Does anyone know of a good paper or other solid discussion of the semantic range of רוּחַ and πνεῦμα?
Both words can mean spirit, breath, or wind. When would it be inappropriate to translate רוּחַ with πνεῦμα?
Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
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Jonathan Robie
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Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι;
http://jonathanrobie.biblicalhumanities.org/
http://jonathanrobie.biblicalhumanities.org/
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Jean Putmans
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Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Quite old, but probably helpful: Kittel Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.
The original German Edition has in Vol. VI (1959) a lengthy part of ca. 120 pages on πνευμα. I cannot value the Hebrew Information, as I have no knowledge whatsoever in that respect.
The original German Edition has in Vol. VI (1959) a lengthy part of ca. 120 pages on πνευμα. I cannot value the Hebrew Information, as I have no knowledge whatsoever in that respect.
Jean Putmans
Netherlands
gotischebibel.blogspot.com
Netherlands
gotischebibel.blogspot.com
Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Have found the above on Google Books (pg. 332 in the English Edition) - link to page.
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Barry Hofstetter
Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Presenting the lexical evidence:
—1. רוּהַ breeze, breath: —a. Ezk 37:5, 8, 10 Is 42:5 (or as 6), רוּחַ אֱלוֹהַּ בְּאַפִּי the breath of God (is) in my nose Jb 27:3; —b. air (for breathing), breath Jr 2:24 14:6 (with שָׁאַף); שָׁבָה רוּחוּ meaning he revived, he recovered himself Ju 15:19 1S 30:12; הֵשִׁיב רוּחוֹ he will not let me get my breath (NRSV) Jb 9:18 (→ שׁוב hif. 8 b); לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֹד רוּחַ the Queen of Sheba was overcome with amazement and could not get her breath 1K 10:5 2C 9:4; the idols have no breath Jr 10:14 51:17; אֵין רוּחַ בְּפִיהֶם Ps 135:17; רוּחִי my breath Jb 19:17 see below, 6; —c. רוּחַ אַפּוֹ the breath of his (God’s) nose (meaning his wrath) Jb 4:9; אַפֶּיךָ רוּחַ Ex 15:8, cf. שְׂפָתָיו רוּחַ (parallel with שֵׁבֶט פִּיו) Is 11:4, :: רוּחַ פִּיו the breath of his mouth (parallel with בִּדְבָרוֹ textual emendation) Ps 33:6; רוּחֲכֶם the breath of your scorn (of the godless) Is 33:11, see Wildberger BK 10:1295, 1301; רוּחַ Is 25:4, רוּחוֹ 30:28 his rage; —d. the king (מְשִׁיחַ יהוה) is רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ the breath of our nostrils Lam 4:20, cf. Akk. šāri balāṭiya El Amarna letter 141:2, cf. VAB 2, p. 1195f, 1518; AHw 1193a; הָרוּחֹת לְכָל־בָּשָׂר the total breath which lives in individual members of the creation formed of flesh, meaning the breath of life in all flesh Nu 16:22 27:16; see THAT 2:737.
—2. a. רוּחַ breeze (like הֶבֶל Jb 7:7 41:8; רוּחַ הֹלֵךְ transitory breeze Ps 78:39; > something without substance, futile הָיָה לְרוּחַ Jr 5:13, דִּבְרֵי רוּחַ Jb 16:3, דַּעַת רוּחַ 15:2, רְעוּת רוּחַ a striving after wind (nothingness) Qoh 1:14 and elsewhere (→ רְעוּת), רַעְיוֹן רוּחַ a striving after wind (nothingness) Qoh 1:17 4:16 (→ רַעְיוֹן); רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ Is 41:29; הֹלֵךְ רוּחַ one who comes with wind (nothing) Mi 2:11, see Wolff BK 14/4:41, 54 (רוּחַ adverbial accusative, Brockelmann Heb. Syn. §104; R. Meyer Gramm. §106, 2f; NRSV, REB: to go about uttering falsehood); רוּחַ breeze, wind, meaning nothing Pr 11:29 (with נָחַל), לְרוּחַ Jb 6:26, לָרוּחַ for nothing Qoh 5:15; —b. blowing, gentle breeze, breeze: with חָלַף Jb 4:15, with בּוֹא 41:8.
—3. wind (THAT 2:728-730), over 100 times: —a. הָרוּחַ Qoh 1:6 8:8 11:4; רוּחַ with נָדַף Ps 1:4, with עָבַר Ps 103:16 Jb 37:21, with עבר hif. Gn 8:1; with נָשָׂא carries away Is 41:16 57:13 Ezk 3:12, 14 8:3 11:1, 24 43:5; —b. גֶּשֶׁם and רוּחַ 2K 3:17; נְשִׂיאִים וְרוּחַ וְגֶשֶׁם Pr 25:14, cf. Fisher Parallels 1: p. 340 entry 520: Ug. rḥ parallel with mṭr with citations for רוּחַ and מָטָר from the OT; עָבִים וְרוּחַ 1K 18:45; דֶּרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Qoh 11:5; רוּחַ הַיּוֹם the evening breeze Gn 3:8 (SamP. alrēba corresponding to לְרֶוַח, cf. Tg. לִמְנָח יוֹמָא), thus also e.g. Westermann BK 1/1:346 :: H.P. Müller in: Monotheismus im Alten Israel und seiner Umwelt 106f; —c. רוּחַ קָדִים the east wind Ex 10:13, cf. 14:21; רוּחַ מִדְבָּר Jr 13:24; רוּחַ יָם חָזָק a strong west wind Ex 10:19, רוּחַ צָפוֹן Pr 25:23 Sir 4320; —d. רוּחַ גְּדוֹלָה וְחָזָק 1K 19:11, see R. Meyer Gramm. §97, 2c; רוּהַ גְּדוֹלָה Jon 1:4 Jb 1:19, רוּחַ חָזָק Ex 10:19, רוּחַ קָשָׁה Is 27:8, רוּחַ כַּבִּיר mighty wind Jb 8:2; רוּחַ צַח hot wind Jr 4:11, רוּחַ סְעָרָה storm wind Ezk 1:4 and elsewhere, רוּחַ סְעָרוֹת Ezk 13:11, 13; רוּחַ :: סוּפָֽתָה Hos 8:7; —e. לִפְנֵי־רוּחַ Ps 35:5 83:14 corresponding to עַל־פְּנֵי־רוּחַ before the wind Ps 18:43; כְּמוֹ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ but (after the pain and labour of childbirth) we gave birth only to wind Is 26:18, see Wildberger BK 10:982, 985; עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רוּחַ 2S 22:11 with ראה nif., Ps 18:11 with דָּאָה; לְכָל־רוּחַ Jr 49:32 Ezk 5:10, 12 17:21 corresponding to לְכֹל הָרֻחוֹת הָאֵלֶּה to scatter people in the direction of all these winds Jr 49:36.
