1995.02.03 / jedrothwell@de / research on the Griggs device Originally-From: jedrothwell@delphi.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: research on the Griggs device Date: Fri, 3 Feb 95 22:51:58 -0500 Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice) blue@pilot.msu.edu (Richard A Blue) writes: "If we understand that most likely anything that you throw together, no matter how simple or crude, can be expected to perform at 100% efficiency for heating water then the first test of your experimental skills is to see if you can construct a device to serve as a standard. If you do things right you should be able to get precisely 100% efficiency." This is preposterous. It is impossible to get "precisely 100% efficiency." No calorimeter can achieve that performance, and this particular calorimeter leaks like a sieve. "One indication that there is something basically wrong with the measurements Jed Rothwell has been reporting is the fact that he has never described a way in which the GG can be made to operate at reduced efficiency with equivalent output." What garbage this is!!! I have posted descriptions of the blank experiments over and over again. Time after time! Richard Blue never bothers to read anything. His comments indicate that he never even glanced at the initial report where I described this, or any of the messages afterwards. Either he never reads or he never understand. I will *not* repeat these details endlessly. I will not spoon-feed them to him every time he rouses himself to ask a question that has already been answered a dozen times. If he is too lazy to read the material that was posted a dozen times before, too bad for him. People who never bother to do their homework get a failing grade. - Jed cudkeys: cuddy3 cudenjedrothwell cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Robin Spaandonk / Re: Fusion Digest 3257 Originally-From: rvanspaa@ozemail.com.au (Robin van Spaandonk) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Fusion Digest 3257 Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 04:24:06 GMT Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway >Originally-From: barry@starfire.ucsd.edu (Barry Merriman) [SNIP] >X-rays don't get out of the SL experiments because of the glass/quartz >containers used to hold the water, not the water itself. Ok, so how are x-rays measured (looked for?) in PF type experiments? (i.e. doesn't the glass/metal/whatever get in the way there too?) [SNIP] >Barry Merriman >UCSD Fusion Energy Research Center >UCLA Dept. of Math >merriman@fusion.ucsd.edu (Internet; NeXTMail is welcome) Regards, Robin van Spaandonk cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenrvanspaa cudfnRobin cudlnSpaandonk cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.03 / jedrothwell@de / Re: Rothwell knows (almost) everything Originally-From: jedrothwell@delphi.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Rothwell knows (almost) everything Date: Fri, 3 Feb 95 22:50:57 -0500 Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice) You never read do you? I measured it with a ruler. That's what I told Dick Blue and I repeated it several times and I will not repeat it again. - Jed cudkeys: cuddy3 cudenjedrothwell cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / dowen@vaxc.cc. / The "information supersnailway"...... Originally-From: dowen@vaxc.cc.monash.edu.au Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: The "information supersnailway"...... Date: 4 Feb 95 22:15:07 +1100 Organization: Computer Centre, Monash University, Australia Hi folks, try to have a nice day :( ............ Has anyone else noticed the terrible delays now inherent in the internet ? Looking at the last 18 entries in my spf directory, I note that 9 were submitted on the 4th Feb (today),one on the 3rd Feb, 4 on the 26 Jan, 1 on the 25 Jan, and 3 on the 24 Jan! --THOSE LAST THREE ARTICLES WERE SUBMITTED 12 DAYS AGO !! -- Note that all those 18 entries were recieved at this site in the last 24 hours. It is -not at all- unusual for me to see a reply to an article in this group and have to wait -a week- before I see the original post which stimulated the reply. I routinely -post a letter- here in Melbourne, Australia and receive a reply from London, England in that period of time. The response of the net was not always like this, does anybody know what's wrong? Perhaps the name "information superhighway" should be changed to the "information supersnailway". Regards to all, Daryl Owen. cudkeys: cuddy4 cudendowen cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / Dieter Britz / Re: Moderated group, second (third) thoughts Originally-From: Dieter Britz Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Moderated group, second (third) thoughts Date: Sat, 4 Feb 1995 14:13:32 +0100 Organization: DAIMI, Computer Science Dept. at Aarhus University On 1 Feb 1995, Jim Carr wrote: [...] > As the group charter from the CFV that I posted should have made > clear, this group is for *all* fusion or fusion _related_ discussions. > With only 20 posts (after my cross-post and A.P. kill file was done) > this morning, mostly on splitting, it hardly rates a split. You > can put out an RFD, but I can't see it getting the votes. [...] > > > Although perhaps historically correct, this claim seems silly on the > >face of it. The group's name implies that it is a place to discuss the > >physics of fusion (and being an unmoderated group, it's name is really > >all that matters at this point). ... > It strikes me that what some of us are reacting to, making us wish for a moderated group, is not the hot/cold problem but the way this group has lately been swamped by nonsense and propaganda (what M. Kenward calls perpetual motion salesmen). A perhaps easier way, that avoids the question of what the new group might be called or whether hot should be separate from cold, etc, would be for this group, i.e. sci.physics.fusion, to start being moderated. Can this be done at all? The zpe, perpetual motion and free lunch people and compulsive slingers of mud, if they must go on, could reestablish alt. - you see I resist the temptation to sarcastically put in a funny name {:]. Setting up a new group creates the problem of what to call it; I am aware that the "research" ending doesn't quite hit it. And if we keep hot and cold together, the obvious response is "But you already have a group for that". One reason I think "research" doesn't hit it is of course that 'cold fusion' is doubtful as a phenomenon, and sober discussion of it will be not so much on the latest research, but arguments about it (sober, dignified, perhaps hard-ball but not abusive arguments) and sci-soc discussions. So, my question: is it possible to change a group's modus operandi from open-slather to moderated? -- Dieter Britz alias britz@alpha.kemi.aau.dk cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenbritz cudfnDieter cudlnBritz cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / jedrothwell@de / Re: Ed Storms paper - where is is? Originally-From: jedrothwell@delphi.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Ed Storms paper - where is is? Date: Sat, 4 Feb 95 09:25:58 -0500 Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice) Scott Little writes: >Is is possible to receive via the Internet a copy of Dr. Edmund Storms >recent publication entitled something like "How to Reproduce the Pons- >Fleischmann effect" published, I think, in Fusion Technology 1995. I don't think it is possible to send it via Internet, but why not ask Ed for a copy by mail? Or I can send you one if you don't mind paying ten cents per page copy charge. It is a good paper, I highly recommend it. I also recommend the Cravens paper in the ICCF4 proceedings, about the same subject. The Cravens paper was voted "Best At Conference" by Fleischmann. - Jed cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenjedrothwell cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / jedrothwell@de / Re: GG Originally-From: jedrothwell@delphi.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: GG Date: Sat, 4 Feb 95 09:53:03 -0500 Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice) Robin van Spaandonk asks some questions. These were covered earlier, but a quick review will not hurt. "1) Exactly which operational parameters of the GG does Jim vary in order to get the GG to function in its "over-unity" mode?" Primarily flow and water pressure. Pressure valves and cut off valves regulate the flow and build up pressure within the pump. "2) When this happens, how rapid is the change from normal mode to "over-unity" mode? i.e. does this take minutes, or a fraction of a second? (You may have noticed the change in the input power meter)." It takes a second or two at most. The input power suddenly drops. With some rotor configurations, he cannot achieve a steady state. The power drops and then abruptly goes back up where it was before. It flip-flops. He had trouble "tuning" some of the test models I saw. One morning it flip-flopped and refused to start for a half hour and we decided to abandon the attempt. He opened the output pressure valve a little reducing pressure in the GG. Power consumption climbed as high as I had ever seen it go, and I used that run as a blank. He later did another blank run with a rotor without holes. "3) Also, how does Jim detect the change from normal to "over-unity" mode? (Change in pitch perhaps?)" With the power consumption. The pitch also changes. The noise of the motor diminishes. It is readily apparent. However this change cannot be measured easily so he relies on the instrument readings. The numbers on the power meter and the dynamometer change abruptly. Reportedly, the other two replications of the GG are much easier to "tune." They show a large effect without extensive fiddling around. - Jed cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenjedrothwell cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / jedrothwell@de / Re: Ian's stored heat hypothesis Originally-From: jedrothwell@delphi.