Da/l gCais - the Small kingdom originally ruled by Brian. It included about half of the present County Clare cearn (f) corner Mumhan - Munster deisceart (m) the southern part Aoine an Che/asta - Good Friday arm (m) army ag fa/inne an la/ - at the break of day troid (f) a fight de thairbhe - as a result of, because of treoru/ (m) guidance, direction faoi thurairim - about, approximately Cluain Tarbh - Clontarf (Meadow of the Bull) la/mh le - near Life - the Liffe River uafa/sach (a) horrible li/on (m) great number a/r (m) slaughter ina measc - literally "in their midst" i.e. "among them" bua (m) victory teitheadh (verbal noun of teith) to run away, flee, retreat both (f) booth, hut in e/ineacht le - with maraigh - to kill buille (m) a blow, stroke da/ = de + a (his) tua chogaidh - battle axe ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 2 May 1994 18:02:16 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghalach a Seacht (Elementary Irish Reading # 7) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Seacht (Elementary Irish Reading # 7) Here is another reading from _La_ about Dolphins in the sea around Ireland. Sla/n Mi/chea/l RHODESM@YVAX2.BYU.EDU Deilfeanna na hE/ireann (_La_, 17 Feabhra 1994) Le/ireoidh tuarasca/il ata/ dre/achtaithe ag (1) Roinn Chomhshaoil na Breataine go bhfuil li/on na ndeilfeanna i bhfarraigi/i na hE/ireann me/adaithe go mo/r. Fiosrai/odh (2) 20,000 tuairisciu/ go bhfacthas (3) deilfeanna i bhfarraigi/ na hE/ireann is na Breataine agus le/iri/odh (4) go raibh mo/rmhe/adu/ ar li/on na ndeilfeanna amach o/ cho/sta na h\Eireann. Ocht mbliana o/ shin cuireadh cosc (5) ar sheilg deilfeanna mar gheall ar imni/ go raibh barrai/ocht acu a/ maru/.(6) No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) ta/ + passive participle + ag is used to express the English perfect tense, i.e. "a report which the Department of Contemporary Life of Britain has drafted," (2) a past autonomous (passive) form. Note that the past autonomous form does not have the initial consonant lenited, which helps to distinguish it from the 3rd person imperfect, which looks the same. (3) facthas is the irregular past autonomous form of feic. Translate, "dolphins have been seen in the seas of Ireland and Britain." (4) yet another past autonomous form. (5) past autonomous again, translate "a ban was placed on the hunting of dolphins" (6) "because of the concern that too many of them were being killed." the a/ here is the preposition "a" used with the verbal noun plus the third person plural possessive pronoun. This is another way of expressing a passive in Gaelic, e.g. bhi/ siad a/ moladh aige, literally "they were to their praise at him," i.e. "They were praised by him." Foclo/iri/in le/irigh - to explain, illustrate turasca/il (f) account, report, description dre/achtaigh - to draft Roinn Chomhshaoil - Department of Contemporary Life li/on (m) number (of people, etc.), population deilf (f., pl. -eanna) dolphin me/adaigh - to increase fiosraigh - to inquire tuairisciu/ (m) report is = agus mo/rmhe/adu/ (m) a great increase cosc (m) prohibition, ban seilg (f) hunt(ing) mar gheall ar - because imni/ (f) anxiety, concern barrai/ocht (f) excess; too much, too many maraigh - to kill ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 9 May 1994 22:08:34 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a hOcht (Elementary Irish Reading # 8) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a hOcht (Elementary Irish Reading # 8) Here is another short piece from the science magazine _An tEolai/_. Sla/n, Mi/chea/l RHODESM@YVAX2.BYU.EDU Seilidi/ agus Pe/isteanna (_An tEolai/_, Earrach 1994, leathanach a se/) De/anann seilidi/ luach na milliu/n punt de dhama/iste gach bliain do ghlasrai/ agus do bharra i nga/irdi/ini/ agus ar fheirmeacha. Go dti/ seo is e/ an gna/thmhodh chun seilidi/ a mhilleadh na/ piollairi/ seilide a scaipeadh ar an talamh mar a mbi/onn siad.