Lighthouses of Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul

The Federative Republic of Brazil (Brasil in Portuguese), the largest country in South America and fifth largest in the world, has a lengthy coastline, a large number of lighthouses, and a distinguished lighthouse history. Colonized by Portugal, Brazil declared its independence in 1822. Uniquely among American nations it was a monarchy as the Empire of Brazil until 1889.

Brazil is a federal republic with 26 states and a federal district. This page covers the lighthouses of Brazil's southernmost state, Rio Grande do Sul. The sandy beaches framed by steep, sometimes mountainous headlands with a scattering of offshore islands. Rio Grande do Sul is different: its coastline of the state is mostly a very long and often roadless sand beach, broken at the entrance to the estuary for which the state is named.

The Portuguese word for a lighthouse is farol, plural faróis. In Brazilian use, the word farol generally applies to all light towers, regardless of whether they are enclosed structures or not. The word farolete or farolim is sometimes used for smaller towers. In Portuguese ilha is an island, ilhéu is an islet, cabo is a cape, ponta is a promontory or point of land, rocha is a rock, recife is a reef, baía is a bay, estreito is a strait, rio is a river, and porto is a port or harbor.

Active lighthouses in Brazil are owned by the navy (Marinha do Brasil) and maintained by the Centro de Sinalização Náutica e Reparos Almirante Moraes Rego (CAMR) in the Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegacão (DHN). Many of the larger lighthouses are staffed by resident keepers or by rotating crews of naval personnel. Only a small number of Brazilian lighthouses are open to the public.

ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights. BR numbers are from the official Brazilian Lista de Faroís. Admiralty numbers are from volume G of the Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals. U.S. NGA numbers are from Publication 110.

General Sources
Faroís Brasileiros
This web site for Brazilian lighthouses has small photos and historical information for many of the major lights.
Online List of Lights - Brazil - South Coast
Photos by various photographers, posted by Alexander Trabas. Most of the photos for this area are by Capt. Peter Mosselberger ("Capt. Peter").
Faróis
Photos from Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay posted on Flickr.com by Gilberto Lima.
Lighthouses in Brazil
Photos by various photographers available from Wikimedia.
World of Lighthouses - Brazil
Photos by various photographers available from Lighthouses.net.
Lista de faróis do Brasil
Index to articles on the Portuguese Wikipedia.
Leuchttürme Südamerikas auf historischen Postkarten
Historic postcard views posted by Klaus Huelse.
Lista de Faróis
Online version of the official Brazilian light list.
GPSNauticalCharts
Navigational chart information for Brazil.
Google Maps
Satellite views of Brazil's south coast.


Chuí Light, Chuí, May 2021
Instagram photo by Renan

Torres Area Lighthouses
Torres is a resort city with about 35,000 permanent residents but numerous beach resorts attracting up to 300,000 visitors in the summer.

