Subject: Linux INFO-SHEET
From: [email-masked]
Date: Sun, 6 Jun 1993 09:37:07 GMT
Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.announce,comp.os.linux,comp.answers,news.answers

Archive-name: linux-faq/info-sheet
Last-modified: 13 Apr 93
Version: 3.02

                             Linux Information Sheet 

        0.1 Introduction to Linux 

        Linux is a completely free clone of the unix operating system 
        which is available in both source code and binary form. It is 
        copyrighted by Linus B. Torvalds ([email-masked]), 
        and is freely redistributable under the terms of the Gnu Public 
        License. Linux runs only on 386/486 machines with an ISA or EISA 
        bus. MCA (IBM's proprietary bus) is not currently supported 
        because there is little available documentation. However, 
        support for MCA is being added at this time. Porting to other 
        architectures is likely to be difficult, as the kernel makes 
        extensive use of 386 memory management and task primitives. 
        However, despite these difficulties, there are people 
        successfully working on a port to the Amiga. 

        Linux is still considered to be in beta testing. There are still 
        bugs in the system, and since Linux develops rapidly (new 
        versions come out about once every two weeks), new bugs creep 
        up. However, these bugs are fixed quickly as well. Most versions 
        are quite stable, and you can keep using those if they do what 
        you need and you don't want to be on the bleeding edge. One site 
        has had a computer running version 0.97 patchlevel 1 (dating 
        from last summer) for over 136 days without an error or crash. 
        (It would have been longer if the backhoe operator hadn't 
        mistaken a main power transformer for a dumpster...) 

        One thing to be aware of is that Linux is developed using an 
        open and distributed model, instead of a closed and centralized 
        model like much other software. This means that the current 
        development version is always public (with up to a week or two's 
        delay) so that anybody can use it. The result is that whenever a 
        version with new functionality is released, it almost always 
        contains bugs, but it also results in a very rapid development 
        so that the bugs are found and corrected quickly, often in 
        hours, as many people work to fix them. Furthermore, the bugs 
        are generally discovered within hours of a kernel release, 
        especially those which might endanger a user's data, so it is 
        easy for an end-user to avoid these bugs. 

        In contrast, the closed and centralized model means that there 
        is only one person or team working on the project, and they only 
        release software that they think is working well. Often this 
        leads to long intervals between releases, long waiting for bug 
        fixes, and slower development. Of course, the latest release of 
        such software to the public is often of higher quality, but the 
        development speed is generally much slower. 

        As of May 26, 1993, the current version of Linux is 0.99 
        patchlevel 10. 

        0.2 Linux Features 

         * multitasking: several programs running at once. 

         * multiuser: several users on the same machine at once (and NO 
           two-user licenses!). 

         * runs in 386 protected mode. 

         * has memory protection between processes, so that one program 
           can't bring the whole system down. 

         * demand loads executables: Linux only reads from disk those 
           parts of a program that are actually used. 

         * shared copy-on-write pages among executables. This means that 
           multiple process can use the same memory to run in. When one 
           tries to write to that memory, that page (4KB piece of 
           memory) is copied somewhere else. Copy-on-write has two 
           benefits: increasing speed and decreasing memory use. 

         * virtual memory using paging (not swapping whole processes) to 
           disk: to a separate partition or a file in the filesystem, or 
           both, with the possibility of adding more swapping areas 
           during runtime (yes, they're still called swapping areas). A 
           total of 16 of these 16 MB swapping areas can be used at 
           once, for a total 256 MB of useable swap space. 

         * a unified memory pool for user programs and disk cache (so 
           that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache 
           can be reduced when running large programs). 

         * dynamically linked shared libraries (DLL's)(static libraries 
           too, of course). 

         * does core dumps for post-mortem analysis, allowing the use of 
           a debugger on a program not only while it is running but also 
           after it has crashed. 

         * mostly compatible with POSIX, System V, and BSD at the source 
           level. 

         * all source code is available, including the whole kernel and 
           all drivers, the development tools and all user programs; 
           also, all of it is freely distributable. 

         * POSIX job control. 

         * pseudoterminals (pty's). 