—4. רוּחַ wind, meaning one of the sides of the world: רוּחַ with קָדִים, צָפוֹן, דָּרוֹם, יָם Ezk 42:16, 19; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת (Akk. šārī erbetti, erbetti šārī the four winds, i.e., the four sides of the world, or the four points of the compass (Zimmern Fremdwörter 45; AHw. 233a; CAD Š/2: 136, šāru A 2 a), (Jr 49:36 Ezk 37:9) Ezk 42:20 Zech 2:10 (6:5) Da 8:8 11:4 1C 9:24.
—5. רוּח wind and God (THAT 2:731-733): —a. רוּחַ מֵאֵת י׳ a wind from Yahweh (arose נָסַע) Nu 11:31, רוּחַ י׳ Is 40:7 with נָשַׁב, 59:19 with נוס pil.; רוּחוֹ הַקָּשָׁה his strong wind (storm) Is 27:8; sbj. אֱלֹהִים with עבר hif. (רוּחַ) Gn 8:1; בְּרוּחוֹ שָׁמַיִם שִׁפְּרָה the sky became clear with his wind Jb 26:13; —b. God is בֹּרֵא רוּחַ Am 4:13; מוֹצִיא רוּחַ Ps 135:7, cf. וַיּוֹצֵא רוּחַ Jr 10:13 51:16; עֹשֶׂה מַלְאָכָיו רוּחוֹת Ps 104:4, cf. עֹשָׂה דְבָרוֹ רוּחַ סְעָרָה the storm wind executes his command Ps 148:8.
—6. breath which supports life: —a. among animals Gn 6:17 7:15; —b. among people (also meaning spirit): —i. רוּחִי בָאָדָם Gn 6:3, רוּחַ אָדָם with יָצַר Zech 12:1; רוּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִישׁ Jb 12:10 (parallel with נֶפֶשׁ כָּל־חָֽי); נֶפֶשׁ parallel with רוּחַ also Is 26:9 Ps 143:6f Jb 7:11, נֶפֶשׁ … רוּחַ Pr 29:10f, cf. Ug. rḥ + npš (Fisher Parallels 2: p. 30 entry 57); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים Gn 7:22, see THAT 2:736: a combination of נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים Gn 2:7 and רוּחַ חַיִּים Gn 6:17 7:15; (עָלַי) רוּחִי Ps 77:4 142:4 143:4 with II עטף hitp.; —ii. רוּחִי my spirit Jb 6:4 17:1 (or as 7 a), my breath 19:17 see above, 1 a; רוּחִי אֲשַׁחֲרֶֽךָּ with my spirit I seek you Is 26:9; בְּיָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי into your hand I deliver my spirit Ps 31:6; —iii. רוּחוֹ Gn 41:8 with פעם nif.; Ps 146:4 with יָצָא; רוּחוֹ with שׁוּב Ju 15:19 1S 30:12 see above, 1 b; —iv. (or as 7) רוּחַ of פַּרְעֹה Gn 41:8 and of נְבֻכַדְנֶצַּר Dan 2:1, 3 with פעם nif.; of יַעֲקֹב Gn 45:27 with חָיָה; of כֹּ(וֹ)רֶשׁ Ezr 1:1 2C 36:22, of …פּוּל 1C 5:26, of מַלְכֵי מָדַי Jr 51:11, of הַפְּלִשְׁתִּים 2C 21:16 with II עור hif., cf. Bardtke Fschr. Eissfeldt (1958) 17-19; of מִצְרַיִם Is 19:3 with I בקק nif; —v. God אָסַף רוּחַ אָדָם and they die when you take away their breath Ps 104:29 Jb 34:14; תֹּכֵן רוּחוֹת יהוה Yahweh tries the spirits Pr 16:2; whether humans and beasts (בְּהֵמָה) they all have one spirit (רוּחַ אֶחָד לַכֹּל) Qoh 3:19; the spirit of the human ascending, the spirit of the animal descending to the earth Qoh 3:21 :: 12:7 הָרוּחַ (meaning the human spirit) returns to God, see Hertzberg KAT 17/4-5:214f; הָרוּחַ the life-giving spirit Ezk 37:9.
—7. (not always distinguished from 6 with certainty) רוּחַ meaning the natural spirit of humanity, as sense, mind, intellectual frame of mind (THAT 2:738-742): the following meanings (a-e) easily merge with one another: —a. רוּחַ spirit Ezk 11:5 13:3 20:32 Mal 2:15, 16 Ps 32:2 77:4 78:8 Jb 6:4 17:1 (see above, 6 b ii), רוּחַ מִבִּינָתִי a spirit outside my experience (NRSV; REB: a spirit beyond my understanding) Jb 20:3; —b. mind Is 57:16 (for רוּחַ prp. רוּחָם, BHK), Ezk 13:3 Pr 29:11 Qoh 7:9 1C 28:12, רוּחַ נָכוֹן Ps 51:12; —c. רוּחַ temperament: cj. 2S 13:39 (textual corruption), prp. (cf. Sept.) וַתִּכַל רוּחַ דָּוִד (HAL 454 I כלה qal 7, English edition 477a: וַתֵּכֶל); cf. NRSV: the heart of the king went out; REB similarly; 1K 21:5, or under e; —d. frame of mind רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת Nu 14:24 Dt 2:30 Ps 32:2 :: Wolff Anthropologie 66: intention; —e. courage Jos 2:11 5:1 1K 21:5 Pr 18:14; —f. ill temper Qoh 10:4, rage, wrath Ju 8:3 with רָפָה, Is 25:4 33:11, cf. רוּחַ קִנְאָה spirit of envy Nu 5:14, 30 (see below, h); —g. מֹשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ Pr 16:32: the exact rendering is uncertain, possibilities include: —i. who masters himself (KBL; cf. ZürBib.); —ii. he who rules his temper (Gemser Spr.2 72; REB: control one’s temper); —iii. who masters his wrath, thus with Sept. ὁ δὲ κρατῶν ὀργῆς; NRSV: one whose temper is controlled; —h. the intellectual frame of mind, in certain connections: קְצַר־רוּחַ (→ קצר, קֹצֵר) Pr 14:29, עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ (→ II עצב) Is 54:6, שְׁפַל־רוּחַ Is 57:15, גְּבַהּ־רוּחַ arrogant :: אֶרֶךְ־רוּחַ long-suffering Qoh 7:8, גֹּבַהּ־רוּחַ Pr 16:18, מֹרַת רוּחַ (→ *מֹרָה) Gn 26:35, נְכֵה־רוּחַ broken, smitten in spirit (parallel with עָנִי) Is 66:2 (cf. Brockelmann Heb. Syn. §81e), רוּחַ נְכֵאָה a broken spirit Pr 15:13 17:22; דַּכְּאֵי־רוּחַ (parallel with נִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב) Ps 34:19, רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרָה Ps 51:19, שֵׁבֶר רוּחַ brokenness of spirit Is 65:14, שֶׁבֶר בְּרוּחַ brokenness of spirit Pr 15:4, רוּחַ כֵּהָה (→ כֵּהֶה) :: תְּהִלָּה Is 61:3; צַר רוּחִי the anxiety of my heart Jb 7:11 (→ I צַר 2 a); cj. 1S 1:15 קְשַׁת יוֹם for קְשַׁת־רוּחַ (→ קָשֶׁה 1 b); קַר־רוּחַ Pr 17:27 (K, → קַר) :: חֲמַת רוּחִי heat, warmth of my heart (spirit) Ezk 3:14, see Zimmerli Ezechiel 82, cf. רוּחַ קִנְאָה (see above f); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה willing spirit, or spirit of willingness, obedience Ps 51:4, cf. נָֽדְבָה רוּחוֹ Ex 35:21, רוּחַ חָכְמָה Dt 34:9, רוּחַ זְנוּנִים Hos 4:12, רוּחַ נְגִידִים he who cuts off the arrogance of princes Ps 76:13.
