Cabaio, fortress and palace of the, inspected by Albuquerque, v9.p230
Cabot, John, Venetian explorer, discovers North America for England (1497), v6.p68, v6.p175, v6.p176
Cabot, Sebastian (son of John)
A cartographer, v6.p178
Attempts of, to reach India by a northwest and a northeast passage, v6.p176, v6.p178, v6.p179
Born in Bristol, v6.p178
Governor of the first English East India Company (1551), v6.p179
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez
Expedition of, to India (1500) and discovery of Brazil, v6.pp85–88, v6.p92, v6.pp116–117, v6.p122
Rich return cargo of, v6.p151
Cachar, Burmese inroads into, v8.p389
Cadomosto, Venetian maritime discoverer, quoted, v6.p53
Cairo, great trade of, v6.p30, v6.p104
Cakes, preparation of, from grain, v1.p21
Cakrasvamin (“the owner of the discus”), an idol of Thaneswar, description of, v9.p177
Calcutta, a city in Bengal
Chief agency of the English in Bengal in 1687, v8.p41
Description of, v6.pp301–303
English driven from, in 1756, v8.p140
Founded, v4.p144
Incidents attendant on the founding of the city of, v6.pp297–303
Reorganization of government in, and problems relating thereto, v8.pp231–234
River face of, burned, v6.p299
Trade of, v6.pp300–301
Transfer of the headquarters of the English Company to, v8.p176
Calicut, a city of Malabar, v3.p3
Christians in, killed for burning the Jami’ Masjid, v6.p292
Death of the Samuri of, v6.p293
Description of a Hindu temple at, v9.p210, v9.p213
Description of a house in, v9.pp218–219
Early trade of, v6.p30, v6.p78
Establishment of a Portuguese factory at (1500), v6.p86
Keeling endeavours to effect an alliance with the Zamorin of, v7.p201
Personal appearance, habits, and customs of the inhabitants of, v9.pp206–207
Portuguese fortress at, v6.p115
Portuguese struggles with the ruler of, v6.p86, v6.p87, v6.p88, v6.pp90–92, v6.pp95–97, v6.p105, v6.p131, v6.p143, v6.p148
Portuguese trade with, v6.p83, v6.p86
Portuguese treaties with, v6.p83, v6.p118, v6.pp120–121, v6.p122, v6.p131
Ruler of, v6.p76
Samuri (Zamorin) of, orders Christians killed, v6.p288
Samuri of, twice defeated at Cochin, v6.p291
Size of, v6.pp75–76, v6.p77
Jami Masjid of, burned by the Christians, v6.p292
Visit of Vasco da Gama to, in 1498, v6.p69, v6.p75
Visit of Vasco da Gama to, in 1502, v6.pp87–88
Zamorin of, gives an audience to Vasco da Gama, v9.pp214–218, v9.pp222–226
Zamorin of, receives gifts from Vasco da Gama, v9.p221
Caliphs of Baghdad, decline of power of, v5.p24
Caliphs, Turkish guards of, v2.pp16–17
Calligraphy, of Aurangzib, v4.p122
Callio (Kalyara), a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Caltaja, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Camawaer (Kamma Yarns), a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Cambay, a State and town in the Bombay Presidency, v4.p14, v4.p57, v4.p79, v4.p94
Cambay, city in Bombay, v3.p3,182
Humayun pursues the Raja of Gujarat to, v3.p230
Cambay, Gulf of, Portuguese trade with, v6.p105, v6.p132
Camunda, one of the “Seven Mothers” group of idols, v9.p181
Canal, the old Jumna, still in use, v3.p152
Canals, double system of, connecting the Jumna and Sutlaj, v3.p152
Benefit derived from, by subjects of Firoz Shah, v3.p162
Canary Islands, early Portuguese connection with, v6.p51, v6.p63, v6.p154
Candle-auctions, system of, v7.p16
Cannanore
Captains of the ships of, given permission to depart from Goa, v9.p231
Christians build fort at, and engage in spice trade, v6.p288, v6.p291
Da Gama visits (1498), v6.p83
Early trade in, v6.p78
Fortress at, v6.p115
Portuguese trade with, v6.p83, v6.p86, v6.p88, v6.p105
Canning, Lord, Governor-General of India, v8.p423
Canons, Jain, codification of, v1.p326
Cantino, reference to map of (1502), v6.p66
Canton, early trade of, v6.p28
Portuguese at (1527), v6.p166
Cape of Good Hope (Cabo Tormentoso)
Captured and settled by the Dutch in 1652, v7.p65
First voyage of the English East India Company around (1601), v6.p246
Passed by Dutch in 1595, v6.p211, v6.p213, v6.p219
Passed by English in 1588, v6.pp192–193
Passed by English in 1591, v6.p193, v6.p207
Passed by Portuguese under Dias in 1486, v6.p57, v6.p61
Rounding of, largely affects commerce, v8.pp4–5
Route to India opened by the Portuguese, v7.p35
Route to India, Portuguese quest for, discovery and monopoly of, v6.pp42–73, v6.pp75–175
Caravanserais, at Delhi, v4.p132
Caravels, v6.p52, v6.p53, v6.p66, v6.p145, v6.p147
Cards and dice
Forbidden in the English voyage of 1578, v6.p185
Forbidden in the English factories in India, v6.p253
Careri, Dr. Gemelli, an Italian physician in India, v4.p66, v4.p128, v4.p167