* Mampituba South Mole
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); green flash every 3 s. 10 m (33 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted white. Lourdes Padoin has a 2019 photo, Cicero Altreiter has a 2023 photo, Google has a distant street view and Google has a satellite view. Located on the south mole at the entrance to the Rio Mampituba, which separates Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, in Passo de Torres. Site open, tower closed. BR-3968; Admiralty G0603.2.
* Torres (3)
1952 (station established 1912). Inactive since 1993. 15 m (49 ft) square white masonry tower with lantern and gallery. A 2024 photo by Lucélia Morais is at right, Wikimedia has several photos, Thiago Ferronatto has a good photo, and Google has a closeup 2024 street view of both towers and a satellite view. The original lighthouse, an iron skeletal tower, was replaced in 1928 by another skeletal tower; both towers suffered from corrosion. The 1952 tower was designed by Roberto Lacombe and Flavio Barbosa. It has been transferred to IBAMA, the Brazilian environmental and ecological institute. Located atop a high hill, the Morro do Farol (Lighthouse Bluff), in the northern section of the city of Torres, at the northeastern corner of Rio Grande do Sul. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-273.
* Torres (4)
1993 (station established 1912). Active; focal plane 85 m (278 ft); white light, 2 s on, 8 s off. 46 m (151 ft) round cylindrical tower; at a distance the lighthouse appears white with black vertical stripes. The lower 2/3 of the tower appears in the photo at right, Lima has a distant view showing both towers, and Google has a 2024 street view and a satellite view. Located atop a high hill, the Morro do Farol (Lighthouse Bluff) in the northern section of the city of Torres, at the northeastern corner of Rio Grande do Sul. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-203; BR-3972; Admiralty G0604; NGA 18928.
* Arroio do Sal (Itapeva)
1993. Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); five white flashes, separated by 5 s, every 30 s. 40 m (131 ft) square cylindrical concrete tower painted white with two red horizontal bands on the lower half. A 2018 photo is available, Jarbas Augusto has a photo, Luciane Huffel has a panoramic view, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Located on the beach at Arroio do Sal, about 25 km (15 mi) southwest of Torres. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-270; BR-3974; Admiralty G0605; NGA 18930.
* Capão da Canoa (2)
Date unknown (station established 1930). Active; focal plane 27 m (89 ft); two white flashes, separated by 2 s, every 10 s. 24 m (85 ft) 2-stage square cylindrical tower with gallery but no lantern, painted with black and white horizontal bands. Aguinaldo Severino has a closeup, Pelas Janelas has another photo, and Google has a 2022 street view and a satellite view. The first lighthouse was a 16 m (52 ft) square concrete tower. Located on the beach about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Torres. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-021; BR-3976; Admiralty G0606; NGA 18932.

1952 Torres Light, Torres, February 2024
Instagram photo by Lucélia Morais

Northern Beach Lighthouses
These lighthouses are found along a great beach extending more than 300 km (about 200 mi) southwestward from Capão de Canoa to the Rio Grande do Sul entrance. The northern part of this beach is crowded with resort towns. The southern portion, south of Mostardas, is part of a broad barrier between the ocean and the Lagoa dos Patos; lighthouses in this section are best seen from 4WD expeditions along the beach.

* Tramandaí
1954. Active; focal plane 25 m (82 ft); white light, 2 s on, 13 s off. 23 m (75 ft) round tower with lantern and gallery, painted in a black and white diamond pattern. Lise Pereira has a photo, Ivan Bustamante has a second photo, Fabiel Bruce Dickinson has a 2024 photo, and Google has a 2023 street view and a satellite view. Located across the Avenida Beira Mar from the beach, at the foot of the Avenida Osvaldo Aranha, in the center of Tramandai. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-103; BR-3980; Admiralty G0607.4; NGA List 18936.
* Cidreira (2)
1933 (station established 1907). Active; focal plane 33 m (108 ft); white flash every 6 s. 30 m (98 ft) narrow round cylindrical concrete tower, its base supported by four buttresses. Tower painted in a red and white spiral (barber-pole) pattern; lantern, gallery, and base painted red. Rodrigo Desidério has a 2024 photo, R. Pretto has a photo, a 2017 closeup photo is available,and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Located at the foot of the Rua Lupicínio Rodrigues in the resort city of Cidreira. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-025; BR-3992; Admiralty G0608; NGA 18944.
* Berta (Quintão, Dunas Altas)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); white flash every 10 s. 40 m (131 ft) square cylindrical brick (or concrete?) tower, painted white with a black horizontal band. Janderson Campos has a 2021 photo, Lima has a photo, Wikimedia has a 2012 photo, a 2015 photo is available, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. Located on the beach at Quintão, in an area called Dunas Altas (High Dunes), about 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Cidreira. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-210; BR-3994; Admiralty G0609 (ex-G0610); NGA 18945.
* Solidão (2)
1949 (station established 1929). Active; focal plane 24 m (78 ft); two white flashes every 12 s. 21 m (69 ft) red round cylindrical concrete tower with gallery and four buttresses. The reddish color of the tower appears to be in the concrete rather than painted. Leandro Abreu's 2021 photo is at right, Trabas has Capt. Peter's 2024 photo, Marcelo Koelho has a photo, Fabricio Padilha Martins has a photo, Rafael Webber has a closeup street view, and Google has a 2023 street view and a satellite view. The original lighthouse was a 17 m (56 ft) steel skeletal tower. Located on the beach about 70 km (45 mi) northeast of Mostardas and 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Quintão. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-100; BR-3996; Admiralty G0612; NGA 18948.