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Ian's stored heat hypothesis Date: Sat, 4 Feb 95 09:56:23 -0500 Organization: Delphi (info@delphi.com email, 800-695-4005 voice) Jorge Stolfi writes: >In other words, the COP as computed by Gene's method depends only on >input power and the mass flow rate, and NOT on the output steam >temperature. Thus, the fact that the COP was roughly constant after Gene reported on a hot water run, not a steam run. In the steam runs I reported, all enthalpy was captured in the heat sink and converted to a Delta T water temperature change. Steam tables play no role in our reports. - Jed cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenjedrothwell cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / John Logajan / Re: Ian's stored heat hypothesis Originally-From: jlogajan@skypoint.com (John Logajan) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Ian's stored heat hypothesis Date: 4 Feb 1995 18:07:31 GMT Organization: SkyPoint Communications, Inc. Jorge Stolfi (stolfi@stack.dcc.unicamp.br) wrote: : > described in the CFM article appears to be essentially the : > physical size I described. : : Is it really? How did you conclude that? I looked hard at the photos : you posted (thanks, by the way), but could not see any details that : could be used to set the scale. There were additional photos which give sufficient clues to estimate the size to within a few inches. : John, there is one crucial detail about the "steam table" method which : you may not be aware of. ***The enthalpy (heat contents per mass) of : saturated steam is practically independent of its temperature.*** : (It doesn't sound right, I know, but go check the tables.) I hadn't considered it, but it makes sense (the ratio of steam mass to droplet mass would track the heat content variation.) Jed replied to this message and said that Gene ran hot water tests. In reality, Gene posted both hot water and steam results. There are 14 minutes of results for the steam run at a steady COP of about 1.2, and about 10 minutes of hot water run data at a relatively steady COP of about 1.1. So the saturation explanation doesn't explain the steady COP of the hot water run. -- - John Logajan -- jlogajan@skypoint.com -- 612-633-0345 - - 4248 Hamline Ave; Arden Hills, Minnesota (MN) 55112 USA - - WWW URL = http://www.skypoint.com/subscribers/jlogajan - cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenjlogajan cudfnJohn cudlnLogajan cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / SPhysiques@aol / cancel: * A SWEETHEART FOR VALENTINE'S * Originally-From: SPhysiques@aol.com Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: cancel: * A SWEETHEART FOR VALENTINE'S * Date: 4 Feb 1995 07:15:06 -0500 Organization: The Ohio State University Canceling spam from SPhysiques@aol.com. red@redpoll.mrfs.oh.us cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenSPhysiques cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / Harry Conover / Re: Griggs questions Originally-From: conover@max.tiac.net (Harry H Conover) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Griggs questions Date: 4 Feb 1995 23:51:14 GMT Organization: The Internet Access Company Dick Jackson (jackson@soldev.tti.com) wrote: : The "Griggs hypothesis" is that the output power is at least 30% : greater than the input power. I've heard somewhat hysterical criticisms : of the power measuring techniques (e.g. questions about the calibration : of the power meter) but to my believe nobody has come with a 30% : error mechanism. Given that the method for computing excess heat, and its measurement uncertainty, has never been posted, it is perfectly reasonable to assume that a 30% error margin is well withing the range of possibility. Hell, with ad hoc measurements of mechanical input, and eye-ball estimates of ac input power coupling to the device, its a bit more than a possibility. : So if Tom Droege's investigation *does not* uncover a 30% error : mechanism, there is a (how can I put it?) *interesting* situation to : be looked at. Come on now, as much as I respect Tom, lets not put the burden for the future of mankind on his shoulders! I'm not implying that this is one of them, but some scams have fooled even the best investigators. That's exactly why we try to include a magician (someone trained in deception) in most serious investigations of psychic phenomena. Harry C. cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenconover cudfnHarry cudlnConover cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Robin Spaandonk / Re: Fusion Digest 3259 Originally-From: rvanspaa@ozemail.com.au (Robin van Spaandonk) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Fusion Digest 3259 Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 19:43:56 GMT Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway Originally-From: Sigma9 [SNIP] >energy to 'push' past the electromagnetic forces repelling the ions. At >low energies the fusion cross-section (the effective 'target' area that >one ion has to be attracted by the nuclear forces) is effectively zero. >This cross-section is a function of the ion's kenetic energy and peaks at >about 100KeV or 0.1MeV for a D-T reaction. Other reaction are even higher >(500KeV for D-He3) This is proven by basic machanics and backed up by the >imperical data in Glastone and Loveberg's book "Controlled Thermonuclear >Reactions" Read it. You might accidently learn something. ____________________________________________________________ If you would be so kind as to indulge an amateur, are the cross sections mentioned above measured in a hot plasma with electrons whizzing around as well as ions, or is this irrelevant? Regards, Robin van Spaandonk cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenrvanspaa cudfnRobin cudlnSpaandonk cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Michael Kenward / RE Some common (hot) fusion jargon Originally-From: m.kenward@bbcnc.org.uk (Michael Kenward) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: RE Some common (hot) fusion jargon Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 19:47:09 GMT Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway 'nachtrieb' This list is, ahem, biassed towards the US. Where is JET? (Joint European Torus) It is also wrong IAEA stands for International Atomic Energy _Agency_ Just thought you'd like to keep your list up to date. Michael Kenward cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenkenward cudfnMichael cudlnKenward cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Michael Kenward / Re: list of Migma Fusion papers Originally-From: m.kenward@bbcnc.org.uk (Michael Kenward) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: list of Migma Fusion papers Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 19:47:16 GMT Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway >As requested, here's a listing of the MIGMA-related papers that I've >seen. Hope it helps. > More recent papers on Maglich's work appear in 'Aneutronic Energy', "Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Feasibility of Aneutronic Power". It is the proceedings of a meeting held at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton in September 1987. My copy says it is Reprinted from Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. Maglich's covering lettter gives the reference as Vol A271 No. 1 The letter shows that Maglich has had his own problems in being taken seriously. "We have just learned,m " he says in a lettre dated 1 August 1988, "that the 1988 IAEA International Conference on Controlled Fusion again excluded all aneutronic research papers from its program." Michael Kenward cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenkenward cudfnMichael cudlnKenward cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Michael Kenward / Re: Why NOT split the group? [was: Moderated group, ...] Originally-From: m.kenward@bbcnc.org.uk (Michael Kenward) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Why NOT split the group? [was: Moderated group, ...] Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 19:47:23 GMT Organization: Sci.physics.fusion/Mail Gateway > > The relevant point here is that there does not appear to be anywhere > near enough traffic for a group strictly devoted to > hot fusion. In any case, it does seem a bit odd to suggest that > the predominant and historically-appropriate traffic go elsewhere. > > Dale While many of your other points are valid, the lack of hot-fusion traffic here is not because of a lack of interest, but because real scientists have run for cover rather than wading through the treacle that pervades this group. The signal to noise ratio is too low. In any case, the sheer weight of traffic here, three or four _digests_ a day, could well shrink without running the risk of petering out. As to the name, call it what you like, but the label 'fusion' would more normally be seen as describing the hot stuff. Boeing is free to start calling its big flying things bananas if it wants to, but there might be some confusion on the part of travellers. And the people who grow those bent yellow things might be a bit miffed. Michael Kenward cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenkenward cudfnMichael cudlnKenward cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Harry Conover / Re: research on the Griggs device Originally-From: conover@max.tiac.net (Harry H Conover) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: research on the Griggs device Date: 5 Feb 1995 00:00:44 GMT Organization: The Internet Access Company jedrothwell@delphi.com wrote: : : This is preposterous. It is impossible to get "precisely 100% efficiency." No : calorimeter can achieve that performance, and this particular calorimeter : leaks like a sieve. Sure it is, Jed. Just immerse a resistor in a tank of water. It heats the water with 100% efficiency. Any calorimic devication from this is a measure of the inaccuracty of your calorimetry or electrical power measurement. I assume that you have done this for the purpose of calibrating and baselining proper operation of your instrumentation system. You did this didn't you, Jed? Harry C. cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenconover cudfnHarry cudlnConover cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / / Re: Ion Beam Fusion Originally-From: Sigma9 Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Ion Beam Fusion Date: Sat, 4 Feb 1995 16:49:14 -0700 Organization: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque On 3 Feb 1995, Phil Snyder wrote: > For fusion of deuterium and tritium (the reaction with > by far the largest cross section in the energy range of > interest), the fusion cross section has a maximum of > around 5*10^-24 cm^2 at an energy of around 70 keV. This is not entirely true. Although the cross section of a D-T reaction does peak at 5 barnes, it does so at just over 100keV, not 70keV. -Sigma9 C.E.O Digitalis Development Light ion fusion theorist and computational experimentalist cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenaavd cudln cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszS cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / mitchell swartz / Research on the Griggs Device Originally-From: mica@world.std.com (mitchell swartz) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Research on the Griggs Device Subject: Re: research on the Griggs device Date: Sun, 5 Feb 1995 01:59:58 GMT Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA In Message-ID: <3h14fc$4qb@sundog.tiac.net> Subject: Re: research on the Griggs device Harry H Conover (conover@max.tiac.net) wrote: : This is preposterous. It is impossible to get "precisely 100% efficiency." No : calorimeter can achieve that performance, and this particular calorimeter : leaks like a sieve. = Sure it is, Jed. Just immerse a resistor in a tank of water. It heats = the water with 100% efficiency. Any calorimic devication from this is a = measure of the inaccuracty of your calorimetry or electrical power = measurement. = = I assume that you have done this for the purpose of calibrating and = baselining proper operation of your instrumentation system. You did this = didn't you, Jed? = = Harry C. Is that right? "Just immerse a resistor in a tank of water. It heats the water with 100% efficiency." Let's assume that the water volume - post thermal transfer - is perfectly thermally insulated. No conduction, convection, or radiation. (Unlikely). Even with that does all the energy go via the Poynting vector to the water as claimed above? 