Cargoes, difficulties of disposing of, for cash, v7.pp3–4
Invaded by the Bahmanid Sultan Firoz, v3.p190
Ravaged by the Bahmanid Sultan Mohammad I, v3.p189
Reduced by the Bahmanids of the Deccan, v3.p187
Carpentry, v1.p26
Carpet-weaving an industry of Bengal, v9.p286
Carreas, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Carthage
Not conquered by Arabs for nearly half a century, v3.p4
Phoenician settlement, v6.p10
Secret commerce of, v6.p199
Cartography
Antwerp school of, v6.p200, v6.p208
Portuguese school of, v6.p44, v6.p56, v6.p199
Cartwright, John, chaplain to Weymouth’s North-western Expedition, v6.pp248–251
Cartwright
Attacked by Portuguese pirates and the Dutch fleet in Orissa, v7.p241
Negotiations of, with Governor of Orissa, v7.pp237–238
Receives license from Governor of Orissa, v7.pp238–239
Reception of, by Governor of Orissa, v7.pp236–237
Caspian Sea, an ancient Eastern trade-route, v6.p1, v6.p14, v6.p182, v6.p221
Caste
Aborigines formed the Sudra, v1.p84
Absence of, among the early Hindus, v1.p6, v1.p50
Among priests, v1.p134
As applied to Islam, v3.p67
Brahmanic, v1.p136
Brahmanic, rise of the, v1.pp83–84
Brahmans allowed to marry outside their own, in Brahmanic period, v1.p164
Buddha’s teaching on, v1.p309
Developed in Brahmanic and Epic times, v1.p143
General, v9.pp39–40
Kshatriya, rise of the, v1.p84, v1.p136
Kshatriya, translation from Megasthenes concerning, v1.p236
Laws varied in severity according to, v1.pp220–221
No distinction of, recognized by Buddhism, v1.p310
No priestly, in Vedic period, v1.p76
Not distinguished in the Brahmanic age, v1.p188, v1.pp141–142
Reaction against, v1.p84
Rules, on marriage, v9.p39
Sudra, v1.p136
Sudra, rise of the, v1.p84
System, beginning of, v1.p136
Theoretic origin of, according to Vasishtha, v1.p230
Translation from Vasishtha concerning, v1.p233
Unknown in Rig-Veda, v1.pp61–62, v1.p143
Vaisya, v1.p136
Vaisya, rise of the, v1.p84
Vaisya, translation from Megasthenes concerning, v1.pp236–237
Vaisya, undivided in Philosophic period, v1.p154
Castes
Described by Megasthenes, v2.p123
In India, according to Hiuan Tsang, v9.p122, v9.p125, v9.p142
In India, according to Roger, v9.pp238–261
Mixed, v9.p142
Seven Indian, according to Megasthenes, v9.pp31–32, v9.p39
Seven, described by Megasthenes, v1.p234
Three highest, educated together, v1.p60
Castile
Relation of, to Portugal, v6.p40, v6.p41, v6.p42
Struggle of, with Portugal and battle of Aljubarrota (1385), v6.pp40–42
Castro, Father da, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, v4.p100
Castro, João de, Portuguese viceroy, v7.p36
Defends Portuguese possessions from Diu to Goa, v7.p36
Catapult, v4.p204
Categories, seven in Vaisesika philosophy, v1.pp265–266
Cathay (see also China), v6.p27, v6.p175, v6.p179, v6.p181, v6.pp182–184, v6.p188, v6.p198
Catholic Church established in India by St. Francis Xavier and the Society of Jesus, v7.p41
Catholic priests, at Akbar’s court, v4.p36
Cattle, v1.p18
Stolen from Virata by princes of Hastinapura, v1.p108
Causation, according to Sankhya philosophy, v1.pp255–256
Cause and effect, in Nyaya philosophy, v1.pp262–263
Cauwreaes, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p243, v9.p244
Cavagnari, Sir Louis, British envoy at Kabul, assassination of, v8.p441
Cavalry, a division of a Hindu army, v9.p143
Cavalry, Moghul, v4.p140, v4.p167
Cavendish, Thomas, voyage of, around the world (1586), v6.p190, v6.p192
Celebes, Dutch claim right to capture any English vessel east of the, v7.p91
Censors of Asoka and others, v2.p160, v2.p161
Central Asia, early trade-routes through, v6.p13, v6.p14, v6.p15
Ceuta, Portuguese siege of (1415), v6.pp42–44
A resort of Hindu traders, v1.p186
Ancient trade centre, v6.p24, v6.p27, v6.p29, v6.p78, v6.p79
Believed to have been invaded by the Pandavas, v1.p106
Christians expelled from, v6.p295
Chronicles of, v2.p11, v2.p151
Conversion of, v2.p167
Converted to Buddhism, v1.p320
Discovery of, v1.p203
Dutch drive the Portuguese from, v7.p65
Held by the Dutch at the beginning of the eighteenth century, v8.p71
In time of Hiuen Tsang, v2.p389
King of, relations with al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, v5.p5
Known to Megasthenes and Aelian, v1.p207
Pilgrims from, v2.p256
Portuguese control of, v6.pp146–147
Portuguese power in, advanced by Albuquerque, v9.p227
Portuguese treaty with, v6.p96
Rises against the Portuguese, v7.p39
Seized by the Dutch, v8.p30
Taken from the Dutch, v8.p302
Twice conquered by the Dravidians, v1.p321
Ceylonese girls captured by ships belonging to Meds of Daibul, v5.p7
Chain of Justice instituted by Jahangir, v5.p295
