From: fdnh@troi.cc.rochester.edu (Fergus Duniho) Subject: DDLI FAQ MAIN ==== DDLI FAQ ~~~~~~~~ Release 1.24 Copyright (C) Fergus Duniho 1994 I have written this FAQ because some people have been asking me the same questions over and over again. I have also included questions that people who haven't heard of the DDLI may want to have answered. Some of these questions may be better answered by people other than myself. If you have clearer or more comprehensive answers for some of the questions here, please e-mail them to me and tell me you would like me to include them in the next version of the FAQ. If you have other questions that you think should be answered in the FAQ, please e-mail them to me. If you have the answers, please e-mail those to me as well. 0. "What is the DDLI?" 1. "The DDLI & Similar Questionaires" 2. "Life Patterns" 3. "The Supplementary Questions" 4. "Problems" 5. "How you can help me improve the DDLI" 6. "What computers is the DDLI available on?" 0. "What is the DDLI?" ====================== DDLI stands for the "Duniho and Duniho Life Pattern Indicator." It is a computer program that measures for the same 16 psychological types as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter. The DDLI asks you a series of questions in order to determine your life pattern. It is written by Fergus Duniho and based on the work of Terence Duniho in the field of psychological type. Terence Duniho has supplied many of the questions. Fergus has supplied other questions and has had the final say on which questions the DDLI asks. 0.1. "What is the latest version?" 0.2. "Is there a paper version of the DDLI?" 0.1. What is the latest version?" --------------------------------- DDLI V3.41 is the latest. It is a bug fix. Here are the changes made to the DDLI with V3.40: * Using the data I have collected from people, I have changed (and hopefully improved) the questions. I think the DDLI will be somewhat more reliable now. * When you quit the DDLI with option 6, it will give you the opportunity to save your answers before you quit. * Added to the text that the DDLI displays. * The DDLI now writes extra text to the raw scores file, and it can read raw scores files with extra text at the beginning. * The DDLI now has you indicate your type by selecting a number instead of by writing it in. * The DDLI now takes fewer lines to write the raw scores file, so that it is easier to transmit over the Fidonet. * OTHER changed to UNIX in the source code, to make it clear that the DDLI is compilable on UNIX, and because UNIX is probably what OTHER has meant for all practical purposes. 0.2. "Is there a paper version of the DDLI?" -------------------------------------------- No, the DDLI is available only as a computer program. I do not want there to be a paper version right now. The DDLI is currently in its earliest stages of testing, and it is much easier for me to collect and use raw scores that have been generated by a computer than it would be to transcribe raw scores from paper to a computer. Furthermore, because the DDLI is in testing, the questions are bound to sometimes change at a moment's notice. It is easier to propagate these changes if the DDLI remains solely in electronic format. Also, the tallying of the scores requires many tedious calculations that are better left to a computer. These calculations go well beyond mere counting, which is all that the KBTS requires. It involves addition, and it involves algorithmic decision procedures that are best done by someone who understands the intricacies of the life pattern model or by someone who can follow instructions to the letter. With the computer version, you get to see your results immediately. With a paper version, you would spend time doing calculations that some people might find too difficult. 1. "The DDLI & Similar Questionaires" ===================================== 1.1. "The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" 1.2. "The Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter" 1.1. "The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" -------------------------------------- The MBTI is a personality indicator that tests you on four different sets of preferences in order to arrive at a four-letter type which indicates which preference out of each four you have. The four pairs of preferences are: Extraversion vs. Introversion Sensing vs. iNtuition Thinking vs. Feeling Judging vs. Perceiving I have capitalized the letter in each preference that represents it in the type name. With the exception of intuition, each preference is represented by the first letter in its name. Intuition is represented by the letter "N" because introversion has already taken the letter "I". The MBTI was the creation of Isabel Myers, who devised with her mother, Katherine Briggs, a personality type system based on Carl Jung's psychological types. 1.1.1. "How does the DDLI compare with the MBTI?" 1.1.2. "Does the DDLI have any advantages over the MBTI?" 1.1.1. "How does the DDLI compare with the MBTI?" ------------------------------------------------- I have never tested the DDLI's reliability against the MBTI. However, the MBTI is probably more reliable. The MBTI has been tested extensively, whereas the DDLI is still in its earliest stages of testing. 1.1.2. "Does the DDLI have any advantages over the MBTI?" --------------------------------------------------------- The DDLI has some features that the MBTI does not have. These might be advantages. First, the DDLI asks you to rank each of your preferences on a scale of 1 to 7. This allows you to rank how important each preference is, which may add to the DDLI's reliability. Second, the DDLI tests for additional preferences that the MBTI does not test for. This provides a check on the DDLI's results, a check which the MBTI just does not provide. 1.2. "The Keirsey-Bates Temperament Sorter" ------------------------------------------- The KBTS is a personality indicator that appears in the book _Please Understand Me_ by Keirsey and Bates. There are some freely distributable computer program versions of this. I have seen one for the PC and one for the Amiga. 