–C–

Cabaio, fortress and palace of the, inspected by Albuquerque, v9.p230

Cabot, John, Venetian explorer, discovers North America for England (1497), v6.p68, v6.p175, v6.p176

Cabot, Sebastian (son of John)

A cartographer, v6.p178

Attempts of, to reach India by a northwest and a northeast passage, v6.p176, v6.p178, v6.p179

Born in Bristol, v6.p178

Governor of the first English East India Company (1551), v6.p179

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez

Expedition of, to India (1500) and discovery of Brazil, v6.pp85–88, v6.p92, v6.pp116–117, v6.p122

Rich return cargo of, v6.p151

Cachar, Burmese inroads into, v8.p389

Cadomosto, Venetian maritime discoverer, quoted, v6.p53

Cairo, great trade of, v6.p30, v6.p104

Cakes, preparation of, from grain, v1.p21

Cakrasvamin (“the owner of the discus”), an idol of Thaneswar, description of, v9.p177

Calcutta, a city in Bengal

Chief agency of the English in Bengal in 1687, v8.p41

Description of, v6.pp301–303

English driven from, in 1756, v8.p140

Founded, v4.p144

Incidents attendant on the founding of the city of, v6.pp297–303

Reorganization of government in, and problems relating thereto, v8.pp231–234

River face of, burned, v6.p299

Trade of, v6.pp300–301

Transfer of the headquarters of the English Company to, v8.p176

Calicut, a city of Malabar, v3.p3

Christians in, killed for burning the Jami’ Masjid, v6.p292

Death of the Samuri of, v6.p293

Description of a Hindu temple at, v9.p210, v9.p213

Description of a house in, v9.pp218–219

Early trade of, v6.p30, v6.p78

Establishment of a Portuguese factory at (1500), v6.p86

Keeling endeavours to effect an alliance with the Zamorin of, v7.p201

Personal appearance, habits, and customs of the inhabitants of, v9.pp206–207

Portuguese fortress at, v6.p115

Portuguese struggles with the ruler of, v6.p86, v6.p87, v6.p88, v6.pp90–92, v6.pp95–97, v6.p105, v6.p131, v6.p143, v6.p148

Portuguese trade with, v6.p83, v6.p86

Portuguese treaties with, v6.p83, v6.p118, v6.pp120–121, v6.p122, v6.p131

Ruler of, v6.p76

Samuri (Zamorin) of, orders Christians killed, v6.p288

Samuri of, twice defeated at Cochin, v6.p291

Size of, v6.pp75–76, v6.p77

Jami Masjid of, burned by the Christians, v6.p292

Visit of Vasco da Gama to, in 1498, v6.p69, v6.p75

Visit of Vasco da Gama to, in 1502, v6.pp87–88

Zamorin of, gives an audience to Vasco da Gama, v9.pp214–218, v9.pp222–226

Zamorin of, receives gifts from Vasco da Gama, v9.p221

Caliphs of Baghdad, decline of power of, v5.p24

Caliphs, Turkish guards of, v2.pp16–17

Calligraphy, of Aurangzib, v4.p122

Callio (Kalyara), a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Caltaja, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Camawaer (Kamma Yarns), a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Cambay, a State and town in the Bombay Presidency, v4.p14, v4.p57, v4.p79, v4.p94

Cambay, city in Bombay, v3.p3,182

Humayun pursues the Raja of Gujarat to, v3.p230

Cambay, Gulf of, Portuguese trade with, v6.p105, v6.p132

Camunda, one of the “Seven Mothers” group of idols, v9.p181

Canal, the old Jumna, still in use, v3.p152

Canals, double system of, connecting the Jumna and Sutlaj, v3.p152

Benefit derived from, by subjects of Firoz Shah, v3.p162

Canary Islands, early Portuguese connection with, v6.p51, v6.p63, v6.p154

Candle-auctions, system of, v7.p16

Cannanore

Captains of the ships of, given permission to depart from Goa, v9.p231

Christians build fort at, and engage in spice trade, v6.p288, v6.p291

Da Gama visits (1498), v6.p83

Early trade in, v6.p78

Fortress at, v6.p115

Portuguese trade with, v6.p83, v6.p86, v6.p88, v6.p105

Canning, Lord, Governor-General of India, v8.p423

Canons, Jain, codification of, v1.p326

Cantino, reference to map of (1502), v6.p66

Canton, early trade of, v6.p28

Portuguese at (1527), v6.p166

Cape of Good Hope (Cabo Tormentoso)

Captured and settled by the Dutch in 1652, v7.p65

First voyage of the English East India Company around (1601), v6.p246

Passed by Dutch in 1595, v6.p211, v6.p213, v6.p219

Passed by English in 1588, v6.pp192–193

Passed by English in 1591, v6.p193, v6.p207

Passed by Portuguese under Dias in 1486, v6.p57, v6.p61

Rounding of, largely affects commerce, v8.pp4–5

Route to India opened by the Portuguese, v7.p35

Route to India, Portuguese quest for, discovery and monopoly of, v6.pp42–73, v6.pp75–175