Chaitri, a rite performed in the month of Chaitra, v1.p252
Chaldea
Ancient trade centre, v6.p2, v6.p3
Influence of, on early Indian astronomy, v6.p28
Chale, Antonio Fernandes, Malabar native Christian, commands native troops for the Portuguese, v6.p143
Receives state burial, v6.p143
Chalukya dynasty, v2.p301, v2.p351
Chambal, a river, v4.p112, v4.p179, v4.p195, v4.p243
Champanir, town of Bombay
Humayun pursues the Raja of Gujarat to, v3.p230
Sher Khan’s stronghold in Bihar, v3.p229
Taken by Humayun in 1537, v3.p232
Chanak founds city bearing his name, v6.p300
Chanakya, minister, v2.p40, v2.p106
Chancelor, Richard, North-eastern Expedition of (1553), v6.pp180–181
Chand Bibi, a princess of Ahmadnagar, v4.p49
Chand Rai, Hindu raja of the fort of Sharwa
Departs secretly from his forts and hides in the jungles, v5.p72
Followers of, sold into slavery by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p74
Is followed and defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p73
Makes peace with Puru Jaipal, v5.p71
Chand Rai, lord of Shama, v3.p26, v3.p27
Chanda Sahib murdered by the Marathas, v8.p120
Chandal Bhor of Asi, v3.p26
Flees at advance of Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p71
Five forts of, demolished, and its inhabitants buried in ruins, v5.p71
Chandala, outcast tribes v2.p270
Chandalas explained as a caste, v1.p231
Chandarnagar, European settlements at, v6.pp303–304
Chandella, history, v2.pp332–339
Chandellas, a dynasty, v3.p23
Chandels, a dynasty, v3.p71
Chanderi, kingdom of Central India, v3.p182, v3.p196
Lords of, rally to Rana Sanga’s standard, v3.p211
Fortress of; stormed by Babar, v3.p216
Chandragupta
(1) Maurya = Sandrakottos, v2.p20
(2) I of Gupta dynasty, v2.p247
(3) II of Gupta dynasty, Vikramaditya, v2.p14, v2.p20
Army of, v1.p204
Defeated Seleukos, v2.p108, v2.p126
Empire of, included whole of Northern India, v1.p204
History of, v2.p260
Institutions of, v2.p116
Length of reign of, v2.p125
The original of Raja Bikram, v2.p278
Chandraha, a river of Northern India, crossed by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p65
Chandrapida, King of Kashmir, v2.p327
Chandwala, Jahangir halts at, on the way to Kabul, v5.p303
Chandwar, a city in Bombay, v3.p58
Chang-kien, embassy of, v2.p223
Chaniut in the possession of the family of Timur Beg since his invasion of Hindustan, v5.p227
Channing, Lord, rule of, for determining succession in the native states, v8.pp428–429
Chariot, Indian, described, v2.p114
Chariots, part of military equipment in ancient India, v9.p42, v9.p43, v9.p143
Charles I of England
Feeble policy of, toward Spain and Holland and vacillations toward the Company, v7.pp139–143, v1.pp154–155
Grants license to Courten, Pindar, and Porter in 1635, v7.p183
Grants new license to the son of William Courten, v7.p185
Justification of the attitude of, toward the English East India Company, v7.pp189–190
Limitations of the royal prerogative of, regarding the English East India Company, v7.pp190–191
Refuses to aid the English East India Company against Courten, v7.pp183–185
Seeks to conceal his true relations to the rival companies, v7.p185
Treatment of the English East India Company by, v7.pp175–178
Charles II of England
Charter of, to the East India Company (1661), v6.p256
Restoration of, v8.p30
Charles V, Emperor, Indian policy of, v6.p170, v6.p173, v6.p203
Charles’s Islands, v7.p152
Charms, used by Akbar, v4.pp43–44
Charnock, defeats the Portuguese, v4.p144
Charnock, Job, founder of Calcutta, v7.p247
Charnock, see Chanak
Charter
For Indo-Portuguese trade in 1500, v6.pp85–86, v6.p154
For Indo-Portuguese trade in 1697, v6.p162
Of Elizabeth (1600), to the English East India Company, v6.p222, v6.pp230–232, v6.pp236–237, v6.pp238–239, v6.pp240–241, v6.pp245–246, v6.p256
Of Henry VII to Anglo-Portuguese adventurers, v6.p172, v6.p203
Of Henry VII to the Cabots, v6.pp175–178
Of Novgorod abolished (1475), v6.p35
Of the Cathay Company, v6.p183
Of the Levant or Turkey Company in 1581, v6.p205, v6.pp221–222
Of the Levant or Turkey Company in 1593, v6.p205, v6.p210, v6.p212, v6.pp221–222, v6.pp230–231
Of the Muscovy Company (1554), v6.p181, v6.p220, v6.p236, v6.p247
Of the States-General to the Dutch East India Company (1602), v6.p219
Charumati, daughter of Asoka, v2.p141
Chashtana, satrap, v2.p193
Chaturmasya, a sacrifice, v1.p162
Chaul, port in Bombay Presidency, Portuguese fleet sails from, against the Mamluks, v3.p184
Chaunsa, town of Bengal, camp of Sher Shah’s and Humayun’s armies at, v3.p236
Chauth, a tax, v4.p179, v4.p182, v4.p220, v4.p221
Chedi = Central Provinces, v2.p332
Chennapatanam, native name of Madras, v7.p228