(1) Ach bi/onn na piollairi/ seo nimhneach do chre/atu/ir eile agus fiu/ do pheatai/ baile. Ta/ taighdeoiri/ i Shasana tar e/is re/iteach nua glas a fha/il ar fhadhb na seilidi/ (2) --pe/ist mhicreasco/pach. Seada/n a mhaireann ar dhrom an tseilide is ea an phe/ist chruinn seo agus maireann si/ ar bhaicte/ir a insteallann si/ i gcorp an tseilde. Faigheann an seilide sin ba/s taobh istigh de dheich la/. Sola/thro/far na pe/isteanna seo i gcre/ agus ni/ bheidh le de/anamh ach an chre/ seo a mheascadh le huisce (3) agus an measca/n a scaipeadh ar gha/irdi/n no/ ar pha/irc. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) Note that mar with the direct relative ("a" with lenition) means "as" whereas mar with the indirect relative ("a" with eclipse in present, "ar" with lenition in past) means "where." Thus this should be translated, "an the ground where they are wont to be." (habitual present of ta/) (2) "Researchers in England have found a fresh new solution to the problem of the slugs." (3) literally "and there will not be (anything) to do but to mix the dirt with water" i.e. "and the only thing that needs to be done is to mix the dirt with water." Foclo/iri/in seilide (m) slug pe/ist (f) worm luach (m) value, price glasra (m) vegetable; vegetation barr (m., pl -a) crop go dti/ seo - up to now gna/thmhodh (m) customary method mill - to spoil, ruin, destroy piollaire (m) pellet scaip - to scatter, spread nimhneach (a) harmful fiu/ (adverb) even peata (m) pet taighdeoir (m) researcher re/iteach (m) solution glas (a) green, fresh seada/n (m) parasite cruinn (a) round baicte/ar () bacterium insteall - to inject taobh istigh de - within sola/thro/far (fut. autonomous of sola/thair - to gather, procure cre/ (f) soil, earth measca/n (m) mixture ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 17 May 1994 08:52:54 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Naoi (Elementary Irish Reading # 9) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Naoi (Elementary Irish Reading # 9) Sta/das na Gaeilge sna Scoileanna a/ i/sliu/ (1) (_La/_, 17 Ma/rta 1994) De/ardaoin, 10 Ma/rta, du/irt Uachtara/n Chonradh na Gaeilge, (2) Proinsias Mac Aonghusa, le linn do/ a bheith ag seoladh Sheachtain na Gaeilge, (3) gur dochar as an gcoitiantacht a dhe/anfadh polasai/ nua na Roinne Oideachais maidir le Gaeilge sna scoileanna. (4) "Is ait go deo an rud e/ agus Rialtas in oifig ata/ ni/os fabhrai/ don Ghaeilge, do chultu/r agus do thraidisiu/n na nGael na/ mar a bhi/ aon rialtas le fada, an Roinn Oideachais a bheith mar ata/. (5) "An bhfuil aon ardoifigeach anois sa Roinn Oideachais a thuigeann ta/bhacht na Gaeilge agus a bhfuil se/ de mhisneach ann seasamh le/i? "Ni/or mhiste don Taoiseach agus don Aire Ealai/on, Cultu/ir agus Gaeltachta fiosru/ a dhe/anamh ar a bhfuil a/ dhe/anamh le sta/das na Gaeilge sna scoileanna a/ i/sliu/," (6) ar seisean. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) a/ = a (preposition before verbal noun) + a (possessive). When used with a verbal noun it has two meanings, and only context can tell you which is the correct one. For example, "Bhi/ siad a/ gceannach" is literally "They were to their buying" which can mean either "They were buying them" or "They were being bought." Thus the title of the article is literally "The status of Gaelic in the schools (is) to its declining" i.e. "The status of Gaelic in the schools (is) declining." (2) Uachtara/n Chonradh na Gaeilge - President of the Gaelic League. One would expect "Uachtara/n Chonartha na Gaeilge" since the genitive of "conradh" is "conartha." However, the nominative form of a noun is regularly used instead of the genitive when that noun governs another _definite_ noun in the genitive. Other examples are "co/ta _mhac_ Shea/in" - "John's son's coat" and "ini/on _fhear_ an ti/" - "the daughter of the master of the house." Note also that although the form is nominative, the noun is lenited as a genitive would be. (3) literally "in the period to him to be directing Gaelic Week" i.e. "while he was directing Gaelic Week". (4) literally "that it is unusual damage which the new policy of the Department of Education in regard to Gaelic in the schools would cause" i.e. "that the new policy of the Department of Education in regard to Gaelic in the schools would cause unusual damage." "Dochar" "damage" is emphasized by being introduced by the past tense of the copula "gur" (combined with the conjunction "go"). (5) "It is always a strange thing, when (or although) the Government in office is more favorable to Gaelic, to the Gaelic culture and tradition than any government has been for a long time, that the Department of Education is as it is." The conjunction "agus" is here used introducing what in English would be a subordinate clause of time (when) or concession (although). (6) literally "to make an inquiry about that which is to its doing with the status of Gaelic in the schools to its decline." i.e. "to make an inquiry into what is being done with the decline of the status of Gaelic in the schools." The same use of "a/" with a verbal noun discussed in (1) Foclo/iri/n seoladh - to direct, conduct sta/das (m) status i/sliu/ (m) decline, lowering, depression dochar (m) damage, harm as an gcoitiantacht - out of the ordinary, unusual polasai/ (m) policy Roinn Oideachas - Department of Education maidir le - in regard to ait (a) strange rialtas (m) government oifig (f) office fabhrach (a) favorable, partial ardoifigeach (m) higher official ta/bhacht (f) importance, significance a bhfuil se/ de mhisneach ann - who has the courage seas le - to stand by, support ni/or mhiste do . . . a - it would be well for (someone) to (do something) Taoiseach (m) Prime Minister aire (m) minister ealai/n (f., gs -e, npl, -i/ona, gpl -i/on) art; science, skill fiosru/ (m) inquiry ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 31 May 1994 12:51:06 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 10 (Elementary Irish Reading # 10) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Deich (Elementary Irish Reading # 10) For some reason, although I thought I had sent out reading # 10 last week, it does not seem to have reached the net. So here it is again. Sla/n, Mi/chea/l This week's reading is a poem found in _La/_ 17 Feabhra 1994. Rather than grammatical notes, I have included a complete translation with this reading. Luchain Diarmuid O/ Gra/inne ro-chan O/ sheargaigh an croi/ Ar phla/na reoite an tsaoil, An caislea/n o/ir ni/or aimsigh Gan fa/gtha ach smearchuimhni/ Ag fe/achaint thar an bhfa/l-- Na hu/lla aibi/ ro/-ard Loinne la/ch an taoille-- Caiple faoi mhaoil feamainne Torann spa/ide ag criathru/ talu/n. Fuisre gaoithe i ngarrai/ eorna Meanma an bhaile ar a bhualadh, Is muid sa to/ir ar luchain. Tha/inig ca/rsa/n an innill Idir muid agus a/r mian. Translation Mice >From the shrivelling of the heart On the cold surface of the world, One has not found the castle of gold Nothing is left but the faded memory Of looking through the hedge -- The ripe apples to far away. The pleasant fierceness of the tide-- Waves on the hill of seaweed The sound of a spade sifting soil. The scrambling of the wind in the barley patch, The attention of the village is on threshing. We are hunting for mice. The wheeze of the engine comes Between us and our desire. Foclo/iri/n