Caravanserais, at Delhi, v4.p132

Caravels, v6.p52, v6.p53, v6.p66, v6.p145, v6.p147

Cards and dice

Forbidden in the English voyage of 1578, v6.p185

Forbidden in the English factories in India, v6.p253

Careri, Dr. Gemelli, an Italian physician in India, v4.p66, v4.p128, v4.p167

Cargoes, difficulties of disposing of, for cash, v7.pp3–4

Carnatic, v4.p217, v4.p272

Invaded by the Bahmanid Sultan Firoz, v3.p190

Ravaged by the Bahmanid Sultan Mohammad I, v3.p189

Reduced by the Bahmanids of the Deccan, v3.p187

Carpentry, v1.p26

Carpet-weaving an industry of Bengal, v9.p286

Carreas, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Carthage

Not conquered by Arabs for nearly half a century, v3.p4

Phoenician settlement, v6.p10

Secret commerce of, v6.p199

Cartography

Antwerp school of, v6.p200, v6.p208

Portuguese school of, v6.p44, v6.p56, v6.p199

Cartwright, John, chaplain to Weymouth’s North-western Expedition, v6.pp248–251

Cartwright

Attacked by Portuguese pirates and the Dutch fleet in Orissa, v7.p241

Negotiations of, with Governor of Orissa, v7.pp237–238

Receives license from Governor of Orissa, v7.pp238–239

Reception of, by Governor of Orissa, v7.pp236–237

Caspian Sea, an ancient Eastern trade-route, v6.p1, v6.p14, v6.p182, v6.p221

Caste

Aborigines formed the Sudra, v1.p84

Absence of, among the early Hindus, v1.p6, v1.p50

Among priests, v1.p134

As applied to Islam, v3.p67

Brahmanic, v1.p136

Brahmanic, rise of the, v1.pp83–84

Brahmans allowed to marry outside their own, in Brahmanic period, v1.p164

Buddha’s teaching on, v1.p309

Developed in Brahmanic and Epic times, v1.p143

General, v9.pp39–40

Kshatriya, rise of the, v1.p84, v1.p136

Kshatriya, translation from Megasthenes concerning, v1.p236

Laws varied in severity according to, v1.pp220–221

No distinction of, recognized by Buddhism, v1.p310

No priestly, in Vedic period, v1.p76

Not distinguished in the Brahmanic age, v1.p188, v1.pp141–142

Reaction against, v1.p84

Rules, on marriage, v9.p39

Sudra, v1.p136

Sudra, rise of the, v1.p84

System, beginning of, v1.p136

Theoretic origin of, according to Vasishtha, v1.p230

Translation from Vasishtha concerning, v1.p233

Unknown in Rig-Veda, v1.pp61–62, v1.p143

Vaisya, v1.p136

Vaisya, rise of the, v1.p84

Vaisya, translation from Megasthenes concerning, v1.pp236–237

Vaisya, undivided in Philosophic period, v1.p154

Castes

Described by Megasthenes, v2.p123

In India, according to Hiuan Tsang, v9.p122, v9.p125, v9.p142

In India, according to Roger, v9.pp238–261

Mixed, v9.p142

Seven Indian, according to Megasthenes, v9.pp31–32, v9.p39

Seven, described by Megasthenes, v1.p234

Three highest, educated together, v1.p60

Castile

Relation of, to Portugal, v6.p40, v6.p41, v6.p42

Struggle of, with Portugal and battle of Aljubarrota (1385), v6.pp40–42

Castro, Father da, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, v4.p100

Castro, João de, Portuguese viceroy, v7.p36

Defends Portuguese possessions from Diu to Goa, v7.p36

Catapult, v4.p204

Categories, seven in Vaisesika philosophy, v1.pp265–266

Cathay (see also China), v6.p27, v6.p175, v6.p179, v6.p181, v6.pp182–184, v6.p188, v6.p198

Catholic Church established in India by St. Francis Xavier and the Society of Jesus, v7.p41

Catholic priests, at Akbar’s court, v4.p36

Cattle, v1.p18

Stolen from Virata by princes of Hastinapura, v1.p108

Causation, according to Sankhya philosophy, v1.pp255–256

Cause and effect, in Nyaya philosophy, v1.pp262–263

Cauwreaes, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p243, v9.p244

Cavagnari, Sir Louis, British envoy at Kabul, assassination of, v8.p441

Cavalry, a division of a Hindu army, v9.p143

Cavalry, Moghul, v4.p140, v4.p167

Cavendish, Thomas, voyage of, around the world (1586), v6.p190, v6.p192

Celebes, Dutch claim right to capture any English vessel east of the, v7.p91

Censors of Asoka and others, v2.p160, v2.p161

Central Asia, early trade-routes through, v6.p13, v6.p14, v6.p15

Ceuta, Portuguese siege of (1415), v6.pp42–44

Ceylon, v4.p114, v4.p143

A resort of Hindu traders, v1.p186

Ancient trade centre, v6.p24, v6.p27, v6.p29, v6.p78, v6.p79

Believed to have been invaded by the Pandavas, v1.p106

Christians expelled from, v6.p295

Chronicles of, v2.p11, v2.p151

Conversion of, v2.p167

Converted to Buddhism, v1.p320

Discovery of, v1.p203

Dutch drive the Portuguese from, v7.p65

Held by the Dutch at the beginning of the eighteenth century, v8.p71

In time of Hiuen Tsang, v2.p389

King of, relations with al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, v5.p5