Chera, Hindu kingdom, v1.p185, v1.p203
Chera, kingdom in Southern India, v6.p75
Jews in, v6.p80
Chera, kingdom, v2.p366
Chhaju, a nephew of Balban, v3.p96
Chhandogya, extracts from, v1.pp174–176
Child
First feeding of, with solid food, v1.pp246–247
Marriage not prevalent in Philosophic Age, v1.p239
Marriage unknown in Brahmanic and Epic periods, v1.p164
Marriage, forbidden by Akbar, v4.p16
Name of, v1.p246
Rites performed at birth of, v1.p246
Child, Sir John, sent to India, v8.pp57–58
Death of, in 1690, v8.p59
Children, desire for, v1.p166
Chilianwala, battle of, v8.p418
Chin Kulich Khan, a name of Asaf Jah, v4.p178
Chin Timur Sultan advances against Sultan Ibrahim, v5.p250
China (Tzinista, Chinistan, Cathay)
“Knife-Cash” of, v6.p27
As a rival of England, v8.p486
Buddhism in, v2.p233
Buddhism spreads from India to, v6.p27
Buddhism state religion in, in fourth century A.D., v1.p280
Buddhist books in, about the second century, v1.p322
Central Asian trade-route through, v6.p13, v6.p14, v6.p15, v6.p16
Dutch expeditions to, v6.p198
Dutch slave-raids against, v7.pp160–161
English attempts to reach, v6.p175, v6.pp179–188, v6.p212, v6.p226, v6.p248
Intercourse of Harsha with, v2.p315
Kushan relations with, v2.p231
Portuguese explorations in, v6.p146
Portuguese trade with, v6.p153, v6.p226
Relations of Northern India with, v2.p325
Trade of, with India, v4.p64
Visited by Mandelslo, v4.p93
Chinab in the possession of the family of Timur Beg since his invasion of Hindustan, v5.p227
Chinab river, Babar encamps at, v5.p237
Chinab, a river of India
Crossed by Mahmud of Ghazni, v3.p26
Bridged by Timur, v3.p166
Chinab, river, v2.p54, v2.p69, v2.p75, v2.p79, v2.p87
Chinab, see Akesines
Chinese artists, v4.p37
Chinese historians, v2.p13
Chingiz Khan
Descendants of, submit to Czar, v3.p201
Devastations of the Mongols under (1206), v6.p13
Mongol invader, v3.p76
The great Tartar invader, v5.p97
Victorious over Jalal-ad-din in 1221, v3.p76
Chinsurah, Dutch factory at, v7.p243
Chitor, Rajput fortress
Ala-ad-din victorious at, v3.p116, v3.p119
Date of storming, v4.p3
Fortress of, besieged and taken, v4.pp17–23
Fortress of, successfully besieged by Bahadur Shah in 1634, v3.p229
Rana of, defeats Mahmud the Khalji, in 1440, v3.p182
Rana Sanga of, v3.p211
Siege of, in 1668, v4.p33
Chitral, a country of India, v3.p204
Chittagong, v4.p143
District in Bengal, v3.p174
Name of, changed to Islamabad, v4.p144
Chivalry, Akbar’s idea of, v4.p5
Chohans, a dynasty, v3.p66
Chola dynasty, v2.pp303–365
Chola, Hindu kingdom, v1.p185, v1.p203
Christ, Gospels of, translated for Akbar, v4.p41
Picture of, in Jahangir’s palace, v4.p66
Christian art, represented, v4.p37
Eulogists of Shah Jahan, v4.p92
Fathers at Akbar’s court, v4.p36, v4.p40
Gospels translated for Akbar, v4.p41
Christian
Mission to Indo-Parthians, v2.p207
Elements in Buddhism, v2.p236
Christianity, early, in India, v6.pp79–80, v6.p162, v6.p208
Christians
At the court of Jahangir, v4.p60
Erect a fort at Quilon, v6.p292
European, contend against the Mohammedans in Malabar and the Deccan, v6.pp286–288, v6.pp291–297
Make Mohammedan children slaves and Christians on death of the parents and confiscate their property, v6.pp275–276
Native, in Abyssinia, the land of Prester John, v6.pp59–61
Native, of Socotra, converted to Rome by Albuquerque, v6.p100
Nestorian St. Thomas, of Malabar, a powerful and respected military caste, v6.pp80–81, v6.p91, v6.p140, v6.p143
Ornamentation of places of worship of the, v6.p276
Persecute the Mohammedans, v6.p295
Rule of, in India, v4.p189
Said to have been welcome at the Moghul court, v4.p61
Territory of, v6.pp294–295
Treachery of, to new ruler of Calicut, v6.p293
Chronogram, giving the date of Sivaji’s death, v4.p166
Chronological summary, v2.pp249–260, v4.pp277–278
Chu, river, v2.p191
Chullavagga, translation from, v1.p283
Chulpi Abdallah ordered to translate the canon law into Persian, v5.p337
Chumbala, a river, v1.p129
Chunar, city of the Northwest Provinces, besieged by Mahmud Lodi, v3.p218
Siege of, abandoned by Humayun, v2.pp228–229
Churning of the ocean of milk, v1.p26
Cicero, reference of, to suttee, v9.p73
Cinnamon, of Ceylon, Moslem monopoly of, v6.p126
Portuguese trade in, v6.p151
Civil War, disastrous effect of, the on English East India Company, v7.p281
Civilization
Advance of, among Hindus, v1.p133
Aryan, higher state of, v1.p7
Asiatic, England’s influence on, v8.p494
Development of, in Brahmanic period, v1.p99
Extension of, v1.p36
Hindu, age of, v1.p1
In the time of Baudhayana, v1.p201
Clarke, William, steward of the English factory, flogged at Batavia by the Dutch, v7.p112
