Subject: CSS Today #95010, March 21, 1995

From: [email-masked] (Yuan Wei)
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 95 20:33:15 PST

############################################################\\   \\#########
   T h e   E l e c t r o n i c    N e w s l e t t e r    o f \\   \\C S S
%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=\\ N \\=%=%=%=
          ____________       ____________       _____________  \\   \\
        /   _____     ))   /    _________))   /    __________)) \\ E \\
       /   //    )____))  {    ((________    {    ((_________    \\   \\
      {   ||     _____     \_________    ))   \__________    ))   \\ W \\
       \   \\____)    ))   __________)   ))   ___________)   ))    \\   \\
        \____________//   (_____________//   (______________//      \\   \\
                                                                     \\   \\
         ]]]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]   ]]]]]]]  ]]]   ]]]            \\   \
            ]]]    ]]]   ]]] ]]]   ]]] ]]]   ]]]  ]]   ]]              \\
            ]]]    ]]]   ]]] ]]]   ]]] ]]]]]]]]]   ]] ]]    ==========
            ]]]    ]]]   ]]] ]]]   ]]] ]]]   ]]]    ]]]     No.  95010
            ]]]     ]]]]]]]  ]]]]]]]]  ]]]   ]]]    ]]]    _1995.03.21_

%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=
CSS Today Editorial Board                             <[email-masked]>
%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=%=

		     I N    T H I S   I S S U E                 No. of Lines
============================================================================
Eye on China
    o  San Xia  (Three Gorges) Project Has Started ..................... 114
    o  Jiangsu Province Offers More Business Opportunities .............. 58

IFCSS Watch ----------------------------------------------------------------
    o  When Not to Be Democratic ........................................ 38
    o  The Canadian Counterpart Seems to Be Working Better .............. 28

Eddie's Column -------------------------------------------------------------
    o  Revisiting an Old Open Letter to IFCSS .......................... 150

For Your Information -------------------------------------------------------
    o  Fighting the Federal Budget Recsission Cuts ...................... 56

===========================<<<< Eye on China >>>>===========================
San Xia  (Three Gorges) Project Has Started ............................ 114
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PU Dai/CSS Today                                                  CSST 95010

"If you think San Xia project is still in the discussion, you are wrong!"
said Mr. PENG Qiyou, Executive Director of SanXia Project Construction Co.,
in a seminar held in Chicago on February 26, 1995. "San Xia Project has
begun," he said. the official break-ground took place on Dember 14, 1994.

Mr. PENG is one of the delegates of the Sanxia Project Purchasing Delegation
that is currently visiting some companies in the US and looking for
engineering machinery suppliers. The delegation is headed by Mr. XIE, Xiufa,
deputy director of the Design Representative Bureau of San Xia Project.

PENG introduced the audience to the cross-century, ever-largest-in-the-world
project with enthusiasm and confidence. The project will take a three
phase approach that will take 17 years total, PENG said. They are the
Preliminary Building Phase, the Right Bank Phase, and the Complete (Left
Bank) Phase.

The preliminary phase will take 5 years, starting from April 3, 1992, the
time when the People's Congress approved the proposal. By year 1997, all the
preparatory work will be completed for this project. A temporary dam linking
the right bank and the upper tip of the ZhongBao Island (a natural island in
the middle of the river) will be built to channel the water flow to the left
half of the river and make room for the real big dam to be built in this
half. A concrete wall of 113 meters long and 34 meters high will be
completed on ZhongBao island for permanent use.

In Phase 2, the dam and power generators will be built on the right half. At
the same time, a navigation structure consisting of a two-way five-step
flight lock and a one-step vertical shiplift will be complete. By then, the
Project will be able to supply electric power to istself and the country.
That will be year 2003.

Another 6 years will be needed in Phase 3 to finish the left bank dam and
all the power generators.

Upon the completion in 2009, it will be a 1,983 meters long and 185 meters
high grand dam, which will create a man-made lake with a capacity of 39.3
billion cubic meters, Mr PENG told the audience with extreme excitement.
Besides its electric capacity, the Project will also be able to increase our
flood control ability, improve the river's shipping capability, and
stimulate the economy along the river in areas such as tourism, fishery,
and transportations.