Luchain (variant pl. of luch - mouse) seargaigh = seargadh - wasting, shrivelling pla/na (m) flat surface, plane aimsigh - to find, locate fa/gtha (a) left, abandoned, forsaken smearchuimhne (f) faded memory fa/l (m) hedge, fence loinne (f) fierceness, vehemence la/ch (a) pleasant, friendly taoille (f) tide caiple (variant pl. of capall) - capaill bha/an - poetic reference to waves of the sea maoil (f) hillock, knoll feamainn (f) seaweed torann (m) noise spa/d (f) spade criathraigh - to sift, winnow talu/n (gen. sing. of talamh - earth, ground) fuisre = fuirseadh - scrambling, tussling, bustling garrai/ (m) small field, plot eorna (f) barley meanma (f) mind, thought, attention bualadh (m) threshing to/ir (f) pursuit, hunt, search ca/rsa/n (m) wheeze inneall (m) machine, engine mian - desire ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 30 May 1994 10:30:08 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 11 (Elementary Irish Reading # 11) Bunle/theoireacht Ghaelach a 11 (Elementary Irish Reading # 11) For a change, I took the reading for this week from Paul's Letter to the Romans chapter 8, verses 35-39. Litir Naomh Po/l Chuig na Ro/mha/naigh Caibidil a hocht, ve/arsai/ 35-39 Ce/ a scarfaidh o/ ghra/ Chri/ost sinn? Trioblo/id an ea? no/ cruatan, no/ ge/arleanu/int, no/ gorta, no/ nochtacht, no/ guais, no/ an clai/omh fe/in? Mar ata/ scri/ofa: "Ar do shonsa ta/imid da/r mba/su/ (1) ar feadh an lae; ta/imid d/ar meas mar chaoirigh ata/ re/idh lena gcoscairt." Ach sna cu/rsai/ seo go le/ir, beirimid an bua go caithre/imeach tri/d an te/ u/d a thug gra/ du/inn. Mar ta/im cinnte dearfa de nach bhfe/adfaidh (3) ba/s na/ beatha, aingil na/ prionsai/ na/ cumhachtai/, nithe ata/ ann anois (4) na/ nithe ata/ le teacht, an domhan thuas na/ an domhan thi/os, na/ du/il chruthaithe ar bith eile sinn a scaradh (5) o/ ghra/ De/ ata/ in I/osa Cri/ost a/r dTiarna. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) literally "we are to our (da/r = do + a/r) killing" i.e. "we are being killed." As I have pointed out before, this particular construction in Irish of "do" plus a possessive pronoun plus a verbal noun can be traslated either activly or passively, context must tell you which. (2) literally "we are to our estimation" i.e. "we are esteemed to be" (3) "that neither death nor . . . will be able . . ." (4) "things that now are" (nithe - pl. of ni/ - thing) (5) "(will be able to) separate us" Foclo/iri/n scar - to separate trioblo/id (f) trouble, affliction cruatan (m) hardship (crua (a) hard) ge/arleanu/int (f) persecution gorta (m) hunger, famine nochtacht (f) nakedness (nocht (a) naked) guais (f) danger clai/omh (m) sword (a "claymore", clai/omh mo/r - a big sword) son (m) sake ar feadh - throughout (with genitive) meas - to consider, estimate, value, judge re/idh (a) ready, prepared (le - for) coscairt (f) slaughter beir an bua - to carry off the victory, i.e. to be victorious caithre/imeach (a) triumphant; go caithre/imeach - triumphantly ta/im cinnte dearfa de - I am absolutely certain of it (de = de + e/) an domhan thuas - the upper world an domhan thi/os - the lower world du/il (f) element; created thing, creature cruthaithe (a) created ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 7 Jun 1994 15:20:34 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a Naoi (Elementary Irish Reading # 12) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 12 (Elementary Irish Reading # 12) This weeks reading is from _An t-Eolai/_, Fomhar 1993 Mammach Mo/r Nua Fionnta i bhForaoisi/ Vi/tneam Ta/ bitheolaithe tar e/is teacht (1) ar chinea/l la/n-nua mhamaigh a fhe/achann (2) cosu/il ina chruth le bo/, ina chraiceann le capall, ina adharaca le antalo/p agus ina aclai/ocht le gabhar, sna