100% implies that there is no electrical dissipation in the wires leading to the resistor? You must use superconductors, or so much for Kirchoff's law and the simple power rule Pdissipated in the leads = Rleads * I^2 100% implies that there is no thermal conduction back up the wires, thereby bypassing the tank of water? So much for the thermal conduction of copper previously fairly substantial. 100% implies that there is no thermal mass to the resistor and leads which you use. (Please post the details) 100% efficiency of heating the water, as you claim, implies that there is absolutely no energy in the magnetic field? So much for classical electrodynamics where Wm = 1/2 mu* H^2. [We will ignore the higher order induced fields assuming both DC and an achieved steady state.] 100% implies that there is no capacitive effects, no polarization effects at all? You must have a perfect electrical insulator. So much for other forms of conduction and polarization. How do you do it Harry? Several of the above are insignificant, but together their superposition may make for less than 100% efficiency in heating water as your post does claim. Have you really done calorimetry? And if you did, how did you overcome the above and exactly how do you actually define 100% efficiency in your system based upon the power supply variables to get that "100%" which you claim proves Jed Rothwell and the other calorimetric contributors are incorrect? Thanks in advance. Best wishes. Mitchell Swartz (mica@world.std.com) cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenmica cudfnmitchell cudlnswartz cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / dowen@vaxc.cc. / Re: Moderated group, second (third) thoughts Originally-From: dowen@vaxc.cc.monash.edu.au Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Moderated group, second (third) thoughts Date: 5 Feb 95 14:40:34 +1100 Organization: Computer Centre, Monash University, Australia Hi folks, have a great day :) ............... In the following post Dieter gives out the best news (IMHO), to hit the group short of easily reproduced heat with copious neutrons,gammas and He. However I have some questions and suggestions...... In the following text, just what precisely is the role of a -semiautomatic- moderator, also how often would the new group be updated ? May I suggest that a statement from Scott on his philosophy and intended modus operandi of the new group, would be in order. Also, some hot fusion folks have been agitating for a separate group, could the moderator put a prefix to the hot fusion papers, that would facilitate easy seperation of the hot and cold fusion articles ? IMHO I believe it would be a pity to seperate completely the two groups, as it is possible that the solution to the fusion question may lie in the realm of "warm" fusion, which may well be achieved by the exchange of ideas and information between hot and cold fusion folks. Welcome "side effects" of a moderated group -from a single site-, would be the uniform distribution of articles world wide (not like some, posts to only the USA subnet) and probable elimination of the up to 12 day delays some of the posts I have recently received. In article , Dieter Britz writes: --------------------------------------------------------------- > On Thu, 26 Jan 1995, Dieter Britz wrote: > >> Daryl Owen now supports the idea of a moderated offshoot group, and there >> are others. I have thought about this and concluded that the motive for >> such a group is in fact not to separate hot fusion from cold, but to set >> up a group that deals with the science, rather than the money or the >> propaganda or the snake oil, of fusion. So I now think we might be served >> well with a group like spf.research (just a suggestion, following the >> sp.research lead), that would include both hot and cold fusion.I have >> nothing against the occasional postings by Bob Heeter etc. I do have a >> lot against all the hype, the Plutonium postings and the epidemic of >> irrelevant cross postings that have filled this group. Even skipping this >> stuff takes up valuable time. >> >> We need a moderator. Any volunteers? When we have one, what is the next >> step? Whom does one approach with a new-group suggestion? > > Meanwhile, we did get a willing moderator, in the person of Scott Hazen > Mueller, who has volunteered. He would do it semiautomatically. I propose > we call the new group sci.physics.fusion.research (with some small > misgivings about it but failing to find a better name) and I'll go ahead > with it, unless someone gives me pretty good reason not to. > > -- Dieter Britz alias britz@alpha.kemi.aau.dk ------------------------------------------------------------------- Regards to all, Daryl Owen. cudkeys: cuddy5 cudendowen cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Robert Heeter / Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 0/26 (intro) Originally-From: Robert F. Heeter Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion,sci.answers,news.answers Subject: Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 0/26 (intro) Date: 5 Feb 1995 12:34:02 GMT Organization: Princeton University Archive-name: fusion-faq/glossary/intro Last-modified: 4-Feb-1995 Posting-frequency: More-or-less-monthly Disclaimer: While this section is still evolving, it should be useful to many people, and I encourage you to distribute it to anyone who might be interested (and willing to help!!!). ***************************************************************** Glossary of Frequently Used Terms in Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy Research Edited by Robert F. Heeter, rfheeter@pppl.gov ### This file introduces the Conventional Fusion Glossary ### # Editorial Note: Like any discipline, fusion research has evolved terminology used to facilitate discussion. This includes the scientific vocabulary of the discipline, the names of various research machines and devices used, the names of various researchers in the field, the names of the various research labs and funding authorities, the mathematical symbols used, and the acronyms frequently used as shorthand for some of the above. In the case of conventional (magnetic confinement, inertial confinement, thermonuclear, muon-catalyzed, etc - but not Cold) fusion, this terminology has grown to the point where newcomers (including the author of the glossary!) may be intimidated by the apparent obscurity of the discussions. This file is an attempt to provide a comprehensive and detailed listing and explanation of terms frequently used, so that those new to the group/field will be able to understand what is being said, and to contribute with a minimum of confusion and frustration. Many terms are still missing, and some terms may have less-than-fully-correct entries, so if you would like to see something added or changed, let me know. # Yes, it's a big glossary! The last time I counted, there were roughly 1000 entries. But everything is organized alphabetically, and to make things even better each entry is coded by type (names, acronyms, types of machines, basic physics terms, advanced plasma terms, etc). Hopefully this will make the glossary easier to use. # What's in the FUT: We started with an initial list supplied by Jim Day (Jim.Day@support.com). To this were added some comments from various responses I received to the first draft. I then incorporated terms from PPPL and other glossaries. Then acronyms, machine names, and names of important scientists were added as they came. I added categories for research and funding/political agencies, tried to broaden the base of basic science terms, and wrote up a few more preliminary definitions based upon explanations that have appeared in the newsgroup and in my studies. Many of the terms listed still do not have explanations given. Recent drafts have been mostly incremental improvements to the previous versions. New categories of terms have been made, the organization has been improved, and of course definitions have been added and improved. The most recent project has been to incorporate terms from the "Glossary of Fusion Energy" published in 1985 by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) of the U.S. Department of Energy. I'm up to the letter M in this effort. As part of studying for my upcoming PhD qualifying exam, I also plan to write entries for as many of the terms used in my courses as possible. # What's Needed to Improve the FUT: I am looking for additional contributions (and improvements) to the list. It would be nice if people posting to the group could occasionally take a few moments to include definitions of a few terms used when you use them; in browsing through the group I can then snip out the terms and definitions and simply paste them into the evolving Glossary files. It also would be nice if references to the FAQ and the Reading List / Bibliography could be given to supplement the Glossary descriptions, at least for some of the more complicated terms. # Comment on Sources: The terms and definitions occurring here represent a collection of contributions from numerous sources. Rather than include acknowledgements for each individual