------------------------- Alburger DE; J. Phys. Chem. 94 (1990) 8494. "Comment on cluster-impact fusion" ** Alburger suggests an experimental variation to Beuhler et al, to eliminate effects due to contamination of the cluster beam with small clusters: use beam pulsing, and the fact that different-size clusters travel at different velocities. This would make it possible to pick out emissions due to the nominal clusters, separate from contaminating smaller ones. ------------------------- Alvarez LW, Bradner H, Crawford FS Jr, Crawford JA, Falk-Vairant P, Good ML, Gow JD, Rosenfeld AH, Solmitz F, Stevenson ML, Ticho HK, Tripp RD; Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1127. "Catalysis of nuclear reactions by mu-mesons". ** Out of many hydrogen bubble chamber mu-meson tracks, a few ended by starting a new track, also of a mu-meson. This is compatible with H-D fusion catalysed by the mu-meson. The energy of the resulting emitted meson is also about that of the mass difference between the H-D input and (3)He output of such a fusion reaction. A note added in proof shows how an increase in the deuterium content in the bubble chamber predictably increases the number of the events, supporting the thesis. ------------------------- Astakhov II, Kazarinov VE, Reznikova LA, Teplitskaya GL; Russ. J. Electrochem. 30 (1994) 1379. "Diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in palladium hydride and deuteride in the presence of lithium". ** In a previous paper by these authors, Li was found to affect the flow of hydrogen through a Pd membrane. Here they try to find the mechanism of the effect. It appears that Li, incorporated into Pd, may form traps for hydrogen isotopes and thereby slow down its transport. ------------------------- Beuhler RJ, Chu YY, Friedlander G, Friedman L, Kunnmann W; J. Phys. Chem. 94 (1990) 7665. "Deuteron-deuteron fusion by impact of heavy-water clusters on deuterated surfaces". ** Description of apparatus for bombarding deuterated polyethylene, TiD and ZrD(1.65) with beams of singly charged clusters of D2O(n), n up to some 100's. The authors seriously address the question of low-mass fragments contaminating the beam, and dismiss it after a thorough examination. Thus, the observed emissions appear to come from fusion due to impact of large-mass clusters. The unexpected dependence of emissions on cluster size may be due to collective effects, say the authors. Apr-90/Sep-90 ------------------------- Beuhler RJ, Friedlander G, Friedman L; J. Phys. Chem. 94 (1990) 8494. "Reply to 'Comment on cluster-impact fusion'" ** Beuhler et al reply to Alburger's Comment on the same page of the journal, in which they suggest pulsing of the cluster beam. Beuhler et al say that this is not easy to do, whether by electrical or mechanical means. ------------------------- Beuhler RJ, Friedlander G, Friedman L; Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2108. Erratum: "Cluster-impact fusion". ** This erratum retracts the authors' 1989 claim of cluster impact fusion. A number of others have pointed out that the results are likely due to contamination with smaller clusters and therefore higher energies, but until this erratum the present authors have claimed to have excluded such contamination. They did however, check this possibility and now find it true. Therefore, they revise the CIF rate downward by at least 2 orders of magnitude. Further work is in progress. ------------------------- Beuhler RJ, Friedlander G, Friedman L; Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 1292. "Cluster-impact fusion". ** Singly-(+)-charged clusters of D2O of from 25-1300 molecules in size were shot at TiD with an energy of 325 keV and some fusion was observed. The primary signature of the fusion was protons at 3.0 MeV from the reaction D + D --> H + T, the best yield being from clusters of about 200 molecules. The fusion is assumed to be due to compressional heating of the top 10 or so layers of TiD. "Cold fusion" is not mentioned but Jones + Koonin (Nature) is cited, a bit free of context. This paper may contribute to clearing up what is (?) happening within the micro-cracks assumed in the fracto-theory. ------------------------- Beuhler RJ, G. Friedlander G, Friedman L; Acc. Chem. Res. 24 (1991) 198. "Fusion reactions in dense hot atom assemblies generated by cluster impact". ** Mostly a polemic description of the authors' previous work on cluster impact fusion (CIF), which has stirred up some controversy. Here, the argument of shaped charges is advanced to explain the anomalously high reaction rates, and criticims by others is refuted. One other laboratory that has reproduced CIF is cited. There is what appears to be a clear relation between the proton emission count and cluster beam energy. ------------------------- Bockris JO'M, Subramanyan PK; Electrochim. Acta 16 (1971) 2169. "The equivalent pressure of molecular hydrogen in cavities within metals in terms of the overpotential developed during the evolution of hydrogen". ** In the electrolysis of water at a metal, an overpotential is forced on the metal/water/hydrogen system, and at a corroding metal, an overpotential arises due to the corrosion processes. In both cases, hydrogen enters the metal to some extent and can accumulate in cavities, sometimes leading to embrittlement of the metal. This paper tries to find a relation between the hydrogen pressure and the overpotential. The Nernst equation, relating these quantities, is dismissed at the outset as inapplicable. The relative rates of the electrochemical step, leading to adsorbed hydrogen, and of the dimerisation of these to D2, affect the cavity pressure, and this is investigated. It turns out that for a fast electrochemical step followed by a slow dimerisation, rather large fugacities, corresponding to the Nernstian figures, can appear. At the other extreme - slow electrochemical, fast dimerisation - it is unity, i.e. 1 atm. Real systems probably lie between these extremes. There is a figure relating real pressure to fugacity. E.g., the fugacity of 1E30 corresponds to about 1000 atm. ------------------------- Boucher GR, Collins FE, Matlock RL; Fusion Technol. 