Lighthouses of Russia: Lake Ladoga

Russia (Россия, Rossiya in Russian) is by far the world's largest country, spanning a little over 150° in longitude. It is organized as the Russian Federation (Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) with members known as federal subjects (sub'yekty federatsii). Russia is primarily a continental nation but it has important coastlines on the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas and very long coastlines on the Arctic Ocean and North Pacific Oceans. To guard these coasts it operates hundreds of lighthouses, many of them historic.

Lake Ladoga, (Ladoga in Russian, Laatokka in Finnish), the largest lake in Europe, occupies a vast oval roughly 200 km (130 mi) by 130 km (80 mi) a short distance northeast of Saint Petersburg. Prior to World War I the northwestern half of the lake was in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire. In 1917 Finland declared its independence from Russia and the northwestern half of the lake was then in Finland. As one of the results of World War II the Soviet Union took control of all of the lake, organizing the Finnish border region as the Karelian Soviet Republic within the USSR. In 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, this formerly Finnish area became the Republic of Karelia (Karjala in Karelian) a member state of the Russian Federation. At present the northern and eastern shores of the lake are in the Republic of Karelia while the southern and western shores are part of Leningrad Oblast (province). Both federal subjects are divided into districts (raions).

The lake receives water from Lake Onega through the Svir River and drains through the Neva River to reach the Gulf of Finland at Saint Petersburg. The route of the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal crosses the southern end of Lake Ladoga from the Svir River to the Neva River.

The local language in much of this area is Karelian, a language closely related to Finnish. The Finnish and Karelian word for a lighthouse is majakka, similar to the Russian word mayak (маяк). In Russian ostrov is an island, rif is a reef, mys is a cape, bukhta is a bay, zaliv is a larger bay or gulf, proliv is a strait, reka is a river, and gavan' is a harbor.

Aids to navigation on the lake are presumably maintained by Rosmorrechflot, the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport. Since aids to navigation on these inland waterways are not listed on international light lists we have little information on which lighthouses are active or, if they are active, on their light patterns.

ARLHS numbers are from the ARLHS World List of Lights.

General Sources
World of Lighthouses - Russian Inland Waterways
Photos by various photographers available from Lightphotos.net.
Lighthouses in Russia
Photos by various photographers available from Wikimedia.
i-Boating Nautical Charts
Navigational chart information for the lake.

Storozhenskiy Light
Storozhenskiy Light, Storozhno, 2010
ex-Panoramio photo copyright Sergey Gruzdev
used by permission

Leningrad Oblast Lighthouses

Priozersky District (West Shore) Lighthouses
Priozersk is a resort town of about 20,000 residents on the west shore of the lake.
Shuchiy
Date unknown. Active(?); focal plane 16 m (52 ft); white flash every 5 s. 14 m (46 ft) square tower painted white with a red vertical stripe. Konstantin Tulacek has a very distant view and Bing has a distant satellite view. Located on a promontory about 5 km (3 mi) north of Priozersk. Site status unknown.
Rogatyy
Date unknown. Active(?); focal plane perhaps 15 m (49 ft); red flash every 6 s. Square pyramidal tower.No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on a promontory on the south side of the entrance to Ladozhskoy Bay, about 1.5 km (1 mi) east of the Shuchiy light. The lighthouse appears to be accessible by road. Site appears open.
* Vuokhensalo
Date unknown. Active (?); focal plane 16 m (52 ft); flashing white or red light, depending on direction. 12 m (39 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower, painted white with brown (formerly red?) bands at the top and base. Igor Shishigin's photo is at right, Konstantin Pavlov has a 2014 photo, a 2021 photo is available, Wikimedia has a photo, Anton Timoshenko has a 2020 closeup, and Google has a distant satellite view. Located at the end of the main breakwater at Vuokhensalo, about 13 km (8 mi) southeast of Priozersk. Probably accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed.
* Mys Vladimirskiy (Sortanlahti)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 7 m (23 ft); continuous red light. 6 m (20 ft) square skeletal tower with gallery, painted white. Two sides of the lower portion of the lighthouse carry a white daymark panels. Jelena Koval has a closeup photo, Anna Ko has a photo, Olga Polyakova has a view from the lake, and Google has a satellite view. Mys Vladimirskiy is the tip of a narrow peninsula sheltering the harbor of Vladimirovkha, on the northwest shore of the lake. Located at the end of a breakwater extending from the tip of the cape; accessible by walking the breakwater. There's also a good view from ferries to Ostrov Konevets. Site open, and there's no obstacle to climbing the tower.