definition, I have made blanket acknowledgements below. I have tried to include citations in most cases where only a single textual source was used. # Acknowledgements for the Glossary: ! = someone I believe is a scientist * = people who are not scientists so far as I know, organizations, etc. ! Jake Blanchard, blanchard@engr.wisc.edu - suggested we have a list of acronyms too. ! Arthur Carlson, awc@ipp-garching.mpg.de - supplied additional definitions, made corrections / amplifications / revisions to earlier definitions. ! Edward Chao, ehchao@theory.pppl.gov - info on LANL fusion research, additions and corrections to various definitions. ! Albert Chou, albert@seas.ucla.edu - supplied additional definitions, made corrections / amplifications / revisions to earlier definitions. ! John Cobb, johncobb@uts.cc.utexas.edu - lots o' definitions. ! James Crotinger, jac@gandalf.llnl.gov - additional definitions, quality control, and comments on the usefulness of the FUT. * Jim Day, jim.day@support.com - initial list of terms, additional definitions, modifications to earlier definitions. ! Steve Fairfax, Fairfax@cmod.pfc.mit.edu - additional definitions from the Alcator weekly reports. * Robin Herman, _Fusion: Search for Endless Energy_; I borrowed a few terms from her glossary. Cited as (from Herman). (Many of these terms derived from the PPPL glossary I also used.) ! Paul M. Koloc, pmk@prometheus.UUCP - quality control, some entries ! Emilio Martines, martines@pdigi3.igi.pd.cnr.it - quality control, reversed-field entries & information. ! Robert Nachtrieb, nachtrieb@pfc.mit.edu - numerous acronyms * Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Glossary of Fusion Terms - list of terms prepared by PPPL staff at some point. Consulted in many cases, blatantly paraphrased in some, quoted and cited in others. * Vicki Rosenzweig, vr%acmcr.uucp@murphy.com - Proofreading entries * Mike Ross, mikeross@almaden.ibm.com - additional Livermore info and corrections to some entries. * Richard Schroeppel, rcs@cs.arizona.edu - suggestions/corrections to many definitions. ! Philip Snyder, pbsnyder@theory.pppl.gov - corrections to definitions. ! Paul Stek, Stek@cmod.pfc.mit.edu - additional definitions !? Mitchell Swarz, mica@world.std.com - supplied additional definitions / corrections and revisions to existing definitions. # This file may be freely distributed; I recommend you retain the revision date, and in any case I'd like to be cited as the editor. # # Any and all errors are solely my responsibility. # ##################### Robert F. Heeter rfheeter@pppl.gov Graduate Student, Princeton Plasma Physics Lab (Usual disclaimers apply.) cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenrfheeter cudfnRobert cudlnHeeter cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszL cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / Dieter Britz / Bibliography update 04-Feb-95 Originally-From: Dieter Britz Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Bibliography update 04-Feb-95 Date: Sat, 4 Feb 1995 16:34:28 +0100 Organization: DAIMI, Computer Science Dept. at Aarhus University Hello all, here are 8 items that sneaked in before the promised flood of ICCF-4 papers from Fusion Technol. Along with these, there is a new thing I have just started. From now on, each item will have, in the line(s) starting with **, a number of keywords. This is mainly to help me to classify the papers in the blabbliography at some later time. I intend to gradually add this information to all items in the list. Obviously, this will take some time, so don't hold your breath. That line contains mostly words of obvious meaning but two might need an explanation. At the end of the line (or of a line) I try to note what the result of the paper was, as one of the three res+, res- or res0, meaning a positive, negative or undecided result. This, for experimental as well as theoretical papers. In the latter case, it means whether the theory says yes, no or nothing about the possibility of 'cold fusion'. Then I have an interest in the fact that quite early on, there appeared papers that, although being about 'cold fusion', did not refer to either of the "seminal" papers FPH-89 or Jones+-89. This might be so for a number of reasons; e.g. the second Gozzi et al paper below does not, and for good and obvious reason, while almost any Matsumoto paper refers almost solely to earlier Matsumoto papers... One way to see this is that the 'cold fusion' field has matured, so that secondary literature is quoted, rather than the seminal papers. Hm. Be that as it may, this interests me, and the info will go into that line. If you have any suggestions for what else should maybe go into the line, say so; I might even think about it! Apart from that, I will not say much about the papers below. I liked the Gozzi et al's, being rather careful and thorough efforts. Correlations is what is needed to make us skeptics believe in 'cold fusion'; the papers failed to find them. I liked Jorne's approach, using a solid electrolyte - at last someone breaks with the 0.1M LiOD/Pd tradition. No results, though. The De Ninno et al might have ended up in the peri file, except that I deem it to be definitely 'cold fusion' oriented. There is a gray area there and I sometimes have to make a decision without too much basis. The paper does refer to a 'cold fusion' paper by others. Journal papers: ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ # Arata Y, Zhang Y-C; Proc. Japan. Acad. 70 ser. B (1994) 106. 'A new energy caused by "Spillover-deuterium"'. ** Experimental, Pd powder, gas phase, surface structure, excess heat. Res+ The authors make three points at the outset: [A] surface structure of Pd is important; [B] lattice imperfections, cracks, local stresses are important. From this, they conclude that [C] "bottle-shaped" Pd electrodes, hollow, evacuated but filled with Pd powder, might be ideal for CNF. They used these "double-structured" cathodes in some experiments starting in 1992 and still in progress. Excess heat was found reproducibly and the authors theorise about "spillover deuterium". Sep-94/? #..................................................................... Jan-95 De Ninno A, Violante V; Fusion Technol. 26 (1994) 1304. "Study of deuterium charging in palladium by electrolysis of heavy water". ** Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, deuterium, diffusion, loading. Res0. ** No FPH/Jones ref. By means of a membrane experiment, with D2 gas on one side of the 0.5 mm thick Pd membrane and 0.1 M LiOD on the other, and a current that is switched between high and low densities, the workers measured the transport of deuterium through Pd. With some numerical analysis, they concluded that transport depends on the current through concentration gradients, and on the surface concentration of adsorbed deuterium. Loadings up to about 0.95 were inferred. No actual 'cold fusion' results are reported. Mar-94/Dec-94 #..................................................................... Feb-95 Deryagin BV, Andriankin EI, Lipson AG, Metelkin EV, Sakov DM, Fedorovich GV; Dokl. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. 334(3) (1994) 291 (in Russian). "On the possibility of initiation of nuclear fusion in deuterated ferroelectrics by polarisation reversal waves at T < Tc". ** Theory, ferroelectrics, external stimulation. Res+ Previous Russian work has shown that 'cold fusion' takes place at the Curie temp., Tc, in ferroelectrics, such as KD2PO4. The authors suggest that at lower temperatures, t < Tc, cnf might be initiated by stimulation be polarisation effects. Repolarisation can be induced by the application of an external electric field. The authors theorise about this and conclude that it is feasible. They then performed an experiment to test the idea and were able to detect neutrons at 7 sigma above the background. External stimulation of ferroelectrics is thus a fruitful direction for cnf research. Oct-93/? #..................................................................... Jan-95 Gozzi D, Caputo R, Cignini PL, Tomellini M, Gigli G, Balducci G, Cisbani E, Frullani S, Garibaldi F, Jodice M, Urciuoli GM; J. Electroanal. Chem. 380 (1995) 91. "Calorimetric and nuclear byproduct measurements in electrochemical confinement of deuterium in palladium". ** Experimental. Pd, electrolysis, excess heat, neutrons, helium, tritium, ** correlation, res0. The authors recognise that the simultaneous detection of excess heat and nuclear products would be indicative of cold fusion, and report on their attempts to do this. Ten electrolysis cells, some of them controls with Au or Pt cathodes, are surrounded by a ring of neutron detectors, and the head space gases from the cells are analysed for 4He and T, after some filtering to cut down on the large excess of D2. The cells are of the open type and there is a complicated program of current densities with time. Some small levels of excess heat are found (up to about 60%), scaling more or less with input power, and some 4He is found at apparently commensurate amounts but after time lags of some hundreds of hours after excess heat events. The authors carefully measure Ne along with He and find some; they recognise that this could mean that the 4He - or at least some it - was contamination from the lab air. No neutrons or significant levels of tritium were found. Feb-94/Jan-95 #..................................................................... Feb-95 Gozzi D, Caputo R, Cignini PL, Tomellini M, Gigli G, Balducci G, Cisbani E, Frullani S, Garibaldi F, Jodice M, Urciuoli GM; J. Electroanal. Chem. 380 (1995) 109. "Quantitative measurements of helium-4 in the gas phase of Pd + D2O electrolysis". ** Experimental, Pd electrolysis, helium, mass spec, correlation, res0. ** No FPH/Jones ref. Here, the method used to measure helium in the gas emitted from electrolysis cells described in their other paper (ibid p.91) is described in detail. A mass spectrometer with a resolving power of 660 (mass/delta-mass) was used. The complex chain of traps and lines between the headspace and MS is described. The authors were aware of some leaks and indeed some Ne was detected, at levels correlated with helium levels; this indicates atmospheric contamination. The paper does provide information on how to improve such measurements, however. Feb-94/Jan-95 #..................................................................... Feb-95 Jorne J; Fusion Technol. 