Known to Megasthenes and Aelian, v1.p207

Pilgrims from, v2.p256

Portuguese control of, v6.pp146–147

Portuguese power in, advanced by Albuquerque, v9.p227

Portuguese treaty with, v6.p96

Rises against the Portuguese, v7.p39

Seized by the Dutch, v8.p30

Taken from the Dutch, v8.p302

Twice conquered by the Dravidians, v1.p321

Ceylonese girls captured by ships belonging to Meds of Daibul, v5.p7

Chain of Justice instituted by Jahangir, v5.p295

Chaitri, a rite performed in the month of Chaitra, v1.p252

Chaldea

Ancient trade centre, v6.p2, v6.p3

Influence of, on early Indian astronomy, v6.p28

Chale, Antonio Fernandes, Malabar native Christian, commands native troops for the Portuguese, v6.p143

Receives state burial, v6.p143

Chalukya dynasty, v2.p301, v2.p351

Chambal, a river, v4.p112, v4.p179, v4.p195, v4.p243

Champanir, town of Bombay

Humayun pursues the Raja of Gujarat to, v3.p230

Sher Khan’s stronghold in Bihar, v3.p229

Taken by Humayun in 1537, v3.p232

Chanak founds city bearing his name, v6.p300

Chanakya, minister, v2.p40, v2.p106

Chancelor, Richard, North-eastern Expedition of (1553), v6.pp180–181

Chand Bibi, a princess of Ahmadnagar, v4.p49

Chand Rai, Hindu raja of the fort of Sharwa

Departs secretly from his forts and hides in the jungles, v5.p72

Followers of, sold into slavery by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p74

Is followed and defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p73

Makes peace with Puru Jaipal, v5.p71

Chand Rai, lord of Shama, v3.p26, v3.p27

Chanda Sahib murdered by the Marathas, v8.p120

Chandal Bhor of Asi, v3.p26

Flees at advance of Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p71

Five forts of, demolished, and its inhabitants buried in ruins, v5.p71

Chandala, outcast tribes v2.p270

Chandalas explained as a caste, v1.p231

Chandarnagar, European settlements at, v6.pp303–304

Chandella, history, v2.pp332–339

Chandellas, a dynasty, v3.p23

Chandels, a dynasty, v3.p71

Chanderi, kingdom of Central India, v3.p182, v3.p196

Lords of, rally to Rana Sanga’s standard, v3.p211

Fortress of; stormed by Babar, v3.p216

Chandragupta

(1) Maurya = Sandrakottos, v2.p20

(2) I of Gupta dynasty, v2.p247

(3) II of Gupta dynasty, Vikramaditya, v2.p14, v2.p20

Army of, v1.p204

Defeated Seleukos, v2.p108, v2.p126

Empire of, included whole of Northern India, v1.p204

History of, v2.p260

Institutions of, v2.p116

Length of reign of, v2.p125

The original of Raja Bikram, v2.p278

Chandraha, a river of Northern India, crossed by Mahmud of Ghazni, v5.p65

Chandrapida, King of Kashmir, v2.p327

Chandwala, Jahangir halts at, on the way to Kabul, v5.p303

Chandwar, a city in Bombay, v3.p58

Chang-kien, embassy of, v2.p223

Chaniut in the possession of the family of Timur Beg since his invasion of Hindustan, v5.p227

Channing, Lord, rule of, for determining succession in the native states, v8.pp428–429

Chariot, Indian, described, v2.p114

Chariots, part of military equipment in ancient India, v9.p42, v9.p43, v9.p143

Charles I of England

Death of, v7.p215, v7.p265

Feeble policy of, toward Spain and Holland and vacillations toward the Company, v7.pp139–143, v1.pp154–155

Grants license to Courten, Pindar, and Porter in 1635, v7.p183

Grants new license to the son of William Courten, v7.p185

Justification of the attitude of, toward the English East India Company, v7.pp189–190

Limitations of the royal prerogative of, regarding the English East India Company, v7.pp190–191

Refuses to aid the English East India Company against Courten, v7.pp183–185

Seeks to conceal his true relations to the rival companies, v7.p185

Treatment of the English East India Company by, v7.pp175–178

Charles II of England

Charter of, to the East India Company (1661), v6.p256

Restoration of, v8.p30

Charles V, Emperor, Indian policy of, v6.p170, v6.p173, v6.p203

Charles’s Islands, v7.p152

Charms, used by Akbar, v4.pp43–44

Charnock, defeats the Portuguese, v4.p144

Charnock, Job, founder of Calcutta, v7.p247

Charnock, see Chanak

Charter

For Indo-Portuguese trade in 1500, v6.pp85–86, v6.p154

For Indo-Portuguese trade in 1697, v6.p162

Of Elizabeth (1600), to the English East India Company, v6.p222, v6.pp230–232, v6.pp236–237, v6.pp238–239, v6.pp240–241, v6.pp245–246, v6.p256

Of Henry VII to Anglo-Portuguese adventurers, v6.p172, v6.p203

Of Henry VII to the Cabots, v6.pp175–178

Of Novgorod abolished (1475), v6.p35

Of the Cathay Company, v6.p183

Of the Levant or Turkey Company in 1581, v6.p205, v6.pp221–222

Of the Levant or Turkey Company in 1593, v6.p205, v6.p210, v6.p212, v6.pp221–222, v6.pp230–231

Of the Muscovy Company (1554), v6.p181, v6.p220, v6.p236, v6.p247

Of the States-General to the Dutch East India Company (1602), v6.p219

Charumati, daughter of Asoka, v2.p141

Chashtana, satrap, v2.p193

Chaturmasya, a sacrifice, v1.p162

Chaul, port in Bombay Presidency, Portuguese fleet sails from, against the Mamluks, v3.p184