Vuohensalo Light, Vuohensalo, July 2021
Google Maps photo by Igor Shishigin
* Vladimirovka Pierhead
Date unknown (recent). Active; focal plane about 15 m (49 ft); green light, pattern unknown. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) round hourglass-shaped tower colored green with a white horizontal band. Yura Aksenov has a December 2019 photo and Google has a drone view and an indistinct satellite view. The light guides ferries to Ostrov Konovets. Located on or near the ferry pier at Vladimirovka. Probably accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed.
Ostrov Konevets (Kononsaari, Konevitsa)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 15 m (49 ft); two white flashes, interval unknown. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) square skeletal tower with a round gallery, painted white. Three sides of the tower carry a white slatted daymark. A closeup photo is available and Bing has an indistinct satellite view. Konevets is an island, roughly 6.5 km (4 mi) long and 2 km (1.25 mi) wide, located 6.5 km (4 mi) east of Vladimirovkha. The island is the site of a famous Orthodox monastery founded in 1393. Located on Mys Strelka, a sand spit at the southwestern corner of the island, opposite Vladimirovkha. Accessible only by boat. Site open, and there's no obstacle to climbing the tower.
* Konovets Pierhead (Range Front)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 11 m (36 ft); red light, pattern unknown. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) round red tower. Svetlana Chicherova's photo is at right, Dmitry Ezhov has a distant view, and Maxim Rytov has a distant street view, but the light is too new to appear in Google's satellite view. Rykov also has a street view showing two new fiberglass lights at the entrance to a small boat harbor on the west side of the main pier. Located on the pier on the south side of Konovets. Accessible by walking the pier. Site open, tower closed.
* Konovets Range Rear
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 20 m (66 ft); red light, pattern unknown. Approx. 13 m (43 ft) round red metal tower. Natalya Krivonosova has a view from the harbor and Maxim Rytov has a distant street view but the light is too new to appear in Google's satellite view. Located about 250 m north of the pierhead light. Site open, tower closed.

Pierhead Range front Light, Konovets, July 2020
Google Maps photo by Svetlana Chicherova
Saunasaari (Mys Daleniy, Dalekaya Bay)
Date unknown (around 1920?). Inactive; charted with focal plane 15 m (49 ft); long-flashing white or green light depending on direction. 14 m (46 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. The upper 2/3 of the tower is surrounded by a slatted daymark. Alexander Lomovtsev has a 2021 photo, Oleg Kiselev has a photo, a night photo of the lighthouse in action is available, Vladimir Gorbunov has a winter street view, and Google has a distant satellite view. Located at the end of the main breakwater at Saunasaari, on the southwest shore of the lake about 30 km (19 mi) southeast of Vernitsa. Accessible by walking the breakwater. Site open, tower closed.