26 (1994) 244. "Neutron emission studies during the electrolysis of deuterium by using BaCeO3 solid electrolyte and palladium electrodes". ** Experimental. Solid electrolyte, gas phase electrolysis. Res- The author set up a solid state electrochemical cell: (-) D2(gas),Pd//BaCeO3//Pd,D2 (+). The BaCeO3 is a proton conductor at higher temperatures and is the electrolyte in this gas/solid cell, capable of charging Pd with deuterium from the gas phase. He ran this cell at whatever current it would give him at 20 V total voltage and a range of temperatures up to 800C (where it gave 160 mA/cm^2), with 4 banks of 3He neutron counters around it. He does not use coincidence readings, however, just presents some traces of neutron signals from individual banks. These show a few cases of large excursions from the mean count. The long term mean for active cells is the same as for the background, and due to the Poisson distribution of the neutron rate, these large-sigma excursions are in fact expected, so this is a null result. Apr-93/Nov-94 #..................................................................... Jan-95 Kozima H; Il Nuovo Cimento 107 A (1994) 1781. "Neutron Moessbauer effect and the cold fusion in inhomogeneous materials". ** Theory, Moessbauer, trapped neutron model. Res+ The author takes as fact that such elements as Ti, Pd and Ni induce cold fusion, and examines (mainly by discussion) the Moessbauer effect as a possible process involved. Neutron absorption and reemission in the crystal lattice can act as a neutron reservoir with certain elements. The author suggests that besides Pd, Ti and Ni, Si might be worth a look. Apr-94/Sep-94 #..................................................................... Feb-95 Nomura K, Akiba E; Busshitsu Kogaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho Hokoku 2(4)(1994) 439 (in Japanese, Eng. abstr.). "Trial of nuclear fusion". ** Experimental. Gas phase, Ti, Pd, alloy LaNi5, Mg2Ni, neutrons, bursts, ** Res-. This reports a long term 'cold fusion' trial, lasting 32 months, using gas-phase charging of D2 into the alloy LaNi5, becoming LaNi5D6 in the process. Other alloys, such as Mg2Ni and the metals Ti and Pd were also tried. Neutron emissions were monitored with two counters. There were cases of apparent neutron bursts but not on both counters simultaneously; overall, nothing other than background noise was seen. This implies that, e.g., the neutron bursts observed by the de Ninno team could have been caused by noise events. #..................................................................... Jan-95 --- Dieter Britz alias britz@alpha.kemi.aau.dk cudkeys: cuddy4 cudenbritz cudfnDieter cudlnBritz cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszL cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.04 / Cameron Bass / Re: Why NOT split the group? [was: Moderated group, ...] Originally-From: crb7q@watt.seas.Virginia.EDU (Cameron Randale Bass) Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion Subject: Re: Why NOT split the group? [was: Moderated group, ...] Date: Sat, 4 Feb 1995 15:51:08 GMT Organization: University of Virginia In article , James Crotinger wrote: >In article <3go62s$8re@ds8.scri.fsu.edu> jac@ds8.scri.fsu.edu (Jim Carr) writes: > > As the group charter from the CFV that I posted should have made > clear, this group is for *all* fusion or fusion _related_ discussions. > With only 20 posts (after my cross-post and A.P. kill file was done) > this morning, mostly on splitting, it hardly rates a split. You > can put out an RFD, but I can't see it getting the votes. ... > The group should definitely be split. The group is overwhelming >cold-fusion and other stuff. It often gets 20-50 messages in a single >day (before the splitting stuff started). Most of these are >cold-fusion related, and it is not simple to filter this stuff out >with kill files (most articles don't have subjects beginning with >"COLD FUSION:" or something similar). > > The fact is, there is enough cold fusion traffic for it to deserve >its own group, and taking that traffic out of sci.physic.fusion (or >splitting it to have s.p.f.{cold,magnetic}, etc) would result in wider >usage of the forum by non-cold-fusion workers that have been turned >off by all the cf traffic here. The relevant point here is that there does not appear to be anywhere near enough traffic for a group strictly devoted to hot fusion. In any case, it does seem a bit odd to suggest that the predominant and historically-appropriate traffic go elsewhere. >The problem is that I've found it extremely difficult to get >colleagues interested in reading this forum because it is swamped with >CF discussions that they don't have to wade through. One of the 'problems' with all of these newsgroups is the rather heterogeneous nature of the posters. It is quite likely that in the current enviroment one will always have to 'wade' through discussions that are not of the highest intellectual level, no matter what the forum. > I guess I fail to see what the problem is. Splitting the group seems >like a win-win situation. It saves everybody time, the groups would >have more appropriate names, and both cold and hot fusion researchers >would perceive an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio. Can you give >me a good reason NOT to split the group. In the past the argument was >that the traffic wasn't high enough and that many people liked to keep >abreast of both types of fusion. IMHO, the traffic is high enough now. >And if you want to keep abreast of both types of fusion news, you're >perfectly welcome to subscribe to both groups! Splitting the group is a pain in the rumpus, unless you are volunteering to do all the work. Also, it will likely fail, especially if 'cold fusion' is the subject moved. dale bass cudkeys: cuddy4 cudencrb7q cudfnCameron cudlnBass cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszM cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Robert Heeter / Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 1/26 (A) Originally-From: Robert F. Heeter Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion,sci.answers,news.answers Subject: Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 1/26 (A) Date: 5 Feb 1995 12:34:05 GMT Organization: Princeton University Archive-name: fusion-faq/glossary/a Last-modified: 4-Feb-1995 Posting-frequency: More-or-less-monthly Disclaimer: While this section is still evolving, it should be useful to many people, and I encourage you to distribute it to anyone who might be interested (and willing to help!!!). =============================================================== Glossary Part 1: Terms beginning with "A" FREQUENTLY USED TERMS IN CONVENTIONAL FUSION RESEARCH AND PLASMA PHYSICS Edited by Robert F. Heeter, rfheeter@pppl.gov Guide to Categories: * = vocabulary specific to plasma/fusion/energy research & = basic/general physics vocabulary > = device type or machine name # = name of a constant or variable ! = scientists @ = acronym % = labs & political organizations $ = unit of measurement The list of Acknowledgements is in Part 0 (intro). ================================================================== AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA # A: symbol used to indicate either area or magnetic vector potential. $ A: abbreviation for Amperes; see entry. @ AAPT: American Assocation of Physics Teachers; see entry @ AC: Alternating Current; see entry. @ ACT-I: Advanced Concepts Torus I; see entry. @ AEC: (US) Atomic Energy Commission; see entry @ AIC: Alfven Ion Cyclotron Instability; see entry @ AIP: American Institute of Physics; see entry @ AJP: American Journal of Physics; see entry @ ALEX: (see entry "ALEX" below) @ AMBAL: (see entry "AMBAL" below) @ ANL: Argonne National Laboratory; see entry @ ANS: American Nuclear Society; see entry @ APS: American Physical Society; see entry @ APS-DPP: American Physical Society - Division of Plasma Physics; see entry. # Ar: Chemical symbol for the element Argon @ ARIES: Advanced Reactor Innovative Engineering Study (?) See Entry under ARIES @ ASDEX: Axially Symmetric Divertor EXperiment; see entry @ ASDEX-U: ASDEX-Upgrade; see entry for ASDEX. @ ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers @ ATF: Advanced Toroidal Facility; see entry. * Absolute Instabilities: A class of plasma instabilities growing exponentially with time at a point in space, in contrast to convective instabilities (see entry). * Absorption: In plasma physics, the loss of (electromagnetic) energy to a medium. For instance, an electromagnetic wave which propagates through a plasma will set the electrons into motion. If the electrons make collisions with other particles, they will absorb net energy from the wave. * Absorption Coefficient: Measures the degree of wave absorption (see Absorption above); defined as the fraction of wave energy lost as the wave travels a unit distance. & Activation: Activation occurs when a particle interacts with an atomic nucleus, shifting the nucleus into an unstable state, and causing it to become radioactive. In fusion research, where deuterium-tritium is a common fuel mixture, the neutron released when (D + T) combine to form (4He + n) can activate the reactor structure. Sometimes called "radioactivation." See also activation product, activation analysis. & Activation Analysis: Method for identifying and measuring chemical elements in a sample of material. Sample is first made radioactive by bombardment with neutrons, charged particles, or gamma rays. Newly formed radioactive atoms in the sample then give off characteristic radiations (such as gamma rays) that tell what kinds of atoms are present, and how many. * Activation Product: The unstable nucleus formed when activation occurs. (See activation above.) & Adiabatic: Not involving an exchange of heat between the system said to be adiabatic and the rest of the universe. & Adiabatic Compression: Compression (of a gas, plasma, etc.) not accompanied by gain or loss of heat from outside the system. For a plasma in a magnetic field, a compression slow enough that the magnetic moment (and other adiabatic invariants - see entry) of the plasma particles may be taken as constant. * Adiabatic Invariant: Characteristic parameters which do not change as a physical system slowly evolves; the most commonly used one in plasma physics is the magnetic moment of a charged particle spiraling around a magnetic field line. * Aftercooling: Cooling of a reactor after it has been shut down. * Afterglow: Recombination radiation emitted from a cooling plasma when the source of ionization (heating, etc) is removed. (See entry for recombination radiation.) * Advanced Fuels: There are several elements/isotopes which could be fused