Chaunsa, town of Bengal, camp of Sher Shah’s and Humayun’s armies at, v3.p236

Chauth, a tax, v4.p179, v4.p182, v4.p220, v4.p221

Chedi = Central Provinces, v2.p332

Chennapatanam, native name of Madras, v7.p228

Chera, Hindu kingdom, v1.p185, v1.p203

Chera, kingdom in Southern India, v6.p75

Jews in, v6.p80

Chera, kingdom, v2.p366

Chhaju, a nephew of Balban, v3.p96

Chhandogya, extracts from, v1.pp174–176

Child

First feeding of, with solid food, v1.pp246–247

Marriage not prevalent in Philosophic Age, v1.p239

Marriage unknown in Brahmanic and Epic periods, v1.p164

Marriage, forbidden by Akbar, v4.p16

Name of, v1.p246

Rites performed at birth of, v1.p246

Child, Sir John, sent to India, v8.pp57–58

Death of, in 1690, v8.p59

Children, desire for, v1.p166

Chilianwala, battle of, v8.p418

Chin Kulich Khan, a name of Asaf Jah, v4.p178

Chin Timur Sultan advances against Sultan Ibrahim, v5.p250

China (Tzinista, Chinistan, Cathay)

“Knife-Cash” of, v6.p27

As a rival of England, v8.p486

Buddhism in, v2.p233

Buddhism spreads from India to, v6.p27

Buddhism state religion in, in fourth century A.D., v1.p280

Buddhist books in, about the second century, v1.p322

Central Asian trade-route through, v6.p13, v6.p14, v6.p15, v6.p16

Dutch expeditions to, v6.p198

Dutch slave-raids against, v7.pp160–161

English attempts to reach, v6.p175, v6.pp179–188, v6.p212, v6.p226, v6.p248

Intercourse of Harsha with, v2.p315

Kushan relations with, v2.p231

Portuguese explorations in, v6.p146

Portuguese trade with, v6.p153, v6.p226

Relations of Northern India with, v2.p325

Trade of, with India, v4.p64

Visited by Mandelslo, v4.p93

Chinab in the possession of the family of Timur Beg since his invasion of Hindustan, v5.p227

Chinab river, Babar encamps at, v5.p237

Chinab, a river of India

Crossed by Mahmud of Ghazni, v3.p26

Bridged by Timur, v3.p166

Chinab, river, v2.p54, v2.p69, v2.p75, v2.p79, v2.p87

Chinab, see Akesines

Chinese artists, v4.p37

Chinese historians, v2.p13

Chingiz Khan

Descendants of, submit to Czar, v3.p201

Devastations of the Mongols under (1206), v6.p13

Mongol invader, v3.p76

The great Tartar invader, v5.p97

Victorious over Jalal-ad-din in 1221, v3.p76

Chinsurah, Dutch factory at, v7.p243

Chitor, Rajput fortress

Ala-ad-din victorious at, v3.p116, v3.p119

Date of storming, v4.p3

Fortress of, besieged and taken, v4.pp17–23

Fortress of, successfully besieged by Bahadur Shah in 1634, v3.p229

Rana of, defeats Mahmud the Khalji, in 1440, v3.p182

Rana Sanga of, v3.p211

Siege of, in 1668, v4.p33

Chitral, a country of India, v3.p204

Chittagong, v4.p143

District in Bengal, v3.p174

Name of, changed to Islamabad, v4.p144

Chivalry, Akbar’s idea of, v4.p5

Chohans, a dynasty, v3.p66

Chola dynasty, v2.pp303–365

Chola, Hindu kingdom, v1.p185, v1.p203

Christ, Gospels of, translated for Akbar, v4.p41

Picture of, in Jahangir’s palace, v4.p66

Christian art, represented, v4.p37

Eulogists of Shah Jahan, v4.p92

Fathers at Akbar’s court, v4.p36, v4.p40

Gospels translated for Akbar, v4.p41

Christian

Mission to Indo-Parthians, v2.p207

Elements in Buddhism, v2.p236

Christianity, early, in India, v6.pp79–80, v6.p162, v6.p208

Christians

At the court of Jahangir, v4.p60

Erect a fort at Quilon, v6.p292

European, contend against the Mohammedans in Malabar and the Deccan, v6.pp286–288, v6.pp291–297

Make Mohammedan children slaves and Christians on death of the parents and confiscate their property, v6.pp275–276

Native, in Abyssinia, the land of Prester John, v6.pp59–61

Native, of Socotra, converted to Rome by Albuquerque, v6.p100

Nestorian St. Thomas, of Malabar, a powerful and respected military caste, v6.pp80–81, v6.p91, v6.p140, v6.p143