Solidão Light, Mostardas, April 2021
Instagram photo by Leandro Abreu
** Mostardas (2)
1940 (station established 1894). Active; focal plane 39 m (128 ft); white light on 10 s, off 4.5 s, white flash, off 4.5 s, red light on 10 s, off 4.5 s, red flash, off 4.5 s. 38 m (125 ft) round concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted with black and white horizontal bands. A Barbier, Bénard & Turenne Fresnel lens (1934) is in use. Victor Varela's 2023 photo is at right, a 2012 photo is available, Rui Capalonga has a closeup photo, Victor Ferreira has a 2017 photo, and Google has a satellite view. This lighthouse is located in a national park, the Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe. The original lighthouse was a 33 m (108 ft) cast iron tower prefabricated in France. Located on the beach about 20 km (13 mi) south of the town of Mostardas. Accessible by 4WD from the seaside resort of Balneário Mostardense 9 miles northeast. Site open, tower open but the schedule is not known. . ARLHS BRA-065; BR-4000; Admiralty G0614; NGA 18956.
* Capão da Marca de Fora
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); three white flashes every 10 s. 12 m (39 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with gallery, painted white with one red horizontal band. Antonio Carlos Torres Vianna has a closeup photo and a more distant view, Leonardo Rodrigues has a 2021 photo, and Google has a satellite view. Not to be confused with the historic Capão de Marca lighthouse on the Lagoa dos Patos (see below). Located just off the beach about 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Tavares. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. BR-4002; Admiralty G0615; NGA 18959.7.
* #Conceição (2)
Date unknown (station established 1929). Destroyed around 2022; still listed with focal plane 33 m (108 ft); white light, 2 s on, 13 s off. 30 m (98 ft) square cylindrical steel skeletal tower, painted red with a white horizontal band. C.W. Bash posted a 2006 photo taken by Rafael Podolano, Jefferson Rodrigues Amaral has a 2017 photo, and Cleiton Rodrigues Teixeira also has a 2017 photo. The original lighthouse was a 24 m (79 ft) hexagonal masonry tower that was overturned by beach erosion; Rodrigues Teixeira has a photo of the fallen tower. The new tower also seemed endangered by sea level rise and, sure enough, Gleidson Ribes has a July 2023 photo of the ruins of the tower on the beach. Dalila Martins has a 2024 photo and Google has a satellite view. Located on the beach about 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Rio Grande do Sul. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-027; BR-4004; Admiralty G0616; NGA 18960.
* Estreito
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); white light, 2 s on, 13 s off. 40 m (131 ft) square cylindrical steel skeletal tower, painted white. Cristiel Lemos has a 2019 closeup photo, Wikimapia has photos, and Google has a satellite view. Located on the beach about 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Rio Grande do Sul. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-212; BR-4006; Admiralty G0618; NGA 18962.

Mostardas Light, Mostardas, April 2023
ex-Google Maps photo by Victor Varela

Rio Grande Entrance Lighthouses
The Rio Grande is not a river, it is the narrow outlet for two large lagoons, the Lagoa dos Patos and the Lagoa Mirim, fed by several rivers.