—8. the spirit of Yahweh (THAT 2:742-746): —a. Ju 3:10 6:34 11:29 13:25 14:6, 19 15:14 1S 10:6 16:13f 19:9 (רָעָה), 2S 23:2 1K 18:12 22:24 2K 2:16 Is 11:2 40:7, 13 59:19 61:1 רוּחַ יְהוָֹה אֲדֹנָי עָלָֽי; 63:14 Ezk 11:5 37:1 Mi 2:7 3:8 Zech 6:8 (cj. for רוּחִי rd. רוּחַ יהוה, BHS), 2C 18:23; —b. רוּחוֹ Nu 11:29 Is 30:28 34:16 48:16 Zech 7:12; —c. רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 139:7 143:10; —d. רוּחִי Gn 6:3; Is 30:1 42:1 44:3 59:21 Ezk 36:27 37:14 39:29 Jl 3:1, 2 Zech 4:6 (בְּרוּחִי :: בְּכֹהַ and בְּחַיִל); —e. expressions involving a-d: with דִּבֶּר בְּ 2S 23:2; with הָיָה עַל Ju 3:10 11:29 2C 20:14, cf. Is 61:1; with הָיָה אֶל 1S 19:9; with יצא בְ hif. Ezk 37:1; with יָצַק Is 44:3; with לָבֵשׁ Ju 6:34 1C 12:19; with מָלֵא Mi 3:8; with נוּחַ עַל Nu 11:26 Is 11:2; with הֵנִיחַ Zech 6:8, cj. Is 63:14 for תְּנִיחֶנּוּ rd. תַּנְחֶנּוּ (cf. Versions) or תַּנְחֵם (BHS); with נחה hif. Ps 143:10; with נָפַל עַל Ezk 11:5; with נָשָׂא 1K 18:12 2K 2:16; with נָתַן עָלָיו Is 42:1, נָ׳ עֲלֵיהֶם Nu 11:29; with נָתַן בְּקִרְבְּכֶם Ezk 36:27; with נָ׳ בָּכֶם 37:14; with סוּר מִן 1S 16:14, cf. v. 23 סוּר מֵעַל; with עָבַר מִן 1K 22:24 2C 18:23; with עוד בְּרוּחֲךָ hif. Neh 9:30; with עָמַד בְּתוֹכְכֶם Hg 2:5; with פעם pi. Ju 13:25; with קבץ pi. Is 34:16; with צָלַח עַל Ju 14:6, 19 15:14 1S 10:6; with צָלַח אֶל 1S 16:13; with שׁלח qal Is 48:16, pi. Ps 104:30; with שׁפךְ Ezk 39:29 Jl 3:1, 2; with תכן pi. to try, test Is 40:13.
—9. spirit of God (אֱלֹהִים, אֱלוֹהַּ, אֵל): —a. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים Gn 1:2 41:38 (פַּרעֹה says it is in יוֹסֵף), Ex 31:3 35:31 Nu 24:2 1S 10:10 11:6 16:23 19:20, 23, with רָעָה 1S 16:15f 18:10; בְּרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים Ezk 11:24, 2C 15:1 24:20; רוּחַ אֱלוֹהַּ Jb 27:3, רוּחַ אֵל Jb 33:4, cf. רוּחַ Jb 32:8 (parallel with נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); —b. other expressions: with הָיָה עַל Nu 24:2 1S 16:16 19:20, 23 2C 15:1; with הָיָה אֶל 1S 16:23; with לָבֵשׁ 2C 24:20; with מלא pi. with two acc. Ex 31:3 35:31; with עָשָׂה Jb 33:4; with צָלַח עַל 1S 10:10 11:6; with צָלַח אֶל 1S 18:10 and with רחף pi. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת Gn 1:2, Sept. πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐφέρετο, Vulg. spiritus Dei (super) ferebatur, Pesh. rūḥēh dʾallāhā mərḥḥəpā, Tg. rūḥāʾ min qādām ywy (יוי) mənaššəbāʾ; possible renderings are: —a. the spirit of God (so NRSV margin, REB) hovered; —b. a (the) mighty wind (so NRSV margin) blew; —c. a (the) divine wind (meaning a divine storm); cf. NRSV: a wind from God blew, but this interpretation is not strictly separable from the previous one (b); see further see W.H. Schmidt Die Schöpfungsgeschichte der Priesterschrift 81-84 (with bibliography); U. Westermann BK 1/1:147-149; on the first suggestion (a) see esp. O.H. Steck Der Schöpfungsbericht der Priesterschrift 233-238: the breath of God was moving.
—10. a holy spirit: —a. רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ Is 63:10f; —b. רוּחַ קָדשְׁךָ Ps 51:13; cf. Caquot RHR 169 (1966) 147: no hypostasis, but rather the power of prophetic inspiration in Is, and in Ps the power of giving life, the spirit (wind) of life.
—11. הָרוּחַ and רוּחַ = (the) spirit of God: הָרוּחַ Nu 11:17, 25f, רוּחַ Ezk 2:2 3:24; הָרוּחַ the spirit as an autonomous entity over and against God 1K 22:21 2C 18:20; הָרוּחַ as a moving spirit Ezk 1:12, 20; רוּחַ הַחַיָּה the spirit of living things Ezk 1:20f 10:17 (הַחַיָּה sg. collective, see Zimmerli Ezechiel 7).