Vsevolozhsky District (Southwest Shore) Lighthouse
*Osinovetskiy
1910. Active; focal plane 74 m (243 ft); flash every 4 s, white, red or green depending on direction. 70 m (230 ft) round stone tower with lantern and gallery, painted with red and white horizontal bands. For years most of the paint had weathered off the lighthouse, but it was repainted before Andrew Efimovsky's 2007 photo at right. Oleg Lozovitsky has a 2019 photo, Lightphotos.net has a good photo, Kirill Khokhlov has a drone view, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. A twin of the Storozhenskiy lighthouse, this soaring tower is only slightly shorter. It is a well known and popular tourist attraction. The light marks the west side of the entrance to the southernmost bay of the lake, leading to the Neva entrance. Located on a headland near the southwestern corner of the lake near Kokorevo, about 50 km (30 mi) northeast of St. Petersburg. Site probably open, tower closed. Site manager: unknown. . ARLHS ERU-147.
Koshkino (Neva Approach) Range Front
Date unknown. Active; focal plane at least 25 m (82 ft); continuous red light. Tall square skeletal tower carrying a red daymark. Kir Ivanov has a very distant view and Bing has a satellite view. This range guides vessels westbound toward the entrance to the Neva River. Located behind an athletic field on the south side of Koshkino. Site status unknown.
Koshkino (Neva Approach) Range Rear
Date unknown. Active; focal plane at least 40 m (131 ft); continuous red light. Tall skeletal tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located about 400 m (1/4 mi) southwest of the front light. Site status unknown.

Kirovsky District (Slisselburgskaya Bay) Lighthouses
Bugrovskiy (1)
1931. The lighthouse is in ruins, blown up during World War II. Lightphotos.net has Stas Elizarov's photo. After the war the light was moved temporarily to the top of a pole (seen in the photos) that was fastened to the ruins of the tower.
Bugrovskiy (3)
Date unknown (station established 1931). Active; focal plane 37 m (121 ft); flashing white, red or green light depending on direction. 35 m (115 ft) square skeletal tower. The front of the tower carries a long slatted daymark painted with red and white horizontal bands. Google has a satellite view of the station. This is an important leading light guiding vessels on a long southward reach toward the Neva entrance; it may have been the rear light of a range originally. Located on a headland about 12 km (7.5 mi) east of the Neva entrance. Site open, tower closed. . ARLHS ERU-145.

Osinovetskiy Light, Vsevolozhsky District, August 2007
ex-Panoramio Creative Commons photo by Andrew Efimovsky

Volkhovsky District (South Shore) Lighthouses
Ostrov Karedzhi
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); flashing white light. 15 m (49 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower, painted black. The top half of the tower is covered by a vertically slatted daymark painted red with a white horizontal band. The daymark was in poor condition until it was restored around 2009. A portfolio of photos is available, Sergei Igumnov has a photo, and the shadow of the tower appears in a Google satellite view. The island of Karedzhi is at the end of a long shoal and sits in the entrance to the southernmost bay of the lake, leading to the Neva entrance. As a result, it is important for vessels following the White Sea-Baltic Sea waterway to navigate around this light. Located at the west end of the island, about 25 km (15 mi) northeast of the Neva entrance. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS ERU-186.
* Ligovskiy (Ligovo)
Date unknown. Active(?); focal plane 30 m (98 ft); flashing white light. 28 m (92 ft) tapered square skeletal tower. A distant view is available, there is a photo taken from the top of the lighthouse, and Bing has an indistinct satellite view. This light appears to be inactive. Located at Ligovo standing next to the New Ladoga Canal, a waterway for small craft following the south shore of the lake. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS ERU-190.
Ostrov Sukho (Suho Island, Dry, Vironsaari) (2)
1891 (station established 1825). Active; focal plane 27 m (89 ft); white light, flashing in groups of two. 24 m (29 ft) octagonal stone tower with lantern and gallery, rising from a 1-story keeper's house. Tower painted with red and white horizontal bands. The keeper's house is in ruins. Clearly endangered. Igor Barmin's photo at right shows the lighthouse severely weatherbeaten, Sergey Zaitsev has a 2022 photo, Valyusha Saprykina has a 2020 photo, and Bing has a satellite view. The light was built on an artificial island to mark a dangerous shoal in the southeastern corner of the lake. According to one source the first lighthouse was ordered by Tsar Peter I after his ship ran aground on the shoal. The lighthouse was heavily damaged in an unsuccessful attack by German and Finnish marines on 21 October 1942. Located about 35 km (22 mi) north northwest of Novaya Ladoga. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Site manager: unknown. ARLHS ERU-169.