sle/ibhte idir Vi/tneam agus Laos. Ni/ fhaca siad an t-ainmhi/ fo/s bi/odh is go bhfuil eolas daingean air i measc na bhfeirmeoiri/ a/itiu/la. Ach ta/ siad tar e/is fiche blaosc, tri/ sheithe agus aon shampla ceallach de/ag (3) (le DNA) a tha/sta/il. (4) Sa bhliain 1937 fionnadh (5) cinea/l nua de bho/ fhia/in i gCalifornia. Cinnte fionnadh an picire i bParaguay i 1975 ach bhi/ eolas air an mhuc fia/in seo roimhe sin o/ chna/mha caomhnaithe. Mar sin is i/ seo an che/ad fionnachtain den saghas seo le caoga bliain, (6) rud a chuireann gliondar ar na bitheolaithe a phle/ann le mammaigh--chomh mo/r sin gur bhaist siad "pseudoryx nghetinhensis" ar an gcre/atur nua. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) "Ta/" plus "tar e/is" before a verbal noun is one way of expressing the English present perfect tense: ta/ se/ tar e/is teacht - he has come. (2) "Fe/ach", like English "look" can be both transitive and intransitive, i.e. (transitive "Fe/ach ansin e/." "Look at him there." and (intransitive) "Fe/achann si/ o/g." "She looks young." In this case it is intransitive, i.e. translate: "which looks similar in its shape to a cow." (3) "and eleven cellular samples" Numbers in the teens place the unit before the noun, and the "teen" (de/ag) follows the noun (and its adjectives, if any), as is the case here. (4) This is the same construction talked about in note (1), but since the verbal noun "ta/sta/il" is separated from "tar e/is", is has the preposition "a" before it. (5) fionnodh - past autonomous, which does not have initial lenition. Translate "was discovered" (6) "Le" in temporal phrases is used for time over which something occurs--translate "for fifty years." Foclo/iri/n mammach (m) mammal fionn - to discover bitheolai/ (m) biologist cinea/l (m) kind, species la/n-nua (a) completely new cruth (m) shape, appearance craiceann (m) skin adharc (f., pl. -a) horn aclai/ocht (f) agility bi/odh is go - in spite of the fact that daingean (a) solid, firm a/itiu/il (a) local blaosc (f) skull seithe (f) hide ceallach (a) celled, cellular ta/sta/il - to test fia/in (a) wild picire (m) peccary cna/mh (f) bone caomhnaithe (verbal adjective of caomhnaigh) preserved mar sin - in that case fionnachtain (f) discovery gliondar (m) gladness ple/igh - to deal with (le), occupy oneself with chomh mo/r sin gur - so much that baist - to baptize; christen, name ========================================================================= Date: Tue, 14 Jun 1994 12:10:04 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 13 (Elementary Irish Reading # 13) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 13 (Elementary Irish Reading # 13) This weeks reading is from _La/_, 22 Iu/il 1993. Some facts about work. Obair - Roinnt Fi/rici/ Mna/ agus Pa/isti/ Ma/ chuirtear obair ti/ san a/ireamh oibri/onn mna/ uaireanta ni/os faide na/ fir gach a/it ar domhan ach amha/in i Meiricea/ Thuaidh agus san Astra/il. Ta/ na huaireanta oibre le fa/il san Afraic agus san A/ise, le breis is deich n-uair de dhifear ann. Bi/onn (1) na milliu/in de pha/isti/ an domhain ag obair go saor--gan ceardchumainn, gan cead geara/in. San A/ise, mar shampla, tuairim is 11% den lucht oibre is pa/isti/ iad. Sa Bhrasail, a/it a bhfuil pobal de 55 milliu/n pa/isti/, ta/ seacht milliu/n acu ag obair. San Eoraip fe/in ta/ na milliu/in pa/iste ag obair ar fheirmeacha agus i monarchana. San A/ise ta/ roinnt milliu/n ag obair mar scla/bhaithe. Talmhai/ocht, Tionscal agus Seirbhi/si/ Ta/ an obair a dhe/antar sa domhan roinnte i dtri/ chuid: talmhai/ocht, tionscal agus serbhi/si/. Ta/ beagnach leathchuid de oibrithe an domhain (48.5%) ag dul don (2) talmhai/ocht, ag cur bia ar fa/il;(3) ta/ 16.3% acu i dtionscal; agus ta/ 35.2% i serbhi/si/. Sna