—12. transferring the spirit from one person to another (THAT 2:743-746): —a. Yahweh will take from (אָצַל) the spirit that is on Moses and set it (שִׂים) upon the seventy elders Nu 11:17; this pronouncement is carried out in v. 25f, cf. 29; Moses transfers the רוּחַ חָכְמָה on to Joshua Dt 34:9; רוּחַ בּוּ (Joshua) Nu 27:18; the spirit of Elijah is transferred to Elisha 2K 2:9 (→ פִּי־שְׁנַיִם), 15; —b. see also above, 8 e, יֵעָרֶה עֲלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרֹֽום (י׳) Is 32:15, text uncertain, see Wildberger BK 10:1273; נָתַן י׳ רוּחַ עַל Is 42:1, יָצַק רוּחַ עַל 44:3; רוּחִי עָלֶיךָ 59:21; God gives רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה Ezk 11:19 18:31 36:26; רוּחִי אֶתֵּן בְּקִרְבְּנֶם Ezk 36:27; שָׁפַכְתִּי אֶת־רוּחִי Ezk 39:29; אֶשְׁפֹּךְ אֶת־רוּחִי Jl 3:1, 2; —c. הֵעִיד בָּם בְּרוּחוֹ he exhorted them by his spirit Neh 9:30 → II עוד 3 a; led upward (by the spirit of Yahweh) בְּרוּחַ י׳ Ezk 37:1; אִישׁ הָרוּחַ (parallel with נָבִיא) Hos 9:7; רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֹכְכֶם Hg 2:5; י׳ Yahweh put a spirit רוּחַ into the king of Assyria, and he will hear a rumour וְשָׁמַע שְׁמוּעָה 2K 19:7 Is 37:7.
—13. particular types of spirit: רוּחַ רָעָה מֵאֵת יהוה 1S 16:14, cf. Ju 9:23 1S 16:14, 16, 23 18:10 19:9; רוּחַ שֶׁקֶר 1K 22:22f 2C 18:21f; רוּחַ תַּרְדֵּמָה Is 29:10; רוּחַ עִוְעִים (→ עִוְעִים) Is 19:14; רוּחַ חָכְמָה the spirit of wisdom as the spirit of skilled workmanship Ex 28:3; spirit of wisdom (parallel with בִּינָה) Is 11:2 cf. Wildberger BK 10:448; cf. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים בְּחָכְמָה וּבִתְבוּנָה divine spirit that manifests itself in wisdom (skilful craft ?) and insight Ex 31:3 35:31; רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Is 4:4 28:6; רוּחַ בָּעֵר a spirit of cleansing Is 4:4, see Wildberger BK 10:151, 159; רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה Is 11:2; רוּחַ as a gift of wisdom Pr 1:23 (with נבע hif.), see Plöger BK 17:18; רוּחַ נְגִידִים Ps 76:13 see above, 7 h; רוּחַ מַשְׁחִית the spirit of a destroyer Jr 51:1; רוּחַ חֵן וְתַחֲנוּנִים Zech 12:10 the spirit of grace and of gracious supplication, thus Rudolph KAT 13/4:216, 223 gives further suggestions for translation; רוּחַ נְדִיבָה Ps 51:14 see above, 7 h; רוּחַ זְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; רוּחַ קִנְאָה Nu 5:14, 30 see above, 7 f; רוּחַ הַטֻּמְאָה the spirit of (cultic) impurity Zech 13:2.
—14. רוּהַ :: בָּשָׂר corresponds to אֵל :: אָדָם Is 31:3, see THAT 2:747f; Wildberger BK 10:1231f, esp. 1233.
—15. cj.: —a. Is 38:16 text uncertain, for חַיֵּי רוּחִי prp. e.g. הָנַח לְרוּחִי give rest to my spirit (Duhm Das Buch Jesaia4 282; cf. BHS); הֲנִחֹתָ לְרוּחִי you have refreshed my spirit (Begrich Ps. Hisk. 44ff, 52f) :: חֻבְּלָה רוּחִי my spirit is not destroyed (Kaiser ATD 18:316); —b. Jr 52:23 רֽוּחָה unexplained, see Rudolph Jer.3 322; —c. Mal 2:15 text uncertain וְלֹא אֶהַד עָשָׂה וּשְׁאָר רוּחַ לוֹ, literally, and no one does thus, and retains even a part of his life, thus Horst HAT 142 (1954) 268; or, and no one does something like this, if he possesses even a remnant of his understanding, thus Schreiner ZAW 91 (1979) 216f; cf. Elliger ATD 256:200 :: cj. e.g. הֲלֹא אֶחָד עָשָׂה שְׁאֵי וְרוּחַ לָֽךְ: has he not made flesh and life into one for you?, thus Sellin Das Zwölfprophetenbuch 22, 3 (1930): 601; cf. TOB (without emending לוֹ to לָךְ): and the Lord, has he not made a single essence, flesh, that is animated by one breath of life?; for other suggestions, see Rudolph KAT 13/4:270 with bibliography.
Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J. (1994–2000). In The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament (electronic ed., pp. 1198–1201). E.J. Brill.
—1. רוּהַ breeze, breath: —a. Ezk 37:5, 8, 10 Is 42:5 (or as 6), רוּחַ אֱלוֹהַּ בְּאַפִּי the breath of God (is) in my nose Jb 27:3; —b. air (for breathing), breath Jr 2:24 14:6 (with שָׁאַף); שָׁבָה רוּחוּ meaning he revived, he recovered himself Ju 15:19 1S 30:12; הֵשִׁיב רוּחוֹ he will not let me get my breath (NRSV) Jb 9:18 (→ שׁוב hif. 8 b); לֹא הָיָה בָהּ עוֹד רוּחַ the Queen of Sheba was overcome with amazement and could not get her breath 1K 10:5 2C 9:4; the idols have no breath Jr 10:14 51:17; אֵין רוּחַ בְּפִיהֶם Ps 135:17; רוּחִי my breath Jb 19:17 see below, 6; —c. רוּחַ אַפּוֹ the breath of his (God’s) nose (meaning his wrath) Jb 4:9; אַפֶּיךָ רוּחַ Ex 15:8, cf. שְׂפָתָיו רוּחַ (parallel with שֵׁבֶט פִּיו) Is 11:4, :: רוּחַ פִּיו the breath of his mouth (parallel with בִּדְבָרוֹ textual emendation) Ps 33:6; רוּחֲכֶם the breath of your scorn (of the godless) Is 33:11, see Wildberger BK 10:1295, 1301; רוּחַ Is 25:4, רוּחוֹ 30:28 his rage; —d. the king (מְשִׁיחַ יהוה) is רוּחַ אַפֵּינוּ the breath of our nostrils Lam 4:20, cf. Akk. šāri balāṭiya El Amarna letter 141:2, cf. VAB 2, p. 1195f, 1518; AHw 1193a; הָרוּחֹת לְכָל־בָּשָׂר the total breath which lives in individual members of the creation formed of flesh, meaning the breath of life in all flesh Nu 16:22 27:16; see THAT 2:737.
