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NAME
r.gwflow - Numerical calculation program for transient, confined and unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions.
KEYWORDS
raster, groundwater flow
SYNOPSIS
r.gwflow
r.gwflow help
r.gwflow [-f] phead=name status=name hc_x=name hc_y=name [q=name] s=name [recharge=name] top=name bottom=name output=name [vx=name] [vy=name] [budget=name] type=string [river_bed=name] [river_head=name] [river_leak=name] [drain_bed=name] [drain_leak=name] dt=float [maxit=integer] [error=float] [solver=name] [--overwrite] [--verbose] [--quiet]
Flags:
- -f
- Allocate a full quadratic linear equation system, default is a sparse linear equation system.
- --overwrite
- Allow output files to overwrite existing files
- --verbose
- Verbose module output
- --quiet
- Quiet module output
Parameters:
- phead=name
- Input raster map with initial piezometric head in [m]
- status=name
- Input raster map providing Boundary condition status: 0-inactive, 1-active, 2-dirichlet
- hc_x=name
- Input raster map with x-part of the hydraulic conductivity tensor in [m/s]
- hc_y=name
- Input raster map with y-part of the hydraulic conductivity tensor in [m/s]
- q=name
- Input raster map with water sources and sinks in [m^3/s]
- s=name
- Input raster map with specific yield in [1/m]
- recharge=name
- Recharge input raster map e.g: 6*10^-9 per cell in [m^3/s*m^2]
- top=name
- Input raster map describing the top surface of the aquifer in [m]
- bottom=name
- Input raster map describing the bottom surface of the aquifer in [m]
- output=name
- Output raster map storing the numerical result [m]
- vx=name
- Output raster map storing the groundwater filter velocity vector part in x direction [m/s]
- vy=name
- Output raster map storing the groundwater filter velocity vector part in y direction [m/s]
- budget=name
- Output raster map storing the groundwater budget for each cell [m^3/s]
- type=string
- The type of groundwater flow
- Options: confined,unconfined
- Default: confined
- river_bed=name
- Input raster map providing the height of the river bed in [m]
- river_head=name
- Input raster map providing the water level (head) of the river with leakage connection in [m]
- river_leak=name
- Input raster map providing the leakage coefficient of the river bed in [1/s].
- drain_bed=name
- Input raster map providing the height of the drainage bed in [m]
- drain_leak=name
- Input raster map providing the leakage coefficient of the drainage bed in [1/s]
- dt=float
- The calculation time in seconds
- Default: 86400
- maxit=integer
- Maximum number of iteration used to solver the linear equation system
- Default: 100000
- error=float
- Error break criteria for iterative solvers (jacobi, sor, cg or bicgstab)
- Default: 0.0000000001
- solver=name
- The type of solver which should solve the symmetric linear equation system
- Options: cg,pcg,cholesky
- Default: cg
DESCRIPTION
This numerical program calculates implicit transient, confined and
unconfined groundwater flow in two dimensions based on
raster maps and the current region settings.
All initial and boundary conditions must be provided as
raster maps. The unit in the location must be meters.
This module is sensitive to mask settings. All cells which are outside the mask
are ignored and handled as no flow boundaries.
![](r_gwflow_concept.png)
r.gwflow calculates the piezometric head and optionally
the water budget and the filter velocity field,
based on the hydraulic conductivity and the piezometric head.
The vector components can be visualized with paraview if they are exported
with r.out.vtk.
The groundwater flow will always be calculated transient.
For stady state computation set the timestep
to a large number (billions of seconds) or set the
specific yield/ effective porosity raster map to zero.
The water budget is calculated for each non inactive cell. The
sum of the budget for each non inactive cell must be near zero.
This is an indicator of the quality of the numerical result.
NOTES
The groundwater flow calculation is based on Darcy's law and a numerical implicit
finite volume discretization. The discretization results in a symmetric and positive definit
linear equation system in form of Ax = b, which must be solved. The groundwater flow partial
differential equation is of the following form:
(dh/dt)*S = div (K grad h) + q
In detail for 2 dimensions:
(dh/dt)*S = Kxx * (d^2h/dx^2) + Kyy * (d^2h/dy^2) + q
- h -- the piezometric head im [m]
- dt -- the time step for transient calculation in [s]
- S -- the specific yield [1/m]
- Kxx -- the hydraulic conductivity tensor part in x direction in [m/s]
- Kyy -- the hydraulic conductivity tensor part in y direction in [m/s]
- q - inner source/sink in meter per second [1/s]
Two different boundary conditions are implemented,
the Dirichlet and Neumann conditions. By default the calculation area is surrounded by homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions.