2. "Life Patterns" ================== "Life Pattern" is the term that Terence Duniho has chosen to use for the psychological types that the Jungian- based typology tests measures for. QUESTION: How could someone's J/P type be determined by what they use for extraverting? ANSWER: It's not that your J/P type is determined by what you use for extraverting. Nor is it that what you use for extraverting determines your J/P type. Rather, both are ways of identifying aspects of a single pattern, and knowledge of either can be used to reveal knowledge of the other. IOW, "because" doesn't signify any causal relation. But it does signify a logical relation. To be a P is to prefer a perceiving function for extraverting. That is an analytic statement. It simply indicates what "P" means. When Jung wrote about psychological types, he wrote about a preference for extraversion or introversion, for sensing or intuition, and for feeling or thinking, but he did not write about a preference for judging or perceiving. Jung identified eight different functions and divided people into eight different types depending upon which function was dominant. These eight functions were extraverted and introverted versions of thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition. Jung further split these eight types into sixteen by taking into account auxiliary functions. According to Jung, anyone whose dominant function was introverted would have an extraverted auxiliary function, and anyone whose dominant function was extraverted would have an introverted auxiliary function. He also distinguished between judging functions (thinking, feeling) and perceiving functions (sensing, intuition), and he held that the auxiliary was a perceiving function when the dominant was a judging function, and that it was a judging function otherwise. These two restrictions limited the number of possible auxiliaries for each type to two rather than seven. This is what accounts for the total of sixteen types. Myers and Briggs, for whatever reason, wanted to represent each of Jung's sixteen types by four-letter abbreviations. If they just stuck to the three sets of preferences that Jung wrote about, they would have eight types, and these types would not correspond to Jung's eight basic types. This is because an abbreviation such as INF would not tell whether someone was an introverted intuitive with feeling as an auxiliary or an introverted feeler with intuition as an auxiliary. In order to make distinctions such as this, they added the J/P preference. This preference indicates whether the function you prefer to extravert with is a judging function or a perceiving function. This is the dominant function for extraverts and the auxiliary function for introverts. Thus, the dominant function for an EP is a perceiving function, and the dominant function for an EJ is a judging function. For introverts, this is reversed. The dominant function for an IP is a judging function, and the dominant function for an IJ is a perceiving function. QUESTION: I thought the I/E scale and the J/P scale were independent. ANSWER: They are independent insofar as what you are on one scale does not strictly determine what you are on the other. But when you include other information, such as whether a person is rational or a-rational, knowledge of one of these preferences will tell you what the other is. For example, all rational P's are I's. QUESTION: You said "Thinking, Feeling, iNtuition, and Sensing are the four functions. These can be introverted and extraverted." Does this meaning of "introverted" and "extraverted" have anything to do with the I/E scale? ANSWER: Yes. The I/E scale indicates whether your dominant function is introverted or extraverted. It is extraverted for E's and introverted for I's. It also indicates the same sort of thing for the other functions. The auxiliary function and the fourth function are introverted for E's and extraverted for I's. The tertiary function is extraverted for E's and introverted for I's. QUESTION: It seems not, since the I/E scale is about where a person gets their energy. ANSWER: That is just another way of understanding the I/E dichotomy. It is useful as far as it goes. But it does not help us translate between Jung's psychological types and the types of the MBTI. For Jung, an introvert is someone whose dominant function is introverted, and an extravert is someone whose dominant function is extraverted. These are the analytic definitions for what introverts and extraverts are. To say that this scale also corresponds to where a person gets her energy is to make an empirical statement. 3. "The Supplementary Questions" ================================ QUESTION: What preferences do the supplementary questions measure? ANSWER: There are five other sets of preferences, and these five collapse into three. They are: Extraverted Thinking vs. Introverted Thinking Extraverted Feeling vs. Introverted Feeling Extraverted Sensing vs. Introverted Sensing Extraverted Intuition vs. Introverted Intuition Rationality vs. A-rationality These are not additional preferences that allow us to expand the number of types we have. Rather, they correlate with the four basic types measured by the MBTI. Here are the correlations: TJs and FPs prefer extraverted thinking and introverted feeling. TPs and FJs prefer introverted thinking and extraverted feeling. SJs and NPs prefer introverted sensing and extraverted intuition. SPs and NJs prefer extraverted sensing and introverted intuition. EJs and IPs prefer rationality. EPs and IJs prefer a-rationality. As you may notice, the thinking and feeling preferences collapse together, as do the sensing and intuition preferences. So here is what the DDLI measures for in addition to what the MBTI measures for: Extraverted Thinking and Introverted Feeling vs. Introverted Thinking and Extraverted Feeling Extraverted Sensing and Introverted Intuition vs. Introverted Sensing and Extraverted Intuition. Rationality vs. A-rationality. 