Footnotes
1 Mishnah, Aboth, chap. v.: "At five years the age is reached for the study of the Scripture, at ten for the study of the Mishnah, at thirteen for the fulfilment of the commandments, at fifteen for the study of the Talmud, at eighteen for marriage, at twenty for seeking a livelihood."  
2 Josh. i. 8.  
3 According to the latest statistics less than one-fifth of the Jewish school children in greater London attend Jewish elementary schools, namely, 7184 out of a total of 37,236 (Jewish Year Book, 1912, p.49).  
4 Ruppin, Die Juden der Gegenwart, p.123.  
5 Ibid., p.121.  
6 The Immigrant Jew in America, p.190, edited by Dr. Edmund J. James (New York, 1907).  
7 Die Juden der Gegenwart, p.126.   
8 Ibid., p. 126.  
9 Die Juden in Oesterreich, by Dr. J. Thon, p.98 (Berlin, 1908).  
10 The Immigrant Jew in America.  
11 According to an investigation by the late Professor Morris Loeb (1904-05), Jews formed 39 per cent of the 1871 medical students in New York City, in which the Jews constitute 20 per cent of the population (Dr. M. Fishberg, The Jews, p.377).  
12 Die Juden in Oesterreich, p.102.  
13 See p. 284.  
14 Die Juden in Oesterreich, p. 81.  
15 Ibid., p.81.  
16 Dr. Siegmund Fleischer, in Jüdische Statistik, p.230.  
17 Economic Conditions of the Jews in Russia, Bulletin of the Bureau of Labour, p.580 (Washington, 1907).  
18 Immigration, by Prescott F. Hall (New York, 1907), p. 81.  
19 Educaton in Russia, Board of Education Special Report, p.193 (London, 1909). The Jewish colonization Association estimated the number of Chedarim at 24,620 (Die sozialen Verhältnisse der Juden in Russland, p.47, Berlin, 1906).  
20 Die sozialen Verhältnisse der Juden in Russland, pp.52-53 (Berlin, 1996).  
21 Ibid., p.55.  
22 In the early months of 1913 a serious agitation broke out among German students against the presence of Russian Jews at the universities, the result of which is a restriction of their admission to the universities of Berlin, Koenigsberg, Munich, Leipzig, Halle, and several other seats of learning. A similar agitation followed in Paris (see Jewish Chronicle, 11th April 1913), though without any practical effect, and also at several Austrian universities (Vienna, Prague, Grata, etc.), where a restriction similar to that in Germany was infroduced. The consequence has been that many Jewish students have migrated to Italy.  
23 This Seminary was closed in June 1913. Cf. p.213.  
24 Dr. J. Segall, Die beruflichen und sozialen Verhältnisse der Juden in Deutschland, p. 57 (Berlin, 1912).