Boston and New York:
All Around the Town
Before getting into the specifics of Ryan’s Mammoth and its city-references, it may be useful to outline the Boston and New York of the 1870’s, for there were of course similarities and differences. In terms of population, Boston sheltered 350,000 people in 1875, representing a doubling of the population from just fifteen years before; the growth was not only because of immigration—which accounted for approximately a third—but because of the annexation of Dorchester, Charleston, Brighton and West Roxbury through the 1870’s. The land mass of Boston had increased dramatically with the filling in of coastal terrain, although the huge Backbay Landfill begun in 1857 would not be completed until 1894. The Museum of Fine Arts was founded in 1870, one year after Boston University came into being. Mary Baker Eddy founded the Christian Science church in 1879, and in 1881 the Boston Symphony Orchestra played their first concert. Boston also sustained a devastating fire in 1872 that left 800 buildings burned on 65 acres of the city. New York in 1880 was the only American city to have a population of over a million, 1,206,299 to be exact (Boston was the fifth largest city), however, Brooklyn, Queens, a portion of the Bronx and Staten Island had not become boroughs yet, and remained independent. New York’s immigration rate was even greater than Boston’s; a whopping 40% of the city was foreign-born at the time. True to form, New York boasted the tallest building in the United States in 1880, the 284 foot spire of Trinity Church.
Similarities included immigration. Boston and New York, both port cities, drew many of the German (691,813), British (548,043) and Irish (436,871) immigrants of the 1870’s. The cities both suffered from a national five-year depression in the middle of the decade, following the Panic of 1873 induced by the collapse of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Despite this, the country was entering a second industrial revolution and industrialization was strong, marked by the beginning of the Gilded Age in the 1870’s.
There are several tunes in Ryan’s that are associated with Boston and environs, presumably Ryan’s primary collecting-ground. We have the reels/hornpipes “Boston,” “”Boston Boys,” “Humours of Boston,” “New Boston Sicilian Circle” (referencing a dance formation), and “Boston Rattlers.” The latter title probably refers to exuberant dancing, along the lines of ‘a rattling good time’, but the melody originated with Scots composer William Marshall, who titled it “Miss Abercrombie’s Reel.” Then there’s the reel “Belle of Boston” and hornpipe “Belles of South Boston,” the latter honoring the women of a part of the city that has been strongly associated with the Irish, although that ethnic group only began moving there from the Fort Hill area of the city around 1859 (by 1882, the year Ryan’s was published, South Boston resident Patrick Collins had become the first Irish-born United States congressman). “The North End” refers to a historic section of the city, one of Boston’s oldest neighborhoods and the location of both Paul Revere’s home and the Old North Church (of Longfellow’s—“one if by land, two if by sea”—fame). The reel is credited in Ryan’s to one “J. Hand,” probably one of two Boston area performers, fiddlers and perhaps brothers, named James (“Jimmy”) and John Hand. The “North End” melody is essentially the same tune as another in Ryan’s Mammoth, called “Betty Pringle’s Pig,” although that tune is credited in Ryan’s to the famous Scots fiddler Niel Gow! (not the first time that two nearly-identical tunes have been credited to different composers in the same collection). A jig, “Boston Caledonian Club,” is credited by Ryan to Edwin Christie, who is not, as is often assumed, the Edwin P. Christie of black-face minstrel fame (who died a suicide in 1862), but rather a younger, “respected if not particularly successful, composer who probably worked in the Boston area” (1) in the second half of the 19th century. The Boston Caledonian Club held its first Scottish games in 1853 in Boston, including a three-mile running race and other track and field events like caber tossing.