—2. a. רוּחַ breeze (like הֶבֶל Jb 7:7 41:8; רוּחַ הֹלֵךְ transitory breeze Ps 78:39; > something without substance, futile הָיָה לְרוּחַ Jr 5:13, דִּבְרֵי רוּחַ Jb 16:3, דַּעַת רוּחַ 15:2, רְעוּת רוּחַ a striving after wind (nothingness) Qoh 1:14 and elsewhere (→ רְעוּת), רַעְיוֹן רוּחַ a striving after wind (nothingness) Qoh 1:17 4:16 (→ רַעְיוֹן); רוּחַ וָתֹהוּ Is 41:29; הֹלֵךְ רוּחַ one who comes with wind (nothing) Mi 2:11, see Wolff BK 14/4:41, 54 (רוּחַ adverbial accusative, Brockelmann Heb. Syn. §104; R. Meyer Gramm. §106, 2f; NRSV, REB: to go about uttering falsehood); רוּחַ breeze, wind, meaning nothing Pr 11:29 (with נָחַל), לְרוּחַ Jb 6:26, לָרוּחַ for nothing Qoh 5:15; —b. blowing, gentle breeze, breeze: with חָלַף Jb 4:15, with בּוֹא 41:8.
—3. wind (THAT 2:728-730), over 100 times: —a. הָרוּחַ Qoh 1:6 8:8 11:4; רוּחַ with נָדַף Ps 1:4, with עָבַר Ps 103:16 Jb 37:21, with עבר hif. Gn 8:1; with נָשָׂא carries away Is 41:16 57:13 Ezk 3:12, 14 8:3 11:1, 24 43:5; —b. גֶּשֶׁם and רוּחַ 2K 3:17; נְשִׂיאִים וְרוּחַ וְגֶשֶׁם Pr 25:14, cf. Fisher Parallels 1: p. 340 entry 520: Ug. rḥ parallel with mṭr with citations for רוּחַ and מָטָר from the OT; עָבִים וְרוּחַ 1K 18:45; דֶּרֶךְ הָרוּחַ Qoh 11:5; רוּחַ הַיּוֹם the evening breeze Gn 3:8 (SamP. alrēba corresponding to לְרֶוַח, cf. Tg. לִמְנָח יוֹמָא), thus also e.g. Westermann BK 1/1:346 :: H.P. Müller in: Monotheismus im Alten Israel und seiner Umwelt 106f; —c. רוּחַ קָדִים the east wind Ex 10:13, cf. 14:21; רוּחַ מִדְבָּר Jr 13:24; רוּחַ יָם חָזָק a strong west wind Ex 10:19, רוּחַ צָפוֹן Pr 25:23 Sir 4320; —d. רוּחַ גְּדוֹלָה וְחָזָק 1K 19:11, see R. Meyer Gramm. §97, 2c; רוּהַ גְּדוֹלָה Jon 1:4 Jb 1:19, רוּחַ חָזָק Ex 10:19, רוּחַ קָשָׁה Is 27:8, רוּחַ כַּבִּיר mighty wind Jb 8:2; רוּחַ צַח hot wind Jr 4:11, רוּחַ סְעָרָה storm wind Ezk 1:4 and elsewhere, רוּחַ סְעָרוֹת Ezk 13:11, 13; רוּחַ :: סוּפָֽתָה Hos 8:7; —e. לִפְנֵי־רוּחַ Ps 35:5 83:14 corresponding to עַל־פְּנֵי־רוּחַ before the wind Ps 18:43; כְּמוֹ יָלַדְנוּ רוּחַ but (after the pain and labour of childbirth) we gave birth only to wind Is 26:18, see Wildberger BK 10:982, 985; עַל־כַּנְפֵי־רוּחַ 2S 22:11 with ראה nif., Ps 18:11 with דָּאָה; לְכָל־רוּחַ Jr 49:32 Ezk 5:10, 12 17:21 corresponding to לְכֹל הָרֻחוֹת הָאֵלֶּה to scatter people in the direction of all these winds Jr 49:36.
—4. רוּחַ wind, meaning one of the sides of the world: רוּחַ with קָדִים, צָפוֹן, דָּרוֹם, יָם Ezk 42:16, 19; אַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת (Akk. šārī erbetti, erbetti šārī the four winds, i.e., the four sides of the world, or the four points of the compass (Zimmern Fremdwörter 45; AHw. 233a; CAD Š/2: 136, šāru A 2 a), (Jr 49:36 Ezk 37:9) Ezk 42:20 Zech 2:10 (6:5) Da 8:8 11:4 1C 9:24.
—5. רוּח wind and God (THAT 2:731-733): —a. רוּחַ מֵאֵת י׳ a wind from Yahweh (arose נָסַע) Nu 11:31, רוּחַ י׳ Is 40:7 with נָשַׁב, 59:19 with נוס pil.; רוּחוֹ הַקָּשָׁה his strong wind (storm) Is 27:8; sbj. אֱלֹהִים with עבר hif. (רוּחַ) Gn 8:1; בְּרוּחוֹ שָׁמַיִם שִׁפְּרָה the sky became clear with his wind Jb 26:13; —b. God is בֹּרֵא רוּחַ Am 4:13; מוֹצִיא רוּחַ Ps 135:7, cf. וַיּוֹצֵא רוּחַ Jr 10:13 51:16; עֹשֶׂה מַלְאָכָיו רוּחוֹת Ps 104:4, cf. עֹשָׂה דְבָרוֹ רוּחַ סְעָרָה the storm wind executes his command Ps 148:8.
—6. breath which supports life: —a. among animals Gn 6:17 7:15; —b. among people (also meaning spirit): —i. רוּחִי בָאָדָם Gn 6:3, רוּחַ אָדָם with יָצַר Zech 12:1; רוּחַ כָּל־בְּשַׂר־אִישׁ Jb 12:10 (parallel with נֶפֶשׁ כָּל־חָֽי); נֶפֶשׁ parallel with רוּחַ also Is 26:9 Ps 143:6f Jb 7:11, נֶפֶשׁ … רוּחַ Pr 29:10f, cf. Ug. rḥ + npš (Fisher Parallels 2: p. 30 entry 57); נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים Gn 7:22, see THAT 2:736: a combination of נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים Gn 2:7 and רוּחַ חַיִּים Gn 6:17 7:15; (עָלַי) רוּחִי Ps 77:4 142:4 143:4 with II עטף hitp.; —ii. רוּחִי my spirit Jb 6:4 17:1 (or as 7 a), my breath 19:17 see above, 1 a; רוּחִי אֲשַׁחֲרֶֽךָּ with my spirit I seek you Is 26:9; בְּיָֽדְךָ אַפְקִיד רוּחִי into your hand I deliver my spirit Ps 31:6; —iii. רוּחוֹ Gn 41:8 with פעם nif.; Ps 146:4 with יָצָא; רוּחוֹ with שׁוּב Ju 15:19 1S 30:12 see above, 1 b; —iv. (or as 7) רוּחַ of פַּרְעֹה Gn 41:8 and of נְבֻכַדְנֶצַּר Dan 2:1, 3 with פעם nif.; of יַעֲקֹב Gn 45:27 with חָיָה; of כֹּ(וֹ)רֶשׁ Ezr 1:1 2C 36:22, of …פּוּל 1C 5:26, of מַלְכֵי מָדַי Jr 51:11, of הַפְּלִשְׁתִּים 2C 21:16 with II עור hif., cf. Bardtke Fschr. Eissfeldt (1958) 17-19; of מִצְרַיִם Is 19:3 with I בקק nif; —v. God אָסַף רוּחַ אָדָם and they die when you take away their breath Ps 104:29 Jb 34:14; תֹּכֵן רוּחוֹת יהוה Yahweh tries the spirits Pr 16:2; whether humans and beasts (בְּהֵמָה) they all have one spirit (רוּחַ אֶחָד לַכֹּל) Qoh 3:19; the spirit of the human ascending, the spirit of the animal descending to the earth Qoh 3:21 :: 12:7 הָרוּחַ (meaning the human spirit) returns to God, see Hertzberg KAT 17/4-5:214f; הָרוּחַ the life-giving spirit Ezk 37:9.