27 (1995) 183. "Separation factors for hydrogen isotopes on nickel and platinum during electrolysis". ** Electrolysis was carried out in heavy water (electrolyte is not stated, as this is a follow-up paper), and tritium enrichment measured. Assuming that the isotope separation factor (gamma) = 2, the results fit very well with theory, and there is no difference between different cathode metals. ------------------------- Brauer E, Doerr R, Zuechner H; Z. phys. Chem. NF 100 (1976) 109. "Hydrogen diffusion in titanium". ** Pretreatment of the Ti surface consisted of (a) heating to near the mpt to remove O2, H2 and C (but see Mebrahtu et al, 1989), (b) evaporating a Pd layer on it to prevent oxidation and (c) coating with Pd black to facilitate [establishment of] equilibrium between H2(gas) and H(metal). There are other complications. The resulting measured diffusion coefficient of H in (apparently) the metal is, at 293K, 2*10**(-7) cm**2/s or D0 = 6*10**(-2) cm**2/s, EA = 7.4 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol in D(T) = D0 * exp(-EA/RT). This is compared with D in other metals (T not given): 5*10**(-6) in Nb, 2*10**(-6) in Ta, 2*10**(-5) in V, by the same technique, unfortunately not described - you have to get hold of a thesis. These D values are 3-4 orders of magnitude larger than others', possibly due to more careful surface treatment. This work is at variance with the Brauer et al (1983) paper and we may have to do a literature search to assess the position. ------------------------- Brauer E, Gruner R, Rauch F; Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 341. "Kinetics and mechanism of hydrogen diffusion in hydrides of titanium, zirconium and TiNi0.5". ** All these form stable hydrides. Electrolysis was used to charge the metals with hydrogen; loadings corresponding to TiH1.65 and ZrH1.61 or about 60 at% were reached. The measured diffusion coefficients were 3.6*10**(-11) in Ti, 2*10**(-11) in Zr, both in cm**2/s. At current densities of 15 mA/cm**2, the absorption of H is diffusion controlled. However, we are not measuring diffusion of hydrogen in the metal, but through the hydride; a layer of the hydride is slowly formed, going deeper into the metal, and the hydrogen has to diffuse through this. Compare with the earlier paper of Brauer et al (1976). Because of oxide formation on the metal surfaces, surface pretreatment is very important, and in this case gave D values an order of magnitude higher than previous work. ------------------------- Burke LD, Casey JK; J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 1284. "An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium electrodes in acid". ** A study, mostly in the anodic regime, of the processes taking place at Pd in an acid solution. Hydroxide and hydrous oxide layers are formed, Pd dissolves, and oxygen is absorbed below the surface. ------------------------- Burke LD, Casey JK; J. Electrochem. Soc. 140 (1993) 1292. "An examination of the electrochemical behavior of palladium in base" ** A study, mostly in the anodic regime, of the processes taking place at Pd in an alkaline solution. Hydroxide and hydrous oxide layers are formed. ------------------------- Carraro C, Chen BQ, Schramm S, Koonin SE; Phys. Rev. A42 (1990) 1379. "Estimates of cluster-impact fusion yields". ** Cluster impact fusion has some strange properties, such as a constant rate with varying cluster size between 100 and 300 D2O's, at constant cluster energy. This means, after all, a decreasing energy per D atom in the whole cluster. The authors address the questions of thick-target yield, knock-on effects, and thermal spikes. They also attempt to simulate the process. Each model fails by many orders of magnitude. The authors consider that the effect may be due to experimental artifacts such as, e.g., single-molecule impurity in the beam. The effect itself is not doubted. Jan-90/Aug-90 ------------------------- Cerofolini GF, Boara G, Agosteo S, Foglio Para A; Fusion Technol. 23 (1993) 465. "Giant neutron trapping by a molecular species produced during the reaction of D+ with H- in a condensed phase". ** In a variety of situations, where negatively charged H reacts chemically with D+, this team observed a neutron count significantly lower than the background. They infer that the excited H-D+ species first formed, for some unknown reason is a strong absorber of neutrons. It is much stronger, for example, than a Cd foil, often used for that purpose. The final gaseous HD product does not absorb neutrons. ------------------------- Chen CL, Wu JK; J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 13 (1994) 84. "Electrolytic hydrogen transport in palladium". ** A permeation study: a Pd membrane (0.2 mm) was cathodically charged with hydrogen on one side with varying current, and the hydrogen emerging from the other side detected by anodic loading and measuring the current. The plot of I(anodic) vs I(cathodic) was linear with slope of 1 up to a charging current of about 5 mA/cm^2, where the anodic current flattened out. This is attributed to the formation of beta phase hydride at the cathodic surface and resulting recombination (formation of H2 bubbles). ------------------------- Cho, Y-S; Taehan Kumsok Hakhoechi 28 (1990) 92 (in Korean). Cited in Chem. Abstr. 113:119420 (1990). "Low-temperature ultrasonic attenuation peak in alpha'-palladium deuteride (PdD(x))". ** "The ultrasonic attenuation of low-temp. peaks in the PdD(0.67) was studied. The peak is seen only for longitudinal waves, but not for transverse ones, and is obsd. only in the deuterides, but not in the hydrides. The low-temp. peak is correlated with relaxation phenomena due to redistribution of LO phonons by ultrasonic waves. Ultrasonic attenuation of the PdD(0.67)H(0.02) sample was measured. The low-temp. peaks of the PdD(0.67)H(0.02) and the PdD(0.67) do not show significant differences within the limit of exptl. error. Ultrasonic attenuations of the PdD(x) (x=0.64-0.72) decreased with increasing D concn.". ------------------------- Chou P, Vannice MA; J. Catal. 104 (1987) 1. "Calorimetric heat of adsorption measurements on palladium. I Influences of crystallite size and support on hydrogen adsorption". ** Calorimetry showed that the enthalpy of chemisorption of H2 on Pd is about 15 kcal/mol, about three times that of absorption in the bulk, as the hydride. The adsorption energy was to some extent a function of grain size. ------------------------- Coehn A; Naturwiss. 