Boston regional titles also are frequent. The reel “New Bedford” is named for the second-largest Massachusetts port city, an important rail and seacoast hub, and “Duxbury Reel” for a coastal section south of the city, selected as the terminus of the third transatlantic telegraph cable (laid by the huge ship “Great Eastern”— the name of another reel in Ryan’s (see Fiddle Tune History, Fiddler, vol. 10, No. 2, Summer 2003). “Cape Cod Reel” is self-explanatory, although it should be noted that prior to 1887, when the railroad was built, summer visitors came only by boat, cart or stagecoach, and thus tourism was limited at the time Ryan’s was published. Nearby Salem, Massachusetts, another port town, had its namesake reel by bandleader P.S. Gilmore included in Ryan’s Mammoth (also one of the subjects of a previous Fiddle Tune History column in Fiddler, vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 2004/04). The “Old Granite State Reel” is the nickname for nearby New Hampshire, and “Portsmouth Reel,” honors the major port of that state, although the Portsmouth tune is better known as the familiar “Off to California.” The former is credited to “O. Densmore” in Ryan’s, probably, believes Michael McKernan, referring to O. Densmore from Chelsea, Vermont. Densmore was the leader of a dance band in the 1840’s and 1850’s who was mentioned in period newspapers at least once as playing the “clarionet” (clarinet). McKernan finds further reference to the ‘Messrs. Densmore’ from Chelsea who joined more than two dozen musicians who played at a Musicians’ Annual Ball in Lebanon, New Hampshire, in 1847. Zeke Backus’s “Charter Oak Reel” is named for Connecticut’s famous tree, in which was defiantly hidden the treasured charter when its return was demanded by King James in the 1660’s—the stately oak was felled by a storm in 1856, but the symbol remains. “Massasoit Hornpipe” is named for the famous Wampanoag chief who remained a friend of the Pilgrims until his death in 1661.
New York area titles are also common, if less numerous than Boston ones. They include the “Manhattan Hornpipe,” and reels “New York” and “Brooklyn Lasses,” although at the time of Ryan’s publication Brooklyn was not a borough but a separate city, the fifth largest in the entire country. “Staten Island Hornpipe” is included in the collection, although that tune is not one of the new Ryan tunes but rather an older tune from British Isles repertoire, probably not named for the island-borough in New York harbor but rather takes its name from the Staten Island off stormy Cape Horn—a welcome sight to sailors, as it marked the end of that difficult passage. “The Croton Hornpipe” perhaps honors the construction of the dam on the Croton River in the then tiny Westchester County village of the same name, just above New York City, which fed an aqueduct system first completed in 1842. There were severe droughts in 1880-81 in the Northeast, and, just before the publication of Ryan’s collection, a decision had been made to build a huge new reservoir at Croton. The hornpipe “Belle of Claremont” was perhaps named after the famous mansion on the Hudson, Claremont, whose most famous belle was Katherine Livingston, later the wife of Robert Fulton, inventor of the first steamship (named in her honor The Clermont, or, according to one account, Katherine of Claremont). The old-time standard “Wagonner” (or any of its variant titles, “Wagner,” “Tennessee Wagonner,” “Texas Wagonner,” etc.) seems to have derived directly from the “Belle of Claremont.”
“Passaic” and “Pomona” hornpipes name New York environs, both across the Hudson, in New Jersey and Rockland County, New York, respectively, although the former is also called the “Trafalgar Hornpipe” and forms the first strain of Texas fiddler Eck Robertson’s “Brilliancy.” It is tempting to include Ryan’s “Idlewild Jig” in this group, a name associated with the airport in Queens now renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport. The airport originally got its name from the Idlewild golfcourse, on which it was partly built, but in fact the name ‘idlewild’ has been applied to a great many rural retreats over the years. “Jersey Lightning” is a “straight” jig, and though listed with familiar 6/8 time jigs, is actually a one of numerous duple-time, syncopated late 19th century dance tunes in Ryan’s. The name could refer to a dance step, however, ‘Jersey lightning’ was a name for applejack or hard cider since Colonial times.
Several titles could belong to
either city. The “Cosmopolite” reel, with its light touch of ‘modern’
syncopation, and the “City Life” clog were perfect musical accompaniment to the
beginning of the Gilded Age in both cities. The curiously titled “Downfall of
Water Street” could refer to the Water Streets in either New York or Boston.
Boston’s Water Street had long been removed from waterside due to municipal
landfills, but it was once led to a drawbridge over a small harbor inlet; New
York’s Water Street, on the other hand, was created
by landfills, and forms the shoreline of the East River in lower
Manhattan. The Manhattan’s street ran
by the wharfs in the 19th century, and could be a very rough place
indeed. It was not far from the infamous Five Points neighborhoods of early
gang fame, and was the turf of it’s own criminal element (organized or
otherwise), and thus a “downfall” there of some sorts was likely indeed for the
unwary. “Yacht
Club Reel” may have been named for The Boston Yacht Club, the longest
continually operational yacht club in Boston, established 1866; or perhaps for
the older New York Yacht Club, which inaugurated its first transatlantic race
in the very same year. In fact, the New York Yacht Club’s gaff-rigged sloop Mischief had just won the America’s Cup
race in 1881 (the previous race had been in 1876—also won by the club). A “straight” jig called “The Old
National Theatre,” is perhaps named for the old Boston theatre on Portland and
Traverse Streets, dating from the 1830’s, or possibly for the Old National
Theatre on the corner of Leonard and
Mischief, 1881 Church Streets in New York.