together, besides the DT fuel mixture. Many such fuel combinations would have various advantages over DT, but it is generally more difficult to achieve fusion with these advanced fuels than with the DT mix. See fuels section of FAQ for discussion. > Advanced Concepts Torus I: (ACT-I) A steady-state toroidal device built primarily for studies of RF heating (see entry) and RF current drive (see entry). Operated at PPPL but shut down several years ago. > Advanced Toroidal Facility: (ATF) A large stellarator device developed at Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL), but recently mothballed. See Section 5 for more information. > Alcator: Name given to a set of tokamaks designed and built at MIT; these machines are distinguished by high magnetic fields with relatively small diameters. The high magnetic field helps create plasmas with relatively high current and particle densities. The current incarnation is Alcator C-mod, and is described further in Section 5. Alcator C was donated to LLNL for use as the Microwave Tokamak eXperiment (MTX), now shut down. > Alcator A: First of the Alcator series of tokamaks at MIT; was operational from 1969 to 1982. > Alcator C: Commissioned in 1978; used extensively to study plasma confinement under strong ohmic heating (see entries). Also studied high-density plasmas and used frozen fuel pellet injection. Set record values of Lawson product (density times confinement time; see entries) of 8 x 10^19 m^3-seconds. Was donated to Livermore (LLNL; see entry) for use as the Microwave Tokamak eXperiment (MTX: see entry), now shut down. > Alcator C-mod: Successor to Alcator C; actually a completely new device. Currently operational; described in more detail in Section 5. > Alcator DCT: Proposed fully-superconducting extension of the Alcator series; never built. * Alcator Scaling: A proposed empirical law in which the energy confinement time is proportional to the product of the average density and the square of the plasma radius (see relevant entries). > ALEX: A single-cell, minimum-B magnetic mirror system (see entries) in which the magnetic field was generated by a baseball coil (see entry) wound on a 60 cm sphere. Formerly operated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. * Alfven Ion Cyclotron instability: (AIC) An electromagnetic microinstability near the ion cyclotron frequency; driven by the ion loss cone in a mirror device. (See relevant entries.) * Alfven velocity: Phase velocity of the Alfven wave; equal to the speed of light divided by the square root of (1 plus the ratio of the plasma frequency to the cyclotron frequency for a given species). i.e., Va = c / SQRT(1 + plasma freq. / cyclotron freq.) (As defined in Stix, _Waves in Plasmas_, 2nd ed. 1992, p. 31) * Alfven waves: Transverse electromagnetic waves that are propagated along lines of magnetic force in a plasma. The waves have frequency significantly less than the ion cyclotron frequency, and are characterized by the fact that the field lines oscillate (wiggle) with the plasma. The propagation velocity depends on the particle density and the strength of the magnetic field. "[Relatively] Low frequency ion oscillation in the presence of an equilibrium magnetic field. Also called the transverse hydromagnetic wave along Bo. The torsional Alfven wave in cylindrical geometry was first measured in liquid mercury by B. Lehnert. Alfven waves were first generated and detected in plasma by Allen, Baker, Pyle, and Wilcox in Berkeley and by Jephcott in England in 1959." (quoting from Chen's book; see bibliography) - Albert Chou ! Alfven, Hannes Olof: Nobel Prize-Winning Plasma Physicist and Astronomer who first suggested the possibility of MHD waves in 1942. * Alpha Channeling: Term for an idea (so far theoretical) in magnetic confinement fusion; the idea is that plasma waves can be used to control the alpha particles produced in a fusion reactor, to transfer their energy directly to fuel ions, and to help push them out of the plasma. This could potentially help to substantially improve the power output capabilities of fusion plasmas. * Alpha emission: Form of nuclear decay where the nucleus emits an alpha particle (see entry below). * Alpha particle: The nucleus of a Helium-4 atom; is a typical product of fusion reactions; also released in various nuclear decay processes. Alpha particles readily grab electrons from other sources, becoming neutral helium; even energetic alpha particles are easily stopped by thin barriers (sheets of paper, dead layers of skin, etc.), so that as a radiological hazard alpha particles are only dangerous if they are generated inside one's body (where the skin cannot protect tissue from damage). Alpha particles are common products in fusion reactions between light elements. & Alternating Current: (AC) Electrical Current (see entry) which alternates in direction with time. (For instance, household electric current is AC alternating at 60 oscillations/sec (60 Hertz) in the United States, and 50 Hertz in many other countries.) > AMBAL: An ambipolar trap (tandem mirror) located at Novosibirsk in Russia. (Any additional information would be welcome.) * Ambipolar Diffusion: Diffusion process in which buildup of spatial charge creates electric fields which cause electrons and ions to leave the plasma at the same rate. (Such electric fields are self-generated by the plasma and act to preserve charge neutrality.) % American Association for the Advancement of Science: (AAAS) Organization dedicated to promoting science research and education in the United States. Publishers of _Science_. % American Association of Physics Teachers: (AAPT) Professional society of physics teachers in the United States. Organizes conferences on physics education. Publishers of _American Journal of Physics_ (AJP) % American Institute of Physics: (AIP) Organization dedicated to promoting physics research and the dissemination of physics knowledge; publishers of many physics books. % American Nuclear Society: (ANS) Professional society of nuclear scientists in the United States. % American Physical Society: (APS) Professional society of physicists in the United States. Organizes major conferences and publishes many peer-reviewed journals. % American Physical Society - Division of Plasma Physics: (APS-DPP) Branch of the APS for plasma physicists, including fusion scientists. The Annual Meeting of the APS-DPP is the largest plasma physics conference in the United States. $ Ampere, kiloampere, megampere: (from Herman) The standard unit for measuring the strength of an electric current representing a flow of one coulomb of electricity per second. 1 kiloampere = 1000 amperes; 1 megampere = 1,000,000 amperes. Common abbreviations: A, amps, kiloamps, megamps, kA, MA ! Ampere, Andre-Marie (1775-1836): French physicist responsible for much of what is known about the fundamentals of electromagnetism. & Ampere's Law: General equation in electromagnetism relating the magnetic field and the currents generating it. * Aneutronic Fuels: Advanced fusion fuels which would not produce fusion neutrons. See fuels section of FAQ for discussion. $ Angstrom: A unit of distance equal to 10^-10 meters or 10^-8 cm. & Angular Momentum: Momentum involved in the rotation of a body about an axis; conserved like ordinary momentum (see momentum). Angular momentum is defined as the cross product of ordinary momentum with the position vector running from the axis of rotation to the body whose angular momentum is being determined. Torque is the rate of change of angular momentum with time. (see also torque) & Anisotropy: Term used to describe a medium whose characteristic properties vary in with direction of travel through the medium. (e.g., velocity of light transmission, conductivity of heat or electric current, compressibility, etc.) * Anomalous Diffusion: Diffusion in most plasma devices, particularly tokamaks, is higher than what one would predict from understood causes. The observed, "typical" diffusion is referred to as "anomalous" because it has not yet been explained. Anomalous diffusion includes all diffusion which is not due to collisions and geometric effects. While such effects were not understood when the term was coined, and most still aren't, diffusion due to well-understood wave phenomena is still 'anomalous'. "Classical" diffusion and "Neo-classical" diffusion are the two well-understood diffusion theories, neither is adequate to fully explain the observed "anomalous" diffusion. See also: entries for classical and neoclassical diffusion. (Acknowledgements to Philip Snyder) * Antares: Laser-target irradiation system (i.e., laser fusion research device) at Los Alamos National Lab; was operational in 1982. (The author would welcome current information.) & Aperture: The opening in an optical system which restricts the size of the bundle of rays incident on a given surface. (Usually circular and specified by diameter.) * Applied-B Diode: An ion diode with an applied magnetic field to prevent electrons flowing from cathode to anode. The applied magnetic field also regularizes the electron swarm to reduce beam divergence. * Arc: A type of electrical discharge between two electrodes; characterized by high current density. Similar in meaning to "spark" in common language. % Argonne National Laboratory: One of the U.S. Department of Energy basic-research Laboratories, located in Illinois... (need more info!) > Argus: Two-beam, 5-terawatt Nd-glass laser system used at Livermore (LLNL) for inertial-confinement fusion research from 1976 to 1981. * ARIES: Set of four fusion reactor design studies which investigated the safety, economic, and environmental implications of various advances in fusion reactor science and technology. * Ash: Fusion reaction products trapped in a plasma. Ash is bad because (a) it generally radiates more strongly than the fuel ions, and thus reduces energy confinement, and (b) it creates additional plasma pressure and/or reduces pressure available for fuel ions. (due to beta limits, see beta) Controlling ash is a major area of fusion research. Ideally one would be able to extract the ash ions after diverting an appropriate fraction of their energy to heating the fuel ions, and then convert the remaining ash energy to electricity. Current research involves using RF waves to transfer energy from ash ions to fuel ions, and to push the ash into the scrape-off layer, where it can be collected via divertors. (See also scrape-off layer, divertors) * Ash control - see ash, divertors. * Ash removal - see ash, divertors. * Aspect Ratio: In toroidal geometry, the ratio