The estimated total cost of the Project will include 50 billions for the dam
itself, 40 billion for people resettlement, and 15 billions for other
purpose, according to PENG. How to finance this huge project is a big
concern of many people attending the seminar. The current scheme is, PENG
answered, certain amount will be from the nation wide non-agricultural
electricity consumers. An increase of 0.4 cents/du (kilowatt-hours) will be
imposed to all the electricity bills from now on. That will create 30.5
billions. All the income from GeZhouBa Project, totaled 10 billions, will be
allotted to the San Xia Project. The third part will be from the electricity
the Project will be generating after year 2003. It will be 3.1 billion. The
rest of the cost will be financed by the national banks and other sources.
For example, the Development Bank will finance 3 billions, according to
PENG. The central government will need to allot 0.2-0.4% of its total
annual fixed investment to this Project. That will be not a big burden,
PENG said.

However, PENG's enthusiasm was not shared by all the seminar attendees. A
lot of questions were raised to him and his colleagues, and they did not
give satisfactory answer to all the questions. When asked about how this
grand dam will affect the environment, harm the cultural sites and
historical buildings, and hurt the poople that have to be relocated, Mr.
Peng and Mr. Xie only gave some general rather philosophical explanations.
The overall benefit will justify the sacrifice, they believe.

Technical questions are also raised. "The SanMenXia project in Henan has
become a classic example of engineering failure in our country," one asked,
"how can we be sure that the earth and sand accumulation problem in SanXia
Project will be solved differently and efficiently?" "The dam in Henan is
nothing compared to the SanXia Project," Mr. PENG replied, "for the SanXia
Project, we have gathered all expertise of hydro-electrics from all over
the country, and we have studied and assessed it for such a long time. All
the problems have been investigated and solutions figured out."

But the audience was still wondering how the quality would be secured in
this big project. "Is there any special department or group that is devoted
to quality control?" one asked. The answer was no, "but all our design
experts are on site, and they are monitoring the development and ready to
solve problems at any time," Mr. PENG said.

The idea to build a dam in the SanXia area dated back to the early time of
this century when Dr. Sun Yet-son once proposed it. Later one, in the
1940's, an American team once went there and investigated it. The idea was
revived in 1954 after the record high flood took away 40 thousands people's
life and 30 billion yuans worth's property (according to officially released
data). However, the more realistic assessment of the project was not taken
up till 1986. The 412 member team finally concluded their study of
feasibility positively in 1991. The proposal was approved by the Congress
in 1992.

"But what about the opposition opinions expressed by some of the team
members?" There were 9 members who refused to sign on the investigation
report. "We allowed them to hold different opinions," Mr. PENG said, "we
explained our opinions to them. If they are still not convinced, we will
approve to them by the reality." That is a positive attitude, but might not
be always a prudential one. "For such a huge project," one argued, "the
opinions expressed by a minority might bear more weight than they are
regarded."

When asked about how the project is progressing, Mr. PENG cited a visiting
foreign firend's word: "Magic speed (Shen Su)!" The audience was worried
whether that "magic speed" was a result of over-heated heads, Mr. PENG
disagreed. He attributed that to the current market driven mechnism. "We
don't rely on administrative order nowadays, we let the reformed mechnism to
function." The reformed mechnism he mentioned is a state owned business
entity, San Xia Project Development Corporation, that owns the Project and
oversees all the project related issues. The GeZhouBa Power Plant and the 
Construction Company Mr. PENG heads are two of the sub-companies of the
Development Corp.

The seminar was organized by the Chicago based Association of Chinese
Schientists and Engineers in the US (ACSE). More than 150 Chinese
professionals working in the Chicago area attended the activity. Mr. HUANG
Dongbi, the Consul General in the Chicago Chinese Consulate, was invited to
give a speech on the Sino-US trade war.