* Barra Rio Grande (4?)
1847 (station established 1820). Active; focal plane 32 m (105 ft); white light on 10 s, then five flashes in the next 11 s. 31 m (102 ft) round cast iron tower with lantern and gallery, painted with black and white horizontal bands. A 2nd order Barbier & Fenèstre Fresnel lens (1886) is in use. A 2021 photo by Ademir Rodrigues is at right, Fernando Zafalon Pieper has a photo, Mara M.C. Hermes has a 2022 photo, Trabas has Capt. Peter's 2006 photo, Eduardo Rosca has a closeup drone view, and Google has a satellite view. Lights are said to have been shown from this point as early as 1698. Denise Giacomini has a 2021 photo and Wikimapia has photos showing the nearby Atalaia tower, which is sometimes described as a lighthouse; it was used for many years as a signal tower and it carried a light very briefly in 1820. One Wikimapia photo shows the lighthouse behind the Atalaia tower. Other early lighthouses were built in 1840 and 1842. The present lighthouse is the oldest cast iron lighthouse in South America and one of the oldest in the Western Hemisphere. Prefabricated in England, it is a rare example of an early English design. It was installed in 1847 and extended by installation of a larger lantern in 1852. Located on the east side of the Rio Grande do Sul in the village of Povoação da Barra. Accessible by road. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-245; BR-4008; Admiralty G0620; NGA 18964.
Rio Grande do Sul East Mole (2)
Date unknown (recent). Active; focal plane 13 m (43 ft); long red flash every 10 s. 12 m (39 ft) hexagonal cylindrical concrete tower, painted white. Rodrigo Borges Da Rosa has a photo, Carla Cristina has a closeup, and Google has a satellite view. Two long (about 2.5 miles) breakwaters protect the entrance to Rio Grande do Sul. Trabas has Capt. Peter's 2006 photo of the earlier light, which was similar but round rather than hexagonal. Located at the end of the east mole (breakwater) at Rio Grande do Sul. Site status unknown. Admiralty G0624; BR-4040; NGA 18968.
* Rio Grande do Sul West Mole (2)
Date unknown (recent). Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); long green flash every 10 s. 12 m (39 ft) hexagonal cylindrical concrete tower, painted white. Lucas Paulino has a 2023 photo, Igor Santos has a closeup 2017 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The West Mole has been extended recently, and the light was relocated to the end of the extension. Trabas has Capt. Peter's 2006 photo of the earlier light, which was similar but round rather than hexagonal. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-246; BR-4044; Admiralty G0622; NGA 18972.

Barra Rio Grande Light, Rio Grande do Sul, January 2021
Google Maps photo by

Lagoa dos Patos Lighthouses
The Lagoa dos Patos (Lagoon of the Ducks) is a large lagoon or estuary, 280 km (175 mi) long, emptying into the Atlantic at Rio Grande do Sul city. Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul state, is located at the northern end of the lagoon.

