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Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources - Alternative Farming Systems




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            Introduction to Permaculture:
            Concepts and Resources
            Alternative Farming Systems


            ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service
            P.O. Box 3657
            Fayetteville, AR 72702
            Phone: 1-800-346-9140 --- FAX: (479) 442-9842

            Index
            Introduction to permaculture
            Permaculture defined
            Characteristics of permaculture
            The practical application of permaculture
            The ethics of permaculture
            The principles of permaculture design
            Permaculture resources
                  United States
                  Australia
                  Around the world Books on permaculture
            A few good books for the permaculturist's bookshelf
            Permaculture e-mail discussion groups & web links
            About this publication (formerly The Permaculture FAQ)

            Introduction

The word "permaculture" was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison, an Australian ecologist, and one of his students, David Holmgren. It is a contraction of "permanent agriculture" or "permanent culture."

Permaculture is about designing ecological human habitats and food production systems. It is a land use and community building movement which strives for the harmonious integration of human dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils, and water into stable, productive communities. The focus is not on these elements themselves, but rather on the relationships created among them by the way we place them in the landscape. This synergy is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature.

A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food. Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds.

However, permaculture entails much more than just food production. Energy-efficient buildings, waste water treatment, recycling, and land stewardship in general are other important components of permaculture. More recently, permaculture has expanded its purview to include economic and social structures that support the evolution and development of more permanent communities, such as co-housing projects and eco-villages. As such, permaculture design concepts are applicable to urban as well as rural settings, and are appropriate for single households as well as whole farms and villages.

"Integrated farming" and "ecological engineering" are terms sometimes used to describe perma-culture, with "cultivated ecology" perhaps coming the closest. Though helpful, these terms alone do not capture the holistic nature of permaculture; thus, the following definitions are included here to provide additional insight.

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            Permaculture Defined

               1. From Bill Mollison:

                  Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments.

               2. From the Permaculture Drylands Institute, published in The Permaculture Activist (Autumn 1989):

Permaculture: the use of ecology as the basis for designing integrated systems of food production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. Permaculture is built upon an ethic of caring for the earth and interacting with the environment in mutually beneficial ways.

3. From Lee Barnes (former editor of Katuah Journal and Permaculture Connections), Waynesville, North Carolina:

Permaculture (PERMAnent agriCULTURE or PERMAnent CULTURE) is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious interrelationship of humans, plants, animals and the Earth.

                  To paraphrase the founder of permaculture, designer Bill Mollison:

Permaculture principles focus on thoughtful designs for small-scale intensive systems which are labor efficient and which use biological resources instead of fossil fuels. Designs stress ecological connections and closed energy and material loops. The core of permaculture is design and the working relationships and connections between all things. Each component in a system performs multiple functions, and each function is supported by many elements. Key to efficient design is observation and replication of natural ecosystems, where designers maximize diversity with polycultures, stress efficient energy planning for houses and settlement, using and accelerating natural plant succession, and increasing the highly productive "edge-zones" within the system.

4. From Michael Pilarski, founder of Friends of the Trees, published in International Green Front Report (1988):

Permaculture is: the design of land use systems that are sustainable and environmentally sound; the design of culturally appropriate systems which lead to social stability; a design system characterized by an integrated application of ecological principles in land use; an international movement for land use planning and design; an ethical system stressing positivism and cooperation.

In the broadest sense, permaculture refers to land use systems which promote stability in society, utilize resources in a sustainable way and preserve wildlife habitat and the genetic diversity of wild and domestic plants and animals. It is a synthesis of ecology and geography, of observation and design. Permaculture involves ethics of earth care because the sustainable use of land cannot be separated from life-styles and philosophical issues.

5. From a Bay Area Permaculture Group brochure, published in West Coast Permaculture News & Gossip and Sustainable Living Newsletter (Fall 1995):

Permaculture is a practical concept which can be applied in the city, on the farm, and in the wilderness. Its principles empower people to establish highly productive environments providing for food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs, including economic. Carefully observing natural patterns characteristic of a particular site, the permaculture designer gradually discerns optimal methods for integrating water catchment, human shelter, and energy systems with tree crops, edible and useful perennial plants, domestic and wild animals and aquaculture.

Permaculture adopts techniques and principles from ecology, appropriate technology, sustainable agriculture, and the wisdom of indigenous peoples. The ethical basis of permaculture rests upon care of the earth-maintaining a system in which all life can thrive. This includes human access to resources and provisions, but not the accumulation of wealth, power, or land beyond their needs.

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            Characteristics of Permaculture†

o Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design methodologies found in the world.

o Permaculture can be applied to create productive ecosystems from the human- use standpoint or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness. Permaculture can be applied in any ecosystem, no matter how degraded.

o Permaculture values and validates traditional knowledge and experience. Permaculture incorporates sustainable agriculture practices and land management techniques and strategies from around the world. Permaculture is a bridge between traditional cultures and emergent earth-tuned cultures.

                o Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use pesticides to pollute the environment.

                o Permaculture aims to maximize symbiotic and synergistic relationships between site components.

                o Permaculture is urban planning as well as rural land design.

                o Permaculture design is site specific, client specific, and culture specific.


            †Source:
Pilarski, Michael (ed.) 1994. Restoration Forestry. Kivaki Press, Durango, CO. p. 450. Reprinted with permission from the author.

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            The Practical Application of Permaculture

Permaculture is not limited to plant and animal agriculture, but also includes community planning and development, use of appropriate technologies (coupled with an adjustment of life-style), and adoption of concepts and philosophies that are both earth-based and people-centered, such as bioregionalism.

Many of the appropriate technologies advocated by permaculturists are well known. Among these are solar and wind power, composting toilets, solar greenhouses, energy efficient housing, and solar food cooking and drying.

Due to the inherent sustainability of perennial cropping systems, permaculture places a heavy emphasis on tree crops. Systems that integrate annual and perennial crops—such as alley cropping and agroforestry—take advantage of "the edge effect," increase biological diversity, and offer other characteristics missing in monoculture systems. Thus, multicropping systems that blend woody perennials and annuals hold promise as viable techniques for large-scale farming. Ecological methods of production for any specific crop or farming system (e.g., soil building practices, biological pest control, composting) are central to permaculture as well as to sustainable agriculture in general.

Since permaculture is not a production system, per se, but rather a land use and community planning philosophy, it is not limited to a specific method of production. Furthermore, as permaculture principles may be adapted to farms or villages worldwide, it is site specific and therefore amenable to locally adapted techniques of production.

As an example, standard organic farming and gardening techniques utilizing cover crops, green manures, crop rotation, and mulches are emphasized in permacultural systems. However, there are many other options and technologies available to sustainable farmers working within a permacultural framework (e.g., chisel plows, no-till implements, spading implements, compost turners, rotational grazing). The decision as to which "system" is employed is site-specific and management dependent.

Farming systems and techniques commonly associated with permaculture include agro- forestry, swales, contour plantings, Keyline agriculture (soil and water management), hedgerows and windbreaks, and integrated farming systems such as pond-dike aquaculture, aquaponics, intercropping, and polyculture.

Gardening and recycling methods common to permaculture include edible landscaping, keyhole gardening, companion planting, trellising, sheet mulching, chicken tractors, solar greenhouses, spiral herb gardens, swales, and vermicomposting.

Water collection, management, and re-use systems like Keyline, greywater, rain catchment, constructed wetlands, aquaponics (the integra-tion of hydroponics with recirculating aquaculture), and solar aquatic ponds (also known as Living Machines) play an important role in permaculture designs.

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            The Ethics of Permaculture

Permaculture is unique among alternative farming systems (e.g., organic, sustainable, eco-agriculture, biodynamic) in that it works with a set of ethics that suggest we think and act responsibly in relation to each other and the earth.

The ethics of permaculture provide a sense of place in the larger scheme of things, and serve as a guidepost to right livelihood in concert with the global community and the environment, rather than individualism and indifference.

               1. Care of the Earth

                  ...includes all living and non-living things–plants, animals, land, water and air

               2. Care of People

                  ...promotes self-reliance and community responsibility–access to resources necessary for existence

               3. Setting Limits to Population & Consumption

...gives away surplus–contribution of surplus time, labor, money, information, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care.

Permaculture also acknowledges a basic life ethic, which recognizes the intrinsic worth of every living thing. A tree has value in itself, even if it presents no commercial value to humans. That the tree is alive and functioning is worthwhile. It is doing its part in nature: recycling litter, producing oxygen, sequestering carbon dioxide, sheltering animals, building soils, and so on.

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            The Principles of Permaculture Design

Whereas permaculture ethics are more akin to broad moral values or codes of behavior, the principles of permaculture provide a set of universally applicable guidelines which can be used in designing sustainable habitats. Distilled from multiple disciplines—ecology, energy conservation, landscape design, and environmental science—these principles are inherent in any permaculture design, in any climate, and at any scale.

               1. Relative location
               2. Each element performs multiple functions
               3. Each function is supported by many elements
               4. Energy efficient planning
               5. Using biological resources
               6. Energy cycling
               7. Small-scale intensive systems
               8. Natural plant succession and stacking
               9. Polyculture and diversity of species
              10. Increasing "edge" within a system
              11. Observe and replicate natural patterns
              12. Pay attention to scale
              13. Attitude

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            Permaculture Resources

Four ways to learn about permaculture include: the permaculture design course, the permaculture literature, the Internet, and permaculture workshops.