ti/ortha neamhfhorbartha is mo/ ata/ an talmhai/ocht: 60.9% os choinne 11% sna ti/ortha 'tionsclai/ochta.' D'ainneoin ainm na tionsclai/ocht bheith orthu sin is le seirbhi/si/ is mo/ ata/ siad: 62.1%. (4) Saibhir agus Daibhir Ar an drochuair is beag baint idir saothru/ agus maoin: faigheann an 20% is saibhre de phobal (5) an domhain 82.7% den ioncam bhliantu/il. Agus ta/ an bhearna sin ag dul i me/id, le lucht an airgid ag e/iri/ ni/os saibre agus na bochta/in ag e/iri/ ni/os boichte--i 1969 is 70.2% d'ioncam bhliantu/il an domhain a fuair an 20% a ba shaibhre--ta/ sin i ndiaidh me/adu/ (6) dha/ phointe de/ag faoin che/ad. (7) No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) Habitual present of ta/ "The millions of children of the world regularly work for free." (2) "ag dul don" idiomatically as in English, "Almost half of the labor of the world is going towards agriculture." (3) literally "putting food on getting" i.e. making it possible to obtain food. (4) translate: "In spite of the name of industrial which those (nations) have, it is services that are larger: 62.1%." (5) "The richest 20% of the people" (6) literally "this is after increasing" i.e. "this has increased" (7) "twelve percent" Foclo/iri/n f/iric (f) fact rud a chur san a/ireamh - to take something into account breis (f) increase, addition; breis is - more than (the 'is' here is not the copula but the shortened form of 'agus') difear (m) diference; ceardchumainn (m) trade union cead (m) leave, permission geara/n (m) complaint, grievance tuairim is - about, approximately monarcha (f., pl. -na) factory scla/bhai/ (m) slave talmhai/ocht (f) agriculture tionscal (m) industry seirbhi/s (f) service roinnte (verbal adjective of roinn - to divide) divided 'i' into leathchuid (f) half ti/ortha (pl. of ti/r - land, country) neamhfhorbartha (a) undeveloped is mo/ ata/ X - X is greater os choinne - as opposed to tionsclai/ochta - industrialized d'ainneoin - in spite of saibhir (a) rich (pronounced sev'ir') daibhir (a) poor (pronounced dev'ir') Ar an drochuair - unfortunately is beag - there is little baint (f) connection, relationship saothru/ (m) earnings, wages maoin (f) property, wealth ioncam bhliantu/il - annual income bearna (f) gap dul i me/id - to grow larger lucht an airgid - rich people ag e/iri/ ni/os saibre (ni/os boichte) - becoming richer (poorer) bochta/n (m) poor person faoin che/ad - percent ========================================================================= Date: Mon, 20 Jun 1994 21:31:59 -0600 Sender: Gaelic Language Bulletin Board From: Michael Rhodes Subject: Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 14 (Elementary Irish Reading # 14) Bunle/itheoireacht Ghaelach a 14 (Elementary Irish Reading # 14) This week's reading is a condensed story about the woman Eithne (Enya). Sce/al Eithne Ba i/ Eithne ini/on Roic, Maor Aonghasa O/ig, dia an ghra/. Rugadh i/ nuair a thug Mananna/n Mac Lir, dia na mara, a ini/on d'Aonghas O/g da/ haltramu/. (1) Bhi/ Eithne ina banseirbhi/seach d'ini/on Mhanannai/n Mhic Lir, agus ainnir a/lainn chaoin a bhi/ inti. (2) Aon la/ amha/in fuarthas amach (3) na/r chaith si/ bia na/ deoch. Ar scru/du/ do/, (4) fuar Aonghas O/g amach gur thug taoiseach na Tuath De/ Danann iarracht Eithne a fhuadach agus e/ ag fanacht i mBrugh na Bo/inne. Is e/ seo a spreag anam i/on agus na/du/r mora/lta inti. O/n am sin amach bhi/ si/ ina hanam i/on, (5) ce/ gur thug Aonghas O/g agus Mananna/n Mac Lir aistear mara agus tha/inig ar ais le dha/ cheann de bha dri/ochtu/la nach ndeachaigh a mbainne i ndi/sc. (6) Uaidh sin amach bhi/ Eithne beo ar a mbainne. Aon la/ amha/in chuaigh Eithne in e/ineacht le hioni/on Mananna/in Mic Lir chun folcadh sa Bho/inne. Scaradh Eithne uaithi agus fuair amach gur