[Bujuru (Bojuru)]
1868. Inactive since the 1950s. Formerly a square masonry tower rising from a keeper's house, the lighthouse has collapsed into ruins. Marcos Aurelio Pinheiro has a 2020 photo and Google has an indistinct satellite view. A historic photo of the tower is available, The light was replaced by a small red beacon (focal plane 8 m (26 ft); red flash every 8 s) on a pile structure off the end of the shoal. Located on a tiny island off a sandy point projecting into the Lagoa dos Patos about 16 km (10 mi) north of the village of Bujuru. Accessible only by boat. Site open. Active light: BR-4464; Admiralty G0631; NGA 18959.5.
* Capão da Marca (2)
1881 (station established 1849). Active; focal plane 19 m (62 ft); red light, 2 s on, 8 s off. 14 m (46 ft) octagonal cast iron skeletal tower with lantern and central cylinder. Entire lighthouse painted white. Victor Varela's 2023 photo is at right, Iriani Ghellere has a 2021 photo, Arnaldo Batista has a 2022 photo, Wikimedia has João Paulo Lucena's photo, Faroís Brasileiros has a page for the lighthouse, a closeup photo is available, Rafael Webber has a closeup street view, and Google has a satellite view. Prefabricated in France by Sautter, Lemonnier & Cie., this is the second oldest surviving lighthouse of Rio Grande do Sul, after the Farol da Barra. The original light was on a 7 m (23 ft) wood tower. The Wikipedia article describes it as inactive, but apparently it has been reactivated. Located on the beach on the east side of the lagoon near Tavares, about 11 km (7 mi) southwest of the Mostardas lighthouse. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-127; BR-4472; Admiralty G0631.2; NGA 18957.
Cristóvão Pereira (2)
1861 (station established 1849). Active; focal plane 30 m (98 ft); white flash every 10 s. 28 m (92 ft) square cylindrical brick tower; no lantern. Lighthouse formerly painted white. The keeper's houses were demolished in 1992. Lima has a good photo, Wikipedia has an article (in Portuguese) on its history, and Wikimedia has a good photo by João Paulo Lucena. Endangered: Google's satellite view reveals that the lighthouse, although protected by a seawall, is nearly surrounded by the waters of the lagoon. In 1992 the keeper's house was demolished and the windows of the tower were removed and bricked over. The lighthouse was repinted in 2022, as shown by a September photo. The lighthouse is named for Cristóvão Pereira (1678-1755), a frontier leader who explored the area and helped establish Portuguese control in the region around 1750. Located on a sandy point projecting into the Lagoa dos Patos about 25 km (15 mi) west of Mostardas and 30 km (19 mi) north of Tavares. Accessible by 4WD. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS BRA-131; BR-4480; Admiralty G0631.4; NGA 18946.9.

Capão da Marca Light, Tavares, April 2023
ex-Google Maps photo by Victor Varela
Itapuã da Lagoa
1860. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); white flash every 6 s. 13 m (43 ft) octagonal brick tower rising from 1-story keeper's houses. Lighthouse painted white; lantern roof and gallery railing painted red. Julio Cesar Silveira's 2023 photo is at right, Marcus Guimarães has a photo, Paulo Angonese has another photo, an April 2007 photo is available, Wikimedia has Jesse Dill's photo, Huelse has a historic postcard view, and Google has a satellite view. One of the oldest lighthouses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In October 2002 the station was transferred to the state government and restored as part of a state park, the Parque Estadual de Itapuã; it is to be used as an educational center. Located at the northern end of the Lagoa dos Patos, on the east side of the entrance to the narrow channel (the Canal da Itapuã) leading to Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Site open, tower open to guided tours from Itapuã on weekends. Accessible only by boat; there are no roads in the area. ARLHS BRA-142; BR-4528; Admiralty G0633; NGA 18946.

Lagoa Mirim Lighthouse
The Lagoa Mirim is a second lagoon, 170 km (105 mi) long, located to the south of the Lagoa dos Patos and extending across the Uruguayan border. The Lagoa Mirim is connected to the Lagoa dos Patos by a navigable channel (the Canal de São Gonçalo) at the town of Pelotas, west of Rio Grande do Sul. Navigation on the lagoon is limited to small craft.

* Ponta Alegre
1908. Inactive since 1964. 16 m (52 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery. The lighthouse was painted white originally, but only traces of the paint remain. Lantern painted red. Willian Xavier has a closeup 2024 photo, Marcos Antônia Corá has a 2021 photo, Ancelmo Galarraga has a 2018 photo, Rodrigo de Oliveira has a photo, and Google has a satellite view. Endangered: the lighthouse is abandoned and vandalized. Recently the city council of Arroio Grande has discussed restoring the lighthouse as a tourist attraction, but the recent photos show the lighthouse still in poor condition. Located on the Praia do Farol, a sandy peninsula on the north side of the Lagoa Mirim, about 25 km (15 mi) southeast of Arroio Grande. Apparently accessible by 4WD. Site open; tower reported open but dangerous. ARLHS BRA-288.