===========================<<<< Eye on China >>>>===========================
Jiangsu Province Offers More Business Opportunities ..................... 58
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PU Dai/CSS Today                                                  CSST 95010

Jiangsu is opeing its door in a multi-dimensional scale, in an effort to
bring its economy to the international market, says Ms. HUANG Cuiyu,
director of Jiangsu Provincial Gevernment's Overseas Affairs (Qiao Wu)
Office and president of Jiangsu Overseas Exchange (Haiwai JiaoLiu)
Association, in a letter to Mr. Toni NI, a social activist at U of Maryland.

The letter is part of a public campaign of Jiangsu Province, aiming at
attracting more investment and business cooperation from overseas
entrepreneuers and companies.

In the new year, the letter says, Jiangsu will enhance its open door policy
and speed up the implementationof its international economic strategy. A
series of business conferences have been planned, as show below:

1. 1995 Jiangsu Economic and Trade Conference

TIME: May 22-26, 1995

PLACE: Exhibition Center, Hong Kong

PROGRAM: (1) Export/Import Exhibition will display 100 brand name Jiangsu
products, as well as a variety of products from 11 Jiangsu cities; (2)
Investment/Cooperation Project will present business opportunities in
Jiangsu, which range from significant infrastructural and agricultural
projects to hi-tech and technological renovation projects.

2. 1995 Euro-Asia Continental Bridge Economic and Trade Conference

TIME: September 12-16, 1995

PLACE: LianYunGang, Jiangsu (Lianyungang is a port city on the Jiangsu
coast, designated national level open city.)

PROGRAM: (1) Export/Import Goods Exhibition; (2) Presentation of economic
cooperation and business opportunities in Jiangsu; (3) Investment projects
for foreign busniesses.

3. Jiangsu Economic and Business Conference

TIME: September 16-19, 1995

PLACE: Nanjing, (the capital city of Jiangsu)

PROGRAM: (1) International Trade; (2) Open Bidding of various largeand
medium-scaled projects.

The 2nd and 3rd conferences are sequential in time. At the same period, the
Jiangsu Overseas Exchange Association will sponsor the Second Jiangsu
Overseas Friendship Exchange and Cooperation Program. This program will
provide business consulting and informational consulting services.

We cordially welcome everyone to come to Jiangsu for business cooperation,
scientific exchange, and/or leisure activities, Ms. HUANG says.

For more information, please contact: Ms. HUANG Cuiyu, Overseas Department,
Jiangsu Overseas Affairs Office, 313 Zhongshan Bei Lu, Nanjing, China.
Phone: (025)880-8397; Fax: (025)880-8282.

===========================<<<< IFCSS Watch >>>>============================
When Not to Be Democratic ............................................... 38
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greg Kemnitz/BEIJING                                              CSST 95010

OK, after watching the IFCSS stuff quietly for many years, and knowing a
number of IFCSS activists on various sides of the fence, I'll belly up to
the bar and throw out my own bit, even though I am not Chinese...

One big problem is that IFCSS is an organization, not a government. A system
of checks and balances exists in the US government to impose purposeful
inefficiency on the system, so that changes are slow and not done without
long reflection. But political scientists debate whether the US system
itself is a good one, and few other modern countries have such a system
after all, the US government organization is one of the oldest among modern
governments, and much has been learned in the past two centuries about
creating more efficient democracies without centralizing power in the hands
of a few.

But this is all well and good. IFCSS is not a government, and in truth more
resembles a political party or political action committee more than anything
else. While this might seem a distasteful description to some, political
parties and PACS do get things done, and IFCSS has been at its most
effective as a PAC.

So, instead of focusing on a three-ring circus of bickering, IFCSS should
study other political parties and PACS, which actually tend to operate on a
principle akin to "democratic centralism", meaning, in this case, haggle
things out beforehand and come to a decision, and then stick to it without
public dissent weakening the organizational position. Democratic centralism
may suck for governments, but it does make sense for organizations,
particular political ones where public feuding within the organization
_does_ weaken its position.

Another thing is that, despite the charges that all sides eat babies for
breakfast that seem to be floating around, each group does at some level
feel that it is doing the best things for the organization. If this is not
accepted by other groups, the best solution is for the dissolution of IFCSS
so that successor groups could be founded, since even if one side "wins",
IFCSS will be dead as an effective organization.

This won't do anyone any good.