Ornamentation of places of worship of the, v6.p276

Persecute the Mohammedans, v6.p295

Rule of, in India, v4.p189

Said to have been welcome at the Moghul court, v4.p61

Territory of, v6.pp294–295

Treachery of, to new ruler of Calicut, v6.p293

Chronogram, giving the date of Sivaji’s death, v4.p166

Chronological summary, v2.pp249–260, v4.pp277–278

Chu, river, v2.p191

Chullavagga, translation from, v1.p283

Chulpi Abdallah ordered to translate the canon law into Persian, v5.p337

Chumbala, a river, v1.p129

Chunar, city of the Northwest Provinces, besieged by Mahmud Lodi, v3.p218

Siege of, abandoned by Humayun, v2.pp228–229

Churning of the ocean of milk, v1.p26

Cicero, reference of, to suttee, v9.p73

Cinnamon, of Ceylon, Moslem monopoly of, v6.p126

Portuguese trade in, v6.p151

Civil War, disastrous effect of, the on English East India Company, v7.p281

Civilization

Advance of, among Hindus, v1.p133

Aryan, higher state of, v1.p7

Asiatic, England’s influence on, v8.p494

Development of, in Brahmanic period, v1.p99

Extension of, v1.p36

Hindu, age of, v1.p1

In the time of Baudhayana, v1.p201

Clarke, William, steward of the English factory, flogged at Batavia by the Dutch, v7.p112

Clement IV, embassy of, to Tartar chief in Persia (1245), v6.p36

Clive, v4.p65

Accepts the Diwani of Bengal for the English Company, v8.p199

Arraignment of, v8.pp228–229

Assumes the title of Diwan, v8.p187

Death of, v8.p229

Evil effects of the departure of, soon felt in India, v8.p223, v8.p226

Expedition of, to recover Fort William, v8.p140, v8.p141

Leaves India finally, v8.p216

Letter of, to Pitt, predicting Lally’s downfall, v8.p145

On the political situation in Bengal, v8.p183

Quotations from, regarding the political situation, v8.p199, v8.pp200–201, v8.p203

Receives a grant of the Five Circars (Sirkars) from the Moghul emperor, v8.pp211–212

Recovers Calcutta, v8.p166

Return of, to India, v8.p185, v8.pp198–199

Returns to England, v8.p183, v8.p184

Seizes Arcot, the capital of the Karnatic, v8.pp119–120

Clove Islands, position of, v7.p113

Dutch command of, v7.p114, v7.p134

English withdrawal from, v7.pp123–124, v1.pp133–134

Cloves

English trade in, v7.pp114–115

Portuguese trade in, v6.p105, v6.p151

Clove-trees, uprooting of, v7.p72

Coats of arms of the English East India Company, v6.pp255–256

Cochin, v4.p143

Cochin, description of, by William Francklin, v9.pp318–319

Cochin, Malabar port

Albuquerque’s fortress at (1503), v6.p90, v6.p92, v6.p115

Early trade at, v6.p78

English visit to, v6.p212

First establishment of Portuguese factory at (1500), v6.p86, v6.p87, v6.p92

First fort of Christians in India built at, v6.p288

Pacheco’s defence of, v6.pp90–91, v6.p140

Portuguese government at, v6.p93, v6.p105, v6.p122, v6.p148

Portuguese misrule at, v6.p158, v6.p196, v6.p212

Portuguese trade and friendly relations with, v6.p88

Portuguese treaty with (1500), v6.p86, v6.p122

Coel = Kayal, v2.p366

Coen, Jan Pieterszoon

Called the Albuquerque of Holland, v7.p99

Departs for Europe in 1623, v7.p114

Destroys Jacatra and fowads Batavia. on its site, v7.p103

Director-general of commerce and president at Bantam, v7.p99

Erects a fortified settlement at Jacatra, v7.p100

Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, v7.p99

Policy of, v7.pp99–100, v7.p109

Sails to the Moluccas to avenge a native revolt and to reunite his fleet, v7.p100

Struggles of, to drive the English from the Spice Islands, v7.p103

Coherence, category of, in Vaisesika philosophy, v1.p266

Coin, silver, sent to every man and woman in celebration of victory of Babar’s army, v2.pp208–209

Coinage

Andhra, v2.p190

Chinese, v6.p27

Cufic, in Stockholm, v6.p18

Dutch charter for, in the East, v6.p219

English, and the exportation of bullion, v6.p225, v6.p232, v6.p237, v6.p244, v6.p246, v6.p248

Greek influence on, v2.p214

Inscriptions on, v3.p76

Many classes of, v2.p17

Of Akbar, v4.p9

Of India in thirteenth century, v3.p76

Of Jahangir, v4.p60, v4.p81

Of Murad Bakhsh, v4.p111

Of Samudragupta, v2.p239

Of Shah Shuja, v4.p111

Coke, Sir Edward, “Reports” of, quoted, v6.p116

Coke, Sir John, revises the “Remonstrance”, v7.p170

Columbus, Christopher

Sources of information and discoveries of, v6.pp55–59

International aspects of the information and discoveries of, to Portugal, Spain, and the European Powers, v6.pp61–62, v6.p63, v6.pp65–66, v6.p173, v6.p174, v6.p175, v6.p200

Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher, quoted, v6.p58

Comet, seen in India in 1665, v4.p122

Comitijs (Komatis), a division of the Weinsja caste, duties of the, v9.pp241–242

Commentarios de Afonso d’Alboquerque, extracts from, v9.pp228–236

Commerce in the Rig-Veda, v1.p18

Commerce, system of secret, before the sixteenth century, v6.pp198–202

Committee of Trade appointed by Cromwell, v7.p277

Companies, chartered

Systems of, for commercial expansion, v8.p17

Rivalry of old and new East India, v8.pp66–67

Union of old and new English East India, v8.pp67–68

French and English, financial transactions of, v8.pp95–96

French and English, condition of, v8.p96, v8.p99

Methods of the French and English, compared, v8.p112

French and English, exchange bitter recriminations from Madras and Pondicherri, v8.pp118–119