chaill si/ a caille dhofheictheachta a chuireadh (7) na Tuatha De/ Danann i bhfolach ar dhaoine ba/smhara agus cheadai/odh do/ibh a dhul chun saoil na neamhbha/smhaireachta freisin. Ce/ gur tho/raigh si/ i bhfad, ni/orbh fhe/idir le/i a bealach a dhe/anamh go dti/ Brugh na Bo/inne ar ais. Le linn di a bheith ag fa/nai/ocht, (8) casadh uirthi Naomh Pa/draig. Bhaist se/ i/ agus d'iompaigh si/ ina Cri/ostai/ cra/ifeach. Aon la/ amha/in bhi/ Eithne ag gui/ i gcill bheag le taobh na Bo/inne nuair a chuala si/ fuaim shi/osarnai/ san aer agus glo/rtha do-a/irithe mar a bheadh siad i bhfad o/ la/thair, a chaoin agus ghlaoigh uirthi ina hainm. Ba iad a muintir iad, na Tuatha De/ Danann, a/ to/rai/ocht (9) in aisce. Thug si/ iarracht a fhreagairt, ach bhi/ si/ a/ traochadh (10) agus thit i laige. Nuair a tha/inig si/ chuici fe/in (11), cloi/odh i/ le tinneas marfach. Thug Naomh Pa/draig deas-ghna/tha deireanacha di agus fuair si/ ba/s lena ceann ar brollach Naomh Pa/idraig.(12) D'oirnigh Pa/draig gur thugadh a hainm ar an chill, (13) Cill Eithne. No/tai/ Gramadu/la (1) da/ haltramu/ - literally "for her fostering" i.e. to be fostered (2) ainnir a/lainn chaoin a bhi/ inti. "She was (or became a beautiful and gentle maiden" (3) fuarthas amach. "It was found out." (4) Ar scru/du/ do/ - literally "after inquiring to him" i.e. "after he had made inquirery." (5) bhi/ si/ ina hanam i/on - "she was (became) a pure spirit." (6) literally "which their milk did not go in dryness" i.e. "whose mile did not run dry." (7) "chuireadh" and "ceadai/och" are both past habitual--translate: "which would hide the Tuatha De/ Danann and would allow them . . ." (8) literally "in the course to her to be at wandering" i.e. "while she was wandering." (9) literally "to her seeking" i.e. seeking her. (10) literally "she was to her overcoming" i.e. "she was overcome" (11) literally "when she came to herself" i.e. "when she regained consciousness." (12) Although Naomh Pa/draig is genitive in function here, it is nominative in form. This is the rule for pairs of nouns like this. (13) literally "that her name be placed on the church" i.e. "that the church be named after her." Foclo/iri/n maor (m) steward rugadh i/ - she was born mara (genitive of muir - the sea) ainnir (f) maiden choin (a) gentle, refined taoiseach (m) chief Tuatha De/ Danann - people of the goddess Danann, the Fairy folk tugaim iarracht - to try, attempt fuadach - to rape Brugh na Bo/inne - New Grange, once thought to be an entrance to the fairy world spreag - to arouse i/on (a) pure na/du/r (m) nature mora/lta (a) moral aistear mara a thabhair - to take a sea voyage teacht ar ais le - to come back with (i.e. bring back) ba (pl. of bo/ (f) cow) dri/ochtu/il (a) magical uaidh sin amach - from that time forth, thenceforth folcadh - to bathe Bo/inn (f) the Boyne river scaradh - to to part, separate; (here autonomous - become separated) caill - to lose caille (f) veil dofheictheachta (f) forgetfulness cuir i bhfolach - to hide neamhbha/smhaireacht (f) mortal to/raigh - to search a bealach a dhe/anamh - to find her way casadh orm e/ - I met him (autonomous form of cas - to turn, twist) Naomh Pa/idraig - Saint Patrick baist - to baptize iompaigh - to turn; change (i - into) i.e. become=20 cra/ifeach (a) pious gui/ (verbal noun of guigh - to pray) cill (f) church si/osarnach - hissing, whispering glo/r (m., pl. -tha) voice do-a/irithe (a) countless, myriad caoin - to lament, "keen" glaoigh - to call in aisce - in vain freagairt - to answer tit i laige - to faint cloi/gh - to wear down, subdue; cloi/odh i/ - she was subdued, stricken tinneas (m) sickness marfach (a) mortal deas-ghna/tha deireanacha - last rites fuar si/ ba/s - she died brollach (m) breast oirnigh - to order