         * 387-emulation in the kernel so that programs don't need to do 
           their own math emulation. Every computer running Linux 
           appears to have a math coprocessor. 

         * support for many national or customized keyboards, and it is 
           fairly easy to add new ones. 

         * multiple virtual consoles: several independent login sessions 
           through the console, you switch by pressing a hot-key 
           combination (not dependent on video hardware). 

         * Supports several common filesystems, including minix-1 and 
           Xenix, and has an advanced filesystem of its own, which 
           offers filesystems of up to 4 TB, and names up to 255 
           characters long. 

         * transparent access to MS-DOS partitions (or OS/2 FAT 
           partitions) via a special filesystem: you don't need any 
           special commands to use the MS-DOS partition, it looks just 
           like a normal Unix filesystem (except for funny restrictions 
           on filenames, permissions, and so on). MS-DOS 6 compressed 
           partitions do not work at this time. 

         * CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of 
           CD-ROMs. 

         * TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc. 

        0.3 Hardware Issues 

        0.3.1 Minimal configuration 

        The following is probably the smallest possible configuration 
        that Linux will work on: 386SX/16, 2 MB RAM, 1.44 MB or 1.2 MB 
        floppy, any supported video card (+ keyboards, monitors, and so 
        on of course). This should allow you to boot and test whether it 
        works at all on the machine, but you won't be able to do 
        anything useful. 

        In order to do something, you will want some hard disk space as 
        well, 5 to 10 MB should suffice for a very minimal setup (with 
        only the most important commands and perhaps one or two small 
        applications installed, like, say, a terminal program). This is 
        still very, very limited, and very uncomfortable, as it doesn't 
        leave enough room to do just about anything, unless your 
        applications are quite limited. It's generally not recommended 
        for anything but testing if things work, and of course to be 
        able to brag about small resource requirements. 

        0.3.2 Usable configuration 

        If you are going to run computationally intensive programs, such 
        as gcc, X, and TeX, you will probably want a faster processor 
        than a 386SX/16, but even that should suffice if you are 
        patient. 

        In practice, you need at least 4 MB of RAM if you don't use X, 
        and 8 MB if you do. Also, if you want to have several users at a 
        time, or run several large programs (compilations for example) 
        at a time, you may want more than 4 MB of memory. It will still 
        work with a smaller amount of memory (should work even with 2 
        MB), but it will use virtual memory (using the hard drive as 
        slow memory) and that will be so slow as to be unusable. 

        The amount of hard disk you need depends on what software you 
        want to install. The normal basic set of Unix utilities, shells, 
        and administrative programs should be comfortable in less than 
        10 MB, with a bit of room to spare for user files. For a more 
        complete system, SLS reports that a full base system without X 
        fits into 45 MB, with X into 70 MB (this is only binaries), and 
        a complete distribution with everything takes 90 MB. Add the 
        whatever space you want to reserve for user files to these 
        totals. 

        Add more memory, more hard disk, a faster processor and other 
        stuff depending on your needs, wishes and budget to go beyond 
        the merely usable. In general, one big difference from DOS is 
        that with Linux, adding memory makes a large difference, whereas 
        with dos, extra memory doesn't make that much difference. This 
        of course has something to do with DOS's 640KB limit. 

        0.3.3 Supported hardware 

        CPU: Anything that runs 386 protected mode programs (all models 
        of 386s and 486s should work; 286s don't work, and never will). 

        Architecture: ISA or EISA bus. MCA (mostly true blue PS/2's) 
        does not work. Local bus works. 

        RAM: Theoretically up to 1 GB. This has not been tested. Some 
        people (including Linus) have noted that adding ram has slowed 
        down their machine extremely without adding more cache at the 
        same time, so if you add memory and find your machine slower, 
        try adding more cache. 

        Data storage: Generic AT drives (IDE, 16 bit HD controllers with 
        MFM or RLL) are supported, as are SCSI hard disks and CD-ROMs, 
        with a supported SCSI adaptor. Generic XT controllers (8 bit 
        controllers with MFM or RLL) are now also supported. Supported 
        SCSI adaptors: Adaptec 1542 (but not 1522), 1740 in extended 
        (not 1542 compatible) mode, Seagate ST-01 and ST-02, Future 
        Domain TMC-88x series (or any board based on the TMC950 chip) 
        and TMC1660/1680, Ultrastor 14F, 24F and 34F, and Western 
        Digital wd7000. SCSI and QIC-02 tapes are also supported. There 
        is a device driver available for at least some QIC-02 tape 
        drives, though it is not in the standard kernel. 