The Permaculture Design Course is the primary vehicle for transfer of permaculture expertise. The standard course is 72 hours in length and lasts two weeks. Graduates are issued a permaculture design certificate and are entitled to use the term "Permaculture" in the pursuit of livelihood and for educational purposes.

The permaculture literature is a rich source of information on a wide range of topics dealing with land use, plant and animal agriculture, water management, appropriate technology, energy-efficient and toxic-free housing, and community design.

Since 1995, the Internet (e.g., World Wide Web and E-mail) has become an important resource and networking tool in the dissemination of permaculture information. A selection of web sites is listed below.

Permaculture workshops are commonly held as one- to three-day events to provide training on technologies such as vermicomposting, solar greenhouses, straw bale construction, sheet mulching, and organic gardening.

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            Permaculture Resources in the United States

            The Permaculture Activist
            P.O. Box 1209
            Black Mountain, NC 28711
            828-669-6336
            828-669-6441 Fax
            pcactivist@mindspring.com
            http://www.permacultureactivist.net
            $19/3 issues per year

The Permaculture Activist is the leading periodical for North American permaculture, an execllent resource in print since 1985. Articles address permaculture, edible landscaping, bioregionalism, aquaculture, among other topics. It also provides a current listing of upcoming permaculture design courses and serves as an important networking tool in the U.S., Canada, and Central America. Back issues are available.

Earth Haven, the eco-village where The Permaculture Activist is published, hosts permaculture workshops and design courses on a regular basis. Altogether, a great place to obtain permaculture resources and participate in hands-on teaching.

Yankee Permaculture, Elfin Permaculture, Forest Ecosystem Rescue Network (FERN), Barking Frogs Permaculture Center
          P.O. Box 52
          Sparr, FL 32192-0052
          Editor: Dan Hemenway
          Email: BarkingFrogsPC@aol.com

          Barking Frogs Permaculture Center
          http://barkingfrogspc.tripod.com/frames.html

          A Guide to Yankee Permaculture Publications: 1983-1997
          http://barkingfrogspc.tripod.com/publishing.htm

Yankee permaculture carries a number of publications on permaculture specific to North America. Past issues of Dan Hemenway's publications are still used in permaculture courses and as reference guides. A complete listing of articles, information sheets, and publications is available at the website listed above.

The Resources of International Permaculture - TRIP. Volume 7 of TRIP, published in 1993, is a 68-page issue that contains 1,540 listings of groups working in permaculture, sustainable food systems, and tree-based agriculture. Current up-to-date listings are available on diskette.

The International Permaculture Solutions Journal (TIPS) and Permaculture Review, Overview and Digest (PROD) are published on a sporadical basis. TIPS and PROD feature permaculture articles, book reviews, and resources.

The International Permaculture Species Yearbook (TIPSY). Prior to TIPS, Yankee Permaculture put out a fantastic yearbook called TIPSY. The TIPSY series is a goldmine featuring plant species lists, articles, and resource listings.

            Restoration Forestry
            Friends of the Trees
            P. O. Box 4469
            Bellingham, WA 98227
            360-738-4972
            360-671-9668 Fax
            tern@geocities.com
            Editor: Michael Pilarski
            http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/4663/

Restoration Forestry: An International Guide to Sustainable Forestry Practices (1994) is a 525-page guide to resources in restoration forestry. It contains over 50 review articles, 780 organizations, 230 journals and periodicals, 800 books, 100 restoration forestry projects underway, and 100 directories on topics relating to Restoration forestry, forest ecology, tree seedlings, bioregionalism, and permaculture. It is a massive addition to tree-based agricultural literature. Cost is $27, plus $4 postage & handling.

Agroforestry Guide to Hawaii: A Resource Guide Directory to Reforestation, Restoration, Forestry, Agroforestry, Permaculture & Sustainable Agriculture in the Hawaiian Islands (1997) is a 187-page directory with over 800 references. Cost is $22, plus $3.30 postage & handling.

Other publications from Friends of the Trees include the International Green Front Report (1988, $7.00); Kiwifruit Enthusiasts Journal (Vol. 6, $17.20); and Third World Resource Guide (1993, $5.00) and the West Coast Permaculture News & Gossip newsletter.

            Permaculture Drylands Journal
            c/o The Permaculture Institute
            P.O. Box 156
            Santa Fe, NM 87504-0156
            505-455-0270
            pci@permaculture-inst.org
            Contact: Scott Pittman
            http://www.permaculture.net/PDI%20Web/PDI.html

Permaculture Drylands Journal was published in a 32-volume series, from 1987 to 1999, by Permaculture Drylands Institute, a non-profit organization that is currently in a state of dormancy. The PDI website is still active, and contains some helpful introductory information on permaculture as well as an index to back issues. PDJ focused on permaculture for arid lands, with a heavy focus on New Mexico and Arizona. Scott Pittman at The Permaculture Institute is a good person to contact for permaculture updates and activities in this region.

            Earth Quarterly / Papercrete News
            Box 23
            Radium Springs, NM 88054
            earth@zianet.com
            Contact: Gordon Solberg
            Earth Quarterly
            http://www.zianet.com/earth/
            Papercrete News
            http://www.zianet.com/papercrete/

Earth Quarterly replaced Dry Country News as a publication on Earth-based, low-impact living in the American Southwest. Earth Quarterly has also ceased as print publication, though back issues are availabe as an info pack through Gordon Solberg, publisher of Papercrete News.


            Temperate Bamboo Quarterly
            Earth Advocates Research Facility
            30 Myers Road
            Summertown, TN 38483
            931-964-4151
            http://www.thefarm.org/businesses/bamboo/tbq.html

Temperate Bamboo Quarterly is the quarterly journal published by Sue and Adam Turtle with Earth Advocates. It focuses on the bamboo plant which has unique, multi-purpose uses in agroforestry and permaculture. The Turtles operate a bamboo nursery, and TBQ has apparently taken a back seat and is currently dormant. Back issues of TBQ are highly recommended for anybody looking into bamboo in a temperate climate.

            The Future is Abundant
First published in 1982 by Tilth, The Future is Abundant is a classic resource book on permaculture at the bioregional level. The book is out-of-print, though select portions may be available on the Internet.


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            Permaculture Resources in Australia

            Permaculture International Journal
            Permaculture International Ltd.
            P.O. Box 219
            Nimbin, NSW 2480
            Australia
            http://www.permacultureinternational.org/

Permaculture International Journal was the leading permaculture magazine for two decades, yet ceased publication in mid-2000. Permaculture International Ltd. continues its activities online, with a web page that features a newsletter, a global directory, an email discussion list, educational resources, and permaculture events in Australia. Back issues of PIJ, if they can be found in a library, contain a goldmine of useful information.

            Tagari Publications - International Permaculture Institute
            31 Rulla Road
            Sisters Creek Tasmania 7325
            Australia
            Ph: 61 (0)3 6445 0945
            Fax: 61 (0)3 6445 0944
            Email: tagariadmin@southcom.com.au
            http://www.tagari.com

The International Permaculture Institute in Tyalgum, Australia, serves as the international coordinating organization for permaculture activities such as permaculture design accreditation. Tagari Publications is the publishing group for Bill Mollison's publications.


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            Permaculture Resources Around the World

            Permaculture Magazine: Solutions for Everyday Life
            Permanent Publications
            Hyden House Ltd, The Sustainability Centre
            East Meon, Hampshire GU32 1HR
            England
            Email: info@permaculture.co.uk
            http://www.permaculture.co.uk
            Cost: U.S. $22, quarterly (available in the U.S. through The Permaculture Activist)

Permaculture Magazine is the premier glossy magazine on permaculture worldwide. Each issue is a joy to read, accompanied by color photos that illustrate permaculture in action, as well as products and resources to support sustainable living and learning. An assortment of topics addressed include permaculture, organic farming and gardening, agroforestry, tree crops, multi-use plant species, ecological design, and eco-architecture for temperate regions such as Europe and North America. A must-have subscription along with its North American companion, The Permaculture Activist.

            Earth Repair Catalog - Permanent Publications UK
            http://www.permaculture.co.uk/erc/welcome.htm

Permanent Publications also publishes a number of key books and videos on permaculture: Permaculture in a Nutshell, How to Make a Forest Garden, Plants for a Future, Permaculture Teacher's Guide, and The Synergistic Garden. The Earth Repair Catalog carries an extensive selection of books, videos, resources, and products for sustainable living: permaculture; organic farming and gardening; biodynamics; agroforestry; aquaculture; animals; ecological architecture; sustainable building technology; sustainable communities and eco-villages; as well as energy saving products and body products.

            The Permaculture Association (Britain)
            London, WC1N 3XX
            Email: office@permaculture.org.uk
            http://www.permaculture.org.uk

Members receive a quarterly newsletter, Permaculture Works. The Association offers a range of learning activities, design courses, and diplomas, and publishes The Permaculture Teacher's Handbook.

            eco-logic books
            Mulberry House
            19 Maple Grove
            Bath BA2 3AF
            Email: info@eco-logicbooks.com
            http://www.eco-logicbooks.com/
eco-logic is a book distributor for specialized topics in self reliance, permaculture, and organic farming and gardening. One item, in particular, worth noting is the Manual for Teaching Permaculture Creatively published in 1991 by Robin Clayfield and Skye, two well known permaculture teachers. This is a loose file with over 300 A4 pages of notes and excercises for teaching, including: games, teaching tips, and other creative ideas.