—7. (not always distinguished from 6 with certainty) רוּחַ meaning the natural spirit of humanity, as sense, mind, intellectual frame of mind (THAT 2:738-742): the following meanings (a-e) easily merge with one another: —a. רוּחַ spirit Ezk 11:5 13:3 20:32 Mal 2:15, 16 Ps 32:2 77:4 78:8 Jb 6:4 17:1 (see above, 6 b ii), רוּחַ מִבִּינָתִי a spirit outside my experience (NRSV; REB: a spirit beyond my understanding) Jb 20:3; —b. mind Is 57:16 (for רוּחַ prp. רוּחָם, BHK), Ezk 13:3 Pr 29:11 Qoh 7:9 1C 28:12, רוּחַ נָכוֹן Ps 51:12; —c. רוּחַ temperament: cj. 2S 13:39 (textual corruption), prp. (cf. Sept.) וַתִּכַל רוּחַ דָּוִד (HAL 454 I כלה qal 7, English edition 477a: וַתֵּכֶל); cf. NRSV: the heart of the king went out; REB similarly; 1K 21:5, or under e; —d. frame of mind רוּחַ אַחֶרֶת Nu 14:24 Dt 2:30 Ps 32:2 :: Wolff Anthropologie 66: intention; —e. courage Jos 2:11 5:1 1K 21:5 Pr 18:14; —f. ill temper Qoh 10:4, rage, wrath Ju 8:3 with רָפָה, Is 25:4 33:11, cf. רוּחַ קִנְאָה spirit of envy Nu 5:14, 30 (see below, h); —g. מֹשֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ Pr 16:32: the exact rendering is uncertain, possibilities include: —i. who masters himself (KBL; cf. ZürBib.); —ii. he who rules his temper (Gemser Spr.2 72; REB: control one’s temper); —iii. who masters his wrath, thus with Sept. ὁ δὲ κρατῶν ὀργῆς; NRSV: one whose temper is controlled; —h. the intellectual frame of mind, in certain connections: קְצַר־רוּחַ (→ קצר, קֹצֵר) Pr 14:29, עֲצוּבַת רוּחַ (→ II עצב) Is 54:6, שְׁפַל־רוּחַ Is 57:15, גְּבַהּ־רוּחַ arrogant :: אֶרֶךְ־רוּחַ long-suffering Qoh 7:8, גֹּבַהּ־רוּחַ Pr 16:18, מֹרַת רוּחַ (→ *מֹרָה) Gn 26:35, נְכֵה־רוּחַ broken, smitten in spirit (parallel with עָנִי) Is 66:2 (cf. Brockelmann Heb. Syn. §81e), רוּחַ נְכֵאָה a broken spirit Pr 15:13 17:22; דַּכְּאֵי־רוּחַ (parallel with נִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב) Ps 34:19, רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרָה Ps 51:19, שֵׁבֶר רוּחַ brokenness of spirit Is 65:14, שֶׁבֶר בְּרוּחַ brokenness of spirit Pr 15:4, רוּחַ כֵּהָה (→ כֵּהֶה) :: תְּהִלָּה Is 61:3; צַר רוּחִי the anxiety of my heart Jb 7:11 (→ I צַר 2 a); cj. 1S 1:15 קְשַׁת יוֹם for קְשַׁת־רוּחַ (→ קָשֶׁה 1 b); קַר־רוּחַ Pr 17:27 (K, → קַר) :: חֲמַת רוּחִי heat, warmth of my heart (spirit) Ezk 3:14, see Zimmerli Ezechiel 82, cf. רוּחַ קִנְאָה (see above f); רוּחַ נְדִיבָה willing spirit, or spirit of willingness, obedience Ps 51:4, cf. נָֽדְבָה רוּחוֹ Ex 35:21, רוּחַ חָכְמָה Dt 34:9, רוּחַ זְנוּנִים Hos 4:12, רוּחַ נְגִידִים he who cuts off the arrogance of princes Ps 76:13.
—8. the spirit of Yahweh (THAT 2:742-746): —a. Ju 3:10 6:34 11:29 13:25 14:6, 19 15:14 1S 10:6 16:13f 19:9 (רָעָה), 2S 23:2 1K 18:12 22:24 2K 2:16 Is 11:2 40:7, 13 59:19 61:1 רוּחַ יְהוָֹה אֲדֹנָי עָלָֽי; 63:14 Ezk 11:5 37:1 Mi 2:7 3:8 Zech 6:8 (cj. for רוּחִי rd. רוּחַ יהוה, BHS), 2C 18:23; —b. רוּחוֹ Nu 11:29 Is 30:28 34:16 48:16 Zech 7:12; —c. רוּחֲךָ Ps 104:30 139:7 143:10; —d. רוּחִי Gn 6:3; Is 30:1 42:1 44:3 59:21 Ezk 36:27 37:14 39:29 Jl 3:1, 2 Zech 4:6 (בְּרוּחִי :: בְּכֹהַ and בְּחַיִל); —e. expressions involving a-d: with דִּבֶּר בְּ 2S 23:2; with הָיָה עַל Ju 3:10 11:29 2C 20:14, cf. Is 61:1; with הָיָה אֶל 1S 19:9; with יצא בְ hif. Ezk 37:1; with יָצַק Is 44:3; with לָבֵשׁ Ju 6:34 1C 12:19; with מָלֵא Mi 3:8; with נוּחַ עַל Nu 11:26 Is 11:2; with הֵנִיחַ Zech 6:8, cj. Is 63:14 for תְּנִיחֶנּוּ rd. תַּנְחֶנּוּ (cf. Versions) or תַּנְחֵם (BHS); with נחה hif. Ps 143:10; with נָפַל עַל Ezk 11:5; with נָשָׂא 1K 18:12 2K 2:16; with נָתַן עָלָיו Is 42:1, נָ׳ עֲלֵיהֶם Nu 11:29; with נָתַן בְּקִרְבְּכֶם Ezk 36:27; with נָ׳ בָּכֶם 37:14; with סוּר מִן 1S 16:14, cf. v. 23 סוּר מֵעַל; with עָבַר מִן 1K 22:24 2C 18:23; with עוד בְּרוּחֲךָ hif. Neh 9:30; with עָמַד בְּתוֹכְכֶם Hg 2:5; with פעם pi. Ju 13:25; with קבץ pi. Is 34:16; with צָלַח עַל Ju 14:6, 19 15:14 1S 10:6; with צָלַח אֶל 1S 16:13; with שׁלח qal Is 48:16, pi. Ps 104:30; with שׁפךְ Ezk 39:29 Jl 3:1, 2; with תכן pi. to try, test Is 40:13.