16 (1928) 183 (in German). "Evidence for protons in metals". ** The observation that the absorption of hydrogen in Pd, Fe etc is proportional to SQRT(pressure) indicates the atomic nature of hydrogen in the metal, and this leads to the suspicion that it is present as protons. C measured hydrogen diffusion along wires, while imposing potential gradients along the wire, and observed a hydrogen migration towards the negative end. ------------------------- Coehn A, Specht W; Z. Phys. 62 (1930) 1 (in German). "On the contribution of protons to the conduction of electricity in metals". ** Further experiments, following those reported in 1928. As well as gaining further evidence for the existence of protons in Pd, hydrogen loading was also measured by its effect on the resistance of the metal. As before, it was found that protons contribute to current flow. ------------------------- Coehn A, Juergens H; Z. Phys. 71 (1931) 179 (in German). "On the contribution of protons to the conduction of electricity in metals. Resistance measurements" ** Continuation of the work published in 1930, here focussing on the relation of metal resistance with hydrogen loading. This was done with pure Pd and Pd alloyed with 20% Ag, where the same effect was noted (increase of R/R0 with loading). There is a maximum, previously observed by Smith. ------------------------- Cole DC, Puthoff HE; Phys. Rev. E48 (1993) 1562. "Extracting energy and heat from the vacuum". ** This work discusses a single point in the area of ZP energy extraction, as suggested by R.L. Forward (1984); i.e. the question of whether this is possible at T = 0. The answer is yes. ------------------------- Conway BE, Wojtowicz; J. Electroanal. Chem. 326 (1992) 277. "Time-scales of electrochemical desorption and sorption of H in relation to dimensions and geometries of host metal hydride electrodes". ** Cold fusion is mentioned only peripherally, the accent here being on a new kind of battery, using hydrogen storage in a suitable metal. For this, large capacity for hydrogen is desirable (and LaNi5 seems to be a favourite alloy), and it is of vital interest to know about loading rates. This throrough paper examines this question in minute detail for different electrode geometries like plates, small spheres and wires. For optimum charging efficiency, a rational charging current program is suggested. Jan-91/May-92 ------------------------- Crandall DH; Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B42 (1989) 409. "The scientific status of fusion". ** A review of the various kinds of hydrogen fusion. The name "cold fusion" is given to muon catalysed fusion, known for some time; this is explained, among other variants. A "note added in proof" mentions the stunning news of the new CNF but appears skeptical. ------------------------- Czerwinski A, Maruszczak G, Zelazowska M, Lancucka M, Marassi R, Zamponi S; J. Electroanal. Chem. 386 (1995) 207. ** Another in the series of fundamental studies of the electrochemistry of the Pd/H2O (or D2O) system. Here, the team looks at alkali metal ion effects, and finds some, to do with underpotential deposition of these metal ions. ------------------------- Czirr JB, Jensen GL; U.S. Patent US 4,931,649 (Cl. 250-390.07; G01T3/06), 5-Jun-90, Appl. 342,858. Cited in Chem. Abstr. 113:144483 (1990). "Neutron-coincidence calorimeter". ** A coincidence neutron detector, whose dual signal provides a mechanism for discrimination against background events, will be a useful device for low-level neutron measurements such as, e.g., in cold fusion studies. ------------------------- Czirr JB, Jensen GL; Nucl. Instr. Methods A284 (1989) 365. "A neutron coincidence spectrometer". ** This is the way to measure low-intensity neutron fluxes of MeV neutrons. The apparatus relies (I quote) on total energy absorption to measure neutron energy. A coincidence signal is required from the capture of thermalised neutrons in Li-6 glass scintillators incorporated in the detector body. This dual signal from a single neutron provides powerful discrimination against background events from gamma rays or ambient low-energy neutrons. ------------------------- Dickinson JT, Donaldson EE, Park MK; J. Mater. Sci. 16 (1981) 2897. "The emission of electrons and positive ions from fracture of materials". ** A number of (insulating) materials were subjected to breaking, and the emission of electrons and positive ions, as a result of the breaks, measured. Up to 15 kV have been observed to be produced from such experiments. Here, too, emissions were observed and the decay times appear to be strongly related to electrical conductance (up to 1s for insulators like quartz, down to 10 microsec for graphite), and electron emission densities up to 10^8/cm^2 were seen. There are 33 references, going back to 1970. ------------------------- Enemoto Y, Hashimoto H; Nature 346 (1990) 641. "Emission of charged particles from indentation fracture of rocks". ** The author's main interest is earthquake prediction. It appears to be well known that cp's are emitted from stressed and fractured materials, and here are reported results of experiments with 11 kinds of rock. This may have application to fractofusion (but this is not mentioned by the authors). ------------------------- Fallavier M, Kemmler J, Kirsch R, Poizat JC, Remillieux J, Thomas JP; Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 621. "Search for nuclear fusion in deuterated targets under cluster-beam impact". ** Attempt to verify Beuhler et al's results. This team had no (D2O)n+ beam but a Dn+ beam, which was used. No neutron emissions were observed. The authors comment that, since Beuhler et al also gets (some) neutrons from beams of H2O clusters, it may be d-d fusion in the target, due to bombardment by the oxygen atoms. ------------------------- Fiebinger K; Angew. Phys. 9 (1957) 213 (in German). "Die Bildung von 'Selbsttargets' fuer die Kernreaktion D(d,n)He(3) und ihr Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der Wasserstoffdiffusion in Metallen". ** I have the impression that Fiebinger was (one of?) the first to relate the saturation of neutron emission from a metal bombarded with a deuteron beam to the diffusion of the deuterons into the bulk of the metal. Here, he used metals like Au, Ir, Rh, Ag, Pd, Pt and others. This paper and the one by Robinson et al is relevant to cold fusion experiments in which the deuteride is made by deuteron beam bombardment. ------------------------- Filipek SM, Szafranski AW, Warsza M, Majchrzak S; J. Less Common Met. 158 (1990) 177. "Isotopic effects in Ni-Si-H(D) and Ni-V-H(D) systems". ** This paper mentions that it may be relevant to cold fusion. It is concerned with the change in resistance of the title alloys with H- or D loading as well as with temperature. Some cold fusion papers have used the same effect seen in Pd to measure the loading. H and D behave differently and all alloys used here show maxima of Rp/R0 vs. p, with p the pressure of applied gas (H2 or D2), Rp/R0 the ratio of resistance at this pressure (at equilibrium) to that of the pure metal. The maxima are in the form of sharp peaks. ------------------------- Flanagan TB, Oates WA; Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 21 (1991) 269. "The palladium-hydrogen system". ** Up to date review of the field, 35 pp and 126 refs. A must-read for any serious 'cold fusion' buff. ------------------------- Forward RL; Phys. Rev. B30 (1984) 1700. "Extracting electrical energy from the vacuum by cohesion of charged foliated conductors". ** In 1940, Casimir suggested that there must be force between two parallel conducting plates lying parallel