“The Apollo Club” honors the 19th century societies after New York City’s Apollo Society, which was one of the first organizations to devote itself to musical culture. Over time Apollo Clubs, often devoted to the sponsorship of male choruses, sprang up in many cities, including Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago and Minneapolis, all in existence when Ryan’s Mammoth Collection was published. Ryan’s “Hiawatha Hornpipe” may be associated with the 1880 opera Hiawatha, by Edward E. Rice, a scene of which was produced by the Apollo Club of Boston in 1886, for male chorus, solo and orchestra. Rice was the Cambridge agent for the Cunard Company who attended a musical burlesque in Boston starring the popular actress Lydia Thompson, along with a bevy of scantily clad females called the British Blondes. The burlesque was but a vehicle for a rather prurient performance by the Blondes, who were the first to bare their legs and display their ample figures on stage. Rice and a friend, Cheever Goodwin, wagered they could make a better burlesque (the word at that time referred not to a risqué variety show, but rather to a work that involved caricature, distortion and ridicule) that would be free from vulgarity, and took the Longfellow poem Evangline as the basis for their first work. It was not critically well received, but after some reworking it hit a chord with the public and was successfully run and revived for some 20 years. Rice next tried a piece cast in the same mould, Hiawatha, although it was not only a critical flop, but failed to gain the popular support of the earlier work.
Technological
marvels of the era get their due in Ryan’s
Mammoth. The “Electric” and
“Telegraph” are hornpipe titles, while “the Telephone” gave its name to both a
hornpipe and a reel (otherwise unrelated melodies, although the reel is usually
known under the title “Paddy on the Turnpike”) in the collection. The telegraph
had been a fixture since Civil War times, and remained the primary long-distance
communication device throughout the 19th century; it was both tool
and impetus for the industrialization and business growth taking place in the
1870’s (c.f. “Duxbury Reel,” “Great Eastern”). Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone was invented
in 1876, and was first publicly exhibited in the Centennial Exposition held
that year in Philadelphia. A curiosity, it initially did not catch on, but Bell
persevered and eventually won broad acceptance for his device through his idea
of giving frequent public demonstrations. In February, 1877, the first news
dispatch was made over the telephone between Boston and Salem,
Massachusetts. One of the new
ways to get around any town was by bicycle, although the 1870’s vehicle was
primitive by today’s standards. The machine, called a velocipede, had pedals attached to the front
wheel and was knick-named the ‘boneshaker’—descriptive of the experience of
riding the contraption. Ryan’s “Velocipede Hornpipe” is perhaps reminiscent of
the ride with its interval leaps of thirds and fourths.
The triplet-laden hornpipe “Vendome”
has been a popular name for hotels in imitation of the famous Place Vendome, a
Paris square with residences for the wealthy along the sides, and its luxurious
Hôtel de Vendôme. The first section of Boston’s
Vendome Hotel was built in 1871, with a second section by architect J. F. Ober
completed in 1882, at which time an independent power plant designed by Thomas
Edison was installed for Boston’s first electrically-lit commercial building.
Irish musicians are familiar with the tune under the title “The Independent,”
as recorded by piper Leo Rowsome and flute player Matt Molloy. “Castle Garden,”
a jig in Ryan’s attributed to journeyman composer Harry Carleton, was the name
of one of the forts built to defend New York harbor during the War of 1812.
Five years later it was renamed Fort Commonwealth Ave. Brattle
Square Church and the Vendome are at right.
Clinton in honor of DeWitt Clinton,
Mayor of New York,
but soon the fort, situated at the
tip of Manhattan Island (now “The Battery”), ceased to have any defensive
purpose and was leased to the city in 1823. It was a valuable piece of land,
and a restaurant and entertainment center were developed on the site—renamed
once again as Castle Garden—and later an opera house and theatre were added.