            Permaculture Villager / Forestry for a Small Planet
            Trees for Africa
            P.O. Box 2035
            Gallo Manor 2052
            Zimbabwe
            Email: trees@cis.co.za
            http://www.junex.co.za/tfa/
Two on-line newsletters dealing with permaculture, tree crops, agroforestry, tree planting, and community forestry in South Africa. A notable source of grass-roots information, contacts, and resource listings for Africa. Back issues are available from 1995 through 1999.

            Kenya Institute of Organic Farming
            John Wanjau Njoroge, Director
            P.O. Box 34972
            Nairobi, Kenya
            Email: kiof@iconnect.co.ke
            Email: kiof@elci.gn.apc.or
            http://www.kenyaweb.com/agriculture/organic-agri/index.html

A Resource Guide of Organizations Promoting Organic Farming in East Africa Region is a 116-page resource guide edited by John Kanyuiro, Kihia and John Wanjau Njoroge of the Kenya Institute of Organic Farming - KIOF. It provides names, contact information and brief descriptions of organizations working to promote, research or support organic agriculture in East Africa.

            Organic World
            http://www.agrar.de/bioherb/ow/index.htm

A web site with a large number of organizastions involved in organic agriculture in the developing world.

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            Books on Permaculture

Introduction to Permaculture. 1991. By Bill Mollison and Reny Mia Slay. Tagari Publishers, Tyalgum, Australia. 198 p.

Permaculture One: A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements, 3rd Edition. 1987. By Bill Mollison and David Holmgren. Tagari Publishers, Tyalgum, New South Wales, Australia. 127 p.

Permaculture Two: A Practical Design for Town and Country in Permanent Agriculture. 1979. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Press, Stanley, Australia. 150 p.

            Permaculture: A Designer's Manual. 1988. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, Australia. 576 p.

Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. 2001. By Toby Hemenway. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White River Junction, VT. 222 p.

The Best of Permaculture. 1986. By Max O. Lindegger and Robert Tap. Nascimanere Publishers, Nambour, Australia. 136 p.

The Permaculture Way: Practical Ways to Create a Self-Sustaining World. 1992. By Graham Bell. Thorsons, London. 239 p.

            The Permaculture Garden. 1994. By Graham Bell. Thorsons, London. 170 p.

Permaculture: A Beginner's Guide. 2001. B Graham Burnett. Land and Liberty, Westcliff On Sea, Essex, England. 60 p.

            Urban Permaculture. 1993. By David Watkins. Permanent Publications, U.K. 152 p.

            Permaculture in a Nutshell. 1993. By Patrick Whitefield. Permanent Publications, U.K. 75 p.

Earth User's Guide to Permaculture. 1994. By Rosemary Morrow and Rob Allsop. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, NSW Australia. 152 p.

Getting Started in Permaculture. 1998. By Ross and Jennifer Mars. Candlelight Trust, Hovea, Western Australia. 96 p.

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            A Few Good Books for the Permaculturist's Bookshelf

Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants. 1998. By Stephen Facciola. Kampong Publications, Vista, CA. 713 p.

Designing & Maintaining Your Edible Landscape Naturally. 1986. By Robert Kourick. Metamorphic Press, Santa Rosa, CA. 370 p.

            Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture. 1987. By J. Russell Smith. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 408 p.

The Permaculture Book of Ferment & Human Nutrition. 1993. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, Australia. 288 p.

Forest Gardening: Cultivating an Edible Landscape. 1996. By Robert A de J Hart. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White River Junction, VT. 234 p.

How to Make a Forest Garden, 3rd Edition. 2000. By Patrick Whitefield. Permanent Publications, East Meon, Hampshire, England. 168 p.

Water for Every Farm: Yeoman's Keyline Plan. [Date]. By Ken B Yeomans and P.A. Yeomans. Keyline Design, Southport, Queensland, Australia. 261 p.

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            Agroforestry Resources

Temperature Agroforestry Systems. 1997. Edited by Andrew M. Gordon and Steven M. Newman. CAB International, New York, NY. 269 p.

This is a landmark book on agroforestry for temperate regions. Chapters include agforestry practices in North America, New Zealand, Australia, China, and Europe. Read this book for working examples of permaculture on a broad-scale.

North American Agroforestry: An Integrated Science and Practice. 2000. Edited by H.E. (Gene) Garrett, W.J. (Bill) Rietveld, and R.F. (Dick) Fisher. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. 402 p.

A collection of eleven chapters originating from an agroforestry symposium. This is a typical academic book from American Society of Agronomy, but that should not deter the practitioner, teacher, or student from seeking this book as an important contribution to this topic, especially for North American agroforestry. Chapters address: ecological foundation for temperate agroforestry; agroforestry nomenclature, concepts and practices; windbreak, silvopastoral, alley cropping, riparian forest buffer, and forest farming practices; among others.

Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 1999. Edited by Louise E. Buck, James P. Lassoie, and Erick C.M. Fernandes. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 416 p.

A collaboration between Cornell University and ICRAF, this is another recent addition to the academic literature on agroforestry. Like much of the international literature on agroforestry, a large portion of this book is geared to tropical systems. The seventeen chapters address: nutrient cycling in tropical agroforestry systems; animals and agroforestry in the tropics; water management with hedgerow agroforestry; black walnut agroforestry in Missouri, U.S.A.; silvopastoralism; pest management; propagation; trees in managed landscapes; ethnobotany; sustainable mulch-based cropping systems with trees; among others.

The Overstory Book. 2001. Edited by Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI.

The Overstory Book distills essential information about working trees into 72 short, easy-to-read, single-subject chapters. Cost is $40, plus shipping. CD's are available for $16.95 plus shipping.

                  Agroforestry Net, Inc.
                  P.O. Box 428
                  Holualoa, HI 96725
                  808-324-4427
                  808-324-4129 Fax
                  overstory@agroforestry.net
                  http://www.agroforestry.net

            Agroforestry Today
            ICRAF -- International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
            Circulation
            P.O. Box 30677
            Nairobi, Kenya
            Email: e.mwamunga@cgiar.org
            http://www.icraf.cgiar.org
            $Inquire regarding subscription fee/1-4 issues per year

Agroforestry Today is a quarterly magazine that carries reports from around the world on farming systems that focus on the integration of trees, crops, and livestock, and the people who raise them. It is one of the leading voices for agro-forestry worldwide. While the content deals mostly with sub-tropical and tropical agro-forestry, much of the information has universal applications (e.g., mycorrhizae, on-farm research methods, soil-plant interactions, tree establishment methods, etc.)

            unasylva
            http://www.fao.org/forestry/FODA/UNASYLVA/unasyl-e.stm

unasylva is the quarterly magazine of Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO. It also has an international focus and therefore tropical systems and developing country technologies are its primary concern, but nonetheless it is a valuable resource on tree crops, special forest products, and related topics of interest. Back issues are availabe online as PDF's.

            Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA)
            School of Natural Resources
            1-30 Agricultural Hall
            University of Missouri
            Columbia, MO 65211
            http://www.missouri.edu/~afta/

$25/year membership fee includes subscription to The Temperate Agroforester, quarterly newsletter. Previous editions of Introduction to Permaculture included citations to proceedings of the biennial North American Agroforestry Conference series. These proceedings can now be found on the AFTA website. The AFTA website also provides a series of introductory information leaflets on agroforestry practices: Alley cropping; Silvopasture; Forest Farming; Riparian Buffers; and Windbreaks.

            USDA National Agroforestry Center
            North 38th St. & East Campus Loop
            University of Nebraska - East Campus
            Lincoln, NE 68583-0822
            402-437-5178
            http://www.unl.edu/nac/

Publishes InsideAgroforestry newsletter, provides technical assistance to landowners on windbreaks and agroforestry, sponsors research, and publishes a number of very informative and practical bulletins and publications.

            agroforestry.net
            P.O. Box 428
            Holualoa, Hawaii 96725
            808-324-4427
            808-324-4129 Fax
            email@agroforestry.net
            http://www.agroforestry.net

The website for Craig Elevitch and Kim Wilkinson, publishers of The Overstory e-newsletter (highly recommended), as well as publications from Permanent Agriculture Resources: Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands, Nitrogen Fixing Tree Start-up Guide, A Guide to Orchard Alley Cropping, and other bulletins and resources.


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                  Current Web Archives at Ibiblio.org (January 2002 to present)
                  http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/permaculture/

Permaculture Archives. For the web researcher, Larry London (host of PermaSphere at Ibiblio.org) has a collection of old, yet still-useful email archives at:
                  http://www.ibiblio.org/london/permaculture/mailarchives/
                  and
                  http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pc-forum-archives.html

            Permaculture Forum at Permaculture the Earth
            http://www.permaearth.org/forums.html

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            Permaculture Web Links and Resources

            Manuals, Primers, and Syllabi on Permaculture

            A Permaculture Primer
            By Dan Earle and Sue Hutchins
            http://home.klis.com/~chebogue/PermacultureIndex.html

            Permaculture - Sustainable Farming, Ranching, Living... by Designing Ecosystems That Imitate Nature
            By Sandy Cruz and Jerome Osentowski, a 6-page Western SARE leaflet
            http://www.crmpi.org/permacul.pdf

            The Ethics and Principles of Permaculture
            By David Holmgren; transcription from design course held at Tir Penrhos Isaf in Wales.
            http://www.konsk.co.uk/resource/holm2.htm

            The Essense of Permaculture
            By David Holmgren
            http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/essence.html

An extract from an upcoming book, Permaculture: Principles and Pathways To Sustainability. Holmgren, the co-creator of permaculture, provides a nice summary of the ethics and principles behind permaculture design. The Permaculture Design System Flower goes with this piece, accessible through the PDF version, as well as here in HTML:

                Collected Writings of David Holmgren 1978-2000
                http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/Writings.html

A collection of twenty-seven magazine articles, conference papers, public lectures, book reviews, and other works by David Holmgren, co-creator of permaculture. Holmgren has made these PDF's available on the web as screen-readable only. A CD version is for-sale, which allows full access including print as well as permission to copy and use for workshops. Altogether, a valuable contribution to the web from someone who's spent a lifetime developing and working out the details of permaculture design.