French and English, peace between, v8.p123

Companies, Dutch and English, personal hatred between, v7.p85

Companies, Portuguese East India, various, formed, v6.p162

Company, a new English East India

Formed, v8.p66

Colbert’s East India, established in 1664, v8.p86, v8.p88

Colbert’s West India, established in 1664, v8.p86

Colbert’s West India, charter of, revoked in 1674, v8.p89

Company, Cathay and early English, v6.p187

Company, Danish East India, extinguished in 1728, v8.p90

Company, Dutch East India

Amalgamated into the United East India Company of 1602, v6.p213, v6.p218, v6.p219

Capital of the, v6.p218

Capital of the, v7.p6

Capital of, in 1618, v8.pp18–19

Charter rights and privileges of the, v6.p219

Expedition of, to India, under Houtman (1595) and treaty with the King of Bantam, v6.pp210–211, v6.p212

Expeditions of the, supported by the Dutch government, v6.p217, v6.p237

Fifteen “separate” expeditions of the, to the East (1595–1601), v6.p213

Governors and government of the, in the East, v6.p220

Influence of Linschoten’s travels on, v6.p210, v6.p211

Influence of the old tradition of monopoly on, v6.p201

Management and directors of the, v6.pp218–220

National aspects of the, v6.pp217–220, v6.p237

Policy of armed trade and exclusive monopoly in the East of the, v6.p220

Privileges and power granted to, v8.p12

Routs the Portuguese near Bantam and opens the road to the Moluccas, v7.p63

Shares and shareholders in the, v6.p219

Strongly supported by the home government, v8.pp25–26

Terms of the charter of 1600 of the, v8.p86

Treaties of, in the East, v6.p220

Company, English East India

Abolishes seven Indian factories in 1648, v7.p189

Actual working of, as a “Regulated” Company, v6.pp235–247, v6.pp251–254, v6.pp255–258

Agents of, v4.p67, v4.p68, v4.p72

Appeals for state support in 1618, v7.p90

Appeals to Parliament in 1628, v7.p169

Assets of, in Bengal, in 1765, v8.p221

Assumption of independent jurisdiction by the, in 1687, v8.p42

Attempts of, to re-incorporate itself, v7.pp188–189

Attempts to procure charter for, in 1599, v6.pp216–229

Calls one of its factors to account for the building of Fort St. George, v7.p229

Capital of, in 1599, v6.p225

Capital of, in 1600, v6.pp229–230

Catholic monopoly, strengthened by union of Spain and Portugal, one of the causes leading to the formation of the, v6.pp205–206, v6.p221

Charter of, never safe from court intrigues, v7.p89

Constituted by Elizabeth’s charter of Dec. 31, 1600, v6.pp230–231

Cromwell lays basis for modern constitution of, v7.p285

Date of the founding of the, v4.p66

Defence of the policy of, v7.pp167–168

Development of joint stock system of, v7.pp279–281

Disloyalty of captains of, v7.p254, Struggles of, to maintain its trade, v7.pp257–258

Dissatisfaction of, with fortress clause in the treaty of 1619, v7.p95

Faulty analogy of, with Turkey Company, v7.pp277–278

Fifth voyage of, v7.p11

First charter of the, in 1600, v8.pp9–10

Fits out another expedition to open up trade between India and the Spice Islands, v7.p20

Forms one Joint Stock with Courten’s Association, v7.pp266–267

Fortunes of, reach low ebb in 1628, v7.pp164–165

Fourth expedition of, v7.p10

Freedom of, thrown open to public, v7.pp283–284

General Court of, appeals to Cromwell against its Court of Committees in 1656, v7.p275

Given a new charter by Charles II, v8.pp30–31

Hawkins commands a ship for, v4.p67

Held responsible by Indian princes for all depredations committed by the English, v7.p258

In the East, unsupported by the home government, v8.pp24–25

Influence of the Levant company on the formation of the, v6.pp222–225

Insolvency of, v8.p224

Instructions given for the conduct of

Instructions to the, regarding revenue, v8.pp56–57

Insufficiency of the capital of, v7.p1, v7.p4

Joint Stock, formed in England, v7.p30

Linschoten’s and Fitch’s travels and Dutch expeditions one of the causes leading to the formation of the, v6.pp210–215

Loans of, to Cromwell, v7.p263

Made responsible for all depredations of independent traders, v8.p25

Maintained through reign of Charles I by isolated groups of Englishmen, v7.p210

Money raised for sixth voyage of, v7.p12

Necessity for State interference with the, v8.p220

New combination governs eighth voyage of, v7.p14

Ninth to twelfth voyages of, v7.p15

Opens new contribution for a second four years, v7.p88

Passes from medieval to modern basis, v7.pp252–253

Petitions Parliament against Courten and Porter, v7.p186

Petitions Parliament four times for help against Holland, v7.p259

Pietism of the, and family life of its factors in the East, v6.pp252–256

Plans of, for a second voyage, v7.pp4–6

Position of the, in India, in the last years of the seventeenth century, v8.pp57–59

Power granted to the, by the terms of the new charter, v8.p32

Powers and privileges of, v6.pp230–233

Private members of, permitted to trade independently in 1653–54, v7.p271

Private persons try to break down the monopoly of the, v7.p179

Privileges accorded to, by the Crown, v7.pp173–174

Problem as to which of several sets of adventurers really represents the, v7.p274