to each other in vacuum, proportional to 1/a^4 (a the plate separation), and RLF states that at small a like < 20 nm, this force can indeed be large, and could perhaps be tapped as an energy source. Whether this energy is conservative he is not sure, but assumes that it probably is, just like gravity, which can be tapped in, e.g. a dam, which is powered by the Sun (lifting water vapour in the first place). He suggests a configuration with which the effect (now in fact known) could be measured. ------------------------- Frank FC; Nature (London) 160 (1947) 525. "Hypothetical alternative energy sources for the 'second meson' events". ** Earlier work had shown that many of the tracks made by cosmic mesons ended by producing a secondary meson of about 4 MeV energy, in the photographic emulsions. F proposes and rejects a number of explanations of this effect; all all them in terms of a nuclear decay. But "nuclear build-up" - i.e. fusion - cannot be rejected. A meson might be captured by a proton and the pair act like a hydrogen atom but with the meson much more tightly bound, due to its great mass compared to an electron. From a distance, the atom would appear like a slow neutron and be able to closely approach other nuclei without Coulombic repulsion; e.g. protons or deuterons, and then fuse with expulsion of the meson. This is in fact an early hypothetical description of muon catalysed fusion, discovered 10 years later by Alvarez et al. ------------------------- Gollerthan U, Brohm T, Clerc H-G, Hanelt E, Horz M, Morawek W, Schwab W, Schmidt K-H, Hessberger FP, Muenzenberg G, Ninov V, Simon RS, Dufour JP, Montoya M; Z. Phys. A 338 (1991) 51. "Decay of the compound nucleus 179Au formed in the cold fusion reaction 90Zr + 89Y*" ** This is not exactly cold, dealing with "low" excitation energy of 26 MeV, but is of terminological interest. ------------------------- Graneau P, Graneau N; Phys. Lett. A165 (1992) 1. "The role of Ampere forces in nuclear fusion". ** Not referring to cold fusion, this paper points to deuterium fusion in conductors exploded by heavy current pulses. Neutrons and x-rays have been observed, not due to thermonuclear fusion, but presumably due to accelerated deuterons formed by the longitudinal Ampere forces along the axis. This might be a cheap alternative to Tokamak fusion, and is called filament fusion by the authors. There is reference to cluster impact fusion, now known to be an artifact. ------------------------- Greiner W, Sandulescu A; J. Phys. G 17 (1991) S429. "Cold valleys: cluster decay, cold fusion, cold fission - a unifying theory of related phenomena -". ** Theoretical paper, of interest in the present context mainly for its use of the term "cold fusion", here applied to the fusion of colliding (208)Pb with (e.g.) (58)Fe to produce (no-name) 108. "Cold" here refers to the fact that the colliding partners are in their ground state. ------------------------- Guilinger TR, Kelly MJ, Knapp MJ, Walsh JA, Doyle BL; J. Electrochem. Soc. 138 (1991) L26. "Ion beam measurement of deuterium in palladium and calculation of hydrogen isotope separation factors". ** The deuterium content of an operating Pd cathode (in the form of a thin film can be monitored by means of ion beam nuclear reaction analysis. This was done in this study. The Pd foil had a 100-200 nm Au coating to prevent loss of deuterium through the surface exposed to air; the other surface was in contact with the electrolyte. A 3.1 MeV (3)He beam was aimed at the foil, reaching it at about 1.5 MeV. The reaction with deuterium in the foil produces protons at 14 MeV, which were detected by a silicon surface barrier device. By calibration with a TiD sample with known loading, the absolute D/Pd loading could be calculated. The 25 mu foil was quickly charged to a loading of close to 0.8, and unloaded slowly upon current interruption. Replacement of some of the D2O with H2O, to the ratio D:H 65:35 quickly lowered the D/Pd loading to about 0.2; 86% D2O increased this to 0.35. The results allowed the calculation of the separation factor SH, which came to 9.2-9.3. ------------------------- Hagi H; Mater. Trans. 31 (1990) 842. "Boundary conditions in electrochemical measurements of diffusion coefficients of hydrogen in alpha-palladium". ** Various boundary conditions at the electrolytic charging/permeation of Pd with hydrogen lead to correspondingly different models. Constant potential charging is confirmed to be equivalent to holding a constant H concentration at the inside of the surface, while constant current gives a constant flux of H into the surface. The diffusion coefficient of H in low-charged (alpha-phase) Pd was found to be (3-5)E-11 m**2/s, and shows Arrhenius behaviour over the temperature range 275-345 K. ------------------------- Hagi H; Mater. Trans. 31 (1990) 954. "Diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in palladium films prepared by RF sputtering". ** Stimulated by reports of cold fusion, Hagi now measures D for H in Pd in the form of a thin film, produced by sputtering. The diffusion coeff is expected to be different in such a film, from its value in bulk Pd. It was determined in the temp. range 278-323 K by electrochemical stripping of the charged film. The boundary condition here is zero H2 concentration at the Pd surface, during stripping. Maximum loading was inferred to have been about 0.8. D (298K) was 3.8E-11 m**2/s, in good agreement with previously found values for the bulk metal. D was dependent on film thickness up to about 0.7 mu, and constant therefrom. Thinner films --> smaller D values. ------------------------- Harley D, Mueller B, Rafelski J; Z. Phys. A336 (1990) 303. "Time independent description of the t(d,n)alpha fusion reaction in the presence of a muon". Theory. Gives a good list of references on muon catalysed fusion. ------------------------- Harley D, Mueller B, Rafelski J; J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 16 (1990) 281. Cited in Chemical Abstracts 112:106504 (1990). "Muon catalyzed fusion of nuclei with Z > 1". ** The process involved in muon catalysis was investigated for H isotopes with light nuclei Z > 1, to identify those where there is at least one fusion per muon. Necessary conditions were established. ------------------------- Hirai E, Matsuoka N, Takashima Y; Radioisotopes (Hoshasen) 39 (1990) 503 (in Japanese, English summary). "Volume reduction and tritium retention factor in electrolytic enrichment of water". ** "Volume reduction (N), tritium retention factor (R), tritium concentration factor (Z) and apparent separation factor (beta) were measured on the large and small electrolytic cell systems. The relative variation of R was smaller than that of Z. So, it is recommended to use R in calculation of tritium