        Video: VGA, EGA, CGA, or Hercules (and compatibles) work in text 
        mode. For graphics and X, there is support for (at least) EGA, 
        normal VGA, some super-VGA cards (most of the cards based on 
        ET3000, ET4000, Paradise, and some Trident chipsets), some S3 
        cards (not Diamond Stealth, because the manufacturer won't tell 
        how to program it), 8514/A, and hercules. (Linux uses the 
        Xfree86 X server, so that determines what cards are supported.) 

        Other hardware: SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, AST Fourport 
        cards (with 4 serial ports), several models of Boca serial 
        boards, the Usenet Serial Card III, several flavours of bus mice 
        (Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2). 

        0.4 An Incomplete List of Ported Programs and Other Software 

        Most of the common Unix tools and programs have been ported to 
        Linux, including almost all of the GNU stuff and many X clients 
        from various sources. Actually, ported is often too strong a 
        word, since many programs compile out of the box without 
        modifications, or only small modifications, because Linux tracks 
        POSIX quite closely. Unfortunately, there are not very many 
        end-user applications at this time. Nevertheless, here is an 
        incomplete list of software that is known to work under Linux. 

        Basic Unix commands: ls, tr, sed, awk and so on (you name it, 
        we've probably got it). 

        Development tools: gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, 
        gprof. 

        Graphical environments: X11R5 (Xfree86), MGR. 

        Editors: GNU Emacs, Lucid Emacs, MicroEmacs, jove, epoch, elvis, 
        joe, pico, jed. 

        Shells: Bash (Posix sh-compatible), zsh (include ksh 
        compatiblity mode), tcsh, csh, rc, ash (mostly sh-compatible), 
        and many more. 

        Telecommunication: Taylor (BNU-compatible) UUCP, kermit, szrz, 
        minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term/slap (runs multiple shells over one 
        modem line), and Seyon. 

        News and mail: C-news, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh. 

        Textprocessing: TeX, groff, doc. 

        Games: Nethack, several Muds and X games. 

        All of these programs (and this isn't even a hundredth of what 
        is available) are freely available. 

        0.5 Getting Linux 

        0.5.4 Anonymous FTP 

        At least the following anonymous ftp sites carry Linux. This 
        list is taken from the Meta-FAQ list, which is posted every week 
        to the comp.os.linux newsgroup (the Meta-FAQ is updated more 
        often than this information sheet, so the list below may not be 
        the most current one). 

         Textual name                   Numeric address  Linux directory
         =============================  ===============  ===============
         tsx-11.mit.edu                 18.172.1.2       /pub/linux
         sunsite.unc.edu                152.2.22.81      /pub/Linux
         nic.funet.fi                   128.214.6.100    /pub/OS/Linux
         ftp.mcc.ac.uk                  130.88.203.12    /pub/linux
         fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de     129.187.200.1    /pub/linux
         ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de  131.159.0.110    /pub/Linux
         ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de         137.226.4.105    /pub/linux
         ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de  137.226.112.172  /pub/Linux
         ftp.ibp.fr                     132.227.60.2     /pub/linux
         kirk.bu.oz.au                  131.244.1.1      /pub/OS/Linux
         ftp.uu.net                     137.39.1.9       /systems/unix/linux
         wuarchive.wustl.edu            128.252.135.4    mirrors/linux
         ftp.win.tue.nl                 131.155.70.100   /pub/linux
         ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl           131.155.2.71     /pub/linux
         srawgw.sra.co.jp                                /Linux
         ftp.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de            134.169.34.15    /pub/os/linux
         cair.kaist.ac.kr                                /pub/Linux
         ftp.denet.dk                   129.142.6.74     /pub/OS/linux

        tsx-11.mit.edu and fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de are the official 
        sites for Linux' GCC. Some sites mirror other sites. Please use 
        the site closest (network-wise) to you whenever possible. 

