People

Abrams, Elliott


Allen, Charles E.

Anderson, Terry A

Arias Sanchez, Oscar

Bahramani, Ali Hashemi

Buckley, William

Bush, George

Bustillo, Juan Rafael

Calero, Adolfo

Casey, William

Cave, George W.

Channell, Carl R. ("Spitz")

Cicippio, Joseph James

Clarridge, Duane R ("Dewey")

Cline, Thomas G.

Cruz, Arturo, Sr.

Dunn, Bert

Dutton, Robert, C.

Fernandez, Joseph

Fiers, Alan D.

Gadd, Richard L.

George, Claire E.

Ghorbanifar, Manucher

Gregg, Donald P.

Hakim, Albert

Hall, Fawn

Hasenfus, Eugene

Acobsen, David P.

Jenco, Lawrence Martin

Kangarlou, Mohsen

Karrubi, Hassan

Khashoggi, Adnan

Khomeini, Ruhollah

Kilburn, Peter

Kimche, David

Ledeen, Michael A.

Levin, Jeremy

McFarlane, Robert C.

McMahon, John N.

Meese, Edwin, III

Miller, Richard R.

Monge, Luis Alberto

Najafabadi, Mohammad Ali Hadi

Negroponte, John D.

Nimrodi, Yaacov

Nir, Amiram

North, Oliver L.

Owen, Robert W.

Peres, Shimon

Poindexter, John M.

Polhill, Robert B.

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi

Raymond, Walter, Jr.

Reed, Frank Herbert

Reich, Otto

Rodriguez, Felix I.

Schwimmer, Adolph ("Al")

Secord, Richard V.

Shultz, George P.

Singlaub, John K.

Steen, Alan B.

Sutherland, Thomas M.

Tambs, Lewis A.

Teicher, Howard J.

Tracy, Edward Austin

Turner Jesse J.

Twetten, Thomas

Weinberger, Casper W.

Weir, Benjamin

  • Kidnapped in Beirut May 8, 1984.
  • Released September 14, 1985 as result in Isreali arms shipment to Iran.

    ORGANIZATIONS

    Dawa al-Islamiya

    Dissident Iraqi Shiite political party headquartered in Teheran

    Enterprise

    Designation by Secord and Hakim to describe operation of arms sales and contra resupply North referred in congressional hearing as "off the shelf", self-sustaining and outside congressional control.

    Hezbollah

    "Party of God". Loose unconnected group of Shiite. Goal to spread Islamic revolution funded by Iran.

    International Business Communications (IBC)

    Washington, DC public relations firm. Founded by RWR campaign aide Richard Miller. Bridge between administration's Contra aid program and public diplomacy campaign to win Congressional support.

    Islamic Jihad

    Terrorist group based in Lebanon, reported to have ties to Hezbollah, and support from Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps. Responsible for kidnapping of Americans in Lebanon.

    National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty (NEPL)

    Washington, DC based tax-exempt fund raising and public realtions firm. Founded by Carl "Spitz" Channell. Raised $10 million with help of IBC director Richard Miller. Money went to Contra resupply and congressional lobbying

    Nicaraguan Democratic Force (FDN)

    Founded in 1981 in Guatemala City. Became largest and most active Contra group receiving most of aid money. Closely associated with CIA/NSC operations.

    Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office (NHAO)

    Created August 15, 1985 after Congresss passed nonlethal aid bill $27 million. Became part of Contra resupply without Congressional knowledge.

    Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean (S/LPD)

    Created July 1983. "Public diplomacy" mandated by NSDD77. Housed in State Department, but reported directly to NSC. Worked closely with North in secert "Political action" programs, "white paper operations," and working with private-sector public-relations firms to lobby congress. h3>United Nicaraguan Opposition (NUO) Founded June 1985 to portray to congress a united front of Contras. Leaders were Adolfo Calero, Alfonso Robelo, and Arturo Cruz, Sr. (the "Triple A"). Calero and military commander Bermudez controlled until March 1987 when Cruz pulled out because of infighting.

    LEGAL EVENTS

    Arms Export Control Act of 1976

    Prohibited US arms sold to one country from being transfer to another country.

    Boland Amendment II

    Passes October 1984. Designed to sstop funding for covert operations.

    Economy Act of 1915

    Allowed the transfer of arms from one agency to another so long as they were paid back. Did not require notifing congress. Method use to transfer weapons from Defense to CIA.

    Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended

    Framework for foreign aid. Hughes-Ryan Amendment passed 1974. Required presidential Finding for CIA foreign operation"important to the national security" before funds can be expended. Congress must be informed.

    The Contra Humanitarian Assistance Bill

    Signed into law August 1985, provided $27 million for non-lethal assistance to Contras. RWR created Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office (NHAO) within State Department to administer funds.

    National Security Decision Directive 77 (NSDD 77)

    Signed by RWR January 14, 1983. Mandates creation of a "public diplomacy" bureau for domestic and foriegn information campaign. Focus was winning public debate over assistance to Contras.

    National Security Decision Directive Draft of 11 June 1985

    Study by CIA's Graham Fuller, NSC drafted NSDD, "US Policy toward Iran". Opposed by Secretary of State George Shultz and Defense Secretary Casper Weinberger. Proposed "selected military equiptment" be supplied to Iran.


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