Clement IV, embassy of, to Tartar chief in Persia (1245), v6.p36
Clive, v4.p65
Accepts the Diwani of Bengal for the English Company, v8.p199
Arraignment of, v8.pp228–229
Assumes the title of Diwan, v8.p187
Death of, v8.p229
Evil effects of the departure of, soon felt in India, v8.p223, v8.p226
Expedition of, to recover Fort William, v8.p140, v8.p141
Leaves India finally, v8.p216
Letter of, to Pitt, predicting Lally’s downfall, v8.p145
On the political situation in Bengal, v8.p183
Quotations from, regarding the political situation, v8.p199, v8.pp200–201, v8.p203
Receives a grant of the Five Circars (Sirkars) from the Moghul emperor, v8.pp211–212
Recovers Calcutta, v8.p166
Return of, to India, v8.p185, v8.pp198–199
Returns to England, v8.p183, v8.p184
Seizes Arcot, the capital of the Karnatic, v8.pp119–120
Clove Islands, position of, v7.p113
Dutch command of, v7.p114, v7.p134
English withdrawal from, v7.pp123–124, v1.pp133–134
Cloves
English trade in, v7.pp114–115
Portuguese trade in, v6.p105, v6.p151
Clove-trees, uprooting of, v7.p72
Coats of arms of the English East India Company, v6.pp255–256
Cochin, v4.p143
Cochin, description of, by William Francklin, v9.pp318–319
Cochin, Malabar port
Albuquerque’s fortress at (1503), v6.p90, v6.p92, v6.p115
Early trade at, v6.p78
English visit to, v6.p212
First establishment of Portuguese factory at (1500), v6.p86, v6.p87, v6.p92
First fort of Christians in India built at, v6.p288
Pacheco’s defence of, v6.pp90–91, v6.p140
Portuguese government at, v6.p93, v6.p105, v6.p122, v6.p148
Portuguese misrule at, v6.p158, v6.p196, v6.p212
Portuguese trade and friendly relations with, v6.p88
Portuguese treaty with (1500), v6.p86, v6.p122
Coel = Kayal, v2.p366
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon
Called the Albuquerque of Holland, v7.p99
Departs for Europe in 1623, v7.p114
Destroys Jacatra and fowads Batavia. on its site, v7.p103
Director-general of commerce and president at Bantam, v7.p99
Erects a fortified settlement at Jacatra, v7.p100
Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, v7.p99
Policy of, v7.pp99–100, v7.p109
Sails to the Moluccas to avenge a native revolt and to reunite his fleet, v7.p100
Struggles of, to drive the English from the Spice Islands, v7.p103
Coherence, category of, in Vaisesika philosophy, v1.p266
Coin, silver, sent to every man and woman in celebration of victory of Babar’s army, v2.pp208–209
Coinage
Andhra, v2.p190
Chinese, v6.p27
Cufic, in Stockholm, v6.p18
Dutch charter for, in the East, v6.p219
English, and the exportation of bullion, v6.p225, v6.p232, v6.p237, v6.p244, v6.p246, v6.p248
Greek influence on, v2.p214
Inscriptions on, v3.p76
Many classes of, v2.p17
Of Akbar, v4.p9
Of India in thirteenth century, v3.p76
Of Murad Bakhsh, v4.p111
Of Samudragupta, v2.p239
Of Shah Shuja, v4.p111
Coke, Sir Edward, “Reports” of, quoted, v6.p116
Coke, Sir John, revises the “Remonstrance”, v7.p170
Columbus, Christopher
Sources of information and discoveries of, v6.pp55–59
International aspects of the information and discoveries of, to Portugal, Spain, and the European Powers, v6.pp61–62, v6.p63, v6.pp65–66, v6.p173, v6.p174, v6.p175, v6.p200
Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, quoted, v6.p58
Comet, seen in India in 1665, v4.p122
Comitijs (Komatis), a division of the Weinsja caste, duties of the, v9.pp241–242
Commentarios de Afonso d’Alboquerque, extracts from, v9.pp228–236
Commerce in the Rig-Veda, v1.p18
Commerce, system of secret, before the sixteenth century, v6.pp198–202
Committee of Trade appointed by Cromwell, v7.p277
Companies, chartered
Systems of, for commercial expansion, v8.p17
Rivalry of old and new East India, v8.pp66–67
Union of old and new English East India, v8.pp67–68
French and English, financial transactions of, v8.pp95–96
French and English, condition of, v8.p96, v8.p99
Methods of the French and English, compared, v8.p112
French and English, exchange bitter recriminations from Madras and Pondicherri, v8.pp118–119
French and English, peace between, v8.p123
Companies, Dutch and English, personal hatred between, v7.p85
Companies, Portuguese East India, various, formed, v6.p162
Company, a new English East India
Formed, v8.p66
Colbert’s East India, established in 1664, v8.p86, v8.p88
Colbert’s West India, established in 1664, v8.p86
Colbert’s West India, charter of, revoked in 1674, v8.p89
Company, Cathay and early English, v6.p187
Company, Danish East India, extinguished in 1728, v8.p90
Company, Dutch East India
Amalgamated into the United East India Company of 1602, v6.p213, v6.p218, v6.p219
Capital of the, v6.p218