From 1839 it was a concert venue and played host to early minstrel troupes, and
it was at Castle Garden that the great showman P.T. Barnum arranged the
American debut performance of ‘The Swedish Nightingale’, Jenny Lind, in May,
1850. As an entertainment center it had passed its hey-day by that time, and
was supplanted by the numerous uptown attractions in the rapidly expanding
metropolis. In 1855 Castle Garden became an immigrant landing depot, serving as
the main entryway to the United States for European immigration for the next 34
years. “Oakland Garden,” another “straight” jig, also by the aforementioned
Edwin Christie, takes its name from a short-lived Boston theatre managed by
Isaac B. Rich in the mid-1880’s.
Other
Ryan tunes may be associated with popular venues. The “Alhambra,” a reel, may
refer to New York’s Alhambra Theatre at 124-125 West 27th Street.
It was investigated by the conservative Society for the Prevention of
Juvenile Delinquency in the early 1880’s, as part of a campaign to clean up the
numerous variety houses and concert saloons of the city which ran the gamut
from the legitimate to the decidedly seedy and sometimes criminal. Ryan’s
“Oriental Hornpipe” may possibly have associations with Frank Burns’ Oriental,
a variety house on Broadway between Bleeker and Bond, where piano and violin
were featured. Francis O’Neill printed the tune as “Boys from the East” in his
1903 Music of Ireland, perhaps his
little joke on Ryan’s ‘oriental’ title, although the Captain was not
particularly noted for his humor. The Oriental’s counterpart was the New York
concert saloon The Occidental (c.f. Ryan’s “Occidental Hornpipe”), regarding
which Brooks McNamara, in his book The
New York Concert Saloon: The Devil’s Own Nights (2002, pg. 43), says:
In 1864, the
Occidental may well have had both music and waiter girls,
who spent at least
part of their time performing. The veteran William Allen
had both a piano and
violin at the Occidental. “Taking a look around the
internal arrangements,”
wrote the Clipper [an entertainment periodical],
“we noticed a piano
fixed plumb up against the windows facing the street—
rather a cold place
in the winter time—with a very nice looking girl seated
thereat; and by her
side sat a violinist. While the latter fiddled the former
played upon the
grand pianner.”
Boston and New York, as port cities,
are associated with maritime titles in Ryan’s
Mammoth. The “Inman Line” reel commemorates the highly competitive
steamship transatlantic line in the second half of the 19th century,
founded originally as the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steam Ship Company in
1850. In 1878 the line made 68 voyages, landing 44, 100 passengers, more than
any of its rivals. Although the line was eclipsed in the next decade by the
White Star and the Cunard operations, the Inman maintained good passenger
loyalty. The aforementioned “White Star” is also the name of a reel in Ryan’s.
The steamship company for which it is presumably named was launched in 1870,
officially called the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company. The Titanic was a White Star ship, as were many other ships whose
names ended with “-ic” (like the Celtic
and Adriatic). They were known for
their comfortable, often luxurious accommodations, and, although this compromised
speed, the ships were the favourites of the leisured classes. Perhaps the
earliest recording of “Inman Line” is from 1913 by violinist Charles
D’Alamaine, born in 1871 in England, who died in 1943. D’Alamaine immigrated to
the United States in 1888, and by 1890 had established himself as “instructor
on violin” in Evanston, Illinois; by 1910 he had removed to Yonkers after which
he made a number of recordings. (In 1920, however, he was a chiropractor in New
York City, so that his career as an early recording star must have been
disappointing). “Old Ironsides,” a Lancashire clog, can only refer to
the U.S.S. Constitution, a relic of the War of 1812. The honored Old Ironsides
was, at the time of publication of Ryan’s
Mammoth, laid up in Portsmouth, New Hampshire’s, Navy Yard, employed as a
receiving ship for new recruits and yet to be restored to her former glory (she
can be seen today as a magnificent floating museum in Boston harbor).
“The
American Rifle Team” is yet another tune composed by Edwin Christie and honors
the American rifle team that won an international match in 1874 held at the
Creedmore Range, Long Island, finds
Don Meade, who notes that a number of melodies were inspired by the feat. As
the Americans, led by Major Leech, won by only the slimmest of margins, a
return match was held the following year at Dollymount, Ireland (the team
sailed on the Inman Line’s City of
Chester). Again the Americans were victors, and a final match in 1876 was
held between teams of Ireland, Scotland, Canada, and Australia, for a final
American victory. A silver trophy called the Wimbledon Cup was presented to the
1875 winners by Princess Louise on behalf of the riflemen of Great Britain, and
has been ever since been the honor for the annual long range shooting match.