            Permaculture: A Beginner's Guide
            By Graham Burnett
            http://www.permaculture.co.uk/erc/erc2.html#PBG

This 60-page booklet, available through Permanent Publications, is a permaculture-for-dummies style primer with lively illustration, covering permaculture ethics and principles. A nice learning tool to capture the essence of permaculture in a nutshell.

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            On-Line Articles, Fact Sheets & Proceedings

Permaculture: Sophisticated Ecological Understanding Blended with Common Sense Design Creates Productive Landscapes
            by Sego Jackson. IN CONTEXT #8, Winter 1984.
            http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC08/Jackson.htm

            Permaculture: Design For Living
            by Bill Mollison. IN CONTEXT #28, Spring 1991
            http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC28/Mollison.htm

            On-Line articles on Permaculture the Earth
            http://www.permaearth.org/writings.html

                Building A Bamboo Farm: Using Permaculture Principles in Bamboo Agroforestry by Simon Henderson.
                http://www.permaearth.org/bamboo.html

                Constructing the Food Forest Orchard by Larry Santoyo
                http://www.permaearth.org/foodforestarticle.html

            Permaculture: Perennial Urban Food Systems
            By Kirk Hanson, Green Screens, April 1999
            http://www.olywa.net/speech/april99/hanson.html

            Sixth International Permaculture Conference & Convergence
            Perth & Bridgetown, Western Australia September 27 to October 7, 1996
            http://www.rosneath.com.au/ipc6/

                An online proceedings with about 100 papers and abstracts; an important web resource.

            Organic Farming: The Permaculture Approach
            By David Madge
            Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Victoria Australia
            http://www.nre.vic.gov.au

A 2-page fact sheet available in HTML and PDF. The web file name is a mile long and impossible to duplicate here. Go to the Victoria website and search on the title. Noteworthy as a rare government-issued leaflet on permaculture.


          Saving Mallee Soils -- Organic Broadacre Farming: Improvements to the Environment and Productivity
          Organic Agriculture at FAO, Case Study Report from Australia
          http://www.fao.org/organicag/doc/australia.htm

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            Permaculture in North America

            EcoLandTech + PermaSphere
            Larry London's collection at Ibiblio.org
            http://www.ibiblio.org/permaculture/

            Friends of the Trees
            http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/4663/

            Permaculture Drylands Institute
            http://www.permaculture.net/PDI/

            Permaculture at Heathcote Intentional Community
            http://www.heathcote.org

            Three Sisters Permaculture Design
            http://www.bioshelter.com

            La'akea Permaculture Gardens
            http://www.permaculture-hawaii.com/

            Animal Farm Permaculture Center
            ttp://www.neosoft.com/~animalfm/afpchome.htm

            Permaculture the Earth
            http://www.permaearth.org/

            Murad's Permaculture Pointers
            http://www.thefarm.org/permaculture/pclinks.html

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            Permaculture in Australia

            Permaculture International Ltd
            http://www.nor.com.au/environment/perma/index.html
            Email: pcjournl@nor.com.au

            International Permaculture Institute (Australia)
            Email: perminst@peg.apc.org

            Permaculture Visions International
            http://www.ozemail.com.au/~askpv/

            Sixth International Permaculture Conference & Convergence
            Perth & Bridgetown, Western Australia September 27 to October 7, 1996
            http://www.rosneath.com.au/ipc6/

            Earthlink- Australia's Environmentally Friendly Directory
            http://www.earthlink.org.au/

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            Permaculture in Europe

            Permaculture Magazine/Permanent Publications
            http://www.permaculture.co.uk

            The Permaculture Association (Britain)
            http://www.permaculture.org.uk

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            Permaculture Around the World

            The Permaculture Activist's Planetary Permculture Directory
            http://www.permacultureactivist.net/pcresources/PcResources2.htm

            Instituto de Permacultura Cerrado-Pantanal -- Brazil
            http://tortuga.com/permacultura/english_pages.htm

            Indigenous Knowledge Pages
            http://www.nuffic.nl/ik-pages/index.html

            Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor
            http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/index.html

            Register of Best Practices of Indigenous Knowledge
            http://www.unesco.org/most/bpikreg.htm

            Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor
            http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/index.html

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            Plants for Permaculture

            Plants for a Future: Edible and Useful Plants
            http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html

            Atcros On Internet - Australasian Tree Crops Sourcebook
            http://www.aoi.com.au/atcros/

            The Vetiver Grass Network
            http://www.vetiver.org/

            The American Bamboo Society
            http://www.americanbamboo.org

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            Permaculture Technologies

            Keyline Design - Water for Every Farm
            http://www.keyline.com.au

            Alternative Technology Association (ATA)
            http://www.ata.org.au

            The Solar Cooking Archive
            http://solarcooking.org

            Sustainable Building Sourcebook
            http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/

            Ocean Arks International
            http://www.oceanarks.org

            Integrated Bio-Systems in Zero Emissions Applications
            http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/

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            Bioregional & Eco-Village Links

            Global EcoVillage Network
            http://gen.ecovillage.org/

            Intentional Communities
            http://www.ic.org

            Crystal Waters Permaculture Village
            http://www.ecologicalsolutions.com.au/crystalwaters/

            Earthaven Eco-Village
            http://www.earthaven.org

            Arcosanti (Arizona)
            http://www.arcosanti.org

            Auroville (India)
            http://www.auroville.org

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            Virtual Library's on Permaculture & Sustainability

            Sustainable Architecture Building & Culture
            http://www.SustainableABC.Com

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            Agroforestry Web Sites

            Agroforestry in Minnesota
            http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/cinram/

            Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA)
            http://web.missouri.edu/~afta/

            USDA National Agroforestry Center
            http://www.unl.edu/nac/

            Agroforestry for Farms & Ranches
            NRCS, Agroforestry Technical Note No. 1
            http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ECS/forest/technote1.html

            International Ag-Sieve: Agroforesty Special Issue
            Volume II, Number 4 (1989)
            http://fadr.msu.ru/rodale/agsieve/txt/agrofor.html

            The Illinois Virtual Forest: Agroforestry Web Links
            University of Illinois Extension
            http://ilvirtualforest.nres.uiuc.edu/

            Agroforestry Research Trust
            http://www.agroforestry.co.uk

            International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
            http://iufro.boku.ac.at/

            ICRAF - International Center for Research in Agroforestry
            http://www.cgiar.org/icraf/

            Cultivating the Forest: Development of Agroforestry Systems
            Plants and Plants Handbook Issue 5
            WWF, UNESCO and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
            http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants/handbook/handbook5/index.html

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            Holistic Management

            The Alan Savory Center for Holistic Management
            http://www.holisticmanagement.org

            Holistic Management: A Whole-Farm Decision Making Framework
            ATTRA
            http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/holistic.html

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            About this Publication

Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources is a revised and updated version of The Permaculture FAQ, which was originally published by the author on the World Wide Web in 1995 and 1996.

            The Permaculture FAQ 1.3, May 1996
            http://www.ibiblio.org/london/permaculture/faqs/permaculture.faq.v1.3

A permaculture design course graduate, the author is a technical specialist in horticulture and agronomy at he Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) program, the national sustainable farming information center located at the University of Arkansas, managed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology.

The focus of the ATTRA program is on farming systems that enhance the economic livelihoods of farm families while sustaining the environment. ATTRA provides resources and technical assistance to commercial farmers, including small farmers and market gardeners, in the United States. Accordingly, the focus of this publication in on permaculture in the temperate U.S. with some emphasis on broad-scale application such as agroforestry and bio-integrated production systems.

            Please send updates to: steved@ncatark.uark.edu

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            By Steve Diver
            NCAT Agriculture Specialist
            Revised August 2002
The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the Rural Business - Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the Ozark Mountains on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, at PO Box 3657, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72702. ATTRA staff prefer to receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free number 800-346-9140 .

            Back to ATTRABack to NCAT
            Webmaster


Title: Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources - Alternative Farming Systems
      logo

      Introduction to Permaculture:
      Concepts and Resources

      Alternative Farming Systems
       

      ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service
      P.O. Box 3657
      Fayetteville, AR 72702
      Phone: 1-800-346-9140 --- FAX: (479) 442-9842

      Index
      Introduction to permaculture
      Permaculture defined
      Characteristics of permaculture
      The practical application of permaculture
      The ethics of permaculture
      The principles of permaculture design
      Permaculture resources

      Books on permaculture
      A few good books for the permaculturist's bookshelf
      Permaculture e-mail discussion groups & web links
      About this publication (formerly The Permaculture FAQ)


      Introduction

      The word "permaculture" was coined in 1978 by Bill Mollison, an Australian ecologist, and one of his students, David Holmgren. It is a contraction of "permanent agriculture" or "permanent culture."