Capital of the, v7.p6
Capital of, in 1618, v8.pp18–19
Charter rights and privileges of the, v6.p219
Expedition of, to India, under Houtman (1595) and treaty with the King of Bantam, v6.pp210–211, v6.p212
Expeditions of the, supported by the Dutch government, v6.p217, v6.p237
Fifteen “separate” expeditions of the, to the East (1595–1601), v6.p213
Governors and government of the, in the East, v6.p220
Influence of Linschoten’s travels on, v6.p210, v6.p211
Influence of the old tradition of monopoly on, v6.p201
Management and directors of the, v6.pp218–220
National aspects of the, v6.pp217–220, v6.p237
Policy of armed trade and exclusive monopoly in the East of the, v6.p220
Privileges and power granted to, v8.p12
Routs the Portuguese near Bantam and opens the road to the Moluccas, v7.p63
Shares and shareholders in the, v6.p219
Strongly supported by the home government, v8.pp25–26
Terms of the charter of 1600 of the, v8.p86
Treaties of, in the East, v6.p220
Company, English East India
Abolishes seven Indian factories in 1648, v7.p189
Actual working of, as a “Regulated” Company, v6.pp235–247, v6.pp251–254, v6.pp255–258
Agents of, v4.p67, v4.p68, v4.p72
Appeals for state support in 1618, v7.p90
Appeals to Parliament in 1628, v7.p169
Assets of, in Bengal, in 1765, v8.p221
Assumption of independent jurisdiction by the, in 1687, v8.p42
Attempts of, to re-incorporate itself, v7.pp188–189
Attempts to procure charter for, in 1599, v6.pp216–229
Calls one of its factors to account for the building of Fort St. George, v7.p229
Capital of, in 1599, v6.p225
Capital of, in 1600, v6.pp229–230
Catholic monopoly, strengthened by union of Spain and Portugal, one of the causes leading to the formation of the, v6.pp205–206, v6.p221
Charter of, never safe from court intrigues, v7.p89
Constituted by Elizabeth’s charter of Dec. 31, 1600, v6.pp230–231
Cromwell lays basis for modern constitution of, v7.p285
Date of the founding of the, v4.p66
Defence of the policy of, v7.pp167–168
Development of joint stock system of, v7.pp279–281
Disloyalty of captains of, v7.p254, Struggles of, to maintain its trade, v7.pp257–258
Dissatisfaction of, with fortress clause in the treaty of 1619, v7.p95
Faulty analogy of, with Turkey Company, v7.pp277–278
Fifth voyage of, v7.p11
First charter of the, in 1600, v8.pp9–10
Fits out another expedition to open up trade between India and the Spice Islands, v7.p20
Forms one Joint Stock with Courten’s Association, v7.pp266–267
Fortunes of, reach low ebb in 1628, v7.pp164–165
Fourth expedition of, v7.p10
Freedom of, thrown open to public, v7.pp283–284
General Court of, appeals to Cromwell against its Court of Committees in 1656, v7.p275
Given a new charter by Charles II, v8.pp30–31
Hawkins commands a ship for, v4.p67
Held responsible by Indian princes for all depredations committed by the English, v7.p258
In the East, unsupported by the home government, v8.pp24–25
Influence of the Levant company on the formation of the, v6.pp222–225
Insolvency of, v8.p224
Instructions given for the conduct of
Instructions to the, regarding revenue, v8.pp56–57
Insufficiency of the capital of, v7.p1, v7.p4
Joint Stock, formed in England, v7.p30
Linschoten’s and Fitch’s travels and Dutch expeditions one of the causes leading to the formation of the, v6.pp210–215
Loans of, to Cromwell, v7.p263
Made responsible for all depredations of independent traders, v8.p25
Maintained through reign of Charles I by isolated groups of Englishmen, v7.p210
Money raised for sixth voyage of, v7.p12
Necessity for State interference with the, v8.p220
New combination governs eighth voyage of, v7.p14
Ninth to twelfth voyages of, v7.p15
Opens new contribution for a second four years, v7.p88
Passes from medieval to modern basis, v7.pp252–253
Petitions Parliament against Courten and Porter, v7.p186
Petitions Parliament four times for help against Holland, v7.p259
Pietism of the, and family life of its factors in the East, v6.pp252–256
Plans of, for a second voyage, v7.pp4–6
Position of the, in India, in the last years of the seventeenth century, v8.pp57–59
Power granted to the, by the terms of the new charter, v8.p32
Powers and privileges of, v6.pp230–233
Private members of, permitted to trade independently in 1653–54, v7.p271
Private persons try to break down the monopoly of the, v7.p179
Privileges accorded to, by the Crown, v7.pp173–174
Problem as to which of several sets of adventurers really represents the, v7.p274
Proceedings of, in 1600, v6.pp229–231
Profits of first and second voyages of, v7.p6
Profits of, distributed, v7.p4
Provincial regulations of, v8.p453