        0.5.5 Other methods of obtaining Linux 

        There are many BBS's that have Linux files. A list of them is 
        maintained by Zane Healy; he posts it to the comp.os.linux 
        newsgroup around the beginning and middle of the month, please 
        see that post for more information. comp.os.linux is echoed on 
        the LINUX echoid on fidonet. This list is available as 
        tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/docs/bbs.list, and is mirrored on fine 
        mirrors everywhere. 

        There is also at least one organization that distributes Linux 
        on floppies, for a fee. Contact 

               Softlanding Software
               910 Lodge Ave.
               Victoria, B.C., Canada
               V8X-3A8
               +1 604 360 0188
               FAX: 604 385 1292

        for information on purchasing. There is also an organization 
        which sells Linux on CD-ROM --- contact 

               Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated
               CDROM sales
               PO Box 8418
               Berkeley, California 94707--8418
               510--526--7531

        for information on purchasing the CD-ROM. Also, don't forget 
        about friends and user's groups, who are usually glad to let you 
        make a copy. 

        0.5.6 Getting started 

        As mentioned at the beginning, Linux is not centrally 
        administered. Because of this, there is no ``official'' release 
        that one could point at, and say ``That's Linux.'' Instead, 
        there are various ``distributions,'' which are more or less 
        complete collections of software configured and packaged so that 
        they can be used to install a Linux system. The most important 
        one is currently the SLS release. 

        SLS is put together by Peter MacDonald, and is the more 
        full-featured one. It contains much of the available software, 
        and includes X. I really recommend SLS to anyone who's serious 
        about getting started with Linux. 

        The first thing you should do is to get and read the list of 
        Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) from one of the FTP sites, or 
        by using the normal Usenet FAQ archives (e.g. rtfm.mit.edu). 
        This document has plenty of instructions on what to do to get 
        started, what files you need, and how to solve most of the 
        common problems (during installation or otherwise). 

        0.6 Legal Status of Linux 

        Although Linux is supplied with the complete source code, it is 
        copyrighted software, not public domain. However, it is 
        available for free under the GNU Public License. See the GPL for 
        more information. The programs that run under Linux have each 
        their own copyright, although much of it uses the GPL as well. 
        All of the software on the FTP site is freely distributable (or 
        else it shouldn't be there). 

        0.7 News About Linux 

        There is a Usenet newsgroup, comp.os.linux, for Linux 
        discussion, and also several mailing lists. See the Linux FAQ 
        for more information about the mailing lists (you should be able 
        to find the FAQ either in the newsgroup or on the FTP sites). 

        The newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce is a moderated newsgroup 
        for announcements about Linux (new programs, bug fixes, etc). 

        For the current status of the Linux kernel and a summary of the 
        most recent versions, finger [email-masked] 

        There is also a more or less weekly ``newsletter,'' Linux News, 
        which summarizes the most important announcements and uploads, 
        and has occasional other articles as well. Look in 
        comp.os.linux.announce for a sample issue. 

        0.8 Future Plans 

        Work is underway on Linux version 1.0, which will close some of 
        the gaps in the present implementation. The major functionality 
        shortcomings are advanced interprocess communication 
        (semaphores, shared memory), closer compatibility with POSIX, 
        and a lot of tweaking. Documentation is also sorely missing, but 
        is being worked on by those on the ``Linux Documentation 
        Project'' (the DOC channel of the [email-masked] 
        mailing list). Eventually, there will be a complete installation 
        and getting started manual for Linux. 

        0.9 This document 

        This document is maintained by Michael K. Johnson, 
        [email-masked]. Please mail me with any comments, no matter 
        how small. I can't do a good job of maintaining this document 
        without your help. A current copy of this document can always be 
        found as tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/docs/INFO-SHEET, and a .dvi 
        version can be found as INFO-SHEET.dvi, in the same directory. 

        0.10 Legalese 

        Trademarks are owned by their owners. There is no warranty about 
        the information in this document. Use and distribute at your own 
        risk. The content of this document is in the public domain, but 
        please be polite and attribute any quotes.