      Permaculture is about designing ecological human habitats and food production systems. It is a land use and community building movement which strives for the harmonious integration of human dwellings, microclimate, annual and perennial plants, animals, soils, and water into stable, productive communities. The focus is not on these elements themselves, but rather on the relationships created among them by the way we place them in the landscape. This synergy is further enhanced by mimicking patterns found in nature.

      A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food. Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds.

      However, permaculture entails much more than just food production. Energy-efficient buildings, waste water treatment, recycling, and land stewardship in general are other important components of permaculture. More recently, permaculture has expanded its purview to include economic and social structures that support the evolution and development of more permanent communities, such as co-housing projects and eco-villages. As such, permaculture design concepts are applicable to urban as well as rural settings, and are appropriate for single households as well as whole farms and villages.

      "Integrated farming" and "ecological engineering" are terms sometimes used to describe perma-culture, with "cultivated ecology" perhaps coming the closest. Though helpful, these terms alone do not capture the holistic nature of permaculture; thus, the following definitions are included here to provide additional insight.

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      Permaculture Defined
       
      1. From Bill Mollison:
      2. Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments.

      3. From the Permaculture Drylands Institute, published in The Permaculture Activist (Autumn 1989):
      4. Permaculture: the use of ecology as the basis for designing integrated systems of food production, housing, appropriate technology, and community development. Permaculture is built upon an ethic of caring for the earth and interacting with the environment in mutually beneficial ways.

      5. From Lee Barnes (former editor of Katuah Journal and Permaculture Connections), Waynesville, North Carolina:
      6. Permaculture (PERMAnent agriCULTURE or PERMAnent CULTURE) is a sustainable design system stressing the harmonious interrelationship of humans, plants, animals and the Earth.

        To paraphrase the founder of permaculture, designer Bill Mollison:

        Permaculture principles focus on thoughtful designs for small-scale intensive systems which are labor efficient and which use biological resources instead of fossil fuels. Designs stress ecological connections and closed energy and material loops. The core of permaculture is design and the working relationships and connections between all things. Each component in a system performs multiple functions, and each function is supported by many elements. Key to efficient design is observation and replication of natural ecosystems, where designers maximize diversity with polycultures, stress efficient energy planning for houses and settlement, using and accelerating natural plant succession, and increasing the highly productive "edge-zones" within the system.

      7. From Michael Pilarski, founder of Friends of the Trees, published in International Green Front Report (1988):
      8. Permaculture is: the design of land use systems that are sustainable and environmentally sound; the design of culturally appropriate systems which lead to social stability; a design system characterized by an integrated application of ecological principles in land use; an international movement for land use planning and design; an ethical system stressing positivism and cooperation.

        In the broadest sense, permaculture refers to land use systems which promote stability in society, utilize resources in a sustainable way and preserve wildlife habitat and the genetic diversity of wild and domestic plants and animals. It is a synthesis of ecology and geography, of observation and design. Permaculture involves ethics of earth care because the sustainable use of land cannot be separated from life-styles and philosophical issues.

      9. From a Bay Area Permaculture Group brochure, published in West Coast Permaculture News & Gossip and Sustainable Living Newsletter (Fall 1995):
      10. Permaculture is a practical concept which can be applied in the city, on the farm, and in the wilderness. Its principles empower people to establish highly productive environments providing for food, energy, shelter, and other material and non-material needs, including economic. Carefully observing natural patterns characteristic of a particular site, the permaculture designer gradually discerns optimal methods for integrating water catchment, human shelter, and energy systems with tree crops, edible and useful perennial plants, domestic and wild animals and aquaculture.

        Permaculture adopts techniques and principles from ecology, appropriate technology, sustainable agriculture, and the wisdom of indigenous peoples. The ethical basis of permaculture rests upon care of the earth-maintaining a system in which all life can thrive. This includes human access to resources and provisions, but not the accumulation of wealth, power, or land beyond their needs.

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      Characteristics of Permaculture?
       
      • Permaculture is one of the most holistic, integrated systems analysis and design methodologies found in the world.
      • Permaculture can be applied to create productive ecosystems from the human- use standpoint or to help degraded ecosystems recover health and wildness. Permaculture can be applied in any ecosystem, no matter how degraded.
      • Permaculture values and validates traditional knowledge and experience. Permaculture incorporates sustainable agriculture practices and land management techniques and strategies from around the world. Permaculture is a bridge between traditional cultures and emergent earth-tuned cultures.
      • Permaculture promotes organic agriculture which does not use pesticides to pollute the environment.
      • Permaculture aims to maximize symbiotic and synergistic relationships between site components.
      • Permaculture is urban planning as well as rural land design.
      • Permaculture design is site specific, client specific, and culture specific.


      ?Source:
      Pilarski, Michael (ed.) 1994. Restoration Forestry. Kivaki Press, Durango, CO. p. 450. Reprinted with permission from the author.

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      The Practical Application of Permaculture

      Permaculture is not limited to plant and animal agriculture, but also includes community planning and development, use of appropriate technologies (coupled with an adjustment of life-style), and adoption of concepts and philosophies that are both earth-based and people-centered, such as bioregionalism.

      Many of the appropriate technologies advocated by permaculturists are well known. Among these are solar and wind power, composting toilets, solar greenhouses, energy efficient housing, and solar food cooking and drying.

      Due to the inherent sustainability of perennial cropping systems, permaculture places a heavy emphasis on tree crops. Systems that integrate annual and perennial crops—such as alley cropping and agroforestry—take advantage of "the edge effect," increase biological diversity, and offer other characteristics missing in monoculture systems. Thus, multicropping systems that blend woody perennials and annuals hold promise as viable techniques for large-scale farming. Ecological methods of production for any specific crop or farming system (e.g., soil building practices, biological pest control, composting) are central to permaculture as well as to sustainable agriculture in general.

      Since permaculture is not a production system, per se, but rather a land use and community planning philosophy, it is not limited to a specific method of production. Furthermore, as permaculture principles may be adapted to farms or villages worldwide, it is site specific and therefore amenable to locally adapted techniques of production.

      As an example, standard organic farming and gardening techniques utilizing cover crops, green manures, crop rotation, and mulches are emphasized in permacultural systems. However, there are many other options and technologies available to sustainable farmers working within a permacultural framework (e.g., chisel plows, no-till implements, spading implements, compost turners, rotational grazing). The decision as to which "system" is employed is site-specific and management dependent.

      Farming systems and techniques commonly associated with permaculture include agro- forestry, swales, contour plantings, Keyline agriculture (soil and water management), hedgerows and windbreaks, and integrated farming systems such as pond-dike aquaculture, aquaponics, intercropping, and polyculture.

      Gardening and recycling methods common to permaculture include edible landscaping, keyhole gardening, companion planting, trellising, sheet mulching, chicken tractors, solar greenhouses, spiral herb gardens, swales, and vermicomposting.

      Water collection, management, and re-use systems like Keyline, greywater, rain catchment, constructed wetlands, aquaponics (the integra-tion of hydroponics with recirculating aquaculture), and solar aquatic ponds (also known as Living Machines) play an important role in permaculture designs.

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      The Ethics of Permaculture

      Permaculture is unique among alternative farming systems (e.g., organic, sustainable, eco-agriculture, biodynamic) in that it works with a set of ethics that suggest we think and act responsibly in relation to each other and the earth.

      The ethics of permaculture provide a sense of place in the larger scheme of things, and serve as a guidepost to right livelihood in concert with the global community and the environment, rather than individualism and indifference.
       

      1. Care of the Earth
      2. ...includes all living and non-living things?plants, animals, land, water and air

      3. Care of People
      4. ...promotes self-reliance and community responsibility?access to resources necessary for existence

      5. Setting Limits to Population & Consumption
      6. ...gives away surplus?contribution of surplus time, labor, money, information, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care.

      Permaculture also acknowledges a basic life ethic, which recognizes the intrinsic worth of every living thing. A tree has value in itself, even if it presents no commercial value to humans. That the tree is alive and functioning is worthwhile. It is doing its part in nature: recycling litter, producing oxygen, sequestering carbon dioxide, sheltering animals, building soils, and so on.

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      The Principles of Permaculture Design

      Whereas permaculture ethics are more akin to broad moral values or codes of behavior, the principles of permaculture provide a set of universally applicable guidelines which can be used in designing sustainable habitats. Distilled from multiple disciplines—ecology, energy conservation, landscape design, and environmental science—these principles are inherent in any permaculture design, in any climate, and at any scale.
       

      1. Relative location
      2. Each element performs multiple functions
      3. Each function is supported by many elements
      4. Energy efficient planning
      5. Using biological resources
      6. Energy cycling
      7. Small-scale intensive systems
      8. Natural plant succession and stacking
      9. Polyculture and diversity of species
      10. Increasing "edge" within a system
      11. Observe and replicate natural patterns
      12. Pay attention to scale
      13. Attitude

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      Permaculture Resources

      Four ways to learn about permaculture include: the permaculture design course, the permaculture literature, the Internet, and permaculture workshops.

      The Permaculture Design Course is the primary vehicle for transfer of permaculture expertise. The standard course is 72 hours in length and lasts two weeks. Graduates are issued a permaculture design certificate and are entitled to use the term "Permaculture" in the pursuit of livelihood and for educational purposes.