Real ruler of Bengal in 1767, v8.p216
Receiving no redress from Charles, decides to appeal to the House of Commons, v7.pp185–189
Regulations of Parliamentary settlement of 1650 regarding, v7.p272
Rehabilitation of, v7.pp11–12
Relation of, to Crown, and business methods of, v7.p280
Reorganized by Cromwell in 1657–1658, v7.p246, v7.p247
Second Joint Stock of, composed largely of nobility, v7.p88
Second subscription to, amounts to £1,629,040, v7.p88
Second voyage of, sails from Gravesend, v7.p6
Sends home for help against the French, v8.p118
Settlement of trade of, by Colonel Philip Jones and his colleagues on the basis of a United Joint Stock, v7.p276
Ships built at Deptford by the, v7.p12
Sixth expedition of, v7.p12, Seventh and eighth voyages of, v7.p13
Struggle of members of, for right of independent trade, v7.p273
Suffers from royal aggression, v7.p169, v7.p173
Summary in tabular form of operations of, v7.p14, v7.p15
Taxes on, and loans of, to the Crown, v7.p174
Third expedition of, returns with a rich cargo of pepper and cloves, v7.p9
Threatens to sell its factories, customs, and rights, v7.p281
Three cyclic dates of, v7.p253
Three periods of the, from 1600 to 1661, v6.pp256–258
Treatment of, at the hands of Charles I, v7.pp175–178, v1.pp187–188
Unable to meet the demands of Cromwell for ships and money, v7.p263
Unfortunate position of Asiatic settlements of the, v7.pp164–165
War of the, against Aurangzib, in 1687, v8.p45, v8.pp57–58
Waymouth’s North-western Expedition under auspices of the, v6.p248, v6.pp251–252
Weakness in the constitution of, v7.p1, v7.p88
Company, English Muscovy or Russian
Formation and character of the (1554), v6.p181, v6.p247
Trade of, v6.p168, v6.pp197–198, v6.p216, v6.pp220–222, v6.p234, v6.p235
North-eastern Expedition of (1580), v6.p188
Eastern trade of, through Russia to Persia, v6.p197, v6.p214, v6.pp220–221, v6.p236
Company, English Turkey or Levant
Charter of 1581, v6.p205, v6.p222
Extended charter of 1593 of the, v6.p205, v6.p212, v6.p214, v6.p221
East India Company an outgrowth of the, v6.p222, v6.p225
Founders of the, v6.pp222–231
Difficulties of Mediterranean trade of the, v6.p235
Rivalry of the, with the East India Company, v6.p247
Company, French East India, founded by Louis XIV, v8.p33, v8.pp36–37
Terms of charter of, v8.p87
Vicissitudes of, v8.p91
Finances of, from 1735 to 1740, v8.pp92–93
Growth of the financial embarrassments of, v8.pp111–112
On the verge of insolvency in 1754, v8.p134
Company, Ostend East India, chartered by the Emperor of Austria in 1722, and later suppressed, v8.p90
Company, Universal East India, founded in 1602, in Holland, v8.p12
Compass, mariners’, early forms of, v6.p53
Conacapule, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Condal, fortress of, deserted by the Turks and taken by the Hindus, who turn it over to Albuquerque, v9.p233
Congo, Portuguese discovery of the (1484), v6.p56
Conjevaram = Kanchi, q. v.
Conjevaram, eastern boundary of kingdom of Vijayanagar, v3.p188
Conquests, Aryan, determined by course of river systems of Northern India, v1.p126
Constantinople
Captured by Crusaders, v6.p13
Decline of, v8.p4
Expulsion of Venetians from, v6.p31
Important trade centre, v8.pp3–4
Mediaeval trade with, v6.pp16–19
Taken by the Latins in 1204, v8.p4
Taken by the Turks, v6.p19, v6.p31, v6.p33
Coptos, v6.p22
Corinthian capitals, v2.p238
Corn, preparation of, v1.p8
Cornwallis
Death of, v8.p345
Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India, v8.p281
League of, against Tippu, v8.pp286–287, v8.p294
Leaves India, v8.p298, v8.p302
Pacific principles of, v8.pp344–345
Reaches India in 1786, v8.p272
Second governor-generalship of, v8.p344
Settlement by, of the land revenue of Bengal, v8.p283
Coromandel coast, French and English at war on the, v8.p104
Coronation of Yudhisthira, v1.p106
Ceremony described in the Aitareya Brahmana, v1.pp131–132
Ceremony described in the White Yajur-Veda, v1.pp132–133
Corpses burned and ashes buried in Epic period, v1.p165
Correa, Gaspar, quotation from, regarding Vasco da Gama’s audience with the Zamorin of Calicut, v9.pp219–226
Correwaes, a sub-caste of the Sudras, peculiar manners of the, v9.pp246–247
Corsairs
Rise of the Barbary, as a political factor (1492), v6.pp31–32
Admirals, the great (1504), v6.p32
All Europeans except the Portuguese coming within the line, branded as, by Saragossa Convention, v6.p171
Barbary, bought off by the Levant Corporation, v6.p221
Cosmas Indicopleustes, quoted, v6.p24, v6.p25, v6.p37, v6.p78
Costume, Hindu, v9.pp132–134
Cosyri, a Hindu tribe, v1.p205
Cottewanias, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245