4. "Problems" ============= 4.1. "My supplementary scores conflict." 4.2. "The scores file overwrote the results file." 4.3. "The DDLI would be even better with a no preference option." 4.1. "My supplementary scores conflict." ---------------------------------------- The supplementary questions measure for preferences which four-letter opposites share in common. I discussed these preferences in the previous section. Take any two opposite types, such as INTP and ESFJ, and use the above information to determine which other preferences they have. For example, INTPs and ESFJs are both rational types who prefer introverted thinking, introverted sensing, extraverted feeling, and extraverted intuition. In short, the supplementary questions are supposed to result in two opposite types for everyone. 4.2. "The scores file overwrote the results file." -------------------------------------------------- This happened because you saved them under the same name. Fortunately, the DDLI can recreate the results file from the scores file. Run the DDLI with the scores file name as a command line argument. Instead of asking you questions, the DDLI will read your answers from the scores file and give you the results. 4.3. "The DDLI would be even better with a no preference option." ----------------------------------------------------------------- Version 3.20 gives you that option. 5. "How you can help me improve the DDLI" ========================================= Send me your raw scores and the raw scores of friends and family. Once I have collected raw scores from every type, I will feed them all into a program that will tell me how reliable each question is. I will then get rid of bad questions and replace some with other questions. Bear in mind that I cannot use your raw scores unless they include your type. If you don't know your type when the raw scores file is created, please figure out what your type is before you send me your raw scores. Please also bear in mind that you can corrupt my data if you send me your scores and tell me that you're a type you're actually not. So please be sure of what your type is if you send me your scores. Don't just trust the DDLI to tell you what it is. Check up on what the DDLI tells you. My purpose behind collecting the raw scores is to find out which questions accurately measure what they are supposed to measure, so as to weed out those that don't work well. If you don't include your type with your raw scores, I cannot use your raw scores to tell whether the questions accurately indicated your type. You can send your scores to fdnh@troi.cc.rochester.edu on the Internet or to Fergus Duniho @ 1:2613/278 on the Fidonet. 6. "What Computers is the DDLI available on?" ============================================= The DDLI is available for the Amiga, the PC, and UNIX. It is not available for the Macintosh. 6.1. "Where can I get the Amiga version?" 6.2. "Where can I get the MS-DOS version?" 6.3. "Where can I get the UNIX version?" 6.4. "Why isn't there a Macintosh version?" 6.1. "Where you can get the Amiga version." ------------------------------------------- I have uploaded ddli341.lha to the FileWorks BBS in Rochester, NY, and I have put it on the Aminet. The FileWorks BBS can be reached at either of two numbers: (716) 377-0719 or (716) 377-3695. You can also FREQ ddli341.lha from it through the Fidonet. Its Fidonet address is 1:2613/278. The Aminet is mirrored in numerous ftp sites. The main site for the Aminet is ftp.wustl.edu. I put ddli341.lha in its /pub/aminet/misc/misc directory. I have also submitted ddli341.lha to Fred Fish. If you regularly put the Amiga version of the DDLI someplace, such as a BBS or an ftp site, please let me know. 6.2. "Where you can get the MS-DOS version." -------------------------------------------- I have uploaded ddli341.zip to the Neutral Zone BBS in Rochester NY, and I have put it in the SimTel Software Repository. You can reach the Neutral Zone BBS at (716) 865-8884. You can FREQ ddli341.zip from it through the Fidonet. Its Fidonet address is 1:2613/336. The SimTel Software Repository is mirrored in various sites throughout the world. A couple sites that mirror it are oak.oakland.edu and ftp.wustl.edu. I put it in the /educatin/ directory. If you regularly put the MS-DOS version of the DDLI somplace, such as a BBS or an ftp site, please let me know. 6.3. "Where you can get the UNIX version." ------------------------------------------ I haven't distributed a UNIX executable yet. But the source code easily compiles on UNIX. I post the source code in the usenet newsgroup alt.personality.psychology, and Joe Butt puts it in the directory /pub/academic/psychology/alt.psychology.personality/ddli on the ftp site sunsite.unc.edu. 6.4. "Why there isn't a Macintosh version." ------------------------------------------- The only C compiler I have access to on the Macintosh is Think C. I was trying to make a Macintosh version this evening (26 July 1994), but I was having no luck. For a while, I couldn't get it to build an application. When I finally got an application built, it wouldn't work right. After working for a while, it would start printing garbage on the screen and go into an infinite loop that I could end only by shutting off the Macintosh. I'm not sure what the problem is. Well, one problem seems to be that Think C doesn't like my pause() function. But I have no clue why. If anyone wants to look at or try to debug my code for the Think C version, I can email you the file I am working with. To get the DDLI to compile properly, I made a few changes to the code and put all the code into a single file. -- Fergus Duniho, Philosophy Dept., University of Rochester, NY, USA INTP, 5w4 | ftp ftp.wustl.edu for /pub/aminet/misc/misc/ddli341.lha Amiga 3000 | or oak.oakland.edu for /SimTel/msdos/educatin/ddli341.zip "He that lives on hope will die fasting." -- Benjamin Franklin