—9. spirit of God (אֱלֹהִים, אֱלוֹהַּ, אֵל): —a. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים Gn 1:2 41:38 (פַּרעֹה says it is in יוֹסֵף), Ex 31:3 35:31 Nu 24:2 1S 10:10 11:6 16:23 19:20, 23, with רָעָה 1S 16:15f 18:10; בְּרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים Ezk 11:24, 2C 15:1 24:20; רוּחַ אֱלוֹהַּ Jb 27:3, רוּחַ אֵל Jb 33:4, cf. רוּחַ Jb 32:8 (parallel with נִשְׁמַת שַׁדַּי); —b. other expressions: with הָיָה עַל Nu 24:2 1S 16:16 19:20, 23 2C 15:1; with הָיָה אֶל 1S 16:23; with לָבֵשׁ 2C 24:20; with מלא pi. with two acc. Ex 31:3 35:31; with עָשָׂה Jb 33:4; with צָלַח עַל 1S 10:10 11:6; with צָלַח אֶל 1S 18:10 and with רחף pi. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת Gn 1:2, Sept. πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐφέρετο, Vulg. spiritus Dei (super) ferebatur, Pesh. rūḥēh dʾallāhā mərḥḥəpā, Tg. rūḥāʾ min qādām ywy (יוי) mənaššəbāʾ; possible renderings are: —a. the spirit of God (so NRSV margin, REB) hovered; —b. a (the) mighty wind (so NRSV margin) blew; —c. a (the) divine wind (meaning a divine storm); cf. NRSV: a wind from God blew, but this interpretation is not strictly separable from the previous one (b); see further see W.H. Schmidt Die Schöpfungsgeschichte der Priesterschrift 81-84 (with bibliography); U. Westermann BK 1/1:147-149; on the first suggestion (a) see esp. O.H. Steck Der Schöpfungsbericht der Priesterschrift 233-238: the breath of God was moving.
—10. a holy spirit: —a. רוּחַ קָדְשׁוֹ Is 63:10f; —b. רוּחַ קָדשְׁךָ Ps 51:13; cf. Caquot RHR 169 (1966) 147: no hypostasis, but rather the power of prophetic inspiration in Is, and in Ps the power of giving life, the spirit (wind) of life.
—11. הָרוּחַ and רוּחַ = (the) spirit of God: הָרוּחַ Nu 11:17, 25f, רוּחַ Ezk 2:2 3:24; הָרוּחַ the spirit as an autonomous entity over and against God 1K 22:21 2C 18:20; הָרוּחַ as a moving spirit Ezk 1:12, 20; רוּחַ הַחַיָּה the spirit of living things Ezk 1:20f 10:17 (הַחַיָּה sg. collective, see Zimmerli Ezechiel 7).
—12. transferring the spirit from one person to another (THAT 2:743-746): —a. Yahweh will take from (אָצַל) the spirit that is on Moses and set it (שִׂים) upon the seventy elders Nu 11:17; this pronouncement is carried out in v. 25f, cf. 29; Moses transfers the רוּחַ חָכְמָה on to Joshua Dt 34:9; רוּחַ בּוּ (Joshua) Nu 27:18; the spirit of Elijah is transferred to Elisha 2K 2:9 (→ פִּי־שְׁנַיִם), 15; —b. see also above, 8 e, יֵעָרֶה עֲלֵינוּ רוּחַ מִמָּרֹֽום (י׳) Is 32:15, text uncertain, see Wildberger BK 10:1273; נָתַן י׳ רוּחַ עַל Is 42:1, יָצַק רוּחַ עַל 44:3; רוּחִי עָלֶיךָ 59:21; God gives רוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה Ezk 11:19 18:31 36:26; רוּחִי אֶתֵּן בְּקִרְבְּנֶם Ezk 36:27; שָׁפַכְתִּי אֶת־רוּחִי Ezk 39:29; אֶשְׁפֹּךְ אֶת־רוּחִי Jl 3:1, 2; —c. הֵעִיד בָּם בְּרוּחוֹ he exhorted them by his spirit Neh 9:30 → II עוד 3 a; led upward (by the spirit of Yahweh) בְּרוּחַ י׳ Ezk 37:1; אִישׁ הָרוּחַ (parallel with נָבִיא) Hos 9:7; רוּחִי עֹמֶדֶת בְּתוֹכְכֶם Hg 2:5; י׳ Yahweh put a spirit רוּחַ into the king of Assyria, and he will hear a rumour וְשָׁמַע שְׁמוּעָה 2K 19:7 Is 37:7.
—13. particular types of spirit: רוּחַ רָעָה מֵאֵת יהוה 1S 16:14, cf. Ju 9:23 1S 16:14, 16, 23 18:10 19:9; רוּחַ שֶׁקֶר 1K 22:22f 2C 18:21f; רוּחַ תַּרְדֵּמָה Is 29:10; רוּחַ עִוְעִים (→ עִוְעִים) Is 19:14; רוּחַ חָכְמָה the spirit of wisdom as the spirit of skilled workmanship Ex 28:3; spirit of wisdom (parallel with בִּינָה) Is 11:2 cf. Wildberger BK 10:448; cf. רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים בְּחָכְמָה וּבִתְבוּנָה divine spirit that manifests itself in wisdom (skilful craft ?) and insight Ex 31:3 35:31; רוּחַ מִשְׁפָּט Is 4:4 28:6; רוּחַ בָּעֵר a spirit of cleansing Is 4:4, see Wildberger BK 10:151, 159; רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה Is 11:2; רוּחַ as a gift of wisdom Pr 1:23 (with נבע hif.), see Plöger BK 17:18; רוּחַ נְגִידִים Ps 76:13 see above, 7 h; רוּחַ מַשְׁחִית the spirit of a destroyer Jr 51:1; רוּחַ חֵן וְתַחֲנוּנִים Zech 12:10 the spirit of grace and of gracious supplication, thus Rudolph KAT 13/4:216, 223 gives further suggestions for translation; רוּחַ נְדִיבָה Ps 51:14 see above, 7 h; רוּחַ זְנוּנִים Hos 4:12; רוּחַ קִנְאָה Nu 5:14, 30 see above, 7 f; רוּחַ הַטֻּמְאָה the spirit of (cultic) impurity Zech 13:2.