===========================<<<< IFCSS Watch >>>>============================
The Canadian Counterpart Seems to Be Working Better ..................... 28
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andy SHI/CANADA                                                   CSST 95010

I'm kind of amazed to see IFCSS always stick to its three-branch government
type of structure. This must have been because IFCSS is in the United States
:-) Greg, it's indeed your government to blame. It has poisoned so many
Chinese students such that they are so superstitious about the American
style government that they have partly lost their independent thinking.

FCSSC (Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars) in Canada was the first
of its kind to be established in the aftermath of the June 4 Massacre in
1989. It also started with a 3-b structure. But we soon realized its
drawbacks and abolished the Council structure, leaving a president with his
hand picked VP and hand picked executives (I actually wrote an article about
this for the News Freedom Herald (Canadian Edition)). Since everybody is
"the president's man," it has been working well with little friction and
defintely no fight. The only other people that must be elected are the
supervisory committee members, who typically have only a couple of small
things to do every year. It seems democracy works well among Chinese when it
is complemented with Chinese characteristics :-)

The FCSSC system makes everyone involved in the FCSSC leadership either a
doer or at the worst an onlooker, but not an infighter. The IFCSS structure
produces infighters who inturn escalate infights which inturn produces more
militant infighters. What a farce!

The American politicians fight before the camera as a show. Have the
IFCSSers ever given it a good thought what they are fighting for, when they
proudly put down their Ph. D titles? My God, what a genuine American style!
I'm impressed.

==========================<<<< Eddie's Column >>>>==========================
Revisiting an Old Open Letter to IFCSS ................................. 150
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eddie CHENG                                                       CSST 95010

The following letter was written in 1992, before the very first round-table 
meeting of IFCSS.  IFCSS certainly looks a bit different now after almost 
three years.  But the more things change, the more things stay the same.

In the current crisis, we see a revitalized SVC, a sort-of role reversal
between the Council and the HQ.  The round-table meeting itself has grown
into the clandestine "Veterans Club" that dominates IFCSS affairs out of
the public view.  However, nothing fundamentally different can be detected.  
Maybe it is indeed time for concerned people to look beyond the new and
old personalities and petty arguments involved and worry about the future.

That is why I decide to republish this old open letter in its original
entirety, spelling and grammar errors included.  [NOTE:  The ARC in the 
letter was an alias used by CCC during an internal dispute at the time.]

		Problems of IFCSS
		    ---to the "round-table" meeting

   I.   Preamble

	As some of you may have already known, a "round-table" meeting
   of IFCSS "Elders" is to be held this weekend in D.C., organized mainly by
   ARC and paid by IFCSS HQ.  Efforts have been put into this meeting
   in the hope of setting up the future of IFCSS.  Some articles have been
   circulated among the elites who are invited to the meeting.

	This author has been fortunate enough to receive an oral
   invitation but won't make it for personal reasons.  It is also my belief
   that the discussion of IFCSS' future shouldn't be held only among elites
   or "Elders".  Therefore, I present this article here as my humble 
   contribution to the discussion and personal wish to the meeting's success.

	It is not my intention to repeat here all the past achivements
   of IFCSS, nor to paint a rosy picture of its possible future.  The only
   thing I am going to talk about is the "other side", i.e. problems of
   IFCSS.  Some of you may wish to skip the whole article at this point.

   II.  The grassroot and representation game

	IFCSS has been championing its grassroot nature since her birth.
   While it was true that grassroot provided the movement that started IFCSS
   three years ago, it has all but disappeared by now, except in some special
   cases such as the ongoing green-card lobby.

	The lack of interest of general CSS is certainly to blame for
   this change but what made it worse is the behavior of IFCSS high
   commanders who believe the representation is simply waving the flag of 
   "on behalf of 42,000".

	This past year IFCSS has faced her toughest challenge so far in
   this area.  The popular support displayed by the UMFN campaign and the
   creation of many new CSS groups such as AEIC, ACP and technical societies
   have greatly undermined the legistimacy of IFCSS' representation.  The
   only response from IFCSS to all this has been dead silence.