      The permaculture literature is a rich source of information on a wide range of topics dealing with land use, plant and animal agriculture, water management, appropriate technology, energy-efficient and toxic-free housing, and community design.

      Since 1995, the Internet (e.g., World Wide Web and E-mail) has become an important resource and networking tool in the dissemination of permaculture information. A selection of web sites is listed below.

      Permaculture workshops are commonly held as one- to three-day events to provide training on technologies such as vermicomposting, solar greenhouses, straw bale construction, sheet mulching, and organic gardening.

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      Permaculture Resources in the United States

      The Permaculture Activist
      P.O. Box 1209
      Black Mountain, NC 28711
      828-669-6336
      828-669-6441 Fax
      pcactivist@mindspring.com
      http://www.permacultureactivist.net
      $19/3 issues per year

        The Permaculture Activist is the leading periodical for North American permaculture, an execllent resource in print since 1985. Articles address permaculture, edible landscaping, bioregionalism, aquaculture, among other topics. It also provides a current listing of upcoming permaculture design courses and serves as an important networking tool in the U.S., Canada, and Central America. Back issues are available.

        Earth Haven, the eco-village where The Permaculture Activist is published, hosts permaculture workshops and design courses on a regular basis. Altogether, a great place to obtain permaculture resources and participate in hands-on teaching.

    Yankee Permaculture, Elfin Permaculture, Forest Ecosystem Rescue Network (FERN), Barking Frogs Permaculture Center
    P.O. Box 52
    Sparr, FL 32192-0052
    Editor: Dan Hemenway
    Email: BarkingFrogsPC@aol.com

    Barking Frogs Permaculture Center
    http://barkingfrogspc.tripod.com/frames.html

    A Guide to Yankee Permaculture Publications: 1983-1997
    http://barkingfrogspc.tripod.com/publishing.htm

        Yankee permaculture carries a number of publications on permaculture specific to North America. Past issues of Dan Hemenway's publications are still used in permaculture courses and as reference guides. A complete listing of articles, information sheets, and publications is available at the website listed above.

        The Resources of International Permaculture - TRIP. Volume 7 of TRIP, published in 1993, is a 68-page issue that contains 1,540 listings of groups working in permaculture, sustainable food systems, and tree-based agriculture. Current up-to-date listings are available on diskette.

        The International Permaculture Solutions Journal (TIPS) and Permaculture Review, Overview and Digest (PROD) are published on a sporadical basis. TIPS and PROD feature permaculture articles, book reviews, and resources.

        The International Permaculture Species Yearbook (TIPSY). Prior to TIPS, Yankee Permaculture put out a fantastic yearbook called TIPSY. The TIPSY series is a goldmine featuring plant species lists, articles, and resource listings.

      Restoration Forestry
      Friends of the Trees
      P. O. Box 4469
      Bellingham, WA 98227
      360-738-4972
      360-671-9668 Fax
      tern@geocities.com
      Editor: Michael Pilarski
      http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/4663/

        Restoration Forestry: An International Guide to Sustainable Forestry Practices (1994) is a 525-page guide to resources in restoration forestry. It contains over 50 review articles, 780 organizations, 230 journals and periodicals, 800 books, 100 restoration forestry projects underway, and 100 directories on topics relating to Restoration forestry, forest ecology, tree seedlings, bioregionalism, and permaculture. It is a massive addition to tree-based agricultural literature. Cost is $27, plus $4 postage & handling.

        Agroforestry Guide to Hawaii: A Resource Guide Directory to Reforestation, Restoration, Forestry, Agroforestry, Permaculture & Sustainable Agriculture in the Hawaiian Islands (1997) is a 187-page directory with over 800 references. Cost is $22, plus $3.30 postage & handling.

        Other publications from Friends of the Trees include the International Green Front Report (1988, $7.00); Kiwifruit Enthusiasts Journal (Vol. 6, $17.20); and Third World Resource Guide (1993, $5.00) and the West Coast Permaculture News & Gossip newsletter.

      Permaculture Drylands Journal
      c/o The Permaculture Institute
      P.O. Box 156
      Santa Fe, NM 87504-0156
      505-455-0270
      pci@permaculture-inst.org
      Contact: Scott Pittman
      http://www.permaculture.net/PDI%20Web/PDI.html

        Permaculture Drylands Journal was published in a 32-volume series, from 1987 to 1999, by Permaculture Drylands Institute, a non-profit organization that is currently in a state of dormancy. The PDI website is still active, and contains some helpful introductory information on permaculture as well as an index to back issues. PDJ focused on permaculture for arid lands, with a heavy focus on New Mexico and Arizona. Scott Pittman at The Permaculture Institute is a good person to contact for permaculture updates and activities in this region.

      Earth Quarterly / Papercrete News
      Box 23
      Radium Springs, NM 88054
      earth@zianet.com
      Contact: Gordon Solberg
      Earth Quarterly
      http://www.zianet.com/earth/
      Papercrete News
      http://www.zianet.com/papercrete/

        Earth Quarterly replaced Dry Country News as a publication on Earth-based, low-impact living in the American Southwest. Earth Quarterly has also ceased as print publication, though back issues are availabe as an info pack through Gordon Solberg, publisher of Papercrete News.


      Temperate Bamboo Quarterly
      Earth Advocates Research Facility
      30 Myers Road
      Summertown, TN 38483
      931-964-4151
      http://www.thefarm.org/businesses/bamboo/tbq.html

        Temperate Bamboo Quarterly is the quarterly journal published by Sue and Adam Turtle with Earth Advocates. It focuses on the bamboo plant which has unique, multi-purpose uses in agroforestry and permaculture. The Turtles operate a bamboo nursery, and TBQ has apparently taken a back seat and is currently dormant. Back issues of TBQ are highly recommended for anybody looking into bamboo in a temperate climate.

      The Future is Abundant

        First published in 1982 by Tilth, The Future is Abundant is a classic resource book on permaculture at the bioregional level. The book is out-of-print, though select portions may be available on the Internet.


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      Permaculture Resources in Australia

      Permaculture International Journal
      Permaculture International Ltd.
      P.O. Box 219
      Nimbin, NSW 2480
      Australia
      http://www.permacultureinternational.org/

        Permaculture International Journal was the leading permaculture magazine for two decades, yet ceased publication in mid-2000. Permaculture International Ltd. continues its activities online, with a web page that features a newsletter, a global directory, an email discussion list, educational resources, and permaculture events in Australia. Back issues of PIJ, if they can be found in a library, contain a goldmine of useful information.

      Tagari Publications - International Permaculture Institute
      31 Rulla Road
      Sisters Creek Tasmania 7325
      Australia
      Ph: 61 (0)3 6445 0945
      Fax: 61 (0)3 6445 0944
      Email: tagariadmin@southcom.com.au
      http://www.tagari.com

        The International Permaculture Institute in Tyalgum, Australia, serves as the international coordinating organization for permaculture activities such as permaculture design accreditation. Tagari Publications is the publishing group for Bill Mollison's publications.


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      Permaculture Resources Around the World

      Permaculture Magazine: Solutions for Everyday Life
      Permanent Publications
      Hyden House Ltd, The Sustainability Centre
      East Meon, Hampshire GU32 1HR
      England
      Email: info@permaculture.co.uk
      http://www.permaculture.co.uk
      Cost: U.S. $22, quarterly (available in the U.S. through The Permaculture Activist)

        Permaculture Magazine is the premier glossy magazine on permaculture worldwide. Each issue is a joy to read, accompanied by color photos that illustrate permaculture in action, as well as products and resources to support sustainable living and learning. An assortment of topics addressed include permaculture, organic farming and gardening, agroforestry, tree crops, multi-use plant species, ecological design, and eco-architecture for temperate regions such as Europe and North America. A must-have subscription along with its North American companion, The Permaculture Activist.

      Earth Repair Catalog - Permanent Publications UK
      http://www.permaculture.co.uk/erc/welcome.htm

        Permanent Publications also publishes a number of key books and videos on permaculture: Permaculture in a Nutshell, How to Make a Forest Garden, Plants for a Future, Permaculture Teacher's Guide, and The Synergistic Garden. The Earth Repair Catalog carries an extensive selection of books, videos, resources, and products for sustainable living: permaculture; organic farming and gardening; biodynamics; agroforestry; aquaculture; animals; ecological architecture; sustainable building technology; sustainable communities and eco-villages; as well as energy saving products and body products.

      The Permaculture Association (Britain)
      London, WC1N 3XX
      Email: office@permaculture.org.uk
      http://www.permaculture.org.uk

        Members receive a quarterly newsletter, Permaculture Works. The Association offers a range of learning activities, design courses, and diplomas, and publishes The Permaculture Teacher's Handbook.

      eco-logic books
      Mulberry House
      19 Maple Grove
      Bath BA2 3AF
      Email: info@eco-logicbooks.com
      http://www.eco-logicbooks.com/

        eco-logic is a book distributor for specialized topics in self reliance, permaculture, and organic farming and gardening. One item, in particular, worth noting is the Manual for Teaching Permaculture Creatively published in 1991 by Robin Clayfield and Skye, two well known permaculture teachers. This is a loose file with over 300 A4 pages of notes and excercises for teaching, including: games, teaching tips, and other creative ideas.