concentrations in water samples. Furthermore, it was empirically revealed that R can be obtained only from N if a reliable beta-value is previously known. Therefore, it is possible to obtain R without electrolysis of the tritium standard solution. Taking into account the above facts, the so-called non-spike analysis of tritium, in which electrolytic enrichment and liquid scintillation counting are combined, becomes practicable." (Quoted from English summary) ------------------------- Hoffmann B, Baumann H, Rauch F; Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B15 (1986) 361. "Hydrogen uptake by palladium-implanted titanium studied by NRA and RBS". ** Ti has an oxide layer, which prevents the uptake of H2. So they implanted a Pd layer to prevent surface oxidation and this facilitated H-absorption greatly. They measured [H] profiles in the metal by Rutherford back- scattering spectroscopy (RBS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA). These were not the profiles expected from simple diffusion into the bulk, and they conclude that a surface reaction is rate limiting (compare the Brauer et al papers). They measured a maximum loading of 62 at%. ------------------------- Inozemtsev MV, Neuimin AD, Palkin AP; Ionika Tverd. Tela 1993, 81 (in Russian). " Solid protonic electrolytes and equilibrium potentials of hydrogen electrodes in electrochemical cells based on them". ** 35 page long paper on solid proton conductors. ------------------------- Iyer RN, Pickering HW; Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 20 (1990) 299. "Mechanism and kinetics of electrochemical hydrogen entry and degradation of metallic systems" ** A large review with 177 references. Hydrogen embrittlement has been a concern of metallurgists for a long time. The basic electrochemcial and chemical processes of entry of hydrogen into the metal are discussed here. This should be read by cold fusion experimenters. ------------------------- Jaksic MM, Johansen B, Tunold R; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 19 (1994) 35. "Electrochemical behaviour of rhodium in alkaline and acidic solutions of heavy and regular water" ** Cold fusion suggests investigation of other transition metals' electrochemical behaviour, in particular Rh, which is quite similar to Pd. Jaksic, an expert in isotope separation, and the other authors here report an extensive study of this metal in various electrolytes, using cyclic voltammetry. It is found that Rh absorbs large amounts of hydrogen and deuterium from alkaline and acidic solution; there are other findings. ------------------------- Kim YE, Rabinowitz M, Bae YK, Chulik GS, Rice RA; Mod. Phys. Lett. B5 (1991) 941. "Cluster-impact nuclear fusion: shock-wave statistical analysis". ** The authors explain CIF in terms of shock waves, and propose that the model can explain all puzzling features of CIF, which has had several confirmations, despite some doubts. Essentially, the tip of the cluster becomes a plasma upon impact and a shock wave is produced in this plasma by the trailing portion of the cluster. Calculations support the reality of CIF. ------------------------- Kim YE, Rabinowitz M, Chulik GS, Rice RA; Mod. Phys. Lett. B5 (1991) 427. "Theories of cluster-impact fusion with atomic and molecular cluster beams". ** An attempt to explain the CIF enigma: too-high fusion rates by about 25 orders of magnitude and the fact that while D2O clusters do it, D atomic clusters do not. The authors' theory accounts roughly for the experimental claims, and some speculation is indulged in for fine-tuning, such as needle- shaped D2O clusters impinging point first. ------------------------- Kim YE, Rice RA, Chulik GS, Rabinowitz M; Mod. Phys. Lett. A6 (1991) 2259. "Cluster-impact fusion with cluster beams". ** This theory accounts not only for the observed results, but also for the refutation by Fallavier et al [1990]. Frozen needle-shaped clusters and the presence of heavy atoms such as O (as in D2O) can enhance the fusion rate from such beams. An experimental test is suggested, and a tenuous connection with cold fusion is made. ------------------------- King MB; Proc. 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conf.(IEEE Cat. No. 92CH3164-1) San Diego, Calif., 3-7 Aug. 1992, Vol. 4, p.4.297. "Progress and results in zero-point energy research". ** A number of puzzling or anomalous phenomena can possibly be explained by tapping of the zero-point energy of vacuum; thus, these phenomena do not violate energy conservation. Some of these are: anomalies in heavy ion collisions, ion-acoustic plasma oscillations, sonoluminescence, fractoemission, ball lightning and Mills&Farrell type cold fusion. 49 refs. ------------------------- Kobayashi M; Annu. Rep. Res. Reactor Inst., Kyoto Univ. 23 (1990) 188. "Decrease in deuterium content of heavy water in contact with air". ** Heavy water in contact with air containing light water vapour rapidly becomes contaminated with it. K investigated the speed of this process and found that a sample of D2O open to the air at 21.5 degC and 70% humidity went from an initial 97.7 at% D to 13% in about 10 hours; the process has a half life of about 3 h. Temperature and humidity (and undoubtedly, convection of the air) all affect the exchange rate. There is also an apparently rapid equilibrium, H2O + D2O --> 2 HDO, so that after the 10 hours, only 1.6 % of the water was in the form of D2O, 20.8% present as HDO. ------------------------- Kolesnichenko II, Michri AA, Pshenichnikov AG; Sov. Electrochem. 29 (1993) 622. "Acceleration of hydrogen transport through palladium membranes". ** Palladium membranes are useful for low temperature electrochemical systems and fuel cells, and it would be useful to be able to speed up the transport of hydrogen through them. This paper examines some possibilities. First the fundamental processes taking place at the interface are outlined; then some experiments with strongly adhering disperse Pt and Rh layers deposited on the Pd surface are reported. Up to 20-fold transport increases were achieved. ------------------------- Krapivnii NG, Kleshya VB, Sobornitskii VI; Elektrokhimiya 28 (1992) 451. "Calculation of the finite rate of the spread of hydrogen concentration during its diffusion into metals". ** The mathematics of this process is examined, solving the hyperbolic partial differential equations under the special boundary conditions for electrolytic charging. ------------------------- Krapivnyi NG; Sov. Electrochem. 