	Some argue that, by far, the annual IFCSS Congress is a display
   of grassroot.  But it has also become questionable.  Besides some cases
   that "representatives" had shown up from schools that do/did not even
   have a CSS organization, many others came without authorization from local
   CSS.  Even those representatives who are heads of local CSSA's and were
   elected to serve the community, it is unclear if they have the mandate to
   represent local CSS in political issues.  And of course, even if we count
   everyone there, the number still won't add up to 42,000.

	The matter gets much worse when the Council takes over.  I do not
   know if there is any Council member today can honestly claim that he/she
   has voted for a certain decision according to his/her understanding of the
   CSS in his/her region.

	It is thus by no coincidence that this very round-table
   meeting is being organized to replace the roles of the Council (which is
   designed to prepare for Congress by the Constitution) and the Congress
   itself (which would be no more than a rubber stamp if this meeting is
   successful).

	Conclusion:  IFCSS is no longer a grassroot CSS organization but 
   a camp of elites: active CSS with different opinions and ambitions.

   III. The democracy (or lack thereof) game

	The other standout in the praise to IFCSS is that it is, after
   all, a democractic organization and it is not doing too bad in this
   respect.

	However, IFCSS so far has only a democracy on paper.

	Yes we have a great Constitution and a marvelous design in power
   seperation, balance and check.  Unfortunately, that is not enough for me
   to conclude that IFCSS is democratic.  To me, the most important thing is 
   how the decision is being made and how the power is being realized.

	I am not going into the spy-chasing game which has been present 
   all the time.  I don't intend to address the faction control such as
   CCC/ARC either.  People have been criticizing about Deng Xiaoping being a
   dictator, however many overlook the fact that Deng's policies are all 
   legally approved by legistimate decision-making bodies such as CCP or NPC.  
   What went wrong is when these bodies do not have enough power to overrule 
   a decision from Deng and have to go along with him all the time (socalled
   rubber stamps).  Similiar situation exists in IFCSS and that is when 
   democracy stops working.

	Despite the design in IFCSS' Constitution, almost all the
   practically enforced policies are made by HQ, not the Council or the
   Congress.  We have endless examples of HQ doing things that have not been
   authorized by Council or Congress and refusing to carry out those mandated
   by them.  (A clear example is the AEIC resolution passed in 3da).  Such
   behavior peaked in this term, during which the President is perfectly free
   to say/do whatever he wants and never gives a damn to what Council or
   public is saying.  (Anyone remembers when is the last time you heard the
   President addressing a concern/question from CSS?)

	Now, where is all the check and balance?  Well, they are all on
   the paper.  Anyone who bothers to read the Constitution nowadays will find
   that almost the entire session of this mechanism is completely
   unenforceable.  What can the Council do when its resolution is being
   ignored?  Care to try recalling a Council member or impeaching a President?

	This Council term may have been the most frustrating one.  It
   sees all its hard-reached decisions going into toilet directly without a
   ripple.  It is even worse than a rubber stamp in that none of the HQ
   decisions had bothered to get such a stamp.  It finally reaches the point
   that Council surrendered its constitutional duty of organizing the
   Congress to ARC/HQ.  

	Of course, SVC is all but existent.

	Conclusion:  IFCSS is not a functioning democracy.

   IV.  The agenda game

	Sure, nothing is perfect.  It is all right if we can still get
   things done.  Yes, that has been the case for three years, despite of a
   lot of conflicts.  An active agenda has kept the organization intact and
   going.

	Unfortunately now, it is perhaps no more.  In my opinion, the most
   serious challenge to IFCSS is in its agenda.  Basically it faces a dilemma
   of "nothing to do" and "things too controversal".

	There has not been a single new agenda coming from this term.  "Old"
   business like insurance and family reunion goes on well but lost its value
   in the agenda game.  What left are all hot potatos such as the MFN issue.
   When the agenda is filled by controversal issues, split is inevitable.

	Of course there is the green-card bill that could provide the last
   straw.  Looking beyond it, I invite everyone to think about the simple
   question:  what do we need this big, expensive and ineffective national
   organization for??

	Thank you very much for having read this far!