Ostrov Sukho Light, March 2011
ex-Panoramio Creative Commons photo by Igor Barmin
** Storozhenskiy (Storozhno) (4)
1911 (station established 1802). Active; focal plane 76 m (249 ft); flashing light, white, red or green depending on direction. 71 m (233 ft) round stone tower with lantern and gallery. Lighthouse painted with red and white horizontal bands. 1-story brick keeper's house. Sergey Gruzdev's photo is at the top of this page, Wikimedia has Eugene Adaev's photo, Pasha Zhdanok has a photo, Lightphotos.net has an excellent photo, and Google has a street view and a satellite view. A 2003 photo (no longer online) showed the lighthouse much in need of repainting, but apparently there was a restoration in 2007. This remarkable tower is the fourth tallest stone lighthouse in the world and the tallest traditional lighthouse in Russia. (The Lesnoy Mole Range Rear Light in St. Petersburg, a modern concrete tower, is 2 meters taller.) The first lighthouse was destroyed by ice; it was rpelaced with a wood tower in 1818 and then by a stone tower in 1839. Located on a headland on the eastern side of the lake at the village of Storozhno. Site open, tower open by arrangement with the keeper. . ARLHS ERU-175.
Svirskiy
1908. Active (?); focal plane 38 m (125 ft); flashing white light. 35 m (115 ft) round brick tower with lantern and gallery. The lighthouse is red brick painted with white horizontal bands. 1-story brick keeper's house. Lightphotos.net has an excellent photo by Stas Elizarov, Oleg Gorshkov has a 2020 photo, Yandex.ru has two photos, and Google has a satellite view of the station. This light appears to be the rear light of a range guiding vessels on a southward reach approaching the Svir River entrance; the front light is the buoy at the start of the river's entrance channel. Located on the south shore of the lake about 5 km (3 mi) west of the Svir entrance. There does not appear to be a good road access to this location. Site open, tower open by arrangement with the keeper. ARLHS ERU-176.
Svir Entrance Range Front
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 20 m (66 ft); continuous red light. Approx. 18 m (59 ft) square skeletal tower. No photo available, but Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located in a marshy area on the east side of the entrance to the Svir River, which carries the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal to Lake Onega. Site status unknown.
Lisiy (Svir Entrance Range Rear)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 40 m (131 ft); continuous red light. Approx. 35 m (115 ft) round cylindrical metal (?) tower with double gallery; the upper section is painted with red and white vertical stripes. Kir Ivanov's photo is at right but Google has only an indistinct satellite view. Located beside a side channel of the Svir about 2 km (1.25 mi) southeast of the front light. Site status unknown.

Svir Entrance Range Rear Light, Sviritsa, May 2020
Google Maps photo by Kir Ivanov

Republic of Karelia Lighthouses

Olonetsky District (East Shore) Lighthouses
* Tabanovasskiy
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 39 m (128 ft), flashing light, white or red depending on direction. 35 m (115 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower, painted white. The tower also carries a rectangular horizontally slatted daymark painted white. Wikimapia has photos and Google has a satellite view of the station. Although this is not charted as a range light it stands in the line of the long southwest to northeast reach across the lake for eastbound vessels; the red sector warns them away from shoals. Located on the southeast shore of the lake, about 25 km (15 mi) north of the Svir River entrance. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS ERU-177.
* Pogrankondushskiy
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 62 m (203 ft). 15 m (49 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower, painted black. The upper half of the tower is covered by a vertically slatted daymark. Google has a street view but the tower is inconspicuous in the corresponding satellite view. The navigational purpose of this light is not clear. Located on a hilltop about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Ust'e Viditsiy on the northeast shore of the lake. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS ERU-198.