18 (1982) 1040. "Use of electrochemical extraction to study hydrogen entry into metals". ** This paper has been quoted by cold fusion workers in the context of in-situ measurement of the loading factor D/Pd. The paper in fact measures the uptake of hydrogen (isotope) by any metal by reversing the current (making the metal the anode) and integrating the reoxidation current. This is a kind of destructive measurement, and probably not suitable for cold fusion work. ------------------------- Kuznetsov VA, Lipson AG, Klyuev VA, Sakov DM, Toporov YuP, Simakov YuS; Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR. Div. Chem. Sci. 37(7) (1989) 1340. Original Russian: Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. Khim. 37(7) (1989) 1466. "Size reduction of metal-halide crystals". ** This work measures the surface area of various alkali metal halide crystal particles undergoing crushing in a ball mill. S rises to a maximum and stays there. This is related to the L-factor, which is the energy required to compress a unit mass of the crystal to the size of the unit cell. From this, the maximum S for a new crystal can be predicted. ------------------------- Law S; New Scientist 126 (1990) no. 1717, 19. May, p.57. "Electrons switch on to heavy metal". ** In some alloys - notably UPt(3) and CeCu(2)Si(2), among others, there seem to be electrons with an enhanced effective mass and these alloys are called heavy-electron superconductors. "It appears that the positive metal lattice slows down the motion of the electrons to such an extent that they can scatter strongly from one another. This novel scattering produces a 'dynamic' contribution to the electrical potential the the electron feels. It is the principle of the origin of the enormous mass of the quasiparticles". No references are given but the workers in this area are named. ------------------------- Leonas VB; Sov. Phys. Usp. 33(11) (1990) 956. Originally: Usp. Fiz. Nauk 160(11) (1990) 135. "A new approach to achieving D-D fusion reactions". ** A comment on the cluster-impact fusion paper of Beuhler et al. Leonas doubts the explanation that oxygen imparts some of its energy to deuterium, helping it along and attempts to provide one of his own. ------------------------- Liboff RL; Phys. Lett. A 174 (1993) 317. "Feasibility of fusion of an aggregate of deuterons in the ground state". ** Motivated by controlled thermonuclear fusion, Liboff suggests the use of a circular or collimated beam of deuterons in the ground state. Such a beam can be compressed by an external magnetic field, and may then form a boson condensate; wave function overlap might favour d-d fusion. ------------------------- Linke D; in Int. Doebereiner-Kolloq., Friedrich-Schiller-Univ., Jena 1981, p.10 (in German). "5. Die Entdeckung der Platinkatalyse, das Doebereiner-Feuerzeug und seine Verbreitung". ** Quoting from original sources, Linke here reports Doebereiner's discovery of the 'cigarette lighter effect', i.e. the catalysis of burning of hydrogen in air at the surface of Pt or Pd, in 1923. ------------------------- Lo DH, Petrasso RD, Wenzel KW; Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2107. "Comment on 'Cluster-impact fusion'". ** Another broadside on the CIF claims of Beuhler et al. The authors point out - as it turns out, correctly, see Beuhler et al's retraction, ibid p.2108 - that the results are likely to be due to contamination of the cluster beam with small clusters of high energy. ------------------------- Mamyrin BA, Khabarin LV, Yudenich VS; Sov. Phys. Dokl. 23 (1978) 581. "Anomalously high isotope ratio 3He/4He in technical-grade metals and semiconductors". ** Looked at 18 elements, from all the groups of the periodic table, and used mass spec to measure these ratios. These varied from 0.001 to 1, albeit at low levels. The authors speculate as to the origin of 3He and suggest that it comes form tritium decay by natural cold fusion over a very long period. ------------------------- Mathews T, Venkatesan D; Nature 345 (1990) 600. "Unique series of increases in cosmic-ray intensity due to solar flares". ** This paper states that the second half of 1989 was the most prolific period of particle production by the Sun since monitoring began in 1957. Flares lasting several hours are pictured, and a table given of the dates and times and intensities. Six such events are listed. Attas et al, Nature 344 (1990) 390 have correlated such flares with neutron bursts observed in their "cold fusion" cells, so these data should be noted by cold fusion researchers. ------------------------- McBreen J; J. Electroanal. Chem. 287 (1990) 279. "Absorption of electrolytic hydrogen and deuterium by Pd: the effect of cyanide adsorption". ** It is well known that substances that adsorb at an electrode may affect electrochemical reactions taking place at that electrode; in this case, CN- ions adsorption affects oxide formation and ingress of hydrogen or deuterium at Pd, as well as inhibiting egress of these gases. Li+ aids ingress of H or D, in relation to Na+. Jan-90/Jul-90 ------------------------- Meyer-ter-Vehn J; Phys. Bl. 35 (1979) 211 (in German). "Catalysed fusion processes". ** A description and historical review of hydrogen fusion catalysed by muons, heavy leptons and quarks - the latter being speculative. Frank suggested muon catalysed fusion in 1947; this was discussed again by Sakharov in 1948, and proved by Alvarez in 1958, then later taken up by Rafelsky and Jones. The author discusses various possibilities of making practical use of the process, e.g. in combination with laser fusion, etc. ------------------------- Moore GA; Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 75 (1939) 237. "The comportment of the palladium-hydrogen system toward alternating electric current". ** Moore measured the impedance spectrum of some Pd wires electrolytically hydrated, in order to get an idea of the form of hydrogen in the metal. From certain experimental observations, it seemed that conduction in PdH is carried in part by ionised hydrogen in cracks and voids, and the impedance might throw light on this. Results bear this out, so it appears that there is ionised hydrogen in rifts and voids, carrying a large part of the current. Thus, the hydride does not obey Ohm's law. One sample of hydrogen-loaded Pd wire had been kept for 11 years, and was found to be still loaded with about 270 volumes of hydrogen. Moore is interested in the very high electrical capacity in the metal hydride, but this is parallel with a conductance and so not useful as a capacitor. ------------------------- Mouze G, Ythier C; Rev. Roum. Phys. 35 (1990) 563 (in French). "Les nucleons de valence et la fission nucleaire asymetrique". ** Among other things, this paper discusses the production of transuranium elements such as 108, by the bombardment of, say, Pb or Bi with ion beams of Ar or Fe. In some cases, these will fuse to the super-heavies, and some of these processes have apparently been dubbed 'cold fusion' by some workers. It may be that energies like 300 MeV are low, compared to those usually used, and that this gave rise to the term. It is interesting as an example of prior use of 'cold fusion'. ------------------------- Nagamine K; Kagaku (Kyoto) 44 (1989) 653 (in Japanese). Cited in Chem. Abstr. 