The calculation and boundary status of single cells must be set with a status map,
the following states are supportet:
- 0 == inactive - the cell with status 0 will not be calculated, active cells will have a no flow boundary to this cell
- 1 == active - this cell is used for groundwater floaw calculation, inner sources and recharge can be defined for those cells
- 2 == Dirichlet - cells of this type will have a fixed piezometric head value which do not change over the time
Note that all required raster maps are read into main memory. Additionally the
linear equation system will be allocated, so the memory consumption of this
module rapidely grow with the size of the input maps.
The resulting linear equation system Ax = b can be solved with several solvers.
An iterative solvers with sparse and quadratic matrices support is implemented.
The conjugate gradients method with (pcg) and without (cg) precondition.
Aditionally a direct Cholesky solver is available. This direct solver
only work with normal quadratic matrices, so be careful using them with large maps
(maps of size 10.000 cells will need more than one gigabyte of RAM).
Always prefer a sparse matrix solver.
EXAMPLE
Use this small script to create a working
groundwater flow area and data. Make sure you are not in a lat/lon projection.
It includes drainage and river input as well.
# set the region accordingly
g.region res=25 res3=25 t=100 b=0 n=1000 s=0 w=0 e=1000
#now create the input raster maps for confined and unconfined aquifers
r.mapcalc --o expression="phead=if(row() == 1 , 50, 40)"
r.mapcalc --o expression="status=if(row() == 1 , 2, 1)"
r.mapcalc --o expression="well=if(row() == 20 && col() == 20 , -0.01, 0)"
r.mapcalc --o expression="hydcond=0.00025"
r.mapcalc --o expression="recharge=0"
r.mapcalc --o expression="top_conf=20.0"
r.mapcalc --o expression="top_unconf=70.0"
r.mapcalc --o expression="bottom=0.0"
r.mapcalc --o expression="null=0.0"
r.mapcalc --o expression="poros=0.15"
r.mapcalc --o expression="syield=0.0001"
# The maps of the river
r.mapcalc --o expression="river_bed=if(col() == 35 , 48, null())"
r.mapcalc --o expression="river_head=if(col() == 35 , 49, null())"
r.mapcalc --o expression="river_leak=if(col() == 35 , 0.0001, null())"
# The maps of the drainage
r.mapcalc --o expression="drain_bed=if(col() == 5 , 48, null())"
r.mapcalc --o expression="drain_leak=if(col() == 5 , 0.01, null())"
#confined groundwater flow with cg solver and sparse matrix, river and drain
#do not work with this confined aquifer (top == 20m)
r.gwflow --o solver=cg top=top_conf bottom=bottom phead=phead status=status \
hc_x=hydcond hc_y=hydcond q=well s=syield recharge=recharge output=gwresult_conf \
dt=8640000 type=confined vx=gwresult_conf_velocity_x vy=gwresult_conf_velocity_y budget=budget_conf
#unconfined groundwater flow with cg solver and sparse matrix, river and drain are enabled
r.gwflow --o solver=cg top=top_unconf bottom=bottom phead=phead \
status=status hc_x=hydcond hc_y=hydcond q=well s=poros recharge=recharge \
river_bed=river_bed river_head=river_head river_leak=river_leak \
drain_bed=drain_bed drain_leak=drain_leak \
output=gwresult_unconf dt=8640000 type=unconfined vx=gwresult_unconf_velocity_x \
budget=budget_unconf vy=gwresult_unconf_velocity_y
# The data can be visulaized with paraview when exported with r.out.vtk
r.out.vtk -p in=gwresult_conf,status vector=gwresult_conf_velocity_x,gwresult_conf_velocity_y,null out=/tmp/gwdata_conf2d.vtk
r.out.vtk -p elevation=gwresult_unconf in=gwresult_unconf,status vector=gwresult_unconf_velocity_x,gwresult_unconf_velocity_y,null out=/tmp/gwdata_unconf2d.vtk
#now load the data into paraview
paraview --data=/tmp/gwdata_conf2d.vtk &
paraview --data=/tmp/gwdata_unconf2d.vtk &
SEE ALSO
r.solute.transport
r3.gwflow
r.out.vtk
AUTHOR
Sören Gebbert
This work is based on the Diploma Thesis of Sören Gebbert available
here
at Technical University Berlin in Germany.
Last changed: $Date: 2010-03-21 08:52:44 -0800 (Sun, 21 Mar 2010) $
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