Council of Defence clause in treaty of 1619, v7.p94
Council of Seventeen, duties of, v7.p61, v7.p62
Council of State
Applied to by three sets of applicants for trade in the East, v7.p264
Licenses private trade to India, v7.p272
Vainly attempts to solve the problems relating to the status and new constitution of the English East India Company, v7.pp274–275
Court, of Chandragupta Maurya, v2.p111
Courten, Sir William
Captains of, so outrage Canton magistrates that the English are declared enemies to the Chinese Empire, v7.p184
Death of, v7.p185
Early life of, v7.p179
Hostility of, to English East India Company, v7.p184
Intrigues of, against the East India Company, v7.p179
Knighted by King James, v7.p180
Patents and licenses granted to, v7.p180
Ships of, plunder a vessel in the Red Sea, v7.p183
Courten, William (son of Sir Willam), ordered to retire from India within three years, v7.p189
Courten’s Association, v7.p179
East India Company forms one Joint Stock with, v7.pp266–267
Courtesans as informers, v2.p110
Courthorpe, Nathaniel, holds Pularoon against the Dutch, v7.p113
Death of, v7.p113
Coutinho, Dom Fernão de (1509), v6.p102
Covilham, Pedro de (1487), v6.pp60–61, v6.p67
Explores overland, v6.pp60–61
Cranganore (Kodungalur), ancient capital of Chera, v6.p78
Christians established at, in 943 A.H. (1536 A.D.), v6.p294
Destroyed by the Portuguese (1504), v6.p91
Early Roman trade and temple at, v6.p78
Portuguese governorship of, given as a dowry, v6.p165
Crassus, standards of, v2.p212
Creation
Extracts from the Upanishads concerning, v1.pp176–178
Extracts in the Aitareya Aranyaka concerning, v1.p178
Legends of, v1.pp167–168
Two hymns on, v1.pp78–80
Cremation
Hymn on, v1.p60
Among the Hindus, v1.p166
Of Buddha, v1.p302
Crimea, mediaeval trade with, v6.pp16–18
Crimes, agrarian, severe punishment of, v1.p222
Criminals tried by the ordeal of fire, v1.p155, v1.p166
Cromwell, Oliver
Activities of, v7.pp290–291
Aided by the East India Company in the interpretation of laws, v7.p283
Attitude of, toward the Company national rather than for its special interests, v7.pp258–259, v7.p262, v7.p290
Commercial and maritime policy of, v7.pp276–277
Death of, v7.p247
Directs committee to draw up charter for a United Joint Stock, v7.p282
Disregards the Papal Bull of 1493, v6.p197, v6.p227
Ends exclusive rights of Portugal in the East, v7.p261, v7.p262
Enters the House of Commons in 1628, v7.p253
Imposes principle of permanent Joint Stock on the East India Company, v7.p252
Indignities offered to the corpse of, v7.p290
Obtains redress for the East India Company, v7.p252
Personally inquires into the affairs of the East India Company, v7.pp263–264
Petitioned by the East India Company for a wider charter and the restriction of private trade to India, v7.p274
Portuguese treaty of July, 1654, settlement obtained by, v7.p262
Real relations of, to the East India Company, v7.p252
Reconstitutes the Indian trade on the basis of “One Joint Stock”, v7.pp282–283
Reconstructs the government of England, v7.p264
Refers new constitution of the East India Company to the Council of State, v7.p274
Refers the petition of the General Court of the East India Company to the Council of State, v7.p275
Rumours of the intention of, to dissolve the East India Company, v7.p272
Scanty records of the relations of, to the East India Company, v7.p251
Crori, title of officer in charge of land yielding 10,000,000 tankas, v4.p31
Crossed by Jahangir on the way to Kabul, v5.p303
Crown, Hindu, fourfold division of private demesnes of the, v9.p150
Crusades
Conquest of the Asiatic Ocean deemed a continuation of the, v7.p40
Influence of, on Syrian trade-route, v6.p12, v6.p30, v6.p36
Influence of, on the Mussulmans, v6.p81
Crusius, ambassador to Persia, v4.p93
Cuba mistaken by Columbus for Japan (1492), v6.p62, v6.p174
Cuddalore
French outwitted by Lawrence at, v8.p107
Surrendered to Tippu in 1782, v8.p256, v8.p257
Cultivation in Ancient India, v1.p216
Cumberland, Earl of, sells Mare Scurge or Red Dragon to the East India Company (1600), v6.p229
Cunha, Nuno da, governor of Portuguese India
Cruelty of, to the natives at Mete, v6.p118
Expedition of, against Aden (1530), v6.p141
Levies a fine on Ormuz, v6.pp123–124
Opened out Portuguese trade to Bengal, v7.p35
Cunha, Tristão da, commands the Portuguese expedition to India (1506), v6.p99
Curiate, see Kuriyat
Customs of Gombroon, v7.p216
Cuttack, English visit the court of, v7.p236
Cyrus river trade-route, v6.p14
Cyrus
Said to have made expeditions against India, v9.p4
Marches against the Massagetai, v9.p5
This collection transcribed by Chris Gage