      Permaculture Villager / Forestry for a Small Planet
      Trees for Africa
      P.O. Box 2035
      Gallo Manor 2052
      Zimbabwe
      Email: trees@cis.co.za
      http://www.junex.co.za/tfa/

        Two on-line newsletters dealing with permaculture, tree crops, agroforestry, tree planting, and community forestry in South Africa. A notable source of grass-roots information, contacts, and resource listings for Africa. Back issues are available from 1995 through 1999.

      Kenya Institute of Organic Farming
      John Wanjau Njoroge, Director
      P.O. Box 34972
      Nairobi, Kenya
      Email: kiof@iconnect.co.ke
      Email: kiof@elci.gn.apc.or
      http://www.kenyaweb.com/agriculture/organic-agri/index.html

        A Resource Guide of Organizations Promoting Organic Farming in East Africa Region is a 116-page resource guide edited by John Kanyuiro, Kihia and John Wanjau Njoroge of the Kenya Institute of Organic Farming - KIOF. It provides names, contact information and brief descriptions of organizations working to promote, research or support organic agriculture in East Africa.

      Organic World
      http://www.agrar.de/bioherb/ow/index.htm

        A web site with a large number of organizastions involved in organic agriculture in the developing world.

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      Books on Permaculture

      Introduction to Permaculture. 1991. By Bill Mollison and Reny Mia Slay. Tagari Publishers, Tyalgum, Australia. 198 p.

      Permaculture One: A Perennial Agriculture for Human Settlements, 3rd Edition. 1987. By Bill Mollison and David Holmgren. Tagari Publishers, Tyalgum, New South Wales, Australia. 127 p.

      Permaculture Two: A Practical Design for Town and Country in Permanent Agriculture. 1979. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Press, Stanley, Australia. 150 p.

      Permaculture: A Designer's Manual. 1988. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, Australia. 576 p.

      Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. 2001. By Toby Hemenway. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White River Junction, VT. 222 p.

      The Best of Permaculture. 1986. By Max O. Lindegger and Robert Tap. Nascimanere Publishers, Nambour, Australia. 136 p.

      The Permaculture Way: Practical Ways to Create a Self-Sustaining World. 1992. By Graham Bell. Thorsons, London. 239 p.

      The Permaculture Garden. 1994. By Graham Bell. Thorsons, London. 170 p.

      Permaculture: A Beginner's Guide. 2001. B Graham Burnett. Land and Liberty, Westcliff On Sea, Essex, England. 60 p.

      Urban Permaculture
      . 1993. By David Watkins. Permanent Publications, U.K. 152 p.

      Permaculture in a Nutshell. 1993. By Patrick Whitefield. Permanent Publications, U.K. 75 p.

      Earth User's Guide to Permaculture. 1994. By Rosemary Morrow and Rob Allsop. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, NSW Australia. 152 p.

      Getting Started in Permaculture. 1998. By Ross and Jennifer Mars. Candlelight Trust, Hovea, Western Australia. 96 p.

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      A Few Good Books for the Permaculturist's Bookshelf

      Cornucopia II: A Source Book of Edible Plants. 1998. By Stephen Facciola. Kampong Publications, Vista, CA. 713 p.

      Designing & Maintaining Your Edible Landscape Naturally. 1986. By Robert Kourick. Metamorphic Press, Santa Rosa, CA. 370 p.

      Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture. 1987. By J. Russell Smith. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 408 p.

      The Permaculture Book of Ferment & Human Nutrition. 1993. By Bill Mollison. Tagari Publications, Tyalgum, Australia. 288 p.

      Forest Gardening: Cultivating an Edible Landscape. 1996. By Robert A de J Hart. Chelsea Green Pub. Co., White River Junction, VT. 234 p.

      How to Make a Forest Garden, 3rd Edition. 2000. By Patrick Whitefield. Permanent Publications, East Meon, Hampshire, England. 168 p.

      Water for Every Farm: Yeoman's Keyline Plan. [Date]. By Ken B Yeomans and P.A. Yeomans. Keyline Design, Southport, Queensland, Australia. 261 p.

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      Agroforestry Resources

      Temperature Agroforestry Systems. 1997. Edited by Andrew M. Gordon and Steven M. Newman. CAB International, New York, NY. 269 p.

        This is a landmark book on agroforestry for temperate regions. Chapters include agforestry practices in North America, New Zealand, Australia, China, and Europe. Read this book for working examples of permaculture on a broad-scale.

      North American Agroforestry: An Integrated Science and Practice. 2000. Edited by H.E. (Gene) Garrett, W.J. (Bill) Rietveld, and R.F. (Dick) Fisher. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. 402 p.

        A collection of eleven chapters originating from an agroforestry symposium. This is a typical academic book from American Society of Agronomy, but that should not deter the practitioner, teacher, or student from seeking this book as an important contribution to this topic, especially for North American agroforestry. Chapters address: ecological foundation for temperate agroforestry; agroforestry nomenclature, concepts and practices; windbreak, silvopastoral, alley cropping, riparian forest buffer, and forest farming practices; among others.

      Agroforestry in Sustainable Agricultural Systems. 1999. Edited by Louise E. Buck, James P. Lassoie, and Erick C.M. Fernandes. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. 416 p.

        A collaboration between Cornell University and ICRAF, this is another recent addition to the academic literature on agroforestry. Like much of the international literature on agroforestry, a large portion of this book is geared to tropical systems. The seventeen chapters address: nutrient cycling in tropical agroforestry systems; animals and agroforestry in the tropics; water management with hedgerow agroforestry; black walnut agroforestry in Missouri, U.S.A.; silvopastoralism; pest management; propagation; trees in managed landscapes; ethnobotany; sustainable mulch-based cropping systems with trees; among others.

      The Overstory Book. 2001. Edited by Craig R. Elevitch and Kim M. Wilkinson. Permanent Agriculture Resources, Holualoa, HI.

        The Overstory Book distills essential information about working trees into 72 short, easy-to-read, single-subject chapters. Cost is $40, plus shipping. CD's are available for $16.95 plus shipping.

        Agroforestry Net, Inc.
        P.O. Box 428
        Holualoa, HI 96725
        808-324-4427
        808-324-4129 Fax
        overstory@agroforestry.net
        http://www.agroforestry.net

      Agroforestry Today
      ICRAF -- International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
      Circulation
      P.O. Box 30677
      Nairobi, Kenya
      Email: e.mwamunga@cgiar.org
      http://www.icraf.cgiar.org
      $Inquire regarding subscription fee/1-4 issues per year

        Agroforestry Today is a quarterly magazine that carries reports from around the world on farming systems that focus on the integration of trees, crops, and livestock, and the people who raise them. It is one of the leading voices for agro-forestry worldwide. While the content deals mostly with sub-tropical and tropical agro-forestry, much of the information has universal applications (e.g., mycorrhizae, on-farm research methods, soil-plant interactions, tree establishment methods, etc.)

      unasylva
      http://www.fao.org/forestry/FODA/UNASYLVA/unasyl-e.stm

        unasylva is the quarterly magazine of Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO. It also has an international focus and therefore tropical systems and developing country technologies are its primary concern, but nonetheless it is a valuable resource on tree crops, special forest products, and related topics of interest. Back issues are availabe online as PDF's.

      Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA)
      School of Natural Resources
      1-30 Agricultural Hall
      University of Missouri
      Columbia, MO 65211
      http://www.missouri.edu/~afta/

        $25/year membership fee includes subscription to The Temperate Agroforester, quarterly newsletter. Previous editions of Introduction to Permaculture included citations to proceedings of the biennial North American Agroforestry Conference series. These proceedings can now be found on the AFTA website. The AFTA website also provides a series of introductory information leaflets on agroforestry practices: Alley cropping; Silvopasture; Forest Farming; Riparian Buffers; and Windbreaks.

      USDA National Agroforestry Center
      North 38th St. & East Campus Loop
      University of Nebraska - East Campus
      Lincoln, NE 68583-0822
      402-437-5178
      http://www.unl.edu/nac/

        Publishes InsideAgroforestry newsletter, provides technical assistance to landowners on windbreaks and agroforestry, sponsors research, and publishes a number of very informative and practical bulletins and publications.

      agroforestry.net
      P.O. Box 428
      Holualoa, Hawaii 96725
      808-324-4427
      808-324-4129 Fax
      email@agroforestry.net
      http://www.agroforestry.net

        The website for Craig Elevitch and Kim Wilkinson, publishers of The Overstory e-newsletter (highly recommended), as well as publications from Permanent Agriculture Resources: Agroforestry Guides for Pacific Islands, Nitrogen Fixing Tree Start-up Guide, A Guide to Orchard Alley Cropping, and other bulletins and resources.