111:241547 (1989). "Muon catalyzed fusion" ** Not strictly on cold fusion but might be of interest anyway, being a review with 6 references of muon catalysed fusion experiments. Muons have been invoked (and revoked) at times as an explanation for CNF. ------------------------- Nakahara S, Okinaka Y; J. Electrochem. Soc. 136 (1989) 1892. "Defects induced in copper by cathodic charging of hydrogen" ** Strictly, this is tangential to CNF but I put it in just to show that not only Pd and Ti are affected by hydrogen. Although Cu does not swallow H (or D) wholesale, as do Ti and Pd, it does allow enough into its surface layers to do damage to the crystal structure. Who knows but that there is emission of radiation at the same time, a la the Klyuev et al effect? ------------------------- Ohmori T, Sakamaki K, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A; Chem. Lett. (1991) 93. "Ex situ observation of electrochemically hydrogenated palladium using a scanning tunnelling microscope". ** An expensive and nifty tool was used here to find that palladium undergoes lattice expansion and acquires a nodule-like surface structure, upon being hydrogenated by electrolysis. ------------------------- Oliphant ML, Harteck P, Rutherford; Nature 134 (1934) 413. "Transmutation effects observed with heavy hydrogen". ** A beam of diplons - i.e. deuterons - were shot at ammonium salts and phosphoric acid, in which hydrogen has been replaced by deuterium. While beams of protons H+ show no results, the diplon beam causes an intense emission of fast protons and neutrons, at about 3MeV energies. The authors show that two fusion reactions, leading to, respectively, (3)He and the new species (3)H or tritium, take place. They note that both species appear to be stable. Interestingly, they also note that the tritium-producing reaction is "less frequent" than the one producing (3)He and protons. ------------------------- Pardee WJ, Paton NE; Metallurgical Trans. 11A (1980) 1391. "Model of sustained load cracking by hydride growth in Ti alloys". ** Is concerned with hydrogen embrittlement of Ti alloys, and develops models for the propagation speed of embrittlement cracks. Along the way, they quote the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the alpha phase (i.e. low H) at elevated temperatures as 0.018*EXP(-0.537eV/(atom-kT)) or 0.031*EXP(-0.638/(atom-kT)), which may be useful to someone. ------------------------- Pine DJ, Cotts RM; Phys. Rev. B28 (1983) 641. "Diffusion and electrotransport of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium- titanium and vanadium-chromium alloys". ** Measured diffusional and electrotransport charge number Z* for H and D in these alloys as a function of time. Basic data of possible relevance. ------------------------- Powell GL, Laesser R; Oak Ridge Report 1988, Y-2395; Order No. DE89005304, 41 pp. Avail NTIS. Cited in Chem. Abstr. 112:127527 (1990). "Solubility of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium in palladium metal". ** These were measured over a wide range of temperature (296-1460K) and used to calculate enthalpies of reaction, isotope separation factors and phase boundaries. ------------------------- Powell GL, Kirkpatrick JR; Phys. Rev. B43 (1991) 6968. "Surface conductance and the diffusion of H and D in Pd". ** A good paper for references to the diffusion of hydrogen isotopes in Pd. The authors measured the diffusion coefficient for H and D in a Pd sphere, at a range of temperatures and taking into considerations finite surface conductance, i.e. speed of transfer from the gas phase to the solid. A mathematical model is used to fit the experimental data, and plots of diffusion coefficients vs 1/T are presented. At ambient temperatures, the finite surface conductance plays a role, while at higher temperatures, a simple diffusion model does just as well. The implications for cold fusion experiments are that charging times can be expected to be marginally longer than calculated from a simple diffusion model - but not by much. ------------------------- Rafelski J, Jones SE; Scientific American July (1987) 66. "Cold nuclear fusion" ** This is a very clear description, including some of the prehistory, of muon-catalysed fusion of hydrogen isotopes - the process which, long before 1989, got the name "cold (nuclear) fusion". There is some discussion of some of the determinants of commercial utility of the process. ------------------------- Robinson MT, Southern AL, Willis WR; J. Appl. Phys. 31 (1960) 1474. "Diffusion of deuterium in deuteron-irradiated copper". ** The aim was to measure the diffusion coefficient of deuterium in Cu. It was already well known in 1960 that a beam of deuterons shot at a metal will lead to neutron emission, due to self targeting, i.e. the beam hitting d deposited earlier, and this effect, together with the diffusion into the bulk, leads to saturation of the neutron emission, here at a level of some 30-40E03 /s. The authors set up some mathematics, in order to get from the neutron emission to diffusion coefficients. This paper and the one by Fiebinger is relevant to cold fusion experiments in which the deuteride is made by deuteron beam bombardment. ------------------------- Robinson SL, Moody NR, Myers SM, Farmer JC, Greulich FA; J. Electrochem. Soc. 137 (1990) 1391. "The effects of current density and recombination poisons on electrochemical charging of deuterium into an iron-base superalloy". ** Hydrogen embrittlement is an important problem with metals such as steels. To test alloys, a favourite method is to surface-charge it electrolytically with hydrogen, preferably at constant current. In this investigation, loading profiles down to 3 microns are measured for poisoned and unpoisoned IN903 superalloy. The deuterium isotope is used to enable the profile measurement, done by nuclear reaction analysis, after removal of the specimen from the electrolyte (1N D2SO4 in D2O). In the presence of the poison (5 mg/l NaAsO2), a greater loading was achieved, due to the poison's preventing the formation of D2 gas bubbles from the adsorbed deuterium atoms formed from the primary electrochemical step. The profiles clearly showed some near-surface deuterium loss during the move from cell to the vacuum chamber where the profile was measured, but allows an inference of surface deuterium concentration during charging. ------------------------- Rousar I, Riedel T; J. Appl. Electrochem. 