Americans were ecstatic, and with a surge of national pride treated the members
of the team as conquering heroes upon their return.
“The American Rifle Team” was revived by New England fiddler Frank Ferrel on his 1991 “Yankee Dreams” recording, and is currently getting a bit of play in bluegrass circles. Cape Breton fiddler Carl MacKenzie recorded “Vendome Hornpipe” on his 1977 album “Welcome to your Feet Again.” “Boston Boys” was played by fiddler Eugene O’Donnell, accompanied by Mick Moloney, on their 1978 Green Linnet LP.
(The author wishes to acknowledge once again the numerous contributions of New York musician, writer and researcher Don Meade in researching Ryan’s Mammoth connections. Thanks also to Michael McKernan, teaching fellow at Boston University, whose interesting remarks regarding northern New England musicians were eagerly read on the Fiddle-L list).
1) Music for the Nation (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/smhtml/audiodir.html@7102334)
Andrew Kuntz
8 Veatch Street
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
09/2005
X:1
T:American Rifle Team
M:2/4
L:1/8
R:Hornpipe
S:Ryan’s Mammoth Collection (1883)
Z:AK/Fiddler’s Companion
K:D
A | d/e/d/B/ A/D/F/A/ | d/f/e/c/
de/f/| g/b/a/g/ f/a/g/f/ | e/a/f/d/ e/d/B/c/ | d/e/d/B/ A/D/F/A/ |
d/f/e/c/ de/f/ | g/b/a/g/ f/a/g/f/
|1 e/A/B/c/ d :|2 e/A/B/c/ d2 |: d’a/f/d’ c’/a/e/c’/ |
b/g/d/b/ a/f/d/a/ | g/e/B/g/
f/d/A/f/ | e/A/c/e/ g/a/c’/e’/ | d’/a/f/d’/ c’/a/e/c’/ |
b/g/d/b/
a/f/d/a/ | g/e/B/g/ f/d/A/f/ |1 e/a/c/e/ d2 :|2 e/a/c/e/ d ||
X:1
T:Velocipede
Hornpipe
M:C|
L:1/8
R:Hornpipe
S:Ryan’s Mammoth Collection (1883)
Z:AK/Fiddler’s Companion
K:B_
F2 |:
(Bd)(FB) .D.F.B.d | (fb)(df) .B.d.F.B | (ce)(cB) .A.F.C.F | .A.F.c.A (ag)(ec) |
(Bd)(FB) .D.F.B.d |
(fb)(df)
.B.d.F.B | ((3c=Bc e>)c .A.F.G.A |1 B2 [F2d2][D2B2]F2 :|2 B2 [F2d2][D2B2] ||
(c/B) |:
A>fc>f
A.fc>f | A>FA>c f2 (f=e) | d>fB>f d>fB>f | d>Bd>f b2
(3bgf | =E.Gc>g e>gc>g |
=e>ce>g
b>ge>c | {g}(f=e) (3fga b>ge>c |1 f2 [A2f2][A2f2] (cB) :|2 (f=efg)
(f_ecA) ||
X:1
T:Vendome
Hornpipe
M:C|
L:1/8
R:Hornpipe
S:Ryan’s Mammoth Collection (1883)
Z:AK/Fiddler’s Companion
K:F
(AB) |
c>fe>f d>ba>g | (3fga f>c (3ABc A>F | E>FG>A
B>cd>c | (3BAG (3AGF E>dc>B |
A>fe>f
d>ba>g | 93fga f>c (3ABc A>F | E>dc>B (3AGF (3GFE | (3FAc
(3fcA F2 :|
|: A2 |
(3BAG (3AGF (3EGB (3dcB | (3c=Bc (3Acf (3agf (3fed | (3BAG (3AGF (3EGB (3dcB |
(3c=Bc
(3Acf (3agf (3edc | (3d^cd (3g^fg (3bag (3fed | (3c=Bc (3geg (3agf (3edc |
(3dfe (3dcB (3AGF (3GFE | (3FAc (3fcA F2 :|