Proceedings of, in 1600, v6.pp229–231

Profits of first and second voyages of, v7.p6

Profits of, distributed, v7.p4

Provincial regulations of, v8.p453

Real ruler of Bengal in 1767, v8.p216

Receiving no redress from Charles, decides to appeal to the House of Commons, v7.pp185–189

Regulations of Parliamentary settlement of 1650 regarding, v7.p272

Rehabilitation of, v7.pp11–12

Relation of, to Crown, and business methods of, v7.p280

Reorganized by Cromwell in 1657–1658, v7.p246, v7.p247

Second Joint Stock of, composed largely of nobility, v7.p88

Second subscription to, amounts to £1,629,040, v7.p88

Second voyage of, sails from Gravesend, v7.p6

Sends home for help against the French, v8.p118

Settlement of trade of, by Colonel Philip Jones and his colleagues on the basis of a United Joint Stock, v7.p276

Ships built at Deptford by the, v7.p12

Sixth expedition of, v7.p12, Seventh and eighth voyages of, v7.p13

Struggle of members of, for right of independent trade, v7.p273

Suffers from royal aggression, v7.p169, v7.p173

Summary in tabular form of operations of, v7.p14, v7.p15

Taxes on, and loans of, to the Crown, v7.p174

Third expedition of, returns with a rich cargo of pepper and cloves, v7.p9

Threatens to sell its factories, customs, and rights, v7.p281

Three cyclic dates of, v7.p253

Three periods of the, from 1600 to 1661, v6.pp256–258

Treatment of, at the hands of Charles I, v7.pp175–178, v1.pp187–188

Unable to meet the demands of Cromwell for ships and money, v7.p263

Unfortunate position of Asiatic settlements of the, v7.pp164–165

War of the, against Aurangzib, in 1687, v8.p45, v8.pp57–58

Waymouth’s North-western Expedition under auspices of the, v6.p248, v6.pp251–252

Weakness in the constitution of, v7.p1, v7.p88

Company, English Muscovy or Russian

Formation and character of the (1554), v6.p181, v6.p247

Trade of, v6.p168, v6.pp197–198, v6.p216, v6.pp220–222, v6.p234, v6.p235

North-eastern Expedition of (1580), v6.p188

Eastern trade of, through Russia to Persia, v6.p197, v6.p214, v6.pp220–221, v6.p236

Company, English Turkey or Levant

Charter of 1581, v6.p205, v6.p222

Extended charter of 1593 of the, v6.p205, v6.p212, v6.p214, v6.p221

East India Company an outgrowth of the, v6.p222, v6.p225

Founders of the, v6.pp222–231

Difficulties of Mediterranean trade of the, v6.p235

Rivalry of the, with the East India Company, v6.p247

Company, French East India, founded by Louis XIV, v8.p33, v8.pp36–37

Terms of charter of, v8.p87

Vicissitudes of, v8.p91

Finances of, from 1735 to 1740, v8.pp92–93

Growth of the financial embarrassments of, v8.pp111–112

On the verge of insolvency in 1754, v8.p134

Company, Ostend East India, chartered by the Emperor of Austria in 1722, and later suppressed, v8.p90

Company, Universal East India, founded in 1602, in Holland, v8.p12

Compass, mariners’, early forms of, v6.p53

Conacapule, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Condal, fortress of, deserted by the Turks and taken by the Hindus, who turn it over to Albuquerque, v9.p233

Congo, Portuguese discovery of the (1484), v6.p56

Conjevaram = Kanchi, q. v.

Conjevaram, eastern boundary of kingdom of Vijayanagar, v3.p188

Conquests, Aryan, determined by course of river systems of Northern India, v1.p126

Constantinople

Captured by Crusaders, v6.p13

Decline of, v8.p4

Expulsion of Venetians from, v6.p31

Important trade centre, v8.pp3–4

Mediaeval trade with, v6.pp16–19

Taken by the Latins in 1204, v8.p4

Taken by the Turks, v6.p19, v6.p31, v6.p33

Coptos, v6.p22

Corinthian capitals, v2.p238

Corn, preparation of, v1.p8

Cornwallis

Death of, v8.p345

Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India, v8.p281

League of, against Tippu, v8.pp286–287, v8.p294

Leaves India, v8.p298, v8.p302

Pacific principles of, v8.pp344–345

Reaches India in 1786, v8.p272

Second governor-generalship of, v8.p344

Settlement by, of the land revenue of Bengal, v8.p283

Coromandel coast, French and English at war on the, v8.p104

Coronation of Yudhisthira, v1.p106

Ceremony described in the Aitareya Brahmana, v1.pp131–132

Ceremony described in the White Yajur-Veda, v1.pp132–133

Corpses burned and ashes buried in Epic period, v1.p165

Correa, Gaspar, quotation from, regarding Vasco da Gama’s audience with the Zamorin of Calicut, v9.pp219–226

Correwaes, a sub-caste of the Sudras, peculiar manners of the, v9.pp246–247

Corsairs

Rise of the Barbary, as a political factor (1492), v6.pp31–32

Admirals, the great (1504), v6.p32

All Europeans except the Portuguese coming within the line, branded as, by Saragossa Convention, v6.p171