24 (1994) 767. "Sparking at cathode tools during electrochemical machining in flow-through cells". ** If the ecm current is raised too much, sparking is one of the undesirable things that will happen. The paper has a good description of what happens at high current densities, and might be of peripheral interest to CNF electrolysis, where local cd's just might attain these levels. ------------------------- Salvarezza RC, Montemayor MC, Fatas E, Arvia AJ; J. Electroanal. Chem. 313 (1991) 291. "Electrochemical study of hydrogen absorption in polycrystalline palladium". ** This team used cyclic voltammetry and an impedance analyser to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of electrolysis at Pd in 0.1M NaOH. There are some good references, e.g. Breiter (1978) on the mechanism. No really useful conclusions are reached but an attempt is made to throw light on the rate of loading of hydrogen into Pd. ------------------------- Shea MJ, Compton RN, Hettich RL; Phys. Rev. A42 (1990) 3579. "Laser ablation studies of palladium electrolytically loaded with hydrogen and deuterium". ** This is not cold fusion but akin to inertial confinement: a laser pulse is shot at PdD or PdH prepared by electrolysis, and the resulting plasma studied by mass spectrometry. The expected species like H+, H2+ etc are found. There is no mention of fusion, cold or otherwise. ------------------------- Sobornitskii VI, Krapivnyi NG; Elektrokhimiya 27(6) (1991) 732 (in Russian). "Electrochemical extraction of absorbed hydrogen from metals at controlled potential". ** The extraction current for a thin metal sheet upon anodic polarisation with controlled potential is calculated theoretically, using diffusion theory and the appropriate boundary conditions. Solutions for constant applied potential are shown. Then, experimental results with steel sheets, charged electrolytically for different times, and using linearly changing potential for the extraction, are shown. The extraction currents are rather larger than theory predicts, and this seems to be due to hydrogen gas trapped in voids in the metal. This is further confirmed by the fact that different charging times lead to different diffusion coefficients, of the order of 1E-10 m**2/s, which is some orders of magnitude larger than in the metal crystal lattice. ------------------------- Stojic DLj, Miljanic SS, Grozdic TD, Bibic NM, Jaksic MM; Acta Chem. Scand. 46 (1992) 111. ** Jaksic is an expert on electrochemical isotope separation, and reports here with others on an experimental study. ------------------------- Stojic DLj, Miljanic SS, Grozdic TD, Bibic NM, Jaksic MM; Acta Chem. Scand. 46 (1992) 111. ** Jaksic is an expert on electrochemical isotope separation, and reports here with others on an experimental study. ------------------------- Szafranski AW, Baranowski B; Phys. Stat. Solidi (a)9 (1972) 435. "The electrical resistance of the Pd-Ag-H system at 25 degC in a wide range of hydrogen pressure". ** Anyone trying to measure the loading of hydrogen (or deuterium) into Pd or its alloys by its resistance must read this paper, which presents calibration curves and discussion. ------------------------- Szpak S, Mosier-Boss PA, Gabriel CJ; J. Electroanal. Chem. 365 (1994) 275. "Absorption of deuterium in palladium rods: model vs. experiment". ** Investigation by Riley of the dynamics of charging of Pd with hydrogen, and comparing with the present authors' model gave agreement. Here, the same authors refine their charging model on the basis of Riley's results. ------------------------- Szpak S, Mosier-Boss PA, Scharber SR, Smith JJ; J. Electroanal. Chem. 380 (1995) 1. "Cyclic voltammetry of Pd + D codeposition". ** Some basic research on the reduction of heavy water at Pd, deposited from solution along with the reduction of water. A gold cathode is used as base, to contain the deuterium formed. The technique used is CV, and the authors draw some mechanistic conclusions. ------------------------- Szpak S, Mosier-Boss PA, Smith JJ; J. Electroanal. Chem. 379 (1994) 121. "Deuterium uptake during Pd-D codeposition". ** A fundamental study, using the trademark of this team, Pd deposition along with deuterium evolution. Electrode kinetics and mechanismms, as well as the structure of the interphase, are looked at. ------------------------- Tsirlina GA, Rusanova MYu, Petrii OA; Elektrokhimiya 29 (1993) 469 (in Russian). "Comparative studies of the sorption of deuterons and protons by palladium from acid solution". ** No doubt prompted by reports of 'cold fusion', this paper is nevertheless a fundamental electrochemical study of hydrogen behaviour at Pd, by current interruption and cyclic voltammetry. Hydrogen and deuterium differ in their behaviour. ------------------------- Tunold R, Johansen B, Jaksic M; Adv. Hydrogen Energy 1990, 8 (Hydrogen Energy Prog., Vol. 2) 711. "Electrochemical behaviour of deuterium and protium on transition metals in alkaline solutions". ** The behaviour of transition metal electrodes of Re, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ni and Au was examined by means of potential sweep electrolysis in both light and heavy water containing NaOH or NaOD. The voltammograms showed large differences between H and D; up to 400 mV for certain peaks. The usual assumption that there are just small differences does not hold up, due no doubt to the large 2:1 difference between the atomic weights of D and H. Heavy water is the stronger oxidising agent of the two, and the evolution of deuterium commences at higher (negative) potentials that that of hydrogen. ------------------------- Turner PJ, Pritchard HO; Can. J. Chem. 56 (1978) 1415. "Calorimetric study of an electrochemical reaction". ** Gives some useful hints on a technique not often used, they say. ------------------------- Wilner T; Elementa 31 (1948) 13 (in Swedish). "Nuclear-physical experiments with simple means". ** TW, in his spare time, put together an ion beam setup, constructed from obsolete lab gear and some common household items such as a cycle frame tube, a kitchen heating plate and a football bladder ("used much like a bagpipe"). As a warm-up, he bombarded a Li target with protons at 13 kV (keV?), and detected the alpha particles with a scintillation layer of a mineral containing ZnS (using a watchmakers' loup). He then made deuterium by electrolysing heavy water and used this for a deuterium beam, which he aimed at a heavy water target mixed with P2O5 (in order to keep down the pressure), and detected the ensuing neutrons with a LiF detector. He also tried activation of In by the neutrons, which produces the isotope (116)In, decaying to tin. The deuterium beam experiment foreshadows the "self-targeting" experiments of the 1950's, and the indium attempt reminds of the modern technique of neutron activation analysis. -------------------------