—14. רוּהַ :: בָּשָׂר corresponds to אֵל :: אָדָם Is 31:3, see THAT 2:747f; Wildberger BK 10:1231f, esp. 1233.
—15. cj.: —a. Is 38:16 text uncertain, for חַיֵּי רוּחִי prp. e.g. הָנַח לְרוּחִי give rest to my spirit (Duhm Das Buch Jesaia4 282; cf. BHS); הֲנִחֹתָ לְרוּחִי you have refreshed my spirit (Begrich Ps. Hisk. 44ff, 52f) :: חֻבְּלָה רוּחִי my spirit is not destroyed (Kaiser ATD 18:316); —b. Jr 52:23 רֽוּחָה unexplained, see Rudolph Jer.3 322; —c. Mal 2:15 text uncertain וְלֹא אֶהַד עָשָׂה וּשְׁאָר רוּחַ לוֹ, literally, and no one does thus, and retains even a part of his life, thus Horst HAT 142 (1954) 268; or, and no one does something like this, if he possesses even a remnant of his understanding, thus Schreiner ZAW 91 (1979) 216f; cf. Elliger ATD 256:200 :: cj. e.g. הֲלֹא אֶחָד עָשָׂה שְׁאֵי וְרוּחַ לָֽךְ: has he not made flesh and life into one for you?, thus Sellin Das Zwölfprophetenbuch 22, 3 (1930): 601; cf. TOB (without emending לוֹ to לָךְ): and the Lord, has he not made a single essence, flesh, that is animated by one breath of life?; for other suggestions, see Rudolph KAT 13/4:270 with bibliography.
Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J. (1994–2000). In The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament (electronic ed., pp. 1198–1201). E.J. Brill.
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Barry Hofstetter
Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
And BDAG:
πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι· ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
③ a part of human personality, spirit
ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰησ. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.—Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰησ. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
ⓓ abs.
α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3
ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).
β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὃ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.
Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., Bauer, W., & Gingrich, F. W. (2000). In A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed., pp. 832–836). University of Chicago Press.
πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 308ff).
① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)
ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).
ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).
② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen2 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.2 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι· ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.
③ a part of human personality, spirit
ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X7 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.
ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰησ. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).
ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.
④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).
ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).
ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.—Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.
ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.
⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.
ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.
ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰησ. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.
ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).
α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).
β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.
ⓓ abs.
α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3
ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.
ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.
ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.
ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.
α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.
β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.
γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).
δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.
⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).
ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.
ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).
ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὃ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.
ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.
ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.
⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.
⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen2 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines6 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.
Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., Bauer, W., & Gingrich, F. W. (2000). In A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed., pp. 832–836). University of Chicago Press.
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Stephen Carlson
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Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
I thought the point of asking for a paper is the hope that someone’s already done the work!
Stephen C. Carlson, Ph.D.
Melbourne, Australia
Melbourne, Australia
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Jonathan Robie
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Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Indeed, I am precisely that lazy ;->Stephen Carlson wrote: ↑January 19th, 2022, 3:10 pm I thought the point of asking for a paper is the hope that someone’s already done the work!
I have the lexicons that have been cited and have looked at them. I have only the Little Kittel, and hadn't thought about using it, so that was helpful.
The relative frequency of the different meanings is quite different in the New Testament than in the Hebrew Old Testament - in the New Testament, "spirit" is the predominant meaning. It would be interesting to look at these frequencies in the LXX and in secular Hellenistic literature for comparison. I haven't done this work.
Here are frequency graphs from the Logos Bible Word Study Guide:
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ἐξίσταντο δὲ πάντες καὶ διηποροῦντο, ἄλλος πρὸς ἄλλον λέγοντες, τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι;
http://jonathanrobie.biblicalhumanities.org/
http://jonathanrobie.biblicalhumanities.org/
Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Only place I would think which may've done a study of sorts would be in an volume of the Journal of Semitic studies. I'm looking to see if I can find something on רוּחַ/ruach.
Found a few other studies which look at certain aspects of the two/one of the two:
Meaning of 'ruach' at Qumran | The spirit (ruach) of God in the Book of Isaiah and its eschatological significance | The Annunciation and the Senses: Ruach, Pneuma, Odour | Sensing World, Sensing Wisdom: The Cognitive Foundation of Biblical Metaphors (review; has a quick mention of רוּחַ in the book which appears to have a bit more of a discussion on it)
I mean it's such a open-ended topic of two words which are employed in numerous works in numerous contexts, I'm not surprised there isn't a full on study on the semantic range of the two!
Found a few other studies which look at certain aspects of the two/one of the two:
Meaning of 'ruach' at Qumran | The spirit (ruach) of God in the Book of Isaiah and its eschatological significance | The Annunciation and the Senses: Ruach, Pneuma, Odour | Sensing World, Sensing Wisdom: The Cognitive Foundation of Biblical Metaphors (review; has a quick mention of רוּחַ in the book which appears to have a bit more of a discussion on it)
I mean it's such a open-ended topic of two words which are employed in numerous works in numerous contexts, I'm not surprised there isn't a full on study on the semantic range of the two!
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Jean Putmans
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Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
Jonathan,
as far as I recall, you have worked in Germany, so I asume you know German.
Archive.org has some Volumes of the german Edition (Kittel theologisches-worterbuch-zum-neuen-testament) to borrow, alas Vol VI is missing!
I found as second hand: https://www.deslegte.com/theologisches- ... 3NEALw_wcB.
I prefer fysical books. A couple of years ago, I was lucky to find an original edition of the Kittel, all 10 Vol. Hardcover 75 €. Maybe via Abebooks you could find american Antiquarians, selling this Editions. All my wordstudies start with Kittel, I love it.
as far as I recall, you have worked in Germany, so I asume you know German.
Archive.org has some Volumes of the german Edition (Kittel theologisches-worterbuch-zum-neuen-testament) to borrow, alas Vol VI is missing!
I found as second hand: https://www.deslegte.com/theologisches- ... 3NEALw_wcB.
I prefer fysical books. A couple of years ago, I was lucky to find an original edition of the Kittel, all 10 Vol. Hardcover 75 €. Maybe via Abebooks you could find american Antiquarians, selling this Editions. All my wordstudies start with Kittel, I love it.
Jean Putmans
Netherlands
gotischebibel.blogspot.com
Netherlands
gotischebibel.blogspot.com
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Stephen Carlson
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Re: Semantic Range: רוּחַ, πνεῦμα
I suppose that the ordinary word for wind is ἄνεμος and that the use of rarer terms for it, like πνεῦμα, would be marked in a way that רוח is not.
Stephen C. Carlson, Ph.D.
Melbourne, Australia
Melbourne, Australia