Itapuã da Lagoa Light, Porto Alegre, December 2023
Google Maps photo by Julio Cesar Silveira

Southern Beach (Praia do Cassino) Lighthouses
South of the Rio Grande entrance is another of the world's great beaches. A largely deserted strand that stretches about 220 km (135 mi) from Rio Grande do Sul to the Uruguayan border, the Praia do Cassino is believed to be the longest uninterrupted sand beach in the world.

Sarita (3)
1952 (station established 1909). Active; focal plane 40 m (131 ft); three white flashes, separated by 2 s, every 15 s. 37 m (121 ft) square concrete tower with lantern and gallery, rising from a 2-story square concrete base. Lighthouse painted with red and white horizontal bands. Pedro Torrezin has a 2023 photo, Lima has a photo, Jorge Marques has a closeup photo, Márcio Ramos Botelho has a photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse, a 26 m (85 ft) cast iron tower, was replaced by a second cast iron tower in 1929. Located about 70 km (45 mi) southwest of Rio Grande do Sul. Site open, tower closed as far as we know. . ARLHS BRA-098; BR-4648; Admiralty G0636; NGA 19000.
[Verga]
1964. Inactive. This was a 10 m (35 ft) square pyramidal steel skeletal tower mounted on a 1-story square pyramidal concrete workroom. A 2019 photo is available, Marcio Mathias has a 2020 closeup, Aranha Márcio Elieser Vaz Valerio has 2022 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The skeletal tower was removed in 2022 or 2023; only the concrete base remains, as seen in Ana Mottin's December 2023 photo. Located on the beach about 110 km (70 mi) northeast of Barra do Chuí. Accessible by 4WD vehicle on the beach. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS BRA-207; ex-BR-4652; ex-Admiralty G0639; NGA 19004.
Albardão (2)
1948 (station established 1909). Active; focal plane 50 m (164 ft); four white flashes, separated by 3 s, every 25 s. 44 m (144 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, rising from the center of 1-story concrete workroom. Lighthouse painted in a black and white diamond pattern, said to have been inspired by the Cape Lookout lighthouse in North Carolina. Four 1-story keeper's houses. A 2021 photo by Graça Fernandes is at right, Reginaldo Brandao has a 2024 photo, Lima has a photo, Paulo de Araujo has a closeup photo, Emersom Correa has a 2021 closeup, Leonir André Colling has a great 2009 photo, the Instituto Brasil Costal posted a photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse was a 35 m (115 ft) cast iron tower. Located on the beach about 90 km (55 mi) northeast of Barra do Chuí. Accessible by 4WD vehicle on the beach. Site open, tower closed as far as we know. . ARLHS BRA-002; BR-4656; Admiralty G0640; NGA 19008.
* Chuí (3)
1941 (station established 1910). Active; focal plane 42 m (141 ft); two white flashes, separated by 8 s, every 25 s. 30 m (98 ft) round concrete tower with four narrow buttresses, lantern, and double gallery. Lighthouse painted with red and white horizontal bands. Four 1-story keeper's houses. A 2021 photo is at the top of this page, Wikimedia has many photos, Carlos Magno Serrano has a 2018 photo, Roberto Bacila has a fine 2017 photo, Andre Souza has a 2022 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse, a 26 m (85 ft) skeletal tower, was replaced by a concrete tower in 1934. That lighthouse had to be abandoned after a few years because of an unstable foundation. Located at Barra do Chuí, at the mouth of the Arroio Chuí, which is the Uruguayan border. Accessible by road from BR 471 at Chuí. Site open, tower closed as far as we know. . ARLHS BRA-024; BR-4660; Admiralty G0644; NGA 19012.

Albardão Light, Santa Vitoria do Palmar, February 2021
Google Maps photo by Graça Fernandes

Information available on lost lighthouses:

Notable faux lighthouses:

Adjoining pages: North: Paraná and Santa Catarina | South: Uruguay | West: Paraguay

Return to the Lighthouse Directory index | Ratings key

Posted January 30, 2004. Checked and revised September 2, 2025. Lighthouses: 23. Site copyright 2025 Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.