Pitkyarantsky District: Northeast Shore Lighthouses
Heinäluoto (Ostrov Kheynyaluoto) (2)
1878 (Axel Hampus Dalström) (station established 1845). Inactive (listed with focal plane 26 m (85 ft), flashing white light). 24 m (79 ft) round stone tower with lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal red and white bands. A visitor in 2008 found the lighthouse abandoned. A drone view is at right, a view from the lake is available, Wikimedia has historic photos, and Google has a good satellite view. The lighthouse was reported active as recently as 1999. Located on a small island off the southern tip of the much larger island of Mantsinsaari, in the northeastern corner of the lake. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower open. ARLHS ERU-035.
Mys Leppyaniemi
Date unknown. Active (?); focal plane at least 25 m (82 ft); charted with white, red or green light, pattern unknown. Square skeletal tower, height unknown. No photo available but Bing has a distant satellite view. Located at the northern tip of Mantsinsaari. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown.
Ostrova Krestovyye (Ristisaaret)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; flashing red light. Approx. 5 m (16 ft) square pyramidal wood tower, the upper portion with a slatted white daymark. Denis Davydov has a closeup photo and Google has a satellite view. Located on the easternmost of the Krestovyye (Cross) Islands, a loose chain of islets extending east from Valaam toward Mantsinsaari. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.

Heinäluoto Light, Pitkyarantsky District, July 2021
Google Maps drone view by Alex

Sortavala District: Valaam Islands Lighthouses
Valaam (Valamo in Finnish) is an archipelago in the northern part of the lake, known for its Orthodox monasteries, some dating to the 14th century. The islands are popular tourist destinations; overnight cruises from St. Petersburg are available in the summer.

Ostrov Vostochnyy Sosnovyy (East Pine Island)
Date unknown. Inactive. Approx. 7.5 m (25 ft) square skeletal tower with lantern and gallery, painted white. Bing has a distant satellite view. Located at the northwestern point of an island about 15 km (9 mi) east of Valaam. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower open.
* Nikol'skiy (Valamo, Valaam) (2)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 10 m (33 ft); flashing light, white, red or green depending on direction. 9 m (30 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower with lantern and gallery, painted white. There is a range daybeacon behind the lighthouse. Mike Federov's view is at right, a closeup is available, Alexey Shatalin has a photo, Lightphotos.net has Alexandr Melnikov's photo and Igor Kolokolov's aerial photo, there's another photo (at the bottom of the page), and Google has a satellite view. The light is adjacent to the Nikol'skiy Skete monastery. Located on a small island on the north side of Valaam. Site open, tower closed.
Ostrov Rzhanoy (Ruissaare)
Date unknown. Active; focal plane 25 m (82 ft); white flashes in groups of two. 10 m (33 ft) skeletal tower surrounded by a round daymark. Entire lighthouse painted red. Bing has an indistinct satellite view. Located on an islet off the west coast of Valaam, marking the westernmost point of the Valaam archipelago. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.
Nikol'skiy Light
Nikol'skiy Light (left) and Cathedral, Valaam, March 2002
Flickr Creative Commons photo by Mike Fedorov
Hanhipaasi (Ostrov Khankhipasi)
1879 (Axel Hampus Dalström). Active(?); focal plane 30 m (98 ft); flashing white light. 24 m (79 ft) round stone tower with lantern and gallery. The lighthouse is painted in a red and white checkered pattern so that one side of the tower appears red above and white below, and on the opposite side the colors are reversed. Lantern and gallery painted red. Andrey Tarentiev's photo is at right, Lightphotos.net has Igor Kolokolov's aerial photo, a good 2007 photo is available, and Google has a satellite view. Lightphotos.net has a historic photo taken in 1891. Located on a small island about 12 km (7.5 mi) southwest of Valaam. Accessible only by boat. Site status and site manager unknown. ARLHS ERU-034.