of the major diameter (total width of the torus) to the minor diameter (width of a slice taken through one side of the ring). (This would be much better with a picture!) In inertial-confinement fusion, aspect ratio refers to the ratio of a fuel pellet's radius to its wall thickness. & Atom: (from Herman) The smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of that element. At the center of the atom is the nucleus, made up of neutrons and protons, around which the electrons orbit. Atoms of ordinary hydrogen, the lightest element, consists of a nucleus of one proton orbited by one electron. (Note: distinct from a molecule, which is the smallest unit of a substance which retains the characteristics of that substance. It takes far less energy to break apart a stable molecule into its constituent atoms than to divide a stable atom into two smaller atoms.) Note that in solids, atoms are typically two angstroms (2 x 10^-10 meters) apart; in air the gas molecules are about 30 angstroms apart. A drop of water has on the order of 10^21 atoms in it. Atoms are generally electrical neutral; when an atom acquires an electrical charge (by gaining or losing electrons) it is usually called an ion. & Atomic Bomb, A-Bomb: (from Herman) A weapon with a large explosive power due to the sudden release of energy when the nuclei of heavy atoms such as plutonium-239 or uranium-235 are split. This fission is brought about by the bombardment of the fuel with neutrons, setting off a chain reaction. The bomb releases shock, blast, heat, light, and lethal radiation. The world's first atomic bomb was successfully tested by the United States on July 16, 1945. % Atomic Energy Commission: United States governmental authority for atomic energy; split into ERDA and NRC in 1975. (may not be 100% correct) & Atomic Mass: Mass of an atom relative to 1/12th the mass of a carbon atom. Approximately equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. & Atomic Number (Z): The number of protons in a nucleus; same as the number of electrons in a neutral atom; determines the position of an element in the periodic table, and hence its chemical properties (see also isotope). * Atomic Temperature: The temperature corresponding to the mean kinetic energy of the neutral atoms in a plasma. (If there were no ions or electrons, the atomic temperature would be what we normally think of as the temperature of a gas, such as the air.) * Auger effect: Transition of an electron in an atom from a discrete electronic level to an ionized continuous level with the same energy; also known as autoionization. & Avogadro's number: N = 6.02497 x 10^23. Number of particles in a mole of a substance. Coefficient relating Boltzmann's constant to the ideal gas constant. This is the number of atoms per gram-atom. See also: mole > Axially Symmetric Divertor EXperiment (from Herman) (ASDEX, Asdex: Garching, Germany) A large tokamak designed for the study of impurities and their control by a magnetic divertor. The H mode or high mode of operation with neutral beam injection was first observed on ASDEX. > Axially Symmetric Divertor EXperiment (ASDEX, Asdex): "The original ASDEX, located in Garching, Germany and decommisioned in 1990(?), would qualify today as a medium-sized tokamak. It was designed for the study of impurities and their control by a magnetic divertor. The H mode or high mode of operation with neutral beam injection was first observed on ASDEX. Its successor ASDEX-Upgrade (a completely new machine, not really an "upgrade") is larger and more flexible. It is the first tokamak whose toroidal and poloidal field coils are not linked, which will be a necessary design factor in a reactor. It will achieve parameters at the edge which are very similar to those needed for a power reactor." - Arthur Carlson * Azimuth: An angle measured clockwise relative to some reference point on a circle (e.g., "south" or "north"). * Azimuthal: Generally an angle, measured "around" an object. In spherical geometries, the angle which is *not* the "polar angle". On the earth, one incarnation of the azimuthal angle is the longitude of a location relative to the prime meridian through Greenwich, England. In toroidal geometries, the longitude idea still applies, but the other angle is the "poloidal" angle, not the "polar" angle. The azimuthal direction is the "long way" around a torus. See also: poloidal. cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenrfheeter cudfnRobert cudlnHeeter cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszL cudyr1995 ------------------------------ 1995.02.05 / Robert Heeter / Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 2/26 (B) Originally-From: Robert F. Heeter Newsgroups: sci.physics.fusion,sci.answers,news.answers Subject: Conventional Fusion FAQ Glossary Part 2/26 (B) Date: 5 Feb 1995 12:34:08 GMT Organization: Princeton University Archive-name: fusion-faq/glossary/b Last-modified: 4-Feb-1995 Posting-frequency: More-or-less-quarterly Disclaimer: While this section is still evolving, it should be useful to many people, and I encourage you to distribute it to anyone who might be interested (and willing to help!!!). =============================================================== Glossary Part 2: Terms beginning with "B" FREQUENTLY USED TERMS IN CONVENTIONAL FUSION RESEARCH AND PLASMA PHYSICS Edited by Robert F. Heeter, rfheeter@pppl.gov Guide to Categories: * = vocabulary specific to plasma/fusion/energy research & = basic/general physics vocabulary > = device type or machine name # = name of a constant or variable ! = scientists @ = acronym % = labs & political organizations $ = unit of measurement Citations and Acknowledgements appear in Section 11 of the FAQ. ================================================================== BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB # B: variable used for Magnetic Field # B: chemical symbol for the element boron; see entry # Be: chemical symbol for the element beryllium; see entry @ BCSS: Blanket Comparison and Selection Study (no entry) @ BHP: Biological Hazard Potential; see entry @ BPX: Burning Plasma eXperiment; see entry @ BTU: British Thermal Unit; see entry @ BWR: Boiling Water Reactor (fission); see entry * Background Radiation: Level of environmental radation due to "background" sources. Background sources can be natural, such as cosmic rays and natural radioactive elements (principally radon, but including other elements such as isotopes of potassium (which people get substantial amounts of in foods like bananas)). They can also be man-made, such as from fossil-fuel combustion, everyday leakage from nuclear activities, and leftover from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. Background radiation is usually distinguished from acute radiation, such as from medical x-rays, nuclear accidents, radioisotope therapy, or other short-term doses. The man-made contribution to background radiation is quite small compared to the natural contribution; medical uses dominate human exposure to acute radiation. & Backscattering: Deflection of incident particle / radiation through an angle greater than 90 degrees relative to the original direction of motion/propagation. * Ballooning Instability: See Ballooning Mode * Ballooning Mode: A mode which is localized in regions of unfavorable magnetic field curvature ("bad curvature") and which becomes unstable when the force due to pressure gradients (grad p) is greater than the mean magnetic pressure force (grad B^2)/(8*pi). * Banana Orbit: The fast spiraling of an charged particle around a magnetic field line is accompanied by a slow movement ("drift") of the center of the sprial. Projected onto a poloidal plane, the drift orbit has the shape of a banana. These orbits are responsible for neo-classical diffusion (see entry). $ Barn: Unit of area equal to 1x10^-24 square centimeters (or 1x10^-28 square meters). Commonly used in describing cross sections of atomic, nuclear, and particle interactions. (see cross section). * Baseball Coils: Used in magnetic-mirror geometries to produce a minimum-B configuration; so-called because of their resemblance to the characteristic shape of lacing on a baseball. * Beam: stream of particles or electromagnetic radiation travelling in a single direction. * Beam-Beam Reaction: Fusion reaction which occurs from the collision of two fast ions originating in injected neutral beams. * Beam Dump: A mass of shielding material which absorbs the energy of a beam of particles or electromagnetic radiation. * Beam-Plasma Reaction: Fusion reaction which occurs from the collision of a fast beam ion with a thermal plasma ion. * Beam Splitter: Optical device for dividing a beam of electromagnetic radiation into two or more separate beams. * Beam-Wall Reaction: Fusion reaction which occurs from the collision of a fast beam ion with an ion embedded in or adsorbed onto the reactor wall. * Bean-Shaped Plasma: A toroidal plasma indented on the inboard side (that is, on the side with the "donut hole"); results in additional stability to ballooning modes (see entry). Moderate indentation (does, can, may?) provide access to the second-stability region (high beta). (see relevant entries) ! Becquerel, Antoine-Henri: French scientist and discoverer of radioactivity; co-winner of Nobel Prize. (See Curie) $ Becquerel: Unit of radioactivity equal to 1 disintegration per second. (see Curie) * Bellows: Flexible mechanical structure with walls like those of an accordion. * Bernstein Mode: Type of mode which propagates perpendicular to the equilibrium magnetic field in a hot plasma. The waves have their electric field nearly parallel to the wave propagation vector (nearly longitudinal). The modes propagate in frequency ranges lying between integer harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. Named after Ira Bernstein. & Beryllium: (Be) Element with atomic number 4 (four protons). May be useful in multiplying fusion neutrons to enhance tritium production in a lithium blanket; rather hazardous to handle. (See relevant terms mentioned.) * Beta, or beta-value: Ratio between plasma kinetic pressure and magnetic-field pressure; proportional to the ratio between plasma kinetic energy density and magnetic field energy density. Beta is usually measured relative to the total, local field (loosely called beta toroidal), but sometimes the plasma pressure relative to only the poloidal component of the field (beta poloidal) or relative to some external field (like the maximum field at the magnetic coils) is more useful. There is also a normalized beta (beta_N) of interest when