Barbary, bought off by the Levant Corporation, v6.p221

Cosmas Indicopleustes, quoted, v6.p24, v6.p25, v6.p37, v6.p78

Costume, Hindu, v9.pp132–134

Cosyri, a Hindu tribe, v1.p205

Cottewanias, a sub-caste of the Sudras, v9.p245

Council of Defence clause in treaty of 1619, v7.p94

Council of Seventeen, duties of, v7.p61, v7.p62

Council of State

Applied to by three sets of applicants for trade in the East, v7.p264

Licenses private trade to India, v7.p272

Vainly attempts to solve the problems relating to the status and new constitution of the English East India Company, v7.pp274–275

Court, of Chandragupta Maurya, v2.p111

Courten, Sir William

Captains of, so outrage Canton magistrates that the English are declared enemies to the Chinese Empire, v7.p184

Death of, v7.p185

Early life of, v7.p179

Hostility of, to English East India Company, v7.p184

Intrigues of, against the East India Company, v7.p179

Knighted by King James, v7.p180

Patents and licenses granted to, v7.p180

Ships of, plunder a vessel in the Red Sea, v7.p183

Courten, William (son of Sir Willam), ordered to retire from India within three years, v7.p189

Courten’s Association, v7.p179

East India Company forms one Joint Stock with, v7.pp266–267

Courtesans as informers, v2.p110

Courthorpe, Nathaniel, holds Pularoon against the Dutch, v7.p113

Death of, v7.p113

Coutinho, Dom Fernão de (1509), v6.p102

Covilham, Pedro de (1487), v6.pp60–61, v6.p67

Explores overland, v6.pp60–61

Cranganore (Kodungalur), ancient capital of Chera, v6.p78

Christians established at, in 943 A.H. (1536 A.D.), v6.p294

Destroyed by the Portuguese (1504), v6.p91

Early Roman trade and temple at, v6.p78

Portuguese governorship of, given as a dowry, v6.p165

Crassus, standards of, v2.p212

Creation

Extracts from the Upanishads concerning, v1.pp176–178

Extracts in the Aitareya Aranyaka concerning, v1.p178

Legends of, v1.pp167–168

Two hymns on, v1.pp78–80

Cremation

Hymn on, v1.p60

Among the Hindus, v1.p166

Of Buddha, v1.p302

Crimea, mediaeval trade with, v6.pp16–18

Crimes, agrarian, severe punishment of, v1.p222

Criminals tried by the ordeal of fire, v1.p155, v1.p166

Cromwell, Oliver

Activities of, v7.pp290–291

Aided by the East India Company in the interpretation of laws, v7.p283

Attitude of, toward the Company national rather than for its special interests, v7.pp258–259, v7.p262, v7.p290

Commercial and maritime policy of, v7.pp276–277

Death of, v7.p247

Directs committee to draw up charter for a United Joint Stock, v7.p282

Disregards the Papal Bull of 1493, v6.p197, v6.p227

Ends exclusive rights of Portugal in the East, v7.p261, v7.p262

Enters the House of Commons in 1628, v7.p253

Imposes principle of permanent Joint Stock on the East India Company, v7.p252

Indignities offered to the corpse of, v7.p290

Obtains redress for the East India Company, v7.p252

Personally inquires into the affairs of the East India Company, v7.pp263–264

Petitioned by the East India Company for a wider charter and the restriction of private trade to India, v7.p274

Portuguese treaty of July, 1654, settlement obtained by, v7.p262

Real relations of, to the East India Company, v7.p252

Reconstitutes the Indian trade on the basis of “One Joint Stock”, v7.pp282–283

Reconstructs the government of England, v7.p264

Refers new constitution of the East India Company to the Council of State, v7.p274

Refers the petition of the General Court of the East India Company to the Council of State, v7.p275

Rumours of the intention of, to dissolve the East India Company, v7.p272

Scanty records of the relations of, to the East India Company, v7.p251

Crori, title of officer in charge of land yielding 10,000,000 tankas, v4.p31

Crossed by Jahangir on the way to Kabul, v5.p303

Crown, Hindu, fourfold division of private demesnes of the, v9.p150

Crusades

Conquest of the Asiatic Ocean deemed a continuation of the, v7.p40

Influence of, on Syrian trade-route, v6.p12, v6.p30, v6.p36

Influence of, on the Mussulmans, v6.p81

Crusius, ambassador to Persia, v4.p93

Cuba mistaken by Columbus for Japan (1492), v6.p62, v6.p174

Cuddalore

French outwitted by Lawrence at, v8.p107

Surrendered to Tippu in 1782, v8.p256, v8.p257

Cultivation in Ancient India, v1.p216

Cumberland, Earl of, sells Mare Scurge or Red Dragon to the East India Company (1600), v6.p229

Cunha, Nuno da, governor of Portuguese India

Cruelty of, to the natives at Mete, v6.p118

Expedition of, against Aden (1530), v6.p141

Levies a fine on Ormuz, v6.pp123–124

Opened out Portuguese trade to Bengal, v7.p35

Cunha, Tristão da, commands the Portuguese expedition to India (1506), v6.p99

Curiate, see Kuriyat

Customs of Gombroon, v7.p216

Cuttack, English visit the court of, v7.p236

Cyrus river trade-route, v6.p14

Cyrus

Said to have made expeditions against India, v9.p4

Marches against the Massagetai, v9.p5

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