Sortavala District: Sortavala Approach Lighthouses
Ostrov Vuoratsu
Date unknown. Active. Approx. 5 m (17 ft) square skeletal tower with a round gallery, painted white. Three sides of the tower carry a white slatted daymark. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on an island at the extreme northern end of the lake. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower open.
Oyvoinen
Date unknown. Inactive but maintained as a daybeacon. Approx. 9 m (30 ft) robust round cylindrical tower, painted white. Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located at the eastern end of a small island in the Honkasalonselka strait, a passage leading from the north end of Lake Ladoga to the city of Sortavala. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown.
Tulolansaari
Date unknown. Inactive but maintained as a daybeacon. Approx. 6 m (20 ft) robust round cylindrical tower, painted with black and white vertical stripes. Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located on a headland on the east side of the Honkasalonselka strait, marking the northern entrance to the strait. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown.

Hahnipaasi Light, Lakhdenpokhsky District
Google Maps photo
by Andrey Tarentiev

Lakhdenpokhsky District (Northwest Shore) Lighthouses
Ostrov Yukansari (Kelpäniemi)
Date unknown. Apparently inactive; listed with focal plane 20 m (66 ft); white or red light, depending on direction. 4 m (13 ft) lantern, painted white, mounted on a concrete pad. A closeup is available, Wikimapia has a photo and Google has a satellite view. This light marks the entrance to the fjord leading to Lakhdenpokhya, at the northwestern corner of the lake. Located on the southern tip of Yukansari island. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS ERU-210.
Rahmansaari (Ostrov Rakhmansaari)
Date unknown (station established 1889). Inactive. Approx. 8 m (26 ft) skeletal tower with lantern and gallery. Trees hide the tower in Google's satellite view. The lighthouse is clearly abandoned. Located on the southern tip of an island off the northwestern shore of the lake about 20 km (13 mi) northeast of the Kurkiniemi lighthouse. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.
Ostrov Sitti
Date unknown. Active(?); focal plane about 12 m (39 ft). Approx. 11 m (36 ft) post attached to a square equipment shelter. No photo available but Bing has an indistinct satellite view. Located on a reef about 5 km (3 mi) southeast of the Rahmansaari lighthouse. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.
Mys Kurkiniemi
1912(?) (station established 1889). Inactive. Approx. 7 m (23 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower with octagonal lantern and round gallery. Lighthouse painted white, although most of the paint seems to worn off. Stanislav Tesovsky's photo is at right, Alexander Krutikov has a 2021 photo, Anatoly Chupakhin has a 2017 photo, Lightphotos.net has a photo, Anton Potravko has a closeup street view, and Google has a distant satellite view. Located on a promontory marking the north side of the entrance to a fjord leading to Kurkijoki (Kurkiyeki), a town at the northwestern corner of the lake. Apparently accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.
Verkkosaari (Ostrov Verkkosaari)
Date unknown. Probably inactive but listed with focal plane 24 m (79 ft); red flash every 3 s. 8 m (26 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. All sides of the tower are covered by a slatted daymark, painted white with a black vertical stripe on each face. Bing has an indistinct satellite view. Verkkosaari is an island off the northwest coast of the lake, about 25 km (15 mi) northeast of Priozersk. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown.

Mys Kurkiniemi Light, Kurkijoki, August 2013
Google Maps photo
by Stanislav Tesovsky

Lake Ilmen Lighthouse

Lake Ilmen is a large lake in Novgorod Oblast. The lake drains northward into the south end of Lake Ladoga via the Volkhov River. The river is dammed at the Voklhov Hydroelectric Station in the town of Volkhov, and a lock is provided that allows barge traffic between the two lakes.

Zheleznyy
Date unknown. Abandoned but charted with a continuous white light. Approx. 45 m (148 ft) square cylindrical skeletal tower with lantern and gallery, painted black. Google has a satellite view. The light guided vessels across the lake to the mouth of the Lovat River on the south shore. It is located in marshes just west of the mouth of the Lovat. Site status unknown.

Information available on lost lighthouses:

Notable faux lighthouses:

Adjoining pages: North: Lake Onega | South: St. Petersburg Area | West: Vyborg Area

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Posted May 22, 2005. Checked and revised August 5, 2023. Lighthouses: 40. Site copyright 2023 Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.