=======================<<<< For Your Information >>>>=======================
Fighting the Federal Budget Recsission Cuts ............................. 56
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matt Blevins/<[email-masked]>                         CSST 95010

For You Information,

As many of you know, the Appropriations Committee has proposed to eliminate
$1.7 billion dollars in federal educational funding this fiscal year. These
cuts could devestate education and make it impossible for many students to
continue their education.  Here is a list of the following cuts that passed
the committee last week:

State Student Incentive Grant $63.4 million cut (TERMINATED)
State Postsecondary Review Entities TERMINATED
Direct Lending, unused administrative funds $47 million (
Alaska-Hawaii Native Cultures in Arts $1 million (TERMINATED)
Eisenhower Leadership Program $3.5 million (TERMINATED)
Law School Clinical Experience $14.9 million (TERMINATED)
Urban Community Service Grants $13 million (TERMINATED)
Student Financial Aid Database $500,000 (TERMINATED)
TRIO $11.1 million cut (from $463.0 millions)
Early Intervention Scholarship $3.1 million (TERMINATED)
Byrd Honors Scholarship Program $9.8 million (REDUCED)
National Science Scholarship $4.4 million (TERMINATED)
National Academic Space & Science Program $2 million (TERMINATED)
Douglas Teachers Scholarship Program $14.3 million (TERMINATED)
Olympic Scholarship Program $1 million (TERMINATED)
Teacher Corps $1.9 million (TERMINATED)
Faculty Development Grant $3.5 million (TERMINATED)
Ferris Fellowships $10.1 million (TERMINATED)
Javitz Fellowships $7.5 million (TERMINATED)

Also, Americorps was cut by $210 million today nearly half of its
operating budget. This is for THIS FISCAL YEAR. What does this mean? Will
current participants be fired, or expected to work for free?

We have learned today that the House Educational committee will propose to
add Staford Subsidized loans to the rescissions cuts.  This will have an
even greater impact on Madison as we receive over $47 million a year in
loan subsidization.

It is critical that students and concerned citizens call their
representatives and URGE THEM TO VOTE NO on the rescissions, particularly
the Staford Loan rescission.  The House Floor vote will be on Wednesday,
March 15 so it is imperative that people call before then.  Here is a list
of representatives and their phone numbers in Washington.  Please take a
second and make the call!!

Rep. Toby Roth                  (202) 225-5665
Rep. James Sensenbrenner        (202) 225-5101
Rep. Thomas Barrett             (202) 225-3571
Rep. Gerald Klezka              (202) 225-4572
Rep. David Obey                 (202) 225-3365
Rep. Steve Gunderson            (202) 225-5506
Rep. Scott Klug                 (202) 225-2906
Rep. Mark Neumann               (202) 225-3031
Rep. Tom Petri                  (202) 225-2476

(Matt Blevins is Chair of the Associated Students of Madison. This message
was originally distrubuted in the local net.)

############################################################################
| Editor of This Issue: YUAN Wei           Deputy Coordinator: DING Yungui |
|                   Technical Editor: LIANG Yan, SAN Zi                    |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|
| CSS Today is a publication of  the CSS Today Editorial Board devoted to  |
| the CSS community for your right to know.   What CSS Today carries does  |
| not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editors.                      |
| ________________________________________________________________________ |
|                                                                          |
|  For back issues of CSS Today, please use one of following:              |
|  (1) ftp to <cnd.org>  and search in folder:  /pub/e-pubs/CSS-Today      |
|  (2) gopher to <cnd.org>:                                                |
|             English-Menu -> Other Electronic Publications  -> CSS-TODAY  |
|     (For WWW:  gopher://cnd.cnd.org:70/11/English-Menu/e-pubs/CSS-TODAY) |
|  (3) ftp to <ftp.ifcss.org>  and search in folder: /pub/org/csst/        | 
|     (For www tools, use  ftp://ftp.ifcss.org/pub/org/csst/ )             |
|  (4) http://www.ifcss.org:8001/www/ep.html                               |
|                                                                          |
|  CSS Today welcomes contributions, comments, questions, criticisms and   |
|  anything concerning a healthy establishment of the CSS community. For   |
|  question, please inquire to:                                            |
|                                                                          |
| - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -|
|                         <[email-masked]>                           |
############################################################################