discussing the beta limit (see entry). (lots of help from Art Carlson with the above.) "Because the cost of a reactor is strongly influenced by the strength of the magnetic field that must be provided, beta values are directly related to the economics of fusion power production. Beta is usually expressed as a percentage, with 5% generally believed to be the minimum value required for an economical fusion reactor." - from the PPPL WWW page on PBX-M. See also: pressure, kinetic pressure, magnetic pressure, second stability. * Beta-Normal: Beta-N, the normalized beta, is beta relative to the beta limit (see below). * Beta-Poloidal: Beta-P is the same as the ordinary beta, except only the poloidal field is used in calculating the magnetic field pressure. Beta-P is > 1 in many modern tokamaks. * Beta Emission: Form of nuclear decay where a neutron splits into a proton plus electron plus neutrino set. The proton stays in the nucleus but the electron ("beta ray") is ejected. * Beta Limit, also called Troyon Limit: If the plasma pressure in a tokamak becomes too high, the so-called ballooning modes become unstable and lead to a loss of confinement (sometimes catastophic, sometimes not). The exact value at which this occurs depends strongly on the magnetic field B, the plasma minor radius a, and the toroidal plasma current I, such that maximum value of the normalized beta, beta_N=beta*B*a/I, is around 4% (with B in Teslas, a in meters, and I in Mega-amperes). The exact value depends on details of the plasma shape, the plasma profiles, and the safety factor. (Beta entries provided by Art Carlson.) * Beta Particle / Beta Ray: Original term used for electrons (and positrons) ejected from decaying nuclei via beta emission. (Label derives from the old days when we had various kinds of radiation emission, and they were labeled alpha, beta, and gamma (the first letters of the Greek Alphabet) because no one really knew what any of them were.) * Beta value: See "beta" just above. * Biasing: [from Art Carlson] The vacuum vessel of a tokamak (or other device) has a variety of structures--limiters, divertor plates, the wall itself. These are usually mechanically and electrically connected, but it is possible to bias (charge) them to different voltages relative to each other. This allows some control over the electric fields and currents around the plasma, which can influence, for example, the thickness of the scrape-off-layer, the transition between L- and H-mode, and the equilibrium configuration. Biasing experiments are being done on DIII-D, TEXTOR, and TdeV. * Binary Collisions: Collisions involving only two particles; multiparticle collisions (eg, three-body collisions) are usually neglected/approximated... * Binding Energy: Energy required to separate two objects; conversely, energy released when two objects are allow to bind together. Equivalent to the mass defect (see entry) via E=mc^2. * Biological Hazard Potential (BHP): Measure of the hazard posed by a given quantity of radioactive material in which the variation in biological effects of the various elements are accounted for. (See also integrated biological hazard potential, IBHP) & Biot-Savart Law: General formula for determining the magnetic field due to a steady line (not space) current. Related to Ampere's Law. * Blanket: a region surrounding a fusion reactor core within which the fusion neutrons (if any) are slowed down, heat is transferred to a primary coolant, and tritium is bred from lithium (if tritium is used as fuel). In hybrid applications, fertile materials (U-238 or Th-232) are located in the blanket for conversion into fissile fuels. * Bohm diffusion: A rapid loss of plasma across magnetic field lines caused by microinstabilities. Theory formulated by the physicist David Bohm. From Chen's book (see bibliography): "Semiempirical formula for the diffusion coefficient given by Bohm in 1946 (noted by Bohm, Burhop, and Massey, who were developing a magnetic arc for use in uranium isotope separation)." Bohm diffusion was proposed (not derived from first principles) to scale as 1/B rather than the 1/B^2 scaling predicted by classical diffusion. A 1/B scaling results from assuming that particles diffuse across field lines at an optimum rate (effective collision frequency=cyclotron frequency). The 1/B scaling is observed (approximately) in most reactors. (Acknowledgements to Philip Snyder) See also: diffusion, microinstabilities, field lines... * Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): Class of fission reactor where water is used as a coolant and allowed to boil into steam. (I don't remember much more about it - any help out there?) & Boltzmann constant: k = 1.38 x 10^-16 erg/degree. This is the ratio of the universal gas constant to Avogadro's number. It is also used to relate temperatures (Kelvin) to energies (ergs or Joules) via E = (constant of order unity) * kT. & Boltzmann Distribution: See Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution; distribution function. * Boltzmann Equation: Fundamental equation in kinetic theory which describes the evolution of the distribution function. (See also Vlasov equation.) * Bootstrap Current: Currents driven in toroidal devices by neo-classical diffusion (see entry). They may amount to a substantial fraction of the net current in a tokamak reactor, thus lengthening the pulse time or decreasing the power needed for current drive. & Boron: (B) Fifth element (Z=5) in the periodic table; has 5 protons; potential use as an aneutronic fuel. (See FAQ section 1, part on reactions.) Also useful as a neutron-absorber. * Boronization: Energy confinement in a fusion plasma depends strongly on the average atomic number (Z) of the elements in the plasma. Boronization refers to a process whereby boron (atomic number 5) is injected into a plasma and used to coat the walls of the reactor; the effect is that impurities from the reactor walls which enter the fusion plasma are primarily boron (which has a fairly low Z) rather than the higher-atomic-number metals typically used in reactor structures. Boronization has been associated with improved fusion plasma performance. Boronization is an example of Wall Conditioning. See also Boron, atomic number, wall conditioning, impurities. * Bounce Frequency: The average frequency of oscillation of a particle trapped in a magnetic mirror as it bounces back and forth between its "turning points" in regions of high magnetic field. (See also trapped particle, turning points, banana orbit). * Boundary Layer: In fluid flow, a narrow region next to a fixed boundary or surface where the fluid velocity rapidly changes from zero to some finite value. The term has been generalized to situations with similar mathematics. * Branching Ratio: In a fusion reaction involving two nuclei, there are typically a variety of possible sets of products which can form. The branching ratio for a particular set of products is the probability that that set of products will be produced. * Breakeven: there are several types: Commercial: When fusion power can be converted into enough electric power to power the reactor and generate enough electricity to cover the costs of the plant at economically competitive rates. (?) Engineering: When enough energy can be generated from the fusion power output to supply power for the reactor and generate a surplus; sort of commercial breakeven without the economic considerations. (?) Scientific: When fusion power = input power; Q=1. (See also Lawson Criterion) Extrapolated - projected for actual reactor fuel using an alternative fuel. Actual - determined using the actual fusion fuel to be used in the reactor (typically DT). * Breeder Material: In D-T fusion, refers to lithium or lithium-containing substances which are placed in the blanket to convert the fusion neutrons back into tritium, using nuclear transmutation of lithium isotopes. * Breeder Reactor: Class of nuclear reactor (could be fission or fusion) which uses some of the nuclear byproducts (generally neutrons) to transmute non-fuel materials to new materials which can be used for fuel in other reactors, in such a way that the reactor creates more fuel than it consumes (breeding). Term usually refers to reactors which breed fission fuel. Use of breeder reactors would greatly extend the fuel supply for nuclear fission energy, but also creates additional opportunities for diversion of fissile materials to weapons production and could exacerbate proliferation of nuclear weapons. & Bremsstrahlung: (German for "Braking Radiation") Electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle as it slows down (decelerates), or as it changes direction due to near collisions with other particles. Similar to synchrotron radiation (see also). In a plasma bremsstrahlung occurs when electrons (which are lighter and generally move faster) collide with ions (which are heavier and generally move slower); the acceleration/deceleration of the electrons causes them to radiate bremsstrahlung. & Brewster's Angle: The angle of incidence at which electromagnetic waves reflected from a dielectric medium are completely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence; the component polarized parallel to the plane of incidence is completely transmitted. * British Thermal Unit: Unit of energy needed to raise a pound of water by one degree fahrenheit; equal to 252 calories or 1055 Joules. (See also calorie, joule). Not part of the metric system. > Bumpy Torus: I believe this concept tries to combine mirror concepts with toroidal ones. My understanding is that it is essentially a series of mirrors stuck end to end and bent into a ring. - Albert Chou (corrections / enhancements welcome!) * Bunching: A technique for spatial compression of a pulse in a beam of charged particles. * Bundle Divertor: Divertor concept where a toroidal field coil extracts a "bundle" of toroidal field lines (flux) and forms a separatrix in the toroidal field. (Hard to do and tends to mess up axisymmetry of the torus; not used much.) > Burning Plasma eXperiment (BPX): Proposed U.S. successor to TFTR; never funded. See also: CIT, TPX. * Burnout: Rapid reduction in the neutral particle density in a plasma discharge; occurs when the ionization rate (which converts neutrals to ions and electrons) exceeds the rate of recombination (which converts ions to neutrals) and the rate of influx of neutral particles. cudkeys: cuddy5 cudenrfheeter cudfnRobert cudlnHeeter cudmo2 cudqt1 cudszL cudyr1995 ------------------------------ processed by cud.pl ver. 0.5 Mon Feb 6 04:37:10 EST 1995 ------------------------------