Thanks to all for the comments about "Jim Crow", although actually I was primarily interested in what the term would have meant IN WALES, where presum- ably the U.S. "Jim-Crow laws" were irrelevant if not unknown. It does seem that the minstrel song from which the name is derived is the key, if Geraint is correct (and he always seems to be!) that the song "Jump Jim Crow" was well- known in Britain in the mid-1800s. So to find out what "Jim-Cro" would have meant within the context of Welsh folksongs (which you'll recall was my original question), I guess I'll have to look up the lyrics of that song. Which I will do someday, but I won't take up any more WELSH-L time on this. A further question for the omniscient Geraint (or anyone else): were there many other American songs circulating in Britain in the nineteenth century? If so, can you think of any others that have influenced Welsh songs? Pob hwyl, Marta Weingartner weingart@ucs.indiana.edu