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      E-Mail Discussion Lists, Web Forums, & E-Mail Web Archives

      The Permaculture Mailing List | Hosted at Ibiblio.org

        Information about the list, subscribe & unsubscribe.
        http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/permaculture

        Current Web Archives at Ibiblio.org (January 2002 to present)
        http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/permaculture/

        Permaculture Archives. For the web researcher, Larry London (host of PermaSphere at Ibiblio.org) has a collection of old, yet still-useful email archives at:
        http://www.ibiblio.org/london/permaculture/mailarchives/
        and
        http://www.ibiblio.org/ecolandtech/pc-forum-archives.html

      Permaculture Forum at Permaculture the Earth
      http://www.permaearth.org/forums.html

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      Permaculture Web Links and Resources

      Manuals, Primers, and Syllabi on Permaculture

      A Permaculture Primer
      By Dan Earle and Sue Hutchins
      http://home.klis.com/~chebogue/PermacultureIndex.html

      Permaculture - Sustainable Farming, Ranching, Living... by Designing Ecosystems That Imitate Nature
      By Sandy Cruz and Jerome Osentowski, a 6-page Western SARE leaflet
      http://www.crmpi.org/permacul.pdf

      The Ethics and Principles of Permaculture
      By David Holmgren; transcription from design course held at Tir Penrhos Isaf in Wales.
      http://www.konsk.co.uk/resource/holm2.htm

      The Essense of Permaculture
      By David Holmgren
      http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/essence.html

      An extract from an upcoming book, Permaculture: Principles and Pathways To Sustainability. Holmgren, the co-creator of permaculture, provides a nice summary of the ethics and principles behind permaculture design. The Permaculture Design System Flower goes with this piece, accessible through the PDF version, as well as here in HTML:

      Collected Writings of David Holmgren 1978-2000
      http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/Writings.html

      A collection of twenty-seven magazine articles, conference papers, public lectures, book reviews, and other works by David Holmgren, co-creator of permaculture. Holmgren has made these PDF's available on the web as screen-readable only. A CD version is for-sale, which allows full access including print as well as permission to copy and use for workshops. Altogether, a valuable contribution to the web from someone who's spent a lifetime developing and working out the details of permaculture design.

      Permaculture: A Beginner's Guide
      By Graham Burnett
      http://www.permaculture.co.uk/erc/erc2.html#PBG

      This 60-page booklet, available through Permanent Publications, is a permaculture-for-dummies style primer with lively illustration, covering permaculture ethics and principles. A nice learning tool to capture the essence of permaculture in a nutshell.

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      On-Line Articles, Fact Sheets & Proceedings

      Permaculture: Sophisticated Ecological Understanding Blended with Common Sense Design Creates Productive Landscapes
      by Sego Jackson. IN CONTEXT #8, Winter 1984.
      http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC08/Jackson.htm

      Permaculture: Design For Living
      by Bill Mollison. IN CONTEXT #28, Spring 1991
      http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC28/Mollison.htm

      On-Line articles on Permaculture the Earth
      http://www.permaearth.org/writings.html

      Building A Bamboo Farm: Using Permaculture Principles in Bamboo Agroforestry by Simon Henderson.
      http://www.permaearth.org/bamboo.html

      Constructing the Food Forest Orchard by Larry Santoyo
      http://www.permaearth.org/foodforestarticle.html

      Permaculture: Perennial Urban Food Systems
      By Kirk Hanson, Green Screens, April 1999
      http://www.olywa.net/speech/april99/hanson.html

      Sixth International Permaculture Conference & Convergence
      Perth & Bridgetown, Western Australia September 27 to October 7, 1996
      http://www.rosneath.com.au/ipc6/

      An online proceedings with about 100 papers and abstracts; an important web resource.

      Organic Farming: The Permaculture Approach
      By David Madge
      Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Victoria Australia
      http://www.nre.vic.gov.au

      A 2-page fact sheet available in HTML and PDF. The web file name is a mile long and impossible to duplicate here. Go to the Victoria website and search on the title. Noteworthy as a rare government-issued leaflet on permaculture.


    Saving Mallee Soils -- Organic Broadacre Farming: Improvements to the Environment and Productivity
    Organic Agriculture at FAO, Case Study Report from Australia
    http://www.fao.org/organicag/doc/australia.htm

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      Permaculture in North America

      EcoLandTech + PermaSphere
      Larry London's collection at Ibiblio.org
      http://www.ibiblio.org/permaculture/

      Friends of the Trees
      http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/4663/

      Permaculture Drylands Institute
      http://www.permaculture.net/PDI/

      Permaculture at Heathcote Intentional Community
      http://www.heathcote.org

      Three Sisters Permaculture Design
      http://www.bioshelter.com

      La'akea Permaculture Gardens
      http://www.permaculture-hawaii.com/

      Animal Farm Permaculture Center
      ttp://www.neosoft.com/~animalfm/afpchome.htm

      Permaculture the Earth
      http://www.permaearth.org/

      Murad's Permaculture Pointers
      http://www.thefarm.org/permaculture/pclinks.html

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      Permaculture in Australia

      Permaculture International Ltd
      http://www.nor.com.au/environment/perma/index.html
      Email: pcjournl@nor.com.au

      International Permaculture Institute (Australia)
      Email: perminst@peg.apc.org

      Permaculture Visions International
      http://www.ozemail.com.au/~askpv/

      Sixth International Permaculture Conference & Convergence
      Perth & Bridgetown, Western Australia September 27 to October 7, 1996
      http://www.rosneath.com.au/ipc6/

      Earthlink- Australia's Environmentally Friendly Directory
      http://www.earthlink.org.au/

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      Permaculture in Europe

      Permaculture Magazine/Permanent Publications
      http://www.permaculture.co.uk

      The Permaculture Association (Britain)
      http://www.permaculture.org.uk

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      Permaculture Around the World

      The Permaculture Activist's Planetary Permculture Directory
      http://www.permacultureactivist.net/pcresources/PcResources2.htm

      Instituto de Permacultura Cerrado-Pantanal -- Brazil
      http://tortuga.com/permacultura/english_pages.htm

      Indigenous Knowledge Pages

      http://www.nuffic.nl/ik-pages/index.html

      Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor
      http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/index.html

      Register of Best Practices of Indigenous Knowledge
      http://www.unesco.org/most/bpikreg.htm

      Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor
      http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/index.html

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      Plants for Permaculture

      Plants for a Future: Edible and Useful Plants
      http://www.scs.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html

      Atcros On Internet - Australasian Tree Crops Sourcebook
      http://www.aoi.com.au/atcros/

      The Vetiver Grass Network
      http://www.vetiver.org/

      The American Bamboo Society
      http://www.americanbamboo.org

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      Permaculture Technologies

      Keyline Design - Water for Every Farm
      http://www.keyline.com.au

      Alternative Technology Association (ATA)
      http://www.ata.org.au

      The Solar Cooking Archive
      http://solarcooking.org

      Sustainable Building Sourcebook
      http://www.greenbuilder.com/sourcebook/

      Ocean Arks International
      http://www.oceanarks.org

      Integrated Bio-Systems in Zero Emissions Applications
      http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/

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      Bioregional & Eco-Village Links

      Global EcoVillage Network
      http://gen.ecovillage.org/

      Intentional Communities
      http://www.ic.org

      Crystal Waters Permaculture Village
      http://www.ecologicalsolutions.com.au/crystalwaters/

      Earthaven Eco-Village
      http://www.earthaven.org

      Arcosanti (Arizona)
      http://www.arcosanti.org

      Auroville (India)
      http://www.auroville.org

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      Virtual Library's on Permaculture & Sustainability

      Sustainable Architecture Building & Culture
      http://www.SustainableABC.Com

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      Agroforestry Web Sites

      Agroforestry in Minnesota
      http://www.cnr.umn.edu/FR/cinram/

      Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA)
      http://web.missouri.edu/~afta/

      USDA National Agroforestry Center
      http://www.unl.edu/nac/

      Agroforestry for Farms & Ranches
      NRCS, Agroforestry Technical Note No. 1
      http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ECS/forest/technote1.html

      International Ag-Sieve: Agroforesty Special Issue
      Volume II, Number 4 (1989)
      http://fadr.msu.ru/rodale/agsieve/txt/agrofor.html

      The Illinois Virtual Forest: Agroforestry Web Links
      University of Illinois Extension
      http://ilvirtualforest.nres.uiuc.edu/

      Agroforestry Research Trust
      http://www.agroforestry.co.uk

      International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
      http://iufro.boku.ac.at/

      ICRAF - International Center for Research in Agroforestry
      http://www.cgiar.org/icraf/

      Cultivating the Forest: Development of Agroforestry Systems
      Plants and Plants Handbook Issue 5
      WWF, UNESCO and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
      http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants/handbook/handbook5/index.html

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      Holistic Management

      The Alan Savory Center for Holistic Management
      http://www.holisticmanagement.org

      Holistic Management: A Whole-Farm Decision Making Framework
      ATTRA
      http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/holistic.html

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      About this Publication

      Introduction to Permaculture: Concepts and Resources is a revised and updated version of The Permaculture FAQ, which was originally published by the author on the World Wide Web in 1995 and 1996.

      The Permaculture FAQ 1.3, May 1996
      http://www.ibiblio.org/london/permaculture/faqs/permaculture.faq.v1.3

      A permaculture design course graduate, the author is a technical specialist in horticulture and agronomy at he Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) program, the national sustainable farming information center located at the University of Arkansas, managed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology.

      The focus of the ATTRA program is on farming systems that enhance the economic livelihoods of farm families while sustaining the environment. ATTRA provides resources and technical assistance to commercial farmers, including small farmers and market gardeners, in the United States. Accordingly, the focus of this publication in on permaculture in the temperate U.S. with some emphasis on broad-scale application such as agroforestry and bio-integrated production systems.

      Please send updates to: steved@ncatark.uark.edu

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      By Steve Diver
      NCAT Agriculture Specialist
      Revised August 2002

      The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the Rural Business - Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the Ozark Mountains on the University of Arkansas campus in Fayetteville, at PO Box 3657, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